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Keşan G, Özcan E, Chábera P, Polívka T, Fuciman M. Time-Resolved Spectroelectrochemical Dynamics of Carotenoid 8'-apo-β-Carotenal. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300404. [PMID: 37747302 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
This work examines the influence of applied external voltage in bulk electrolysis on the excited-state properties of 8'-apo-β-carotenal in acetonitrile by steady-state and ultrafast time-resolved absorption spectroscopy. The data collected under bulk electrolysis were compared with those taken without applied voltage. The steady-state measurements showed that although intensity of the S0 -S2 absorption band varies with the applied voltage, the spectral position remain nearly constant. Comparison of transient absorption spectra shows that the magnitude of the ICT-like band decreases during the experiment under applied voltage condition, and is associated with a prolongation of the S1 /ICT-like lifetime from 8 ps to 13 ps. Furthermore, switching off the applied voltage resulted in returning to no-voltage data within about 30 min. Our results show that the amplitude of the signal associated with the ICT state can be tuned by applying an external voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürkan Keşan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České, Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Emrah Özcan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České, Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Pavel Chábera
- Pavel Chábera, Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 142, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomáš Polívka
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České, Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marcel Fuciman
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Branišovská 1760, 370 05 České, Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Nishida Y, Berg PC, Shakersain B, Hecht K, Takikawa A, Tao R, Kakuta Y, Uragami C, Hashimoto H, Misawa N, Maoka T. Astaxanthin: Past, Present, and Future. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:514. [PMID: 37888449 PMCID: PMC10608541 DOI: 10.3390/md21100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AX), a lipid-soluble pigment belonging to the xanthophyll carotenoids family, has recently garnered significant attention due to its unique physical properties, biochemical attributes, and physiological effects. Originally recognized primarily for its role in imparting the characteristic red-pink color to various organisms, AX is currently experiencing a surge in interest and research. The growing body of literature in this field predominantly focuses on AXs distinctive bioactivities and properties. However, the potential of algae-derived AX as a solution to various global environmental and societal challenges that threaten life on our planet has not received extensive attention. Furthermore, the historical context and the role of AX in nature, as well as its significance in diverse cultures and traditional health practices, have not been comprehensively explored in previous works. This review article embarks on a comprehensive journey through the history leading up to the present, offering insights into the discovery of AX, its chemical and physical attributes, distribution in organisms, and biosynthesis. Additionally, it delves into the intricate realm of health benefits, biofunctional characteristics, and the current market status of AX. By encompassing these multifaceted aspects, this review aims to provide readers with a more profound understanding and a robust foundation for future scientific endeavors directed at addressing societal needs for sustainable nutritional and medicinal solutions. An updated summary of AXs health benefits, its present market status, and potential future applications are also included for a well-rounded perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishida
- Fuji Chemical Industries, Co., Ltd., 55 Yokohoonji, Kamiich-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0405, Japan
| | | | - Behnaz Shakersain
- AstaReal AB, Signum, Forumvägen 14, Level 16, 131 53 Nacka, Sweden; (P.C.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Karen Hecht
- AstaReal, Inc., 3 Terri Lane, Unit 12, Burlington, NJ 08016, USA;
| | - Akiko Takikawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Ruohan Tao
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Yumeka Kakuta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Chiasa Uragami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi 921-8836, Japan;
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, 15 Shimogamo-morimoto-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
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Jia Z, Xu Y, Wang J, Song R. Antioxidant activity and degradation kinetics of astaxanthin extracted from Penaeus sinensis (Solenocera crassicornis) byproducts under pasteurization treatment. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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A new voltammetric approach for the determination of β-carotene in vegetables and pharmaceutical capsules using a gold electrode. Talanta 2021; 227:122088. [PMID: 33714457 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Significant improvements in the voltammetric determination of β-carotene (BCA) have been achieved, mainly by the replacement of toxic dichloromethane with acetone and using non-mercury electrode. The respective procedure is based on anodic oxidation of BCA at a gold electrode in the disc configuration, when using square-wave voltammetry in pure acetone (99.8%) with 0.1 mol L-1 LiClO4 as the supporting electrolyte. The method comprises extraction of the analyte from the sample with acetone, thus avoiding the usually used highly toxic solvents. Analytically, it can be characterized by a linear range from 6.0 × 10-6 to 5.9 × 10-4 mol L-1 with regression equation Ipa = 0.0184c -0.1631 and correlation coefficient, R2 = 0.9998, limits of detection and quantification LOD = 1.6 × 10-6 mol L-1 and LOQ = 5.4 × 10-6 mol L-1, respectively; both being obtained at a potential step of 5 mV, with the pulse amplitude of 25 mV, and a frequency of 80 Hz. After optimization, the method was evaluated in series of analyses; namely, with two samples of vegetables and two pharmaceutical preparations (capsules), when the results could be compared to those of a reference spectrophotometric method. Due to a simple instrumentation, including sample preparation, the voltammetric method for the determination of BCA can be recommended as a quick screening assay in food and pharmaceutical analysis.
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Focsan AL, Polyakov NE, Kispert LD. Carotenoids: Importance in Daily Life-Insight Gained from EPR and ENDOR. APPLIED MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2021; 52:1093-1112. [PMID: 33776215 PMCID: PMC7980101 DOI: 10.1007/s00723-021-01311-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are indispensable molecules for life. They are present everywhere in plants, algae, bacteria whom they protect against free radicals and oxidative stress. Through the consumption of fruits and vegetables and some carotenoid-containing fish, they are introduced into the human body and, similarly, protect it. There are numerous health benefits associated with the consumption of carotenoids. Carotenoids are antioxidants but at the same time they are prone to oxidation themselves. Electron loss from the carotenoid forms a radical cation. Furthermore, proton loss from a radical cation forms a neutral radical. In this mini-review, we discuss carotenoid radicals studied in our groups by various physicochemical methods, namely the radical cations formed by electron transfer and neutral radicals formed by proton loss from the radical cations. They contain many similar hyperfine couplings due to interactions between the electron spin and numerous protons in the carotenoid. Different EPR and ENDOR methods in combination with DFT calculations have been used to distinguish the two independent carotenoid radical species. DFT predicted larger coupling constants for the neutral radical compared to the radical cation. Previously, INDO calculations miss assigned the large couplings to the radical cation. EPR and ENDOR have aided in elucidating the physisorb, electron and proton transfer processes that occur when carotenoids are adsorbed on solid artificial matrices, and predicted similar reactions in aqueous solution or in plants. After years of study of the physicochemical properties of carotenoid radicals, the different published results start to merge together for a better understanding of carotenoid radical species and their implication in biological systems. Up until 2008, the radical chemistry in artificial systems was elucidated but the correlation between quenching ability and neutral radical formation was an inspiration to look for these radical species in vivo. In addition, the EPR spin-trapping technique has been applied to study inclusion complexes of carotenoids with different delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Ligia Focsan
- Department of Chemistry, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA 31698 USA
| | - Nikolay E. Polyakov
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Novosibirsk, 630090 Russia
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Novosibirsk, 630128 Russia
| | - Lowell D. Kispert
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA
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El-Agamey A, Melø TB, El-Hagrasy MA, Partali V, Fukuzumi S. Carotenoid radical ions: A laser flash photolysis study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2020; 212:112023. [PMID: 32980657 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Laser excitation of a single precursor, namely 2-hydroxy-4'-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone (HHEMP), has been used for generating the radical cations and radical anions of various carotenoids in methanol. In the presence of oxygen, laser excitation of HHEMP undergoes an efficient α-cleavage reaction (Norrish type I) to form acyl radicals, which react with O2, in a nearly diffusion-controlled reaction, to form their corresponding strong oxidizing acylperoxyl radicals (RO2•) (E = ~1.1 V (v SHE)), which are capable of oxidizing almost all carotenoids. Under argon-saturated conditions and in the presence of strong base (0.01 M NaOH or tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH)), the initially formed 2-hydroxy-2-propyl radical (ACH•), generated after LFP of HHEMP, is deprotonated to form the strong reducing acetone ketyl radical (AC•-) (E {acetone/ AC•-} = -2.1 V (v SHE)), which is capable of reducing all carbonyl-containing carotenoids. To validate this new proposed approach, retinal and β-apo-8'-carotenal (APO), with known spectroscopic data, were investigated in methanol, acetonitrile and tetrahydrofuran (THF). In addition, the radical ions of newly investigated carotenoids, namely 4-oxo-β-apo-15'-carotenoic acid (4-oxo-15'), crocetindial, 4-oxo-β-apo-10'-carotenoic acid ethyl ester (4-oxo-10') and 4-oxo-β-apo-8'-carotenoic acid ethyl ester (4-oxo-8') have been reported. Moreover, the scope of this approach has been extended to investigate the radical ions of chlorophyll b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali El-Agamey
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, Damietta, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Thor B Melø
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Maha A El-Hagrasy
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Vassilia Partali
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Science and Technology, Meijo University, ALCA and SENTAN, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan
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Structures of Astaxanthin and Their Consequences for Therapeutic Application. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2020; 2020:2156582. [PMID: 32775406 PMCID: PMC7391096 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2156582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated as a by-product of normal aerobic metabolism. Elevated ROS formation leads to potential damage of biological structures and is implicated in various diseases. Astaxanthin, a xanthophyll carotenoid, is a secondary metabolite responsible for the red-orange color of a number of marine animals and microorganisms. There is mounting evidence that astaxanthin has powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activities. Hence, its consumption can result in various health benefits, with potential for therapeutic application. Astaxanthin contains both a hydroxyl and a keto group, and this unique structure plays important roles in neutralizing ROS. The molecule quenches harmful singlet oxygen, scavenges peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals and converts them into more stable compounds, prevents the formation of free radicals, and inhibits the autoxidation chain reaction. It also acts as a metal chelator and converts metal prooxidants into harmless molecules. However, like many other carotenoids, astaxanthin is affected by the environmental conditions, e.g., pH, heat, or exposure to light. It is hence susceptible to structural modification, i.e., via isomerization, aggregation, or esterification, which alters its physiochemical properties. Here, we provide a concise overview of the distribution of astaxanthin in tissues, and astaxanthin structures, and their role in tackling singlet oxygen and free radicals. We highlight the effect of structural modification of astaxanthin molecules on the bioavailability and biological activity. These studies suggested that astaxanthin would be a promising dietary supplement for health applications.
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Antioxidant Activity in Supramolecular Carotenoid Complexes Favored by Nonpolar Environment and Disfavored by Hydrogen Bonding. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070625. [PMID: 32708672 PMCID: PMC7402182 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are well-known antioxidants. They have the ability to quench singlet oxygen and scavenge toxic free radicals preventing or reducing damage to living cells. We have found that carotenoids exhibit scavenging ability towards free radicals that increases nearly exponentially with increasing the carotenoid oxidation potential. With the oxidation potential being an important parameter in predicting antioxidant activity, we focus here on the different factors affecting it. This paper examines how the chain length and donor/acceptor substituents of carotenoids affect their oxidation potentials but, most importantly, presents the recent progress on the effect of polarity of the environment and orientation of the carotenoids on the oxidation potential in supramolecular complexes. The oxidation potential of a carotenoid in a nonpolar environment was found to be higher than in a polar environment. Moreover, in order to increase the photostability of the carotenoids in supramolecular complexes, a nonpolar environment is desired and the formation of hydrogen bonds should be avoided.
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Black HS, Boehm F, Edge R, Truscott TG. The Benefits and Risks of Certain Dietary Carotenoids that Exhibit both Anti- and Pro-Oxidative Mechanisms-A Comprehensive Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E264. [PMID: 32210038 PMCID: PMC7139534 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Carotenoid pigments, particularly β-carotene and lycopene, are consumed in human foodstuffs and play a vital role in maintaining health. β-carotene is known to quench singlet oxygen and can have strong antioxidant activity. As such, it was proposed that β-carotene might reduce the risk of cancer. Epidemiological studies found inverse relationships between cancer risk and β-carotene intake or blood levels. However, clinical trials failed to support those findings and β-carotene supplementation actually increased lung cancer incidence in male smokers. Early experimental animal studies found dietary β-carotene inhibited UV-induced skin cancers. Later studies found that β-carotene supplementation exacerbated UV-carcinogenic expression. The discrepancies of these results were related to the type of diet the animals consumed. Lycopene has been associated with reduced risk of lethal stage prostate cancer. Other carotenoids, e.g., lutein and zeaxanthin, play a vital role in visual health. Numerous studies of molecular mechanisms to explain the carotenoids' mode of action have centered on singlet oxygen, as well as radical reactions. In cellular systems, singlet oxygen quenching by carotenoids has been reported but is more complex than in organic solvents. In dietary β-carotene supplement studies, damaging pro-oxidant reactivity can also arise. Reasons for this switch are likely due to the properties of the carotenoid radicals themselves. Understanding singlet oxygen reactions and the anti-/pro-oxidant roles of carotenoids are of importance to photosynthesis, vision and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homer S. Black
- Department of Dermatology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fritz Boehm
- Photobiology Research, Internationales Handelszentrum (IHZ), Friedrichstraße 95, 10117 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Ruth Edge
- Dalton Cumbrian Facility, Westlakes Science Park, The University of Manchester, Cumbria CA24 3HA, UK
| | - T. George Truscott
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
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Multifunctional green supramolecular solvents for cost-effective production of highly stable astaxanthin-rich formulations from Haematococcus pluvialis. Food Chem 2018; 279:294-302. [PMID: 30611493 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The interest of food industry to merchandise natural astaxanthin is growing up. However, it confronts scientific and technological challenges mainly related to its poor water solubility and chemical instability. Here, we present a new quick and efficient green process to simultaneously extract, encapsulate and stabilize astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis. The process is based on the hitherto unexplored combination of supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS), nanostructured liquids generated from amphiphiles through sequential self-assembly and coacervation, and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). These novel nanosystems were characterized by means of dynamic light scattering, AFM and cryoSEM, revealing spherical particles of ∼100 nm. Their antioxidant activity was measured by ORAC (20.6 ± 3.9 μM TE) and α-TEAC (2.92 ± 0.58 µM α-TE) assays and their in vitro capacity to inhibit ROS by DHE probe. Results showed that the SUPRAS-NLCs proposed yield high extraction and encapsulation efficiencies (71 ± 4%) in combination with a remarkable time stability (180 d, 4 °C).
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Astaxanthin-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Preservation of Antioxidant Activity. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102601. [PMID: 30314284 PMCID: PMC6222411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin is a xanthophyll carotenoid showing efficient scavenging ability and represents an interesting candidate in the development of new therapies for preventing and treating oxidative stress-related pathologies. However, its high lipophilicity and thermolability often limits its antioxidant efficacy in human applications. Here, we developed a formulation of lipid carriers to protect astaxanthin’s antioxidant activity. The synthesis of natural astaxanthin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers using a green process with sunflower oil as liquid lipid is presented. Their antioxidant activity was measured by α-Tocopherol Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity assay and was compared to those of both natural astaxanthin and α-tocopherol. Characterizations by dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopy, and scattering electron microscopy techniques were carried out and showed spherical and surface negative charged particles with z-average and polydispersity values of ~60 nm and ~0.3, respectively. Astaxanthin loading was also investigated showing an astaxanthin recovery of more than 90% after synthesis of nanostructured lipid carriers. These results demonstrate the capability of the formulation to stabilize astaxanthin molecule and preserve and enhance the antioxidant activity.
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The carotenoid Bixin found to exhibit the highest measured carotenoid oxidation potential to date consistent with its practical protective use in cosmetics, drugs and food. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 186:1-8. [PMID: 29982093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation potentials of cis bixin correspond to the production of the carotenoid radical cation, Car+ and dication Car++. The oxidation is a two-electron process with oxidation potentials at ~0.94 and ~1.14 V vs SCE (reference to ferrocene at 0.528 V) in THF. These potentials are higher than that of symmetrical canthaxanthin at 0.775 V and 0.972 V and for β-carotene at 0.634 V and 0.605 V respectively. The second oxidation potential for canthaxanthin is higher by 0.20 V than the first. Similar difference is observed for bixin. In contrast, the second oxidation potential for β-carotene is lower by 30 mV than that of the first. Reduction potentials were found to occur at ~-0.69 and ~-1.22 V vs SCE. The lifetime of the radical cation of cis bixin, Car+, is short and decays rapidly at ambient temperature. The suggested scavenging ability of cis bixin towards reactive oxidative oxygen species is estimated to be 44. On the other hand, that of β-carotene, symmetrical canthaxanthin and the dicyano substituted carotenoid which exhibit oxidation potentials of 0.634 V, 0.775 V and 0.833 V vs SCE were measured to be 0.64, 1.96 and 23.60 respectively. The non-reversible electrochemical measurements suggest the tendency for bixin to react with trace amounts of reactive oxygen species (OH, O2-, OOH).
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Edge R, Truscott TG. Singlet Oxygen and Free Radical Reactions of Retinoids and Carotenoids-A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7010005. [PMID: 29301252 PMCID: PMC5789315 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on studies of reactions of singlet oxygen with carotenoids and retinoids and a range of free radical studies on carotenoids and retinoids with emphasis on recent work, dietary carotenoids and the role of oxygen in biological processes. Many previous reviews are cited and updated together with new data not previously reviewed. The review does not deal with computational studies but the emphasis is on laboratory-based results. We contrast the ease of study of both singlet oxygen and polyene radical cations compared to neutral radicals. Of particular interest is the switch from anti- to pro-oxidant behavior of a carotenoid with change of oxygen concentration: results for lycopene in a cellular model system show total protection of the human cells studied at zero oxygen concentration, but zero protection at 100% oxygen concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Edge
- Dalton Cumbrian Facility, The University of Manchester, Westlakes Science and Technology Park, Moor Row, Cumbria CA24 3HA, UK.
| | - T George Truscott
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Lennard-Jones Building, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK.
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Photo Protection of Haematococcus pluvialis Algae by Astaxanthin: Unique Properties of Astaxanthin Deduced by EPR, Optical and Electrochemical Studies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6040080. [PMID: 29065482 PMCID: PMC5745490 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract The antioxidant astaxanthin is known to accumulate in Haematococcus pluvialis algae under unfavorable environmental conditions for normal cell growth. The accumulated astaxanthin functions as a protective agent against oxidative stress damage, and tolerance to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) is greater in astaxanthin-rich cells. The detailed mechanisms of protection have remained elusive, however, our Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), optical and electrochemical studies on carotenoids suggest that astaxanthin's efficiency as a protective agent could be related to its ability to form chelate complexes with metals and to be esterified, its inability to aggregate in the ester form, its high oxidation potential and the ability to form proton loss neutral radicals under high illumination in the presence of metal ions. The neutral radical species formed by deprotonation of the radical cations can be very effective quenchers of the excited states of chlorophyll under high irradiation.
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Martínez-Delgado AA, Khandual S, Villanueva–Rodríguez SJ. Chemical stability of astaxanthin integrated into a food matrix: Effects of food processing and methods for preservation. Food Chem 2017; 225:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Oliveira GKF, Tormin TF, de O. Montes RH, Richter EM, Muñoz RAA. Electrochemical Oxidation of Astaxanthin on Glassy-carbon Electrode and its Amperometric Determination Using Batch Injection Analysis (BIA). ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gracy K. F. Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121 Uberlândia, MG Brasil
| | - Thiago F. Tormin
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121 Uberlândia, MG Brasil
| | - Rodrigo H. de O. Montes
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121 Uberlândia, MG Brasil
| | - Eduardo M. Richter
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121 Uberlândia, MG Brasil
| | - Rodrigo A. A. Muñoz
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia; Av. João Naves de Ávila, 2121 Uberlândia, MG Brasil
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Galano A, Mazzone G, Alvarez-Diduk R, Marino T, Alvarez-Idaboy JR, Russo N. Food Antioxidants: Chemical Insights at the Molecular Level. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2016; 7:335-52. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annia Galano
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, C. P. 09340, Ciudad de México, D. F., México
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy;
| | - Ruslán Alvarez-Diduk
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, C. P. 09340, Ciudad de México, D. F., México
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy;
| | - J. Raúl Alvarez-Idaboy
- Departamento de Física y Química Teórica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 Ciudad de México, D. F., Mexico
| | - Nino Russo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università della Calabria, I-87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy;
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Odjadjare EC, Mutanda T, Olaniran AO. Potential biotechnological application of microalgae: a critical review. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 37:37-52. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1108956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Gao Y, Xu D, Kispert LD. Hydrogen Bond Formation between the Carotenoid Canthaxanthin and the Silanol Group on MCM-41 Surface. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:10488-95. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b05645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lowell D. Kispert
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alabama, Box 870336, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, United States
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21
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Ligia Focsan A, Magyar A, Kispert LD. Chemistry of carotenoid neutral radicals. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 572:167-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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