Mulitphase Atmospheric Chemistry in Liquid Water: Impacts and Controllability of Organic Aerosol

Liquid water is a dominant and critical tropospheric constituent. Over polluted land masses low level cumulus clouds interact with boundary layer aerosol. The planetary boundary layer (PBL) is the lowest atmospheric layer and is directly influenced by Earth's surface. Water-aerosol interactions are critical to processes that govern the fate and transport of trace species in the Earth system and their impacts on air quality, radiative forcing, and regional hydrological cycling. In the PBL, air parcels rise adiabatically from the surface, and anthropogenically influenced hygroscopic aerosols take up water and serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) to form clouds. Water-soluble gases partition to liquid water in wet aerosols and cloud droplets and undergo aqueous-phase photochemistry. Most cloud droplets evaporate, and low volatility material formed during aqueous phase chemistry remains in the condensed phase and adds to aerosol mass. The resulting cloud-processed aerosol has different physicochemical properties compared to the original CCN. Organic species that undergo multiphase chemistry in atmospheric liquid water transform gases to highly concentrated, nonideal ionic aqueous solutions and form secondary organic aerosol (SOA). In recent years, SOA formation modulated by atmospheric waters has received considerable interest.Key uncertainties are related to the chemical nature of hygroscopic aerosols that become CCN and their interaction with organic species. Gas-to-droplet or gas-to-aqueous aerosol partitioning of organic compounds is affected by the intrinsic chemical properties of the organic species in addition to the pre-existing condensed phase. Environmentally relevant conditions for atmospheric aerosol are nonideal. Salt identity and concentration, in addition to aerosol phase state, can dramatically affect organic gas miscibility for many compounds, in particular when ionic strength and salt molality are outside the bounds of limiting laws. For example, Henry's law and Debye-Hückel theory are valid only for dilute aqueous systems uncharacteristic of real atmospheric conditions. Chemical theory is incomplete, and at ambient conditions, this chemistry plays a determining role in total aerosol mass and particle size, controlling factors for air quality and climate-relevant aerosol properties.Accurate predictive skill to understand the impacts of societal choices and policies on air quality and climate requires that models contain correct chemical mechanisms and appropriate feedbacks. Globally, SOA is a dominant contributor to the atmospheric organic aerosol burden, and most mass can be traced back to precursor gas-phase volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the biosphere. However, organic aerosol concentrations in the Amazon Rainforest, the largest emitter of biogenic VOCs, are generally lower than in U.S. national parks. The Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) air quality network, with sites located predominantly in national parks, provides the longest continuous record of organic aerosol measurements in the U.S. Analysis of IMPROVE data provides a useful chemical climatology of changing air resources in response to environmental rules and shifting economic trends. IMPROVE data provides an excellent test bed for case studies to assess model skill to accurately predict changes in organic aerosol concentrations in the context of a changing climate.

Meteorological and Air Quality Modeling for Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands

A photochemical model platform for Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and Virgin Islands predicting O₃, PM_2.5, and regional haze would be useful to support assessments relevant for the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), Regional Haze Rule, and the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) program. These areas have not traditionally been modeled with photochemical transport models, but a reasonable representation of meteorology, emissions (natural and anthropogenic), chemistry, and deposition could support air quality management decisions in these areas. Here, a prognostic meteorological model (Weather Research and Forecasting) and photochemical transport (Community Multiscale Air Quality) model were applied for the entire year of 2016 at 27, 9, and 3 km grid resolution for areas covering the Hawaiian Islands and Puerto Rico/Virgin Islands. Model predictions were compared against surface and upper air meteorological and chemical measurements available in both areas. The vertical gradient of temperature, humidity, and winds in the troposphere was well represented. Surface layer meteorological model performance was spatially variable, but temperature tended to be underestimated in Hawaii. Chemically speciated daily average PM_2.5 was generally well characterized by the modeling system at urban and rural monitors in Hawaii and Puerto Rico/Virgin Islands. Model performance was notably impacted by the wildfire emission methodology. Model performance was mixed for hourly SO₂, NO₂, PM_2.5, and CO and was often related to how well local emissions sources were characterized. SO₂ predictions were much lower than measurements at monitors near active volcanos on Hawaii, which was expected since volcanic emissions were not included in these model simulations. Further research is needed to assess emission inventory representation of these areas and how microscale meteorology influenced by the complex land-water and terrain interfaces impacts higher time resolution performance.

WASH practices and its association with nutritional status of adolescent girls in poverty pockets of eastern India

BACKGROUND

Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) practices may affect the growth and nutritional status among adolescents. Therefore, this paper assesses WASH practices and its association with nutritional status among adolescent girls.

METHODS

As a part of an intervention programme, this study is based on baseline cross-sectional data. It was conducted between May 2016-April 2017 in three Indian states (Bihar, Odisha, and Chhattisgarh). From a sample of 6352 adolescent girls, information on WASH practices, accessibility to health services and anthropometric measurements (height, weight and mid upper arm circumference (MUAC)) was collected. Descriptive statistics were used to examine WASH practices, and nutritional status among adolescent girls. Determinants of open defecation and menstrual hygiene were assessed using logistic regression. Association between WASH and nutritional status of adolescent girls was determined using linear regression.

RESULTS

Findings showed 82% of the adolescent girls were practicing open defecation and 76% were not using sanitary napkins. Significant predictors of open defecation and non use of sanitary napkin during menstruation were non Hindu households, households with poorer wealth, non availability of water within household premise, non visit to Anganwadi Centre, and non attendance in Kishori group meetings. One-third of adolescent girls were stunted, 17% were thin and 20% had MUAC < 19 cm. Poor WASH practices like water facility outside the household premise, unimproved sanitation facility, non use of soap after defecation had significant association with poor nutritional status of adolescent girls.

CONCLUSIONS

Concerted convergent actions focusing on the provision of clean water within the household premise, measures to stop open defecation, promotion of hand washing, accessibility of sanitary napkins, poverty alleviation and behavior change are needed. Health, nutrition and livelihood programmes must be interspersed, and adolescents must be encouraged to take part in these programmes.

Delivering an Integrated Package of Maternal Nutrition Services in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (India)

BACKGROUND

Maternal spot feeding programs operational in southern Indian States are providing a package of nutrition services (food, micronutrient supplementation, deworming, gestation weight gain monitoring, and fortnightly nutrition health education) to pregnant women. These remain to be evaluated.

OBJECTIVE

We evaluated the maternal spot feeding programs in 2 Southern Indian states.

METHODS

Study design was cross-sectional entailing primary data collection (July to November 2016) on 360 pregnant and lactating women (of infants aged 0-6 months) per state and a review of the scheme's management information system (MIS) beneficiaries' records for the time period April 2014 to August 2017. To gain program functioning insights, open-ended interviews (n = 252) with state, district, and block program managers a state-level open space technology workshop was conducted.

RESULTS

Average days of meal consumption ranged from 19 to 21 days per month; spot meal enhanced high dietary diversity (≥6 food groups; 57%-59%) and consumption of eggs and milk (74%-96%) among pregnant and lactating women. On-the-spot consumption of iron, folic acid, calcium, and deworming was 18%, 87%, and 56%, respectively; 94% attended at least 1 of the 2 nutrition monthly counseling sessions. Majority (68%) of the beneficiaries were motivated to enroll by self-help groups or family members, suggesting the crucial persuasive role of peers and family members.

CONCLUSION

Maternal spot feeding schemes can potentially deliver nutrition interventions outlined in the World Health Organization antenatal care guidelines 2016 for a positive pregnancy outcome. Research on schemes' impact on birth outcomes, maternal depression, social norms, and its cost-effectiveness is needed.

Incidence of Side-effects After Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Consumption Among School-going Indian Adolescents

OBJECTIVE

To estimate incidence of side effects after weekly iron and folic acid supplementation (WIFS) in Delhi and Haryana.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional school-based study, data were collected from 4,183 adolescents on WIFS consumption and side effects experienced first time of receipt of WIFS (week 1), and in last two consecutive weeks (week 2,3). Week 3 was 48 hours preceding the survey.

RESULTS

WIFS consumption in week 1, 2 and 3 was 85%, 63% and 52%, respectively. Side effects reported were highest in first week (25%) and reduced to 7% (week 2) and 5% (week 3). Side effects most reported were abdominal pain (80%) and nausea (10%). Adolescents (45%) who faced a side-effect in week 1 did not consume WIFS in subsequent week.

CONCLUSIONS

Incidence of side effects was low, but it affected compliance. Positive reinforcement to students who face side effects requires strengthening by teachers.

Prevalence of Pediatric Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Risk Factors among School-Age Children of 10-16 Years Living in District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India

INTRODUCTION

Recently, an increasing trend in the prevalence of pediatric metabolic syndrome (PMS) among school-age children has been documented in different parts of India. There is lack of data on the prevalence of PMS and its associated risk factors among school-age children living in district Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. Hence, to fill in the gap in the existing knowledge, the present study was conducted.

METHODOLOGY

A cross-sectional study was conducted during 2015-2016. Thirty clusters (schools) were identified from a list of all schools using population proportionate to size sampling methodology. From each school, 70 children in the age group of 10-16 years were selected. Data was collected on the sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometry, waist circumference, blood pressure, and physical activity. Fasting venous blood samples were collected for estimation of blood glucose, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein levels.

RESULTS

The prevalence of PMS using International Diabetes Federation classification was 3.3% and using modified-adult treatment panel classification criteria was 3.5%. Risk factors identified to be associated with PMS among school-age children were (i) male gender, (ii) high family monthly income, (iii) sedentary lifestyle, (iv) consumption of evening snack, (v) television/computer viewing, and (vi) motorized transportation for commuting to school.

CONCLUSION

The PMS prevalence was 3.3% in school-age children residing in District Shimla. There is a need to formulate interventions to prevent and correct metabolic syndrome among them for reducing early onset of cardiovascular disease during adulthood.

Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Children (6-18 years) Residing in Kullu and Kangra Districts of Himachal Pradesh, India

OBJECTIVE

To assess the prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and associated risk factors amongst children in the age group of 6-18 y residing at an altitude of 1000 mts and above.

METHODS

A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in the year 2015-2016. Two districts (namely: Kangra and Kullu) of Himachal Pradesh state, India was selected for the present study. In each district thirty clusters/schools were identified using Population Proportionate to Size (PPS) sampling methodology. In the identified school, all the children in schools were enlisted. Twenty children per school were selected by using random number tables. A total of 1222 children (Kangra: 610; Kullu: 612) in the age group of 6-18 y were enrolled. The data on socio economic status, physical activity and sunlight exposure was collected. The blood samples were collected and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, intact parathyroid hormone, serum calcium, phosphorous, albumin and alkaline phosphate were assessed using standard procedures.

RESULTS

Eighty one percent (Kangra) and 80.0% (Kullu) of school age children were found Vitamin D deficient as per serum 25(OH) D levels (less than 20 ng/ml).

CONCLUSIONS

A high prevalence of VDD was found in children residing in 2 districts located at high altitude regions of Himachal Pradesh, India.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and associated risk factors among geriatric population living in a high altitude region of rural Uttarakhand, India

Introduction:

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is responsible for 2.5-fold increase in cardiovascular mortality and a 5-fold higher risk of developing diabetes.

Materials and Methods:

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted during 2015–2016 in District Nainital. A list of all villages was developed. From this list, thirty villages were identified using population proportionate to size sampling method. From each village, thirty geriatric subjects (GSs) were selected. The study population included 979 GSs aged 60 years and above. The data were collected on anthropometry, blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipid profile from all the enrolled subjects. The prevalence of MetS was estimated using International Diabetes Federation criteria. Univariate and multivariate analysis was done to identify factors associated with MetS.

Results:

The prevalence of MetS was found to be 28.6%. Step-wise multivariate logistic regression analysis found that female gender, higher income, and body mass index ≥25 were significant and independent risk factors of MetS amongst GP.

Conclusion:

There is a need for screening of GP living in high altitude region so that efforts can be initiated to prevent complications of MetS.

Reproductive factors, nutritional status and serum 25(OH)D levels in women with breast cancer: A case control study

The study was conducted with an objective to investigate the association between reproductive factors, nutritional status and serum 25(OH)D levels among women diagnosed with breast cancer (BC). A total of 200 women with BC attending a tertiary healthcare institute of Delhi, India matched with 200 healthy women for age (±2years) and socio economic status were included in the study. Data was collected on socio-demographic profile, reproductive factors, physical activity and dietary intake (24h dietary recall and food frequency questionnaire) using interviewer administered structured questionnaires and standard tools. Non fasting blood samples (5ml) were collected for the biochemical estimation of serum 25(OH)D and calcium levels by chemiluminescent immunoassay and colorimetric assay technique. Data was analyzed by univariable conditional logistic regression and significant variables with (p<0.05), were analyzed in final model by conditional multivariable logistic regression analysis. The mean age of patients at diagnosis of BC was 45±10years. Results of multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis revealed significantly higher odds of BC for reproductive factors like age at marriage (more than 23 years), number of abortions, history or current use of oral contraceptive pills (OCP), with [OR (95% CI)] of [2.4 (1.2-4.9)], [4.0 (1.6-12.6)], [2.4 (1.2-5.0)]. Women with physically light activities and occasional consumption of eggs were found to have higher odds of BC [4.6 (1.6-13.0)] and [3.2 (1.6-6.3)]. Women with serum 25(OH)D levels less than 20ng/ml and calcium levels less than 10.5mg/dl had higher odds of having BC [2.4 (1.2-5.1)] and [3.7 (1.5-8.8)]. A protective effect of urban areas as place of residence and energy intake greater than 50% of Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) per day against BC was observed (p<0.05). The findings of the present study revealed a significant association of reproductive and dietary factors in addition to sedentary physical activity and low serum 25(OH)D levels in women diagnosed with BC.

Survival and Recovery in Severely Wasted Under-five Children Without Community Management of Acute Malnutrition Programme

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate recovery and survival of severely wasted children without community management of acute malnutrition programme.

DESIGN

Single time point follow-up (24th December 2013 - 2nd April, 2014) of severely wasted children identified in a community-based cross-sectional survey (September 2012 - October 2013).

SETTING

Rural Meerut District, Uttar Pradesh, India.

PARTICIPANTS

409 severely wasted (WHO weight-for-height <-3Z), 6- to 59-month-old children.

OUTCOME MEASURES

Survival and recovery (weight-for-height ≥-2Z).

RESULTS

Median (IQR) follow-up contact duration was 7.4 (6.6, 10.1) months. Among 11 deaths, there were 5 (case-fatality 1.2%), 6 (1.5%), 8 (2.0%) and 10 (2.4%) events within 1, 1.5, 4 and 6 months of enrolment, respectively. Ten deaths occurred in children aged between 6 and 24 months. Younger age (P=0.04), poorer household-head occupation (P=0.04) and lower enrolment anthropometry (any variable; P<0.001) were significant predictors of mortality. Children below 18 months of age had higher adjusted mortality risk (HR 4.7; 95% CI 0.95, 22.51; P=0.053). At follow-up, 30% of survivors were still severely wasted, 39% were moderately wasted (weight-for-height -3 to <-2Z) and 31% had recovered spontaneously. Younger age (P<0.001), female gender (P=0.04) and longer follow-up duration (P=0.003) were significant independent predictors of recovery. The adjusted OR (95% CI) for recovery <24 months was 2.81 (1.70, 4.65).

CONCLUSION

Without community management of acute malnutrition in rural Meerut District, severely wasted children had low (1.2%-2.7%) case-fatality with long-term spontaneous recovery of around 25-30%.

Potential of Aerosol Liquid Water to Facilitate Organic Aerosol Formation: Assessing Knowledge Gaps about Precursors and Partitioning

Isoprene epoxydiol (IEPOX), glyoxal, and methylglyoxal are ubiquitous water-soluble organic gases (WSOGs) that partition to aerosol liquid water (ALW) and clouds to form aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA). Recent laboratory-derived Setschenow (or salting) coefficients suggest glyoxal's potential to form aqSOA is enhanced by high aerosol salt molality, or "salting-in". In the southeastern U.S., aqSOA is responsible for a significant fraction of ambient organic aerosol, and correlates with sulfate mass. However, the mechanistic explanation for this correlation remains elusive, and an assessment of the importance of different WSOGs to aqSOA is currently missing. We employ EPA's CMAQ model to the continental U.S. during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) to compare the potential of glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and IEPOX to partition to ALW, as the initial step toward aqSOA formation. Among these three studied compounds, IEPOX is a dominant contributor, ∼72% on average in the continental U.S., to potential aqSOA mass due to Henry's Law constants and molecular weights. Glyoxal contributes significantly, and application of the Setschenow coefficient leads to a greater than 3-fold model domain average increase in glyoxal's aqSOA mass potential. Methylglyoxal is predicted to be a minor contributor. Acid or ammonium - catalyzed ring-opening IEPOX chemistry as well as sulfate-driven ALW and the associated molality may explain positive correlations between SOA and sulfate during SOAS and illustrate ways in which anthropogenic sulfate could regulate biogenic aqSOA formation, ways not presently included in atmospheric models but relevant to development of effective control strategies.

Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency and associated risk factors among children residing at high altitude in Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh, India

INTRODUCTION

Vitamin D is important for bone development in children. A high prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) has been documented from different parts of India. However, limited data are available on VDD among children residing at high altitude region of country.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the prevalence of VDD and associated risk factors among children in the age group of 6-18 years in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh.

METHODS

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the year 2014-2015. A total of 626 children in the age group of 6-18 years were enrolled from 30 clusters which were identified using population proportionate to size sampling method. A minimum of 20 children in the age group of 6-18 years per cluster were selected using random number tables. The data on socioeconomic status, physical activity, sunlight exposure, and biochemical parameters of bone and mineral metabolism were assessed.

RESULTS

Ninety-three percent of school-age children were found Vitamin D deficient as per serum 25(OH) D levels of <20 ng/ml. The prevalence was significantly higher among females.

CONCLUSION

A high prevalence of VDD was found in children residing in high altitude region.

A dinuclear copper(i) thiodiacetate complex as an efficient and reusable ‘click’ catalyst for the synthesis of glycoconjugates

A novel Cu(i) complex as an efficient and reusable homogeneous “click” catalyst.

Controversies Continue: Universal Supplementation of Megadose of Vitamin A to Young Children in India

The universal megadose of vitamin A (MDVA) supplementation program was started in the year 1970. The program is presently in continuation for the prevention of nutritional blindness and possibly reduction in under-five mortality rate (U5MR). Presently, blindness due to vitamin A deficiency (VAD) has disappeared and the difference between U5MR and infant mortality rate (IMR) is less than 10 thus MDVA is unlikely to have any impact on mortality. The continuation of universal MDVA needs to be modified based on the current scientific evidence.

Iodine nutritional status in Uttarakhand State, India

INTRODUCTION

Uttarakhand (UK) state is a known endemic region to iodine deficiency (ID).

OBJECTIVE

To assess the current status of iodine nutrition in a population of UK.

METHODOLOGY

Three districts, namely Udham Singh Nagar (USN), Nainital (N), and Pauri Garhwal (PG) were selected. In each district, 30 clusters were identified by utilizing the population proportional to size cluster sampling methodology. Total of 6143 school age children (SAC) (USN; 1807, N; 2269, PG: 2067), 5430 adolescent girls (AGs) (USN; 1823, N; 1811, PG: 1796), 1727 pregnant mothers (PMs) (USN; 632, N; 614, PG: 481), and 2013 Neonates (USN; 649, N; 670, PG: 694), were included in the study. Clinical examination of thyroid of each child, AG and PM was conducted. Spot urine and salt samples were collected from children, AGs and PMs. Cord blood samples were collected from neonates for estimation of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

RESULTS

In SAC, total goiter rate (TGR) was 13.2% (USN), 15.9% (N), and 16.8% (PG). Median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) level was 150 μg/l (USN), 125 μg/l (N), and 115 μg/l (PG). In AGs, TGR was 6.8% (USN), 8.2% (N) and 5.6% (PG). Median UIC level was 250 μg/l (USN), 200 μg/l (N), and 183 μg/l (PG). In PMs, TGR was 16.1% (USN), 20.2% (N), and 24.9% (PG). Median UIC level was 124 μg/l (USN), 117.5 μg/l (N) and 110 μg/l (PG), respectively. In Neonates, TSH levels of >5 mIU/L were found in 55.3 (USN), 76.4 (N) and 72.8 (PG) percent of neonates.

CONCLUSION

UIC level in PMs and TSH levels among neonates indicate the prevalence of ID in three districts surveyed.

Iodine Nutritional Status among Adolescent Girls in Uttarakhand, India

INTRODUCTION

Uttarakhand (UK) state is a known endemic region for Iodine deficiency.

OBJECTIVE

To assess iodine nutritional status among adolescent girls in districts: Udham Singh Nagar (USN), Nainital (N) and Pauri (P) of UK state.

METHODS

In each district, 30 clusters (schools) were identified by using population proportionate to size cluster sampling. In each school, 60 girls (12-18 years) attending the schools were included. Total of 5430 girls from USN (1823), N (1811) and P (1796) were studied. Clinical examination of thyroid of each girl was conducted. From each cluster, spot urine and salt samples were collected.

RESULTS

Total goiter rate was found to be 6.8% (USN), 8.2% (N) and 5.6% (P). Median urinary iodine concentration levels were 250 μg/l (USN), 200 μg/l (N) and 183 μg/l (P).

CONCLUSION

Findings of the study documented that adolescent girls had adequate iodine nutritional status in the three districts of UK.

Iodine nutritional status in Himachal Pradesh state, India

INTRODUCTION

Iodine deficiency (ID) is the preventable causes of mental retardation worldwide. Himachal Pradesh (HP) state is a known endemic region to ID.

OBJECTIVE

the objective was to assess the current status of iodine nutrition in a population of HP, India.

METHODOLOGY

There are three regions in HP namely: Kangra, Mandi, and Shimla. In each region, one district was selected namely: Kangra, Kullu, and Solan. In each district, 30 clusters were identified by utilizing population proportional-to-size cluster sampling methodology. A total of 5748 school-age children (SAC) (Kangra; 1864, Kullu; 1986, Solan: 1898), 1711 pregnant mothers (PMs) (Kangra; 647, Kullu; 551, Solan: 513), and 1934 neonates (Kangra; 613, Kullu; 638, Solan: 683), were included in study. Clinical examination of thyroid of each child and PM was conducted. Casual urine samples were collected from children and PMs. Cord blood samples were collected for estimation of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) among neonates.

RESULTS

In SAC, total goiter rate (TGR) was 15.8% (Kangra), 23.4% (Kullu), and 15.4% (Solan). Median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) level was 200 μg/l (Kangra), 175 μg/l (Kullu), and 62.5 μg/l (Solan). In PMs, TGR was 42.2% (Kangra), 42.0% (Kullu), and 19.9% (Solan). Median UIC level was 200 μg/l (Kangra), 149 μg/l (Kullu), and 130 μg/l (Solan). In Neonates, TSH levels of > 5 mIU/L were found in 73.4 (Kangra), 79.8 (Kullu), and 63.2 (Solan) percent of neonates.

CONCLUSION

As per, UIC level (<100 μg/l) in SAC, ID was found in district Solan. In Kullu and Solan districts, there were ID (UIC level < 150 μg/l) among PMs. TSH levels indicated ID in all districts surveyed.

Iodine nutritional status among neonates in the Solan district, Himachal Pradesh, India

Iodine nutrition status amongst neonates can be assessed by estimating thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). According to WHO, if more than 3 % of the neonates have TSH levels of 5 mlU/l and more in a population, it indicates presence of iodine deficiency (ID). Iodine deficiency is an endemic health problem in Solan district, Himachal Pradesh (HP) state. ID leads to mental retardation, deaf mutism, squint, dwarfism, spastic diplegia, neurological defects and congenital anomalies. The aim is to determine iodine nutrition status of neonates of Solan district. In Solan district, six hospitals/community health centers providing obstetric services and conducting more than 100 deliveries per annum were identified and enlisted. Two hospitals were selected keeping in view of operational feasibility. A total of 683 umbilical cord blood samples of neonates were collected on filter paper and analyzed for TSH. It was found that 63.2 % of the neonates had TSH levels of more than 5 mlU/l indicating iodine deficiency in the Solan district. Iodine deficiency was a public health problem in Solan district, HP.

Reappearance of Bitot's spots after complete resolution in children between 1 and 5 years of age

There is limited data on proportion of Bitot's spots (BS), which could reappear after receiving mega dose of Vitamin A (MDVA), and their complete resolution. A prospective, community-based, cohort study with 12 months follow-up was conducted among children (1-5 years) with BS at a district from North India. On diagnosis, 200,000 IU of vitamin A was administered on the same day, then after 4 weeks and subsequently after 6 months. Out of 262 children with BS, 157 (59.9%, 95% CI: 54.1-65.9) children had shown resolution of BS after the MDVA supplementation. Out of 157 children, 97 (61.8%, 95% CI: 54.2-69.4) had reappearance of BS after complete resolution. Kaplan-Meir analysis found that median duration of reappearance of BS was 5 months (95% CI: 3.8-6.2) after their complete resolution. The reappearance of BS after administration of two MDVA within 12 months suggests that children with possibly adequate serum retinol level status may have reappearance of BS.

Need for neonatal screening program in India: A national priority

In India, out of 342 districts surveyed, 286 have been identified as endemic to iodine deficiency (ID). Research studies conducted in school age children (SAC), Adolescent girls, Pregnant Mothers (PMs) and Neonates have documented poor iodine nutritional status. As observed by total goiter rate of more than 5% and median urinary iodine concentration level of <100 μg/l in SAC and <150 μg/l in PMs as prescribed cutoff of World Health Organization. And higher thyroid stimulating hormone levels among neonates. ID leads to compromised mental development and hence which remain hidden and not visible to family, program managers and administrator. The present review describes the current status of ID in different parts of the country. With a view to strongly recommend the implementation of Neonatal screening program for ID so that the optimal mental development of children can be achieved.

Status of iodine nutrition among pregnant mothers in selected districts of Uttarakhand, India

BACKGROUND

Uttarakhand state is a known endemic area for iodine deficiency.

OBJECTIVE

The present study was conducted with an objective to assess the iodine nutritional status amongst pregnant mothers (PMs) in districts: Pauri (P), Nainital (N) and Udham Singh Nagar (USN) of Uttarakhand state.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty clusters from each district were selected by utilizing the population proportionate to size cluster sampling methodology. A total of 1727 PMs from P (481), N (614) and USN (632) were included. The clinical examination of the thyroid of each PM was conducted. Urine and salt samples were collected from a sub samples of PMs enlisted for thyroid clinical examination.

RESULTS

The total Goiter rate was found to be 24.9 (P), 20.2 (N) and 16.1 (USN)%. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) levels were found to be 110 μg/L (P), 117.5 μg/L (N) and 124 μg/L (USN). The percentage of PMs consuming salt with iodine content of 15 ppm and more was found to be 57.9 (P), 67.0 (N) and 50.3 (USN).

CONCLUSION

The findings of the present study revealed that the PMs in all three districts had low iodine nutritional status as revealed by UIC levels of less than 150 μg/L.

Assessment of iodine deficiency in school age children in Nainital District, Uttarakhand State

Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is a major public health problem in Uttarakhand. The present study was conducted in district Nainital, Uttarakhand state with an objective to assess the prevalence of IDD in school age children. A total of 2269 children in the age group of 6-12 years were included. Clinical examination of thyroid of all children was undertaken. "On the spot" urine samples were collected from 611 children. Salt samples were collected from the family kitchen for 642 children. The Total Goitre Rate (TGR) was 15.9%. The proportion of children with urinary iodine excretion levels <20, 20-49, 50-99, 100-199 and 200 μg/L and above, was nil, 11.8, 24.9, 38.3 and 25.0 percent, respectively. The median Urinary Iodine Excretion level was 125μg/L. About 57.7% of the children were consuming salt with iodine content of 15 ppm and more. Findings of the present study indicates that the population is possibly in transition phase from iodine deficient as revealed by Total Goitre Rate of 15.9% to iodine sufficient as revealed by median urinary iodine excretion level of 125 μg/L. There is a need to further strengthen the existing monitoring system for the quality of iodized salt in the district in order to achieve the elimination of IDD.

Iodine nutrition status amongst neonates in Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh

Iodine deficiency (ID) is an endemic health problem in Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh (HP) state. ID leads to mental retardation, deaf mutism, squint, dwarfism, spastic diplegia, neurological defects and congenital anomalies. Iodine nutrition status amongst neonates can be assessed by estimating thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The present study was conducted with an objective to assess the iodine nutrition status amongst Neonates in Kangra district, HP. All of the hospitals in the district which provide obstetric services were enlisted, of which three were selected for this survey. A total of 613 umbilical cord blood samples of neonates were collected on filter paper and analyzed for TSH. WHO (2007) reported that that a <3% frequency of TSH concentrations above 5 mIU/L in samples collected 3-4 days after birth indicates iodine sufficiency in a population. In our study we found that 73.4% of the neonates had TSH levels of more than 5 mlU/l, thus indicating ID in the population studied. Iodine deficiency continues to be a public health problem in Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh.

Status of iodine deficiency disorder in district Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand state India

BACKGROUND

Iodine deficiency disorder (IDD) is a public health problem in Uttarakhand state.

OBJECTIVE

The present study was conducted in district Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand state with an objective to assess the status of iodine deficiency amongst school age children (6-12 years).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty clusters were selected by utilizing the population proportionate to size (PPS) cluster sampling methodology. A total of 1807 children in the age group of 6-12 years were included. The clinical examination of the thyroid of each child was conducted. Urine and Salt samples were collected from children.

RESULTS

The Total Goiter Rate (TGR) was found to be 13.2%. The proportion of children with Urinary Iodine Excretion (UIE) level <20, 20-49, 50-99, 100-199 and ≥200 μg/l was found to be nil, 6.0, 21.2, 34.2 and 38.5 percent, respectively. The median UIE level was 150 μg/l. Only 46.7% of the salt samples had stipulated level of iodine of 15 ppm and more.

CONCLUSION

The study population had mild degree of public health problem of iodine deficiency.

Prevalence of neonatal hypothyroidism in Kangra Valley, Himachal Pradesh

Iodine deficiency (ID) is an endemic health problem in Kangra District, Himachal Pradesh (HP). ID in pregnant mothers leads to neonatal hypothyroidism (NH), mental retardation, deaf mutism, squint, dwarfism, spastic dysplasia, neurological defects and congenital anomalies. NH can be assessed by estimating the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in cord blood samples. The present study was conducted with an objective to assess the prevalence of NH in district Kangra, HP. In district Kangra, all the hospitals providing obstetric services were enlisted. Three hospitals conducting more than 100 deliveries per year were selected randomly. A total of 613 umbilical cord blood samples of neonates were collected on filter papers and analyzed for TSH. TSH was estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Neonates with TSH levels ⩾20 mIU/l were recalled for reassessment of TSH for confirmation of NH. Prevalence of NH was found to be 4.4%. This finding suggests the need for the implementation of a neonatal screening program for early detection of children with ID.

A Cu(ii) mediated new desulfurization pathway involving elimination of ethylene sulfide

A facile and unusual route of desulfurization of a thiodiacetate moiety accompanied by elimination of thiirane.

Increase in iodine deficiency disorder due to inadequate sustainability of supply of iodized salt in District Solan, Himachal Pradesh

Himachal Pradesh is a known endemic area for iodine deficiency disorders. A study was conducted in district Solan with the objective of assessing the prevalence of iodine deficiency disorders in school-age children. Thirty clusters were selected by using the probability-proportionate-to-size cluster sampling methodology. Clinical examination of the thyroid of 1898 children in the age-group of 6-12 years was conducted. Urine and salt samples were collected. The total goiter rate was found to be 15.4%. Median urinary iodine excretion level was 62.5 μg/l. Only 39% of the salt samples had iodine content of ≥15 ppm. Mild iodine deficiency was present in the subjects studied.

Iodine deficiency disorders in school age children in Kullu District, Himachal Pradesh

Iodine deficiency disorder is a major public health problem in Himachal Pradesh. A study was conducted in district Kullu to assess the prevalence of IDD in school age children. Clinical examination of the thyroid of 1986 children was conducted. On the spot urine and salt samples were collected. The Total Goiter Rate was found to be 23.4% and median urinary iodine excretion was 175 ug/L. The population is possibly in transition phase from iodine deficient to iodine sufficient nutrition.

Association of body mass index and waist circumference with hypertension among school children in the age group of 5-16 years belonging to lower income group and middle income group in National Capital Territory of Delhi

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Hypertension is one of the most common diseases world-wide and the prevalence in school-aged children appears to be increasing perhaps as a result of increased prevalence of obesity. Thus, the present study was planned to establish an association between body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with hypertension amongst school children in the age group of 5-16 years belonging to lower income group (LIG) and middle income group (MIG) in National Capital Territory of Delhi.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Population proportionate to size methodology was adopted to select 30 clusters/schools in each LIG and MIG category. About 170 children from each school were selected randomly with the help of random number tables. Anthropometric measurements of weight, height and WC and blood pressure measurements were taken by using standard methodology.

RESULTS

The prevalence of high systolic blood pressure (SBP) in LIG and MIG school population was 2.8% and 4.1% respectively. Similarly, the prevalence of high diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in LIG and MIG school population was 2.7% and 4.2%, respectively. Statistical positive correlation was observed between BMI and WC with SBP and DBP. Thus, it can be inferred that children with high WC and BMI are more likely to have hypertension.

Association of obesity with hypertension amongst school-age children belonging to lower income group and middle income group in national capital territory of delhi

Background and Objectives:

Hypertension is one of the most common diseases world-wide and the prevalence in school-aged children appears to be increasing perhaps as a result of increased prevalence of obesity. Thus, the present study was planned to establish an association between body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with hypertension amongst school children in the age group of 5-16 years belonging to lower income group (LIG) and middle income group (MIG) in National Capital Territory of Delhi.

Subjects and Methods:

Population proportionate to size methodology was adopted to select 30 clusters/schools in each LIG and MIG category. About 170 children from each school were selected randomly with the help of random number tables. Anthropometric measurements of weight, height and WC and blood pressure measurements were taken by using the standard methodology.

Results and Interpretation:

t0 he prevalence of high systolic blood pressure (SBP) in LIG and MIG school population was 3.8 and 4.4% with high WC and BMI are more likely to have hypertension.

Subjects and Methods:

Population proportionate to size methodology was adopted to select 30 clusters/schools in each LIG and MIG category. About 170 children from each school were selected randomly with the help of random number tables. Anthropometric measurements of weight, height and WC and blood pressure measurements were taken by using the standard methodology.

Results and Interpretation:

t0 he prevalence of high systolic blood pressure (SBP) in LIG and MIG school population was 3.8 and 4.4% with high WC and BMI are more likely to have hypertension.

Status of iodine deficiency among children in national capital territory Of Delhi--a cross-sectional study

Iodine deficiency disorder is a public health problem in NCT of Delhi. The present study was conducted in NCT of Delhi to assess the current iodine nutrition status among school age children (6-11 years). Thirty clusters (schools) were selected by utilizing the population proportionate to size (PPS) cluster sampling methodology. A total of 1393 school age children were included. Urine samples were collected and tested for urinary iodine excretion (UIE). The Median UIE was found to be 200 µg/L. The salt samples collected from study subjects revealed that 87% of salt samples had stipulated level of iodine of 15 ppm and more. In order to eliminate IDD, there is a need to sustain the supply of iodized salt and monitor its iodine content regularly.

Status of iodine deficiency in district Kangra, Himachal Pradesh after 60 years of salt iodization

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

District Kangra, Himachal Pradesh(HP), India is a known endemic area for iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) since 1956. The present study was conducted in district Kangra, Himachal Pradesh with the objective to assess the prevalence of iodine deficiency in school-age children.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

A total of 1864 children in the age group of 6-12 years were included. Clinical examination of thyroid of all children was undertaken. 'On the spot' urine samples were collected from 463 children. The salt samples were collected from 327 children.

RESULTS

The total goiter prevalence of 15.8% was found. The proportion of children with urinary iodine excretion (UIE) levels <50.0, 50.0-99.9 and ≥ 100 μg/l was 2.2, 14.3 and 83.5%, respectively. The median UIE level was 200 μg/l. About 82.3% of the families were consuming salt with iodine content ≥ 15 ppm.

CONCLUSION

The population in district Kangra is possibly in a transition phase from iodine deficient (as revealed by total goiter rate of 15.8%) to iodine sufficiency (as revealed by median UIE levels of 200 μg/l).

Relative efficacy of weekly and two differing doses of daily iron-folate supplementation in improving hemoglobin in mild and moderately anemic children between 3 and 5 years of age: a cluster randomized trial

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

In India, 75% of children <5 years of age have anemia. The National Nutritional Anemia Control Program (NNACP) recommends 20 mg iron and 100 μg folic acid (IFA) supplementation for 100 days/year, but still anemia prevalence has remained high. To accelerate the progress, suggestions include increase in IFA to therapeutic dose or supervised weekly supplementation to improve compliance. The objectives of this study was to compare the hemoglobin response with two dosages of daily (20 mg iron and 100 μg folic acid, or 40 mg iron and 200 μg folic acid) and weekly (40 mg iron and 200 μg folic acid) IFA supplementation in children of 3-5 years of age with mild or moderate anemia (hemoglobin 7-10 g/dl).

SUBJECTS/METHODS

Community-based cluster randomized control trial in nine adjoining Anganwadi Centers. Four hundred twenty six enrolled participants received directly supervised IFA tablet supplementation as per the above three groups. After 100 days, the number of available subjects in the NNACP daily dose (A), daily dose doubled (B) and weekly dose (C) groups were 112, 114 and 110, respectively. Hemoglobin was estimated at baseline, 50 and 100 days by the Cynmeth hemoglobin method.

RESULTS

At 50 days, there were no differences between the three groups, but at 100 days, adjusted hemoglobin was lowered with weekly supplementation. The mean (95% confidence interval) hemoglobin (g/dl) differences were: (i) A-B: -0.05 (-0.17, 0.05), (ii) A-C: -0.38 (-0.50, -0.27) and (iii) B-C: -0.33, (-0.45, -0.21). Anemia reduction was 18.8%, 18.4% and 10.9%, respectively, in the three groups.

CONCLUSION

Directly supervised IFA supplementation at the NNACP or double dose is equally efficacious but superior to weekly regimen.

Flavonoids and phenolic acids from pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) based foods and their functional implications

Background: Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), considered a poor man’s cereal, may be a repository of dietary antioxidants, especially flavonoids and phenolic acids, which provide bioactive mechanisms to reduce free radical induced oxidative stress and probably play a role in the prevention of ageing and various diseases associated with oxidative stress, such as cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases.Objective: The present study focused on the identification of individual flavonoids and phenolic acids from seven commercial varieties of pearl millet and five samples of pearl millet-based traditional recipes of Banaskantha, Gujarat, India.Methods: Total phenols were determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and individual polyphenol separation included the isolation and identification of (a) flavonoids, (b) phenolic acids, and (c) glycoflavones involving interaction with diagnostic reagents and paper chromatographic separation of compounds and their UV-visible spectroscopic studies including hypsochromic and bathchromic shifts with reagents such as AlCl3, AlCl3/HCl, NaOMe, NaOAc, and NaOAc/H3PO3. Five traditional recipes consumed in the pearl millet producing belt of Banaskantha, Gujarat, India, were standardized in the laboratory and analyzed for phenol and individual flavonoids. Results: Total phenols in raw samples ranged from 268.5 - 420mg/100g of DW and 247.5 - 335mg/100g of DW in cooked recipes. The commonly identified flavonoids were tricin, acacetin, 3, 4 Di-OMe luteolin, and 4-OMe tricin. Five phenolic acids were identified: namely vanilic acid, syringic acid, melilotic acid, para-hydroxyl benzoic acid, and salicylic acid.Conclusion: The presence of flavonoids, such as tricin, acacetin, 3, 4 Di-OMe luteolin, and 4-OMe tricin, indicate the chemopreventive efficacy of pearl millet. They may be inversely related to mortality from coronary heart disease and to the incidence of heart attacks in the pearl millet consuming belts of the world.Keywords: Polyphenols, Antioxidant, Flavonoids, Total Phenols, Pearl Millet (raw and cooked) (Pennisetum glaucum), Banaskantha, Gujarat

Combating iodine deficiency disorders to achieve millennium development goal 4 in India: reduction in infant mortality rate

In severe iodine deficient areas, iodine deficiency has been documented to be an important etiological factor leading to poor fetal growth and development. Iodine is essential for physical growth and development of the central nervous system of the fetus. Iodine deficiency in pregnant mothers leads to increased incidence of infertility and abortions, perinatal mortality and infant child mortality. The clinical iodine supplementation trials have documented adverse health consequences due to iodine deficiency. Evidence from observational studies concludes that prevention of iodine deficiency can lead to reduction in infant mortality rate and facilitate to achieve millennium development goal-4.

Glyoxal-methylglyoxal cross-reactions in secondary organic aerosol formation

Glyoxal (G) and methylglyoxal (MG) are potentially important secondary organic aerosol (SOA) precursors. Previous studies of SOA formation by G and MG have focused on either species separately; however, G and MG typically coexist in the atmosphere. We studied the formation of secondary organic material in aqueous aerosol mimic mixtures containing G and MG with ammonium sulfate. We characterized the formation of light-absorbing products using UV-vis spectrophotometry. We found that absorption at 280 nm can be described well using models for the formation of light-absorbing products by G and MG in parallel. Pendant drop tensiometry measurements showed that surface tension depression by G and MG in these solutions can be modeled as a linear combination of the effects of G and MG alone. Product species were identified using chemical ionization mass spectrometry with a volatilization flow tube inlet (Aerosol CIMS). Peaks consistent with G-MG cross-reaction products were observed, accounting for a significant fraction of detected product mass, but most peaks could be attributed to self-reaction. We conclude that cross-reactions contribute to SOA mass from uptake of G and MG, but they are not required to accurately model the effects of this process on aerosol surface tension or light absorption.