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Lin Y, Han Y, Li G, Li L, Zhang X, Cao J. Variability in molecular composition and optical absorption of atmospheric brown carbon aerosols in two contrasting urban areas of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171820. [PMID: 38513857 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) aerosols were investigated at two urban sites in southern (Hefei) and northern (Shijiazhuang) China during summer and winter of 2019-2020 to explore regional variability in their compositional and optical properties. Organic matter in ambient PM2.5 samples were characterized at molecular level using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode array detector and an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Although the molecular composition of organic aerosols varied substantially over different ambient environments, they were mainly composed by CHO and CHON species in positive ionization mode while CHO and CHOS species in negative mode. The mass absorption coefficients of BrC aerosols at wavelength range 250-450 nm were relatively higher for winter samples in both cities and for Shijiazhuang samples in both seasons, partly attributed to the higher concentration levels of anthropogenic air pollutants in these environments. The absorption Ångström exponents further revealed that BrC aerosols in winter seasons and in Shijiazhuang had a greater capacity of absorption at shorter wavelengths. A total of 26 BrC species with strong absorption were unambiguously identified from different environments, which mainly consisted of CHO, CHON, and CHN species and had higher degrees of unsaturation and lower degrees of oxidation. The presence and abundance of these BrC species varied dynamically across the seasons and cities, with a greater number of species presented in the winter of Shijiazhuang. The BrC species together contributed 12-26 % in the total absorbance of light-absorbing organic components at 250-450 nm. This study highlights the regional differences in BrC properties influenced by the sources and atmospheric processes, which should be taken into account to assess their climate impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lin
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuemei Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Guohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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2
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Cao N, Chen L, Liu Y, Wang J, Yang S, Su D, Mi K, Gao S, Zhang H. Spatiotemporal distribution, light absorption characteristics, and source apportionments of black and brown carbon in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170796. [PMID: 38336053 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) are aerosols that absorb light and thereby contribute to climate change. In this study, the light absorption properties and spatiotemporal distributions of equivalent BC (eBC) and BrC aerosols were determined based on continuous measurements of aerosol light absorption from January to August 2017, using a seven-channel aethalometer at 49 sampling sites in China. The source apportionments of BC and BrC were identified using the BC/PM2.5, absorption Ångström exponent, the concentration-weighted trajectory method, and the random forest model. Based on the results, BC was the dominant light absorber, whereas BrC was responsible for a higher proportion of the light absorption in northern compared to southern China. The light absorption of BrC was highest in winter (34.3 Mm-1), followed by spring (19.0 Mm-1) and summer (3.6 Mm-1). The combustion of liquid fuels accounted for over 50 % of the light absorption coefficient of BC in most cities and the importance of carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was over 10 % for BC emitted by liquid fuel combustion, based on the random forest model. The contribution of solid fuel combustion to BC in the north was larger than that in the southern regions as coal combustion and crop residue burning are important emission sources of BC in most northern cities. The contribution of primary BrC to light absorption was high in some northern cities, whereas that of secondary BrC was prevalent in some southern cities. The diurnal variations in secondary BrC were affected by changes in odd oxygen and relative humidity, which promoted the photobleaching of the chromophores and aqueous-phase reactions of secondary BrC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cao
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Yusi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorology Administration, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Shuangqin Yang
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Die Su
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ke Mi
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
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3
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Bersenkowitsch NK, Madlener SJ, Heller J, van der Linde C, Ončák M, Beyer MK. Spectroscopy of cluster aerosol models: IR and UV spectra of hydrated glyoxylate with and without sea salt. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2023; 3:1396-1406. [PMID: 38013930 PMCID: PMC10569154 DOI: 10.1039/d3ea00039g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxylic acid is formed in the troposphere by oxidation of organic molecules. In sea salt aerosols, it is expected to be present as glyoxylate, integrated into the salt environment and strongly interacting with water molecules. In water, glyoxylate is in equilibrium with its gem-diol form. To understand the influence of water and salt on the photophysics and photochemistry of glyoxylate, we generate small model clusters containing glyoxylate by electrospray ionization and study them by Fourier-Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry. We used infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy and UV/vis photodissociation spectroscopy for structural characterization as well as quantum chemical calculations to model the spectra and dissociation patterns. Resonant absorption of infrared radiation leads to water evaporation, which indicates that water and glyoxylate are separate molecular entities in a significant fraction of the clusters, in line with the observed absorption of UV light in the actinic region. Hydration of glyoxylate leads to a change of the dihedral angle in the CHOCOO-·H2O complex, causing a slight redshift of the S1 ← S0 transition. However, the barriers for internal rotation are below 5 kJ mol-1, which explains the broad S1 ← S0 absorption extending from about 320 to 380 nm. Most importantly, hydration hinders dissociation in the S1 state, thus enhancing the quantum yield of fluorescence combined with water evaporation. No C-C bond photolysis is observed, but due to the limited signal-to-noise ratio, it cannot be ruled out. The quantum yield, however, will be relatively low. Fluorescence dominates the photophysics of glyoxylate embedded in the dry salt cluster, but the quantum yield shifts towards internal conversion upon addition of one or two water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina K Bersenkowitsch
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Sarah J Madlener
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Jakob Heller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25 6020 Innsbruck Austria
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck Technikerstraße 25 6020 Innsbruck Austria
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Benoit R, Vernier H, Vernier JP, Joly L, Dumelié N, Wienhold FG, Crevoisier C, Delpeux S, Bernard F, Dagaut P, Berthet G. The first balloon-borne sample analysis of atmospheric carbonaceous components reveals new insights into formation processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 326:138421. [PMID: 36935062 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosol optical, physical, and chemical properties play a fundamental role in the Earth's climate system. A better understanding of the processes involved in their formation, evolution, and interaction with radiation and the water cycle is critical. We report the analysis of atmospheric molecules/particles collected with a new sampling system that flew under regular weather balloons for the first time. The flight took place on January 18, 2022 from Reims (France). The samples were subsequently analyzed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (Orbitrap) to specifically infer hundreds of organic components present in 4 different layers from the troposphere to the stratosphere (up to 20 km). Additional measurements of O3, CO, and aerosol concentrations a few hours before this flight took place to contextualize the sampling. After separating common species found on each filter that might be common to atmospheric layers or residuals for contaminations, we found that each sample yields significant differences in the number and size of organic species detected that should reflect the unique composition of atmospheric layers. While tropospheric samples yield significantly oxidized and saturated components, with carbon numbers below 30 that might be explained by complex organics chemistry from local and distant source emissions, the upper tropospheric and stratospheric samples were associated with increased carbon numbers (C > 30), with a significantly reduced unsaturation number for the stratosphere, that might be induced by strong UV radiations. The multimodal distributions of carbon numbers in chemical formulas observed between 15 and 20 km suggest that oligomerization and growth of organic molecules may take place in aged air masses of tropical origin that are known to carry organic compounds even several km above the tropopause where their lifetime significantly increases. In addition, the presence of organics may also reflect the extended influence of wildfires smoke injected during the spring and summer in the NH hemisphere before the in situ observations and their long-lifetime in the upper troposphere and stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hazel Vernier
- LPC2E, UMR 7328 CNRS-Université d'Orléans-CNES, Orléans, France
| | - Jean-Paul Vernier
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA; National Institute of Aerospace, Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Lilian Joly
- GSMA, UMR 7331 CNRS-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Nicolas Dumelié
- GSMA, UMR 7331 CNRS-Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | - Cyril Crevoisier
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD/IPSL), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | | | | | | | - Gwenaël Berthet
- LPC2E, UMR 7328 CNRS-Université d'Orléans-CNES, Orléans, France
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5
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Müller S, Giorio C, Borduas-Dedekind N. Tracking the Photomineralization Mechanism in Irradiated Lab-Generated and Field-Collected Brown Carbon Samples and Its Effect on Cloud Condensation Nuclei Abilities. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2023; 3:164-178. [PMID: 37215437 PMCID: PMC10197166 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.2c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosols affect the planet's radiative balance by absorbing and scattering light as well as by activating cloud droplets. These organic aerosols contain chromophores, termed brown carbon (BrC), and can undergo indirect photochemistry, affecting their ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Here, we investigated the effect of photochemical aging by tracking the conversion of organic carbon into inorganic carbon, termed the photomineralization mechanism, and its effect on the CCN abilities in four different types of BrC samples: (1) laboratory-generated (NH4)2SO4-methylglyoxal solutions, (2) dissolved organic matter isolate from Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA), (3) ambient firewood smoke aerosols, and (4) ambient urban wintertime particulate matter in Padua, Italy. Photomineralization occurred in all BrC samples albeit at different rates, evidenced by photobleaching and by loss of organic carbon up to 23% over a simulated 17.6 h of sunlight exposure. These losses were correlated with the production of CO up to 4% and of CO2 up to 54% of the initial organic carbon mass, monitored by gas chromatography. Photoproducts of formic, acetic, oxalic and pyruvic acids were also produced during irradiation of the BrC solutions, but at different yields depending on the sample. Despite these chemical changes, CCN abilities did not change substantially for the BrC samples. In fact, the CCN abilities were dictated by the salt content of the BrC solution, trumping a photomineralization effect on the CCN abilities for the hygroscopic BrC samples. Solutions of (NH4)2SO4-methylglyoxal, SRFA, firewood smoke, and ambient Padua samples had hygroscopicity parameters κ of 0.6, 0.1, 0.3, and 0.6, respectively. As expected, the SRFA solution with a κ of 0.1 was most impacted by the photomineralization mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that the photomineralization mechanism is expected in all BrC samples and can drive changes in the optical properties and chemical composition of aging organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvan Müller
- Department
of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Giorio
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Nadine Borduas-Dedekind
- Department
of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
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6
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Leskinen J, Hartikainen A, Väätäinen S, Ihalainen M, Virkkula A, Mesceriakovas A, Tiitta P, Miettinen M, Lamberg H, Czech H, Yli-Pirilä P, Tissari J, Jakobi G, Zimmermann R, Sippula O. Photochemical Aging Induces Changes in the Effective Densities, Morphologies, and Optical Properties of Combustion Aerosol Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5137-5148. [PMID: 36944040 PMCID: PMC10077587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Effective density (ρeff) is an important property describing particle transportation in the atmosphere and in the human respiratory tract. In this study, the particle size dependency of ρeff was determined for fresh and photochemically aged particles from residential combustion of wood logs and brown coal, as well as from an aerosol standard (CAST) burner. ρeff increased considerably due to photochemical aging, especially for soot agglomerates larger than 100 nm in mobility diameter. The increase depends on the presence of condensable vapors and agglomerate size and can be explained by collapsing of chain-like agglomerates and filling of their voids and formation of secondary coating. The measured and modeled particle optical properties suggest that while light absorption, scattering, and the single-scattering albedo of soot particle increase during photochemical processing, their radiative forcing remains positive until the amount of nonabsorbing coating exceeds approximately 90% of the particle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Leskinen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Anni Hartikainen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Sampsa Väätäinen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Mika Ihalainen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Aki Virkkula
- Atmospheric
Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological
Institute, Helsinki FI-00560, Finland
| | - Arunas Mesceriakovas
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Petri Tiitta
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
- Finnish
Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Research
Centre of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - Mirella Miettinen
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Heikki Lamberg
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Hendryk Czech
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
and Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München 81379, Germany
| | - Pasi Yli-Pirilä
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Jarkko Tissari
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
| | - Gert Jakobi
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
and Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München 81379, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
and Cooperation Group Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München 81379, Germany
| | - Olli Sippula
- Department
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio FI 70211, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu 80101, Finland
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7
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El-Sayed MMH, Hennigan CJ. Aqueous processing of water-soluble organic compounds in the eastern United States during winter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:241-253. [PMID: 35838080 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00115b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous multi-phase processes are significant contributors to organic aerosol (OA) mass in the atmosphere. This study characterizes the formation of water-soluble organic matter during the winter in the eastern United States through simultaneous measurements of water-soluble organic carbon in the gas and particle phases (WSOCg and WSOCp, respectively). The formation of secondary WSOCp occurred primarily through two pathways: (1) absorptive partitioning of oxygenated organics to the bulk OA and (2) aqueous phase processes. WSOCp formation through the former pathway was evident through the relationship between the fraction of total WSOC in the particle phase (Fp) and the total OA concentration. Conversely, evidence for nighttime aqueous WSOCp formation was based upon the strong enhancement in Fp with increasing relative humidity, indicating the uptake of WSOCg to aerosol liquid water (ALW). The Fp-RH relationship was only observed for temperatures between 0-10 °C, suggesting conditions for aqueous multi-phase processes were enhanced during these times. Temperature exhibited an inverse relationship with ALW and a proportional relationship with aerosol potassium. ALW and biomass burning precursors were both abundant in the 0-10 °C temperature range, facilitating aqueous WSOCp formation. To assess the impact of particle drying on the WSOCp concentrations, the particle measurements alternated between ambient and dried channels. No change was observed in the concentration of particles before and after drying, indicating that the WSOCp formed through the uptake of WSOCg into OA and ALW remained in the condensed phase upon particle drying at all temperature ranges. This work contributes to our understanding of sources, pathways, and factors affecting aqueous aerosol formation in the winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M H El-Sayed
- Department of Civil Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, USA.
| | - Christopher J Hennigan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Bao M, Zhang YL, Cao F, Lin YC, Hong Y, Fan M, Zhang Y, Yang X, Xie F. Light absorption and source apportionment of water soluble humic-like substances (HULIS) in PM 2.5 at Nanjing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112554. [PMID: 34951988 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Humic-like substances (HULIS), as important components of brown carbon (BrC), play an important role in climate change. In this study, one-year PM2.5 samples from 2017 to 2018 were collected at Nanjing, China and the water soluble HULIS and other chemical species were analyzed to investigate the seasonal variations, optical properties and possible sources. The HULIS concentrations exhibited highest in winter and lowest in summer. The annual averaged HULIS concentration was 2.61 ± 1.79 μg m-3, accounting for 45 ± 13% of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). The HULIS light absorption coefficient at 365 nm (Abs365, HULIS) averagely accounted for 71 ± 19% of that of WSOC, suggesting that HULIS are the main light-absorbing components in WSOC. The annual averaged Ångström absorption exponent and mass absorption efficiency of HULIS at 365 nm were 5.22 ± 0.77 and 1.71 ± 0.70 m2 g-1. Good correlations between HULIS with levoglucosan and K+ suggested biomass burning (BB) influence on HULIS. High concentrations of HULIS and secondary species (e.g., NO3-, SO42-, NH4+, C2O42-) were found in present of high relative humidity, indicating strong aqueous phase secondary HULIS formation. Secondary HULIS produced from anthropogenic and biogenic precursors were quantified based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model and the results showed that both fossil (55%) and biogenic (45%) emission sources made great contributions to HULIS. Fossil fuel combustion significantly contributed to HULIS formation throughout the whole year, which were enriched with more secondary HULIS (30%) than primary HULIS (25%). Strongest BB contribution (39%) was found in winter and biogenic SOA contribution (32%) was found in summer. A multiple linear regression (MLR) method was further applied to obtain specific source contributions to Abs365, HULIS and the results showed that strong light-absorbing chromophores were produced from anthropogenic precursors. Our results highlight the anthropogenic SOA and fossil fuels combustion contributions to HULIS in addition to the biggest contributor, BB, in urban area in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Bao
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yan-Lin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Fang Cao
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yu-Chi Lin
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yihang Hong
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Meiyi Fan
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yuxian Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Feng Xie
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment, Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education (KLME), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Zhang R, Gen M, Liang Z, Li YJ, Chan CK. Photochemical Reactions of Glyoxal during Particulate Ammonium Nitrate Photolysis: Brown Carbon Formation, Enhanced Glyoxal Decay, and Organic Phase Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1605-1614. [PMID: 35023733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxal is an important precursor of aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA). Its photooxidation to form organic acids and oligomers and reactions with reduced nitrogen compounds to form brown carbon (BrC) have been extensively investigated separately, although these two types of reactions can occur simultaneously during the daytime. Here, we examine the reactions of glyoxal during photooxidation and BrC formation in premixed NH4NO3 + Glyoxal droplets. We find that nitrate photolysis and photosensitization can enhance the decay rates of glyoxal by a factor of ∼5 and ∼6 compared to those under dark, respectively. A significantly enhanced glyoxal decay rate by a factor of ∼12 was observed in the presence of both nitrate photolysis and photosensitization. Furthermore, a new organic phase was formed in irradiated NH4NO3 + Glyoxal droplets, which had no noticeable degradation under prolonged photooxidation. It was attributed to the imidazole oxidation mediated by nitrate photolysis and/or photosensitization. The persistent organic phase suggests the potential to contribute to SOA formation in ambient fine particles. This study highlights that glyoxal photooxidation mediated by nitrate photolysis and photosensitization can significantly enhance the atmospheric sink of glyoxal, which may partially narrow the gap between model predictions and field measurements of ambient glyoxal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Masao Gen
- Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Zhancong Liang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yong Jie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Chak Keung Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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10
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Rastogi N, Satish R, Singh A, Kumar V, Thamban N, Lalchandani V, Shukla A, Vats P, Tripathi SN, Ganguly D, Slowik J, Prevot ASH. Diurnal variability in the spectral characteristics and sources of water-soluble brown carbon aerosols over Delhi. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148589. [PMID: 34214816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that light-absorbing organic aerosols (commonly known as brown carbon, BrC) impact climate. However, uncertainties remain as their contributions to absorption at different wavelengths are often ignored in climate models. Further, BrC exhibits differences in absorption at different wavelengths due to the variable composition including varying sources and meteorological conditions. However, diurnal variability in the spectral characteristics of water-soluble BrC (hereafter BrC) is not yet reported. This study presents unique measurement hitherto lacking in the literature. Online measurements of BrC were performed using an assembled system including a particle-into-liquid sampler, portable UV-Visible spectrophotometer with liquid waveguid capillary cell, and total carbon analyzer (PILS-LWCC-TOC). This system measured the absorption of ambient aerosol extracts at the wavelengths ranging from 300 to 600 nm with 2 min integration time and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) with 4 min integration time over a polluted megacity, New Delhi. Black carbon, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and the chemical composition of non-refractory submicron aerosols were also measured in parallel. Diurnal variability in absorption coefficient (0.05 to 65 Mm-1), mass absorption efficiency (0.01 to 3.4 m-2 gC-1) at 365 nm, and absorption angstrom exponent (AAE) of BrC for different wavelength range (AAE300-400: 4.2-5.8; AAE400-600: 5.5-8.0; and AAE300-600: 5.3-7.3) is discussed. BrC chromophores absorbing at any wavelength showed minimum absorption during afternoon hours, suggesting the effects of boundary layer expansion and their photo-sensitive/volatile nature. On certain days, a considerable presence of BrC absorbing at 490 nm was observed during nighttime that disappears during the daytime. It appeared to be associated with secondary BrC. Observations also infer that BrC species emitted from the biomass and coal burning are more absorbing among all sources. A fraction of BrC is likely associated with trash burning, as inferred from the spectral characteristics of Factor-3 from the PMF analysis of BrC spectra. Such studies are essential in understanding the BrC characteristics and their further utilization in climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India.
| | - Rangu Satish
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Atinderpal Singh
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Varun Kumar
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Navaneeth Thamban
- Department of Civil Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Vipul Lalchandani
- Department of Civil Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Ashutosh Shukla
- Department of Civil Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Pawan Vats
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - S N Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Dilip Ganguly
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Jay Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Andre S H Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
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11
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Kuang Y, Shang J, Chen Q. Effect of ozone aging on light absorption and fluorescence of brown carbon in soot particles: The important role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125406. [PMID: 33609879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of brown carbon (BrC) during atmospheric aging, including the changes in optical properties and chemical compositions, is still unclear. Light absorption and fluorescence of BrC fraction extracted from fresh and ozonized propane soot particles by methanol were systematically measured, which showed that (1) the mass absorption efficiencies (MAE) sharply decreased by ozone (O3) aging (e.g., 1.2 ± 0.3-0.8 ± 0.1 m2 g-1 for MAE365), but changed slowly with increased O3 concentration (e.g., from 0.7 ± 0.2-0.8 ± 0.1 m2 g-1 for MAE365); (2) the fluorescence emission peaks were blue shifted, implying a loss of conjugated structures; (3) excitation-emission matrix analysis suggested that humic-like substances, charge transfer complexes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-like substances were the main chromophores. The PAH loss, accompanied by the decline of surface C˭C content, contributed more to the change of optical properties than the oxygenated PAH formation, thereby leading to the decrease in light absorption and fluorescence with O3 aging. This research reveals the importance of identifying the components responsible for optical properties in investigating the evolution of BrC during atmospheric aging, and is benefit for improving the evaluation of BrC's radiative forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kuang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Center for Environment and Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China
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Mukherjee A, Dey S, Rana A, Jia S, Banerjee S, Sarkar S. Sources and atmospheric processing of brown carbon and HULIS in the Indo-Gangetic Plain: Insights from compositional analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115440. [PMID: 32858437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present here spectroscopic compositional analysis of brown carbon (BrC) and humic-like substances (HULIS) in the Indian context under varying conditions of source emissions and atmospheric processing. To this end, we study bulk water-soluble organic matter (WSOM), neutral- and acidic-HULIS (HULIS-n and HULIS-a), and high-polarity (HP)-WSOM collected in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) with respect to UV-Vis, fluorescence, FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C characteristics under three aerosol regimes: photochemistry-dominated summer, aged biomass burning (BB)-dominated post-monsoon, and fresh BB-dominated winter. Absorption coefficients (babs_365 nm; Mm-1) of WSOM and HULIS fractions increase by a factor of 2-9 during winter as compared to summer, with HULIS-n dominating total HULIS + HP-WSOM absorption (73-81%). Fluorophores in HULIS-n appear to contain near-similar levels of aromatic and unsaturated aliphatic conjugation across seasons, while HULIS-a exhibits distinctively smaller-chain structures in summer and post-monsoon. FT-IR spectra reveals, among others, strong signatures of aromatic phenols in winter WSOM suggesting a BB-related origin. 1H NMR-based source attribution coupled with back trajectory analysis indicate the presence of secondary and BB-related organic aerosol (SOA and BBOA) in the post-monsoon and winter, and marine-derived OA (MOA) in the summer, which is supported by 13C measurements. Overall, these observations uncover a complex interplay of emissions and atmospheric processing of carbonaceous aerosols in the IGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Supriya Dey
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Archita Rana
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Shiguo Jia
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China
| | - Supratim Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741246, Nadia, India; School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India.
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13
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Schnitzler EG, Liu T, Hems RF, Abbatt JPD. Emerging investigator series: heterogeneous OH oxidation of primary brown carbon aerosol: effects of relative humidity and volatility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2162-2171. [PMID: 33020783 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00311e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The climate forcing of light-absorbing organic aerosol, or brown carbon (BrC), emitted from biomass burning may be significant but is currently poorly constrained, in part due to evolution during its residence time in the atmosphere. Here, the effects of ambient relative humidity (RH) and particle volatility on the heterogeneous OH oxidation of primary BrC were investigated in laboratory experiments. Particles were generated from smoldering pine wood, isolated from gaseous emissions, conditioned at 200 °C in a thermal denuder to remove the most volatile particulate organics, and injected into a smog chamber, where they were conditioned at either 15 or 60% RH and exposed to gas phase OH radicals. Changes in composition were monitored using an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS), and changes in absorption at 405 nm were monitored using a photoacoustic spectrometer. Heterogeneous OH oxidation of nascent BrC at 60% RH resulted in steady increases in the AMS fraction of CO2+ (associated with carboxylic acids), the O : C ratio, and the carbon oxidation state, consistent with extensive functionalization. These composition changes corresponded first to very rapid absorption enhancement and then bleaching. Net bleaching was observed after the equivalent of 10 h residence time in the atmosphere. The evolution did not depend strongly on RH, consistent with homogeneously well-mixed primary BrC even at 15% RH at room temperature. In contrast, the evolution did depend strongly on the pre-treatment of the particles, such that only bleaching occurred for particles treated at 200 °C. This suggests that lower volatility constituents of ambient primary BrC have less capacity for absorption enhancement in the atmosphere upon heterogeneous oxidation, potentially as they are already more functionalized and/or oligomeric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah G Schnitzler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada.
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14
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Modeling of Carbonyl/Ammonium Sulfate Aqueous Brown Carbon Chemistry via UV/Vis Spectral Decomposition. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11040358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The proper characterization of aqueous brown carbon (BrC) species, their formation, and their light absorbance properties is critical to understanding the aggregate effect that they have on overall atmospheric aerosol climate forcing. The contribution of dark chemistry secondary organic aerosol (SOA) products from carbonyl-containing organic compounds (CVOCs) to overall aqueous aerosol optical properties is expected to be significant. However, the multiple, parallel pathways that take place within CVOC reaction systems and the differing chromophoricity of individual products complicates the ability to reliably model the chemical kinetics taking place. Here, we proposed an alternative method of representing UV-visible absorbance spectra as a composite of Gaussian lineshape functions to infer kinetic information. Multiple numbers of curves and different CVOC/ammonium reaction systems were compared. A model using three fitted Gaussian curves with magnitudes following first-order kinetics achieved an accuracy within 65.5% in the 205–300-nm range across multiple organic types and solution aging times. Asymmetrical peaks that occurred in low-200-nm wavelengths were decomposed into two overlapping Gaussian curves, which may have been attributable to different functional groups or families of reaction products. Component curves within overall spectra exhibited different dynamics, implying that the utilization of absorbance at a single reference wavelength to infer reaction rate constants may result in misrepresentative kinetics for these systems.
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15
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16
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Lin P, Fleming LT, Nizkorodov SA, Laskin J, Laskin A. Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Atmospheric Brown Carbon by High Resolution Mass Spectrometry with Electrospray and Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12493-12502. [PMID: 30293422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing components of atmospheric organic aerosols, which are collectively termed "brown carbon" (BrC), are ubiquitous in the atmosphere. They affect absorption of solar radiation by aerosols in the atmosphere and human health as some of them have been identified as potential toxins. Understanding the sources, formation, atmospheric evolution, and environmental effects of BrC requires molecular identification and characterization of light-absorption properties of BrC chromophores. Identification of BrC components is challenging due to the complexity of atmospheric aerosols. In this study, we employ two complementary ionization techniques, atmospheric pressure photo ionization (APPI) and electrospray ionization (ESI), to obtain broad coverage of both polar and nonpolar BrC components using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). These techniques are combined with chromatographic separation of BrC compounds with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), characterization of their light absorption with a photodiode array (PDA) detector, and chemical composition with HRMS. We demonstrate that this approach enables more comprehensive characterization of BrC in biomass burning organic aerosols (BBOAs) emitted from test burns of sage brush biofuel. In particular, we found that nonpolar BrC chromophores such as PAHs are only detected using positive mode APPI. Meanwhile, negative mode ESI results in detection of polar compounds such as nitroaromatics, aromatic acids, and phenols. For the BrC material examined in this study, over 40% of the solvent-extractable BrC light absorption is attributed to water insoluble, nonpolar to semipolar compounds such as PAHs and their derivatives, which require APPI for their identification. In contrast, the polar, water-soluble BrC compounds, which are detected in ESI, account for less than 30% of light absorption by BrC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907-2084 , United States
| | - Lauren T Fleming
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907-2084 , United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry , Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907-2084 , United States
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17
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Yan J, Wang X, Gong P, Wang C, Cong Z. Review of brown carbon aerosols: Recent progress and perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:1475-1485. [PMID: 29710646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC), a carbonaceous aerosol which absorbs solar radiation over a broad range of wavelengths, is beginning to be seen as an important contributor to global warming. BrC absorbs both inorganic and organic pollutants, leading to serious effects on human health. We review the fundamental features of BrC, including its sources, chemical composition, optical properties and radiative forcing effects. We detail the importance of including photochemical processes related to BrC in the GEOS-Chem transport model for the estimation of aerosol radiative forcing. Calculation methods for BrC emission factors are examined, including the problems and limitations of current measurement methods. We provide some insight into existing publications and recommend areas for future research, such as further investigations into the reaction mechanisms of the aging of secondary BrC, calculations of the emission factors for BrC from different sources, the absorption of large and long-lived BrC molecules and the construction of an enhanced model for the simulation of radiative forcing. This review will improve our understanding of the climatic and environmental effects of BrC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhiyuan Cong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Science, Beijing 100101, China
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18
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De Haan DO, Tapavicza E, Riva M, Cui T, Surratt JD, Smith AC, Jordan MC, Nilakantan S, Almodovar M, Stewart TN, de Loera A, De Haan AC, Cazaunau M, Gratien A, Pangui E, Doussin JF. Nitrogen-Containing, Light-Absorbing Oligomers Produced in Aerosol Particles Exposed to Methylglyoxal, Photolysis, and Cloud Cycling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4061-4071. [PMID: 29510022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous methylglyoxal chemistry has often been implicated as an important source of oligomers in atmospheric aerosol. Here we report on chemical analysis of brown carbon aerosol particles collected from cloud cycling/photolysis chamber experiments, where gaseous methylglyoxal and methylamine interacted with glycine, ammonium, or methylammonium sulfate seed particles. Eighteen N-containing oligomers were identified in the particulate phase by liquid chromatography/diode array detection/electrospray ionization high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Chemical formulas were determined and, for 6 major oligomer products, MS2 fragmentation spectra were used to propose tentative structures and mechanisms. Electronic absorption spectra were calculated for six tentative product structures by an ab initio second order algebraic-diagrammatic-construction/density functional theory approach. For five structures, matching calculated and measured absorption spectra suggest that they are dominant light-absorbing species at their chromatographic retention times. Detected oligomers incorporated methylglyoxal and amines, as expected, but also pyruvic acid, hydroxyacetone, and significant quantities of acetaldehyde. The finding that ∼80% (by mass) of detected oligomers contained acetaldehyde, a methylglyoxal photolysis product, suggests that daytime methylglyoxal oligomer formation is dominated by radical addition mechanisms involving CH3CO*. These mechanisms are evidently responsible for enhanced browning observed during photolytic cloud events.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O De Haan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of San Diego , 5998 Alcala Park , San Diego California 92110 , United States
| | - Enrico Tapavicza
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University Long Beach , 1250 Bellflower Boulevard , Long Beach , California 90840 , United States
| | - Matthieu Riva
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Jason D Surratt
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health , The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Adam C Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University Long Beach , 1250 Bellflower Boulevard , Long Beach , California 90840 , United States
| | - Mary-Caitlin Jordan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University Long Beach , 1250 Bellflower Boulevard , Long Beach , California 90840 , United States
| | - Shiva Nilakantan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University Long Beach , 1250 Bellflower Boulevard , Long Beach , California 90840 , United States
| | - Marisol Almodovar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , California State University Long Beach , 1250 Bellflower Boulevard , Long Beach , California 90840 , United States
| | - Tiffany N Stewart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of San Diego , 5998 Alcala Park , San Diego California 92110 , United States
| | - Alexia de Loera
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of San Diego , 5998 Alcala Park , San Diego California 92110 , United States
| | - Audrey C De Haan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of San Diego , 5998 Alcala Park , San Diego California 92110 , United States
| | - Mathieu Cazaunau
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS , Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) , 94010 Créteil , France
| | - Aline Gratien
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS , Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) , 94010 Créteil , France
| | - Edouard Pangui
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS , Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) , 94010 Créteil , France
| | - Jean-François Doussin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA), UMR7583, CNRS , Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université Paris Diderot (UPD), Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL) , 94010 Créteil , France
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19
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Yan G, Kim G. Speciation and Sources of Brown Carbon in Precipitation at Seoul, Korea: Insights from Excitation-Emission Matrix Spectroscopy and Carbon Isotopic Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11580-11587. [PMID: 28929752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) plays a significant role in the Earth's radiative balance, yet its sources and chemical composition remain poorly understood. In this work, we investigated BrC in the atmospheric environment of Seoul by characterizing dissolved organic matter in precipitation using excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). The two independent fluorescent components identified by PARAFAC were attributed to humic-like substance (HULIS) and biologically derived material based on their significant correlations with measured HULIS isolated using solid-phase extraction and total hydrolyzable tyrosine. The year-long observation shows that HULIS contributes to 66 ± 13% of total fluorescence intensity of our samples on average. By using dual carbon (13C and 14C) isotopic analysis conducted on isolated HULIS, the HULIS fraction of BrC was found to be primarily derived from biomass burning and emission of terrestrial biogenic gases and particles (>70%), with minor contributions from fossil-fuel combustion. The knowledge derived from this study could contribute to the establishment of a characterizing system of BrC components identified by EEM spectroscopy. Our work demonstrates that, EEM fluorescence spectroscopy is a powerful tool in BrC study, on the basis of its chromophore resolving power, allowing investigation into individual components of BrC by other organic matter characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Yan
- School of Earth & Environmental Sciences/RIO, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-747, South Korea
| | - Guebuem Kim
- School of Earth & Environmental Sciences/RIO, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-747, South Korea
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20
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Lin P, Bluvshtein N, Rudich Y, Nizkorodov SA, Laskin J, Laskin A. Molecular Chemistry of Atmospheric Brown Carbon Inferred from a Nationwide Biomass Burning Event. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:11561-11570. [PMID: 28759227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Lag Ba'Omer, a nationwide bonfire festival in Israel, was chosen as a case study to investigate the influence of a major biomass burning event on the light absorption properties of atmospheric brown carbon (BrC). The chemical composition and optical properties of BrC chromophores were investigated using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) platform coupled to photo diode array (PDA) and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) detectors. Substantial increase of BrC light absorption coefficient was observed during the night-long biomass burning event. Most chromophores observed during the event were attributed to nitroaromatic compounds (NAC), comprising 28 elemental formulas of at least 63 structural isomers. The NAC, in combination, accounted for 50-80% of the total visible light absorption (>400 nm) by solvent extractable BrC. The results highlight that NAC, in particular nitrophenols, are important light absorption contributors of biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA), suggesting that night time chemistry of •NO3 and N2O5 with particles may play a significant role in atmospheric transformations of BrC. Nitrophenols and related compounds were especially important chromophores of BBOA. The absorption spectra of the BrC chromophores are influenced by the extraction solvent and solution pH, implying that the aerosol acidity is an important factor controlling the light absorption properties of BrC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Nir Bluvshtein
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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21
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Wong JPS, Nenes A, Weber RJ. Changes in Light Absorptivity of Molecular Weight Separated Brown Carbon Due to Photolytic Aging. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28640603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) consists of those organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols that absorb solar radiation and may play an important role in planetary radiative forcing and climate. However, little is known about the production and loss mechanisms of BrC in the atmosphere. Here, we study how the light absorptivity of BrC from wood smoke and secondary BrC generated from the reaction of ammonium sulfate with methylglyoxal changes under photolytic aging by UVA radiation in the aqueous phase. Owing to its chemical complexity, BrC is separated by molecular weight using size exclusion chromatography, and the response of each molecular weight fraction to aging is studied. Photolytic aging induced significant changes in the light absorptivity of BrC for all molecular weight fractions; secondary BrC was rapidly photoblenched, whereas for wood smoke BrC, both photoenhancement and photobleaching were observed. Initially, large biomass burning BrC molecules were rapidly photoenhanced, followed by slow photolysis. As a result, large BrC molecules dominated the total light absorption of aged biomass burning BrC. These experimental results further support earlier observations that large molecular weight BrC compounds from biomass burning can be relatively long-lived components in atmospheric aerosols, thus more likely to have larger impacts on aerosol radiative forcing and could serve as biomass burning tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas , Patras GR-26504, Greece
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens , Palea Penteli GR-15236, Greece
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22
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Abstract
Although too small to be seen with the human eye, atmospheric particulate matter has major impacts on the world around us, from our health to global climate. Understanding the sources, properties, and transformations of these particles in the atmosphere is among the major challenges in air quality and climate research today. Significant progress has been made over the past two decades in understanding atmospheric aerosol chemistry and its connections to climate. Advances in technology for characterizing aerosol chemical composition and physical properties have enabled rapid discovery in this area. This article reviews fundamental concepts and recent developments surrounding ambient aerosols, their chemical composition and sources, light-absorbing aerosols, aerosols and cloud formation, and aerosol-based solar radiation management (also known as solar geoengineering).
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027
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23
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Lin P, Aiona PK, Li Y, Shiraiwa M, Laskin J, Nizkorodov SA, Laskin A. Molecular Characterization of Brown Carbon in Biomass Burning Aerosol Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11815-11824. [PMID: 27704802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Emissions from biomass burning are a significant source of brown carbon (BrC) in the atmosphere. In this study, we investigate the molecular composition of freshly emitted biomass burning organic aerosol (BBOA) samples collected during test burns of sawgrass, peat, ponderosa pine, and black spruce. We demonstrate that both the BrC absorption and the chemical composition of light-absorbing compounds depend significantly on the type of biomass fuels. Common BrC chromophores in the selected BBOA samples include nitro-aromatics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives, and polyphenols spanning a wide range of molecular weights, structures, and light absorption properties. A number of biofuel-specific BrC chromophores are observed, indicating that some of them may be used as source-specific markers of BrC. On average, ∼50% of the light absorption in the solvent-extractable fraction of BBOA can be attributed to a limited number of strong BrC chromophores. The absorption coefficients of BBOA are affected by solar photolysis. Specifically, under typical atmospheric conditions, the 300 nm absorbance decays with a half-life of ∼16 h. A "molecular corridor" analysis of the BBOA volatility distribution suggests that many BrC compounds in the fresh BBOA have low saturation mass concentration (<1 μg m-3) and will be retained in the particle phase under atmospherically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Paige K Aiona
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ying Li
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Mainz, 55128, Germany
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba-City, Ibaraki 305-8506 Japan
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry , Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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24
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Huang M, Zhang J, Cai S, Liao Y, Zhao W, Hu C, Gu X, Fang L, Zhang W. Characterization of particulate products for aging of ethylbenzene secondary organic aerosol in the presence of ammonium sulfate seed aerosol. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 47:219-229. [PMID: 27593289 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles formed from OH- initiated oxidation of ethylbenzene in the presence of high mass (100-300μg/m(3)) concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 seed aerosol was investigated in a home-made smog chamber in this study. The chemical composition of aged ethylbenzene SOA particles was measured using an aerosol laser time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ALTOFMS) coupled with a Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering algorithm. Experimental results showed that nitrophenol, ethyl-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, methyl glyoxylic acid, 5-ethyl-6-oxo-2,4-hexadienoic acid, 2-ethyl-2,4-hexadiendioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-5-ethyl-6-oxo-4-hexenoic acid, 1H-imidazole, hydrated N-glyoxal substituted 1H-imidazole, hydrated glyoxal dimer substituted imidazole, 1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde, N-glyoxal substituted hydrated 1H-imidazole-2-carbaldehyde and high-molecular-weight (HMW) components were the predominant products in the aged particles. Compared to the previous aromatic SOA aging studies, imidazole compounds, which can absorb solar radiation effectively, were newly detected in aged ethylbenzene SOA in the presence of high concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 seed aerosol. These findings provide new information for discussing aromatic SOA aging mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiang Huang
- College of Chemistry & Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Zhangzhou 363000, China; Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Tan Kah Kee College, Zhangzhou 363105, China.
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Shunyou Cai
- College of Chemistry & Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Yingmin Liao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xiamen University, Tan Kah Kee College, Zhangzhou 363105, China
| | - Weixiong Zhao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Changjin Hu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xuejun Gu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Li Fang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Weijun Zhang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
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25
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Hawkins LN, Lemire AN, Galloway MM, Corrigan AL, Turley JJ, Espelien BM, De Haan DO. Maillard Chemistry in Clouds and Aqueous Aerosol As a Source of Atmospheric Humic-Like Substances. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7443-7452. [PMID: 27227348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The reported optical, physical, and chemical properties of aqueous Maillard reaction mixtures of small aldehydes (glyoxal, methylglyoxal, and glycolaldehyde) with ammonium sulfate and amines are compared with those of aqueous extracts of ambient aerosol (water-soluble organic carbon, WSOC) and the humic-like substances (HULIS) fraction of WSOC. Using a combination of new and previously published measurements, we examine fluorescence, X-ray absorbance, UV/vis, and IR spectra, complex refractive indices, (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra, thermograms, aerosol and electrospray ionization mass spectra, surface activity, and hygroscopicity. Atmospheric WSOC and HULIS encompass a range of properties, but in almost every case aqueous aldehyde-amine reaction mixtures are squarely within this range. Notable exceptions are the higher UV/visible absorbance wavelength dependence (Angström coefficients) observed for methylglyoxal reaction mixtures, the lack of surface activity of glyoxal reaction mixtures, and the higher N/C ratios of aldehyde-amine reaction products relative to atmospheric WSOC and HULIS extracts. The overall optical, physical, and chemical similarities are consistent with, but not demonstrative of, Maillard chemistry being a significant secondary source of atmospheric HULIS. However, the higher N/C ratios of aldehyde-amine reaction products limits the source strength to ≤50% of atmospheric HULIS, assuming that other sources of HULIS incorporate only negligible quantities of nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lelia N Hawkins
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College , 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Amanda N Lemire
- Department of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College , 301 Platt Boulevard, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Melissa M Galloway
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego , 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego California 92110, United States
| | - Ashley L Corrigan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego , 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego California 92110, United States
| | - Jacob J Turley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego , 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego California 92110, United States
| | - Brenna M Espelien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego , 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego California 92110, United States
| | - David O De Haan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of San Diego , 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego California 92110, United States
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26
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Tang M, Alexander JM, Kwon D, Estillore AD, Laskina O, Young MA, Kleiber PD, Grassian VH. Optical and Physicochemical Properties of Brown Carbon Aerosol: Light Scattering, FTIR Extinction Spectroscopy, and Hygroscopic Growth. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4155-66. [PMID: 27253434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b03425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A great deal of attention has been paid to brown carbon aerosol in the troposphere because it can both scatter and absorb solar radiation, thus affecting the Earth's climate. However, knowledge of the optical and chemical properties of brown carbon aerosol is still limited. In this study, we have investigated different aspects of the optical properties of brown carbon aerosol that have not been previously explored. These properties include extinction spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region and light scattering at two different visible wavelengths, 532 and 402 nm. A proxy for atmospheric brown carbon aerosol was formed from the aqueous reaction of ammonium sulfate with methylglyoxal. The different optical properties were measured as a function of reaction time for a period of up to 19 days. UV/vis absorption experiments of bulk solutions showed that the optical absorption of aqueous brown carbon solution significantly increases as a function of reaction time in the spectral range from 200 to 700 nm. The analysis of the light scattering data, however, showed no significant differences between ammonium sulfate and brown carbon aerosol particles in the measured scattering phase functions, linear polarization profiles, or the derived real parts of the refractive indices at either 532 or 402 nm, even for the longest reaction times with greatest visible extinction. The light scattering experiments are relatively insensitive to the imaginary part of the refractive index, and it was only possible to place an upper limit of k ≤ 0.01 on the imaginary index values. These results suggest that after the reaction with methylglyoxal the single scattering albedo of ammonium sulfate aerosol is significantly reduced but that the light scattering properties including the scattering asymmetry parameter, which is a measure of the relative amount of forward-to-backward scattering, remain essentially unchanged from that of unprocessed ammonium sulfate. The optical extinction properties in the mid-IR range (800 to 7000 cm(-1)) also showed no significant changes in either the real or the imaginary parts of the refractive indices for brown carbon aerosol particles when compared to ammonium sulfate. Therefore, changes in the optical properties of ammonium sulfate in the mid-IR spectral range due to reaction with methylglyoxal appear to be insignificant. In addition to these measurements, we have characterized additional physicochemical properties of the brown carbon aerosol particles including hygroscopic growth using a tandem-differential mobility analyzer. Compared to ammonium sulfate, brown carbon aerosol particles are found to have lower deliquescence relative humidity (DRH), efflorescence relative humidity (ERH), and hygroscopic growth at the same relative humidities. Overall, our study provides new details of the optical and physicochemical properties of a class of secondary organic aerosol which may have important implications for atmospheric chemistry and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjin Tang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jennifer M Alexander
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Deokhyeon Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Armando D Estillore
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Olga Laskina
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mark A Young
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Paul D Kleiber
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States.,Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ∥Departments of Nanoengineering and Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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27
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Lin P, Laskin J, Nizkorodov SA, Laskin A. Revealing Brown Carbon Chromophores Produced in Reactions of Methylglyoxal with Ammonium Sulfate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:14257-66. [PMID: 26505092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) is an important contributor to light absorption and climate forcing by aerosols. Reactions between small water-soluble carbonyls and ammonia or amines have been identified as one of the potential pathways of BrC formation. However, detailed chemical characterization of BrC chromophores has been challenging and their formation mechanisms are still poorly understood. Understanding BrC formation is impeded by the lack of suitable methods which can unravel the variability and complexity of BrC mixtures. This study applies high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to photodiode array (PDA) detector and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to investigate optical properties and chemical composition of individual BrC components produced through reactions of methylglyoxal (MG) and ammonium sulfate (AS), both of which are abundant in the atmospheric environment. A direct relationship between optical properties and chemical composition of 30 major BrC chromophores is established. Nearly all of these chromophores are nitrogen-containing compounds that account for >70% of the overall light absorption by the MG+AS system in the 300-500 nm range. These results suggest that reduced-nitrogen organic compounds formed in reactions between atmospheric carbonyls and ammonia/amines are important BrC chromophores. It is also demonstrated that improved separation of BrC chromophores by HPLC will significantly advance understanding of BrC chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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28
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Radney JG, Zangmeister CD. Measurement of Gas and Aerosol Phase Absorption Spectra across the Visible and Near-IR Using Supercontinuum Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7356-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James G. Radney
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Christopher D. Zangmeister
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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29
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Wren SN, Gordon BP, Valley NA, McWilliams LE, Richmond GL. Hydration, Orientation, and Conformation of Methylglyoxal at the Air–Water Interface. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:6391-403. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b03555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumi N. Wren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Brittany P. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Valley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Laura E. McWilliams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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30
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George C, Ammann M, D’Anna B, Donaldson DJ, Nizkorodov S. Heterogeneous photochemistry in the atmosphere. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4218-58. [PMID: 25775235 PMCID: PMC4772778 DOI: 10.1021/cr500648z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian George
- Université
de Lyon 1, Lyon F-69626, France
- CNRS, UMR5256,
IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et
l’Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara D’Anna
- Université
de Lyon 1, Lyon F-69626, France
- CNRS, UMR5256,
IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et
l’Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - D. J. Donaldson
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Physical & Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sergey
A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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31
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Herrmann H, Schaefer T, Tilgner A, Styler SA, Weller C, Teich M, Otto T. Tropospheric aqueous-phase chemistry: kinetics, mechanisms, and its coupling to a changing gas phase. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4259-334. [PMID: 25950643 DOI: 10.1021/cr500447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah A Styler
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Weller
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monique Teich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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32
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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33
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McNeill VF. Aqueous organic chemistry in the atmosphere: sources and chemical processing of organic aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:1237-44. [PMID: 25609552 DOI: 10.1021/es5043707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, it has become clear that aqueous chemical processes occurring in cloud droplets and wet atmospheric particles are an important source of organic atmospheric particulate matter. Reactions of water-soluble volatile (or semivolatile) organic gases (VOCs or SVOCs) in these aqueous media lead to the formation of highly oxidized organic particulate matter (secondary organic aerosol; SOA) and key tracer species, such as organosulfates. These processes are often driven by a combination of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions, and therefore their accurate representation in models is important for effective air quality management. Despite considerable progress, mechanistic understanding of some key aqueous processes is still lacking, and these pathways are incompletely represented in 3D atmospheric chemistry and air quality models. In this article, the concepts, historical context, and current state of the science of aqueous pathways of SOA formation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Faye McNeill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
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34
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Wong JPS, Zhou S, Abbatt JPD. Changes in Secondary Organic Aerosol Composition and Mass due to Photolysis: Relative Humidity Dependence. J Phys Chem A 2014; 119:4309-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506898c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shouming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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35
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Woo JL, Kim DD, Schwier AN, Li R, McNeill VF. Aqueous aerosol SOA formation: impact on aerosol physical properties. Faraday Discuss 2013; 165:357-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00032j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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