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Abdur-Rashid K, Saha SK, Mugisha J, Teale S, Wang S, Saber M, Lough AJ, Sargent EH, Fekl U. Organic Polar Crystals, Second Harmonic Generation, and Piezoelectric Effects from Heteroadamantanes in the Space Group R3m. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302998. [PMID: 38231551 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Polar crystalline materials, a subset of the non-centrosymmetric materials, are highly sought after. Their symmetry properties make them pyroelectric and also piezoelectric and capable of second-harmonic generation (SHG). For SHG and piezoelectric applications, metal oxides are commonly used. The advantages of oxides are durability and hardness - downsides are the need for high-temperature synthesis/processing and often the need to include toxic metals. Organic polar crystals, on the other hand, can avoid toxic metals and can be amenable to solution-state processing. While the vast majority of polar organic molecules crystallize in non-polar space groups, we found that both 7-chloro-1,3,5-triazaadamantane, for short Cl-TAA, and also the related Br-TAA (but not I-TAA) form polar crystals in the space group R3m, easily obtained from dichloromethane solution. Measurements confirm piezoelectric and SHG properties for Cl-TAA and Br-TAA. When the two species are crystallized together, solid solutions form, suggesting that properties of future materials can be tuned continuously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Abdur-Rashid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, 3359 Mississauga Road, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5L 1 C
| | - Shraman K Saha
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, 3359 Mississauga Road, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5L 1 C
| | - Jules Mugisha
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, 3359 Mississauga Road, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5L 1 C
| | - Sam Teale
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G8
| | - Sasa Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G8
| | - Meelad Saber
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, 3359 Mississauga Road, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5L 1 C
| | - Alan J Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3G8
| | - Ulrich Fekl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, 3359 Mississauga Road, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5L 1 C
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Bennett E, Harvey M, Cisek R, Tokarz D. Investigation into the structure of crystalline maltodextrin particles by second harmonic generation microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:1027-1040. [PMID: 36950239 PMCID: PMC10026584 DOI: 10.1364/boe.481689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline maltodextrin particles (CMPs) were investigated using polarization-sensitive second harmonic generation (PSHG) microscopy to determine changes in their crystalline organization due to crystal type (A- and B-type) and hydration for application as starch model systems. Optimization of their synthesis resulted in intense SHG emission, exceeding maize starch granules. PSHG data showed that CMPs have a radial macrostructure with respect to their nucleation regions, fitted ρ values of 2-6, and some similar hydration variations, mimicking starch granules and validating that CMPs may be used as a model system for improved understanding of the SHG properties and applications of starch granules.
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Pajić T, Todorović NV, Živić M, Nikolić SN, Rabasović MD, Clayton AHA, Krmpot AJ. Label-free third harmonic generation imaging and quantification of lipid droplets in live filamentous fungi. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18760. [PMID: 36335164 PMCID: PMC9637149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the utilization of Third-Harmonic Generation microscopy for label-free live cell imaging of lipid droplets in the hypha of filamentous fungus Phycomyces blakesleeanus. THG microscopy images showed bright spherical features dispersed throughout the hypha cytoplasm in control conditions and a transient increase in the number of bright features after complete nitrogen starvation. Colocalization analysis of THG and lipid-counterstained images disclosed that the cytoplasmic particles were lipid droplets. Particle Size Analysis and Image Correlation Spectroscopy were used to quantify the number density and size of lipid droplets. The two analysis methods both revealed an increase from 16 × 10-3 to 23 × 10-3 lipid droplets/µm2 after nitrogen starvation and a decrease in the average size of the droplets (range: 0.5-0.8 µm diameter). In conclusion, THG imaging, followed by PSA and ICS, can be reliably used for filamentous fungi for the in vivo quantification of lipid droplets without the need for labeling and/or fixation. In addition, it has been demonstrated that ICS is suitable for THG microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Pajić
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Faculty of Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11158 Serbia
| | - Nataša V. Todorović
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, 11000 Serbia
| | - Miroslav Živić
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Faculty of Biology, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11158 Serbia
| | - Stanko N. Nikolić
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080 Serbia
| | - Mihailo D. Rabasović
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080 Serbia
| | - Andrew H. A. Clayton
- grid.1027.40000 0004 0409 2862Department of Physics and Astronomy, Optical Sciences Centre, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122 Australia
| | - Aleksandar J. Krmpot
- grid.7149.b0000 0001 2166 9385Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Pregrevica 118, Belgrade, 11080 Serbia
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Hempel J, Müller-Maatsch J, Carle R, Schweiggert RM. Non-destructive approach for the characterization of the in situ carotenoid deposition in gac fruit aril. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cisek R, Tokarz D, Kontenis L, Barzda V, Steup M. Polarimetric second harmonic generation microscopy: An analytical tool for starch bioengineering. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Cisek
- Department of Physics; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga Ontario Canada
| | - Danielle Tokarz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - Lukas Kontenis
- Department of Physics; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga Ontario Canada
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Department of Physics; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences; University of Toronto Mississauga; Mississauga Ontario Canada
| | - Martin Steup
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology; University of Potsdam; Potsdam Germany
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Kontenis L, Samim M, Krouglov S, Barzda V. Third-harmonic generation Stokes-Mueller polarimetric microscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:13174-13189. [PMID: 28788853 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.013174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An experimental implementation of the nonlinear Stokes-Mueller polarimetric (NSMP) microscopy in third-harmonic generation modality is presented. The technique is able to extract all eight 2D-accessible χ(3) components for any sample from 64 polarization measurements, and can be applied to noninvasive ultrastructural characterization. The polarization signature of an isotropic glass coverslip is presented, and carotenoid crystallites in the root of orange carrot (Daucus carota) are investigated, showing complex χ(3) components with a significant chiral contribution.
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Cisek R, Tokarz D, Steup M, Tetlow IJ, Emes MJ, Hebelstrup KH, Blennow A, Barzda V. Second harmonic generation microscopy investigation of the crystalline ultrastructure of three barley starch lines affected by hydration. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3694-700. [PMID: 26504621 PMCID: PMC4605030 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy is employed to study changes in crystalline organization due to altered gene expression and hydration in barley starch granules. SHG intensity and susceptibility ratio values (R'SHG ) are obtained using reduced Stokes-Mueller polarimetric microscopy. The maximum R'SHG values occur at moderate moisture indicating the narrowest orientation distribution of nonlinear dipoles from the cylindrical axis of glucan helices. The maximum SHG intensity occurs at the highest moisture and amylopectin content. These results support the hypothesis that SHG is caused by ordered hydrogen and hydroxyl bond networks which increase with hydration of starch granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Cisek
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Department of
Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road,
Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Danielle Tokarz
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Department of
Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road,
Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Martin Steup
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biochemistry and
Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25 Building 20, 14476 Potsdam,
Germany
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of
Biological Science, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East,
Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ian J. Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of
Biological Science, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East,
Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Michael J. Emes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of
Biological Science, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East,
Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kim H. Hebelstrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University,
Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of
Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Department of
Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road,
Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
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Cisek R, Tokarz D, Hirmiz N, Saxena A, Shik A, Ruda HE, Barzda V. Crystal lattice determination of ZnSe nanowires with polarization-dependent second harmonic generation microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:505703. [PMID: 25431947 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/50/505703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a noninvasive optical microscopy technique based on polarization-dependent second harmonic generation for determining the crystal lattice structure and microscopic heterogeneities within individual nanostructures. Differentiation between periodically twinned and wurtzite ZnSe nanowires (NWs) was demonstrated, and measurement of the cubic lattice rotation orientation around the NW axis was determined within 1° accuracy. Zinc blende NWs were differentiated from wurtzite. The technique can be used for quality inspection and optimization of growth conditions for nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Cisek
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Department of Physics, and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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Cisek R, Tokarz D, Krouglov S, Steup M, Emes MJ, Tetlow IJ, Barzda V. Second Harmonic Generation Mediated by Aligned Water in Starch Granules. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:14785-94. [DOI: 10.1021/jp508751s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tokarz D, Cisek R, El-Ansari O, Espie GS, Fekl U, Barzda V. Organization of astaxanthin within oil bodies of Haematococcus pluvialis studied with polarization-dependent harmonic generation microscopy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107804. [PMID: 25215522 PMCID: PMC4162621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear optical microscopy was used to image the localization of astaxanthin accumulation in the green alga, Haematococcus pluvialis. Polarization-in, polarization-out (PIPO) second harmonic generation (SHG) and third harmonic generation (THG) microscopy was applied to study the crystalline organization of astaxanthin molecules in light-stressed H. pluvialis in vivo. Since astaxanthin readily forms H- and J-aggregates in aqueous solutions, PIPO THG studies of astaxanthin aggregates contained in red aplanospores were compared to PIPO THG of in vitro self-assembled H- and J-aggregates of astaxanthin. The PIPO THG data clearly showed an isotropic organization of astaxanthin in red aplanospores of H. pluvialis. This is in contrast to the highly anisotropic organization of astaxanthin in synthetic H- and J-aggregates, which showed to be uniaxial. Since carotenoids in vitro preferentially form H- and J-aggregates, but in vivo form a randomly organized structure, this implies that astaxanthin undergoes a different way of packing in biological organisms, which is either due to the unique physical environment of the alga or is controlled enzymatically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Tokarz
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Cisek
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Omar El-Ansari
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - George S. Espie
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ulrich Fekl
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics and Institute for Optical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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