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Limmer DT, Götz AW, Bertram TH, Nathanson GM. Molecular Insights into Chemical Reactions at Aqueous Aerosol Interfaces. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2024; 75:111-135. [PMID: 38360527 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-083122-121620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols facilitate reactions between ambient gases and dissolved species. Here, we review our efforts to interrogate the uptake of these gases and the mechanisms of their reactions both theoretically and experimentally. We highlight the fascinating behavior of N2O5 in solutions ranging from pure water to complex mixtures, chosen because its aerosol-mediated reactions significantly impact global ozone, hydroxyl, and methane concentrations. As a hydrophobic, weakly soluble, and highly reactive species, N2O5 is a sensitive probe of the chemical and physical properties of aerosol interfaces. We employ contemporary theory to disentangle the fate of N2O5 as it approaches pure and salty water, starting with adsorption and ending with hydrolysis to HNO3, chlorination to ClNO2, or evaporation. Flow reactor and gas-liquid scattering experiments probe even greater complexity as added ions, organic molecules, and surfactants alter the interfacial composition and reaction rates. Together, we reveal a new perspective on multiphase chemistry in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Limmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA;
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Andreas W Götz
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; ,
| | - Gilbert M Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; ,
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2
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McCaslin LM, Götz AW, Johnson MA, Gerber RB. Effects of Microhydration on the Mechanisms of Hydrolysis and Cl - Substitution in Reactions of N 2 O 5 and Seawater. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200819. [PMID: 36385485 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of N2 O5 at atmospheric interfaces has recently received considerable attention due to its importance in atmospheric chemistry. N2 O5 reacts preferentially with Cl- to form ClNO2 /NO3 - (Cl- substitution), but can also react with H2 O to form 2HNO3 (hydrolysis). In this paper, we explore these competing reactions in a theoretical study of the clusters N2 O5 /Cl- /nH2 O (n=2-5), resulting in the identification of three reaction motifs. First, we uncovered an SN 2-type Cl- substitution reaction of N2 O5 that occurs very quickly due to low barriers to reaction. Second, we found a low-lying pathway to hydrolysis via a ClNO2 intermediate (two-step hydrolysis). Finally, we found a direct hydrolysis pathway where H2 O attacks N2 O5 (one-step hydrolysis). We find that Cl- substitution is the fastest reaction in every cluster. Between one-step and two-step hydrolysis, we find that one-step hydrolysis barriers are lower, making two-step hydrolysis (via ClNO2 intermediate) likely only when concentrations of Cl- are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M McCaslin
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Andreas W Götz
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06525, USA
| | - R Benny Gerber
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92597, USA
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3
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Kregel SJ, Derrah TF, Moon S, Limmer DT, Nathanson GM, Bertram TH. Weak Temperature Dependence of the Relative Rates of Chlorination and Hydrolysis of N 2O 5 in NaCl-Water Solutions. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1675-1685. [PMID: 36787538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the temperature dependence of the ClNO2 product yield in competition with hydrolysis following N2O5 uptake to aqueous NaCl solutions. For NaCl-D2O solutions spanning 0.0054-0.21 M, the ClNO2 product yield decreases on average by only 4 ± 3% from 5 to 25 °C. Less reproducible measurements at 0.54-2.4 M NaCl also fall within this range. The ratio of the rate constants for chlorination and hydrolysis of N2O5 in D2O is determined on average to be 1150 ± 90 at 25 °C up to 0.21 M NaCl, favoring chlorination. This ratio is observed to decrease significantly at the two highest concentrations. An Arrhenius analysis reveals that the activation energy for hydrolysis is just 3.0 ± 1.5 kJ/mol larger than for chlorination up to 0.21 M, indicating that Cl- and D2O attack on N2O5 has similar energetic barriers despite the differences in charge and complexity of these reactants. In combination with the measured preexponential ratio favoring chlorination of 300-200+400, we conclude that the strong preference of N2O5 to undergo chlorination over hydrolysis is driven by dynamic and entropic, rather than enthalpic, factors. Molecular dynamics simulations elucidate the distinct solvation between strongly hydrated Cl- and the hydrophobically solvated N2O5. Combining this molecular picture with the Arrhenius analysis implicates the role of water in mediating interactions between such distinctly solvated species and suggests a role for diffusion limitations on the chlorination reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Kregel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Thomas F Derrah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Seokjin Moon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David T Limmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Material Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gilbert M Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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4
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Yang P, Liu J, Korshin GV, Ji Y, Lu J. New Insights into the Role of Nitrite in the Degradation of Tetrabromobisphenol S by Sulfate Radical Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17743-17752. [PMID: 36456897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol S (TBBPS) is a brominated flame retardant and a contaminant of emerging concern. Several studies found that sulfate radical (SO4•-) oxidation is effective to degrade TBBPS. Here, we demonstrate that the presence of nitrite (NO2-) at environmentally relevant levels causes dramatic changes in the kinetics and pathways of TBBPS degradation by SO4•-. Initially, NO2- suppresses the reaction by competing with TBBPS for SO4•-. At the same time, SO4•- oxidizes NO2- to form nitrogen dioxide radicals (NO2•), which actively react with some key TBBPS degradation intermediates, thus greatly altering the transformation pathway. As a result, 2,6-dibromo-4-nitrophenol (DBNP) becomes the primary TBBPS product. As TBBPS undergoes degradation, the released bromide (Br-) is oxidized by SO4•- to form bromine radicals and free bromine. These reactive bromine species immediately combine with NO2• or NO2- to form nitryl bromide (BrNO2) that in turn attacks the parent TBBPS, resulting in its accelerated degradation and increased formation of toxic nitrophenolic byproducts. These results show that nitryl halides (e.g., BrNO2 or ClNO2) are likely formed yet inadequately recognized when SO4•- is applied to remediate halogenated pollutants in the subsurface environment where NO2- is ubiquitously found. These insights further underscore the potential risks of the application of SO4•- oxidation for the remediation of halogenated compounds in realistic environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizeng Yang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
| | - Jiating Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
| | - Gregory V Korshin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
| | - Yuefei Ji
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
| | - Junhe Lu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing210095, China
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5
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Hallar AG, Brown SS, Crosman E, Barsanti K, Cappa CD, Faloona I, Fast J, Holmes HA, Horel J, Lin J, Middlebrook A, Mitchell L, Murphy J, Womack CC, Aneja V, Baasandorj M, Bahreini R, Banta R, Bray C, Brewer A, Caulton D, de Gouw J, De Wekker SF, Farmer DK, Gaston CJ, Hoch S, Hopkins F, Karle NN, Kelly JT, Kelly K, Lareau N, Lu K, Mauldin RL, Mallia DV, Martin R, Mendoza D, Oldroyd HJ, Pichugina Y, Pratt KA, Saide P, Silva PJ, Simpson W, Stephens BB, Stutz J, Sullivan A. Coupled Air Quality and Boundary-Layer Meteorology in Western U.S. Basins during Winter: Design and Rationale for a Comprehensive Study. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2021; 0:1-94. [PMID: 34446943 PMCID: PMC8384125 DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-20-0017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wintertime episodes of high aerosol concentrations occur frequently in urban and agricultural basins and valleys worldwide. These episodes often arise following development of persistent cold-air pools (PCAPs) that limit mixing and modify chemistry. While field campaigns targeting either basin meteorology or wintertime pollution chemistry have been conducted, coupling between interconnected chemical and meteorological processes remains an insufficiently studied research area. Gaps in understanding the coupled chemical-meteorological interactions that drive high pollution events make identification of the most effective air-basin specific emission control strategies challenging. To address this, a September 2019 workshop occurred with the goal of planning a future research campaign to investigate air quality in Western U.S. basins. Approximately 120 people participated, representing 50 institutions and 5 countries. Workshop participants outlined the rationale and design for a comprehensive wintertime study that would couple atmospheric chemistry and boundary-layer and complex-terrain meteorology within western U.S. basins. Participants concluded the study should focus on two regions with contrasting aerosol chemistry: three populated valleys within Utah (Salt Lake, Utah, and Cache Valleys) and the San Joaquin Valley in California. This paper describes the scientific rationale for a campaign that will acquire chemical and meteorological datasets using airborne platforms with extensive range, coupled to surface-based measurements focusing on sampling within the near-surface boundary layer, and transport and mixing processes within this layer, with high vertical resolution at a number of representative sites. No prior wintertime basin-focused campaign has provided the breadth of observations necessary to characterize the meteorological-chemical linkages outlined here, nor to validate complex processes within coupled atmosphere-chemistry models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erik Crosman
- Department of Life, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, West Texas A&M University
| | - Kelley Barsanti
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California, Riverside
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis 95616 USA
| | - Ian Faloona
- Department of Land, Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis
| | - Jerome Fast
- Atmospheric Science and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest, National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Heather A. Holmes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - John Horel
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - John Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Logan Mitchell
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jennifer Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caroline C. Womack
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado/ NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - Viney Aneja
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University
| | | | - Roya Bahreini
- Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | | | - Casey Bray
- Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University
| | - Alan Brewer
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO
| | - Dana Caulton
- Department of Atmospheric Science, University of Wyoming
| | - Joost de Gouw
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences & Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
| | | | | | - Cassandra J. Gaston
- Department of Atmospheric Science - Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami
| | - Sebastian Hoch
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Nakul N. Karle
- Environmental Science and Engineering, The University of Texas at El Paso, TX
| | - James T. Kelly
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Kerry Kelly
- Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Neil Lareau
- Atmospheric Sciences and Environmental Sciences and Health, University of Nevada, Reno, NV
| | - Keding Lu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China, 100871
| | - Roy L. Mauldin
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80307, USA
| | - Derek V. Mallia
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Randal Martin
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Logan, UT
| | - Daniel Mendoza
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Holly J. Oldroyd
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis
| | | | | | - Pablo Saide
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, and Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Phillip J. Silva
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Bowling Green, KY
| | - William Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775-6160
| | - Britton B. Stephens
- Earth Observing Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO
| | - Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Amy Sullivan
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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6
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Mitroo D, Gill TE, Haas S, Pratt KA, Gaston CJ. ClNO 2 Production from N 2O 5 Uptake on Saline Playa Dusts: New Insights into Potential Inland Sources of ClNO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7442-7452. [PMID: 31117541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nitryl chloride (ClNO2), formed when dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) reacts with chloride-containing aerosol, photolyzes to produce chlorine radicals that facilitate the formation of tropospheric ozone. ClNO2 has been measured in continental areas; however, the sources of particulate chloride required to form ClNO2 in inland regions remain unclear. Dust emitted from saline playas (e.g., dried lakebeds) contains salts that can potentially form ClNO2 in inland regions. Here, we present the first laboratory measurements demonstrating the production of ClNO2 from playa dusts. N2O5 reactive uptake coefficients (γN2O5) ranged from ∼10-3 to 10-1 and ClNO2 yields (φClNO2) were >50% for all playas tested except one. In general, as the soluble ion fraction of playa dusts increases, γN2O5 decreases and φClNO2 increases. We attribute this finding to a transition from aerosol surfaces dominated by silicates that react efficiently with N2O5 and produce little ClNO2 to aerosols that behave like deliquesced chloride-containing salts that generate high yields of ClNO2. Molecular bromine (Br2) and nitryl bromide (BrNO2) were also detected, highlighting that playas facilitate the heterogeneous production of brominated compounds. Our results suggest that parameterizations and models should be updated to include playas as an inland source of aerosol chloride capable of efficiently generating ClNO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Mitroo
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences , University of Miami , Miami , Florida 33149 , United States
| | - Thomas E Gill
- Department of Geological Sciences, and Environmental Science and Engineering Program , University of Texas at El Paso , El Paso , Texas 79968 , United States
| | - Savannah Haas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Cassandra J Gaston
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Sciences , University of Miami , Miami , Florida 33149 , United States
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7
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Sobyra TB, Pliszka H, Bertram TH, Nathanson GM. Production of Br2 from N2O5 and Br– in Salty and Surfactant-Coated Water Microjets. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8942-8953. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Sobyra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Helena Pliszka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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8
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McCaslin LM, Johnson MA, Gerber RB. Mechanisms and competition of halide substitution and hydrolysis in reactions of N 2O 5 with seawater. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav6503. [PMID: 31183400 PMCID: PMC6551187 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav6503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
SN2-type halide substitution and hydrolysis are two of the most ubiquitous reactions in chemistry. The interplay between these processes is fundamental in atmospheric chemistry through reactions of N2O5 and seawater. N2O5 plays a major role in regulating levels of O3, OH, NO x , and CH4. While the reactions of N2O5 and seawater are of central importance, little is known about their mechanisms. Of interest is the activation of Cl in seawater by the formation of gaseous ClNO2, which occurs despite the fact that hydrolysis (to HNO3) is energetically more favorable. We determine key features of the reaction landscape that account for this behavior in a theoretical study of the cluster N2O5/Cl-/H2O. This was carried out using ab initio molecular dynamics to determine reaction pathways, structures, and time scales. While hydrolysis of N2O5 occurs in the absence of Cl-, results here reveal that a low-lying pathway featuring halide substitution intermediates enhances hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. McCaslin
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Mark A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06525, USA
| | - R. Benny Gerber
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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9
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Kolb C, Davidovits P, Jayne J, Shi Q, Worsnop D. Kinetics of Trace Gas Uptake by Liquid Surfaces. PROGRESS IN REACTION KINETICS AND MECHANISM 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/007967402103165324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.E. Kolb
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821-3976, USA
| | - P. Davidovits
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821-3976, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3809, USA
| | - J.T. Jayne
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821-3976, USA
| | - Q. Shi
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821-3976, USA
| | - D.R. Worsnop
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, MA 01821-3976, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467-3809, USA
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10
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Gord JR, Zhao X, Liu E, Bertram TH, Nathanson GM. Control of Interfacial Cl2 and N2O5 Reactivity by a Zwitterionic Phospholipid in Comparison with Ionic and Uncharged Surfactants. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6593-6604. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b04590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Gord
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Xianyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Erica Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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11
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Yang Y, Pignatello JJ. Participation of the Halogens in Photochemical Reactions in Natural and Treated Waters. Molecules 2017; 22:E1684. [PMID: 29027977 PMCID: PMC6151492 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Halide ions are ubiquitous in natural waters and wastewaters. Halogens play an important and complex role in environmental photochemical processes and in reactions taking place during photochemical water treatment. While inert to solar wavelengths, halides can be converted into radical and non-radical reactive halogen species (RHS) by sensitized photolysis and by reactions with secondary reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced through sunlight-initiated reactions in water and atmospheric aerosols, such as hydroxyl radical, ozone, and nitrate radical. In photochemical advanced oxidation processes for water treatment, RHS can be generated by UV photolysis and by reactions of halides with hydroxyl radicals, sulfate radicals, ozone, and other ROS. RHS are reactive toward organic compounds, and some reactions lead to incorporation of halogen into byproducts. Recent studies indicate that halides, or the RHS derived from them, affect the concentrations of photogenerated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other reactive species; influence the photobleaching of dissolved natural organic matter (DOM); alter the rates and products of pollutant transformations; lead to covalent incorporation of halogen into small natural molecules, DOM, and pollutants; and give rise to certain halogen oxides of concern as water contaminants. The complex and colorful chemistry of halogen in waters will be summarized in detail and the implications of this chemistry for global biogeochemical cycling of halogen, contaminant fate in natural waters, and water purification technologies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington St., P.O. Box 1106, New Haven, CT 06504-1106, USA.
| | - Joseph J Pignatello
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington St., P.O. Box 1106, New Haven, CT 06504-1106, USA.
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12
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Kelleher PJ, Menges FS, DePalma JW, Denton JK, Johnson MA, Weddle GH, Hirshberg B, Gerber RB. Trapping and Structural Characterization of the XNO 2·NO 3- (X = Cl, Br, I) Exit Channel Complexes in the Water-Mediated X - + N 2O 5 Reactions with Cryogenic Vibrational Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4710-4715. [PMID: 28898581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 with sea spray aerosols yields the ClNO2 molecule, which is postulated to occur through water-mediated charge separation into NO3- and NO2+ ions followed by association with Cl-. Here we address an alternative mechanism where the attack by a halide ion can yield XNO2 by direct insertion in the presence of water. This was accomplished by reacting X-(D2O)n (X = Cl, Br, I) cluster ions with N2O5 to produce ions with stoichiometry [XN2O5]-. These species were cooled in a 20 K ion trap and structurally characterized by vibrational spectroscopy using the D2 messenger tagging technique. Analysis of the resulting band patterns with DFT calculations indicates that they all correspond to exit channel ion-molecule complexes based on the association of NO3- with XNO2, with the NO3- constituent increasingly perturbed in the order I > Br > Cl. These results establish that XNO2 can be generated even when more exoergic reaction pathways involving hydrolysis are available and demonstrate the role of the intermediate [XN2O5]- in the formation of XNO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06525, United States
| | - Fabian S Menges
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06525, United States
| | - Joseph W DePalma
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06525, United States
| | - Joanna K Denton
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06525, United States
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06525, United States
| | - Gary H Weddle
- Department of Chemistry, Fairfield University , Fairfield, Connecticut 06824, United States
| | - Barak Hirshberg
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz-Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - R Benny Gerber
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz-Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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13
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Shaloski MA, Gord JR, Staudt S, Quinn SL, Bertram TH, Nathanson GM. Reactions of N2O5 with Salty and Surfactant-Coated Glycerol: Interfacial Conversion of Br– to Br2 Mediated by Alkylammonium Cations. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3708-3719. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Shaloski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Joseph R. Gord
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sean Staudt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sarah L. Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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14
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Mielke LH, Furgeson A, Odame-Ankrah CA, Osthoff HD. Ubiquity of ClNO2 in the urban boundary layer of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. CAN J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2015-0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) as a nocturnal nitrogen oxide reservoir species and chlorine atom precursor is well established for polluted coastal areas, but its role at midcontinental locations is less clear. In this paper, intermittent measurements over the course of several seasons of ClNO2 mixing ratios by iodide ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, are presented. Mixing ratios were highly variable between nights and seasons and depended on the abundances of precursors and meteorological conditions. The lowest ClNO2 mixing ratios (nocturnal maximum of 30 parts per trillion by volume (pptv)) were observed in the summer, rationalized by losses of the nitrate radical (NO3) that were more efficient than in the other months. Higher ClNO2 mixing ratios (up to 330 pptv) were observed in the winter and spring months but varied between nights. In the fall, ClNO2 mixing ratios increased from night to night following the application of salt to roads. The ClNO2 yield relative to the amount of NO3 produced from oxidation of NO2 by O3 ranged from 0.1% to 4.5% (10th and 90th percentiles, median 1.0%). The ClNO2 yield relative to N2O5 consumed by heterogeneous reactions was estimated using a time-integrated box model and ranged from 0.5% to 12.1% (10th and 90th percentiles, median 3.4%). The ubiquity of ClNO2 implies that the chlorine atom needs to be considered as an oxidant in high-latitude urban environments in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi H. Mielke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Amanda Furgeson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Charles A. Odame-Ankrah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hans D. Osthoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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15
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Inland Concentrations of Cl2 and ClNO2 in Southeast Texas Suggest Chlorine Chemistry Significantly Contributes to Atmospheric Reactivity. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Ryder OS, Campbell NR, Shaloski M, Al-Mashat H, Nathanson GM, Bertram TH. Role of Organics in Regulating ClNO2 Production at the Air–Sea Interface. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:8519-26. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5129673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. S. Ryder
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - N. R. Campbell
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - M. Shaloski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - H. Al-Mashat
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - G. M. Nathanson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - T. H. Bertram
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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17
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Herrmann H, Schaefer T, Tilgner A, Styler SA, Weller C, Teich M, Otto T. Tropospheric aqueous-phase chemistry: kinetics, mechanisms, and its coupling to a changing gas phase. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4259-334. [PMID: 25950643 DOI: 10.1021/cr500447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah A Styler
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Weller
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monique Teich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Hammerich AD, Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Gerber RB. Mechanism for formation of atmospheric Cl atom precursors in the reaction of dinitrogen oxides with HCl/Cl− on aqueous films. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:19360-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02664d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Formation of atmospheric chlorine atom precursors ClNO2 and ClNO in the reaction of HCl with oxides of nitrogen on a water film: left – formation of N–Cl bond as N–O bond breaks; right – concurrent changes in Mulliken charges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. Benny Gerber
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California Irvine
- Irvine
- USA
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center
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19
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Trimithioti M, Hayes SC. Resonance Raman intensity analysis of ClNO(2) dissolved in methanol. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:300-10. [PMID: 23237473 DOI: 10.1021/jp3085777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Halogens such as chlorine are converted from halides, including ClNO(2), to reactive radicals by UV solar radiation. These radicals can affect ozone production and destruction in the stratosphere. Recently, it became clear that halogen radicals can also play a significant role in the chemistry of the troposphere. The photochemistry of ClNO(2) has been the subject of several studies in the gas and solid state that demonstrated a clear phase-dependent reactivity. Here, we report our initial studies of nitryl chloride in solution. Resonance Raman (RR) spectra of ClNO(2) dissolved in methanol after excitation within the 1(1)A(1)-2(1)A(1) absorption band (D band) in the region 200-240 nm are presented. RR intensity along the NO symmetric stretch coordinate (v(1)) at 1291 cm(-1) is observed at all excitation wavelengths, whereas limited intensity corresponding to the transition of the N-Cl symmetric stretch (v(3)) was only observed at 199.8 nm, whereas no intensity corresponding to the O-N-O symmetric bend (v(2)) was observed. Depolarization ratios and absolute resonance Raman cross sections for v(1) were obtained at several excitation wavelengths spanning the D band. Depolarization ratios were found to deviate significantly from 1/3, consistent with more than a single dipole-allowed electronic transition contributing to the scattering. RR intensity analysis (RRIA) reveals that two closely spaced excited electronic states contribute to the scattering, which are dissociative along the Cl-N coordinate. In this study the role the solvent environment plays in ClNO(2) state energetics and excited structural evolution along fundamental coordinates is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Trimithioti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
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20
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Wagner NL, Riedel TP, Roberts JM, Thornton JA, Angevine WM, Williams EJ, Lerner BM, Vlasenko A, Li SM, Dubé WP, Coffman DJ, Bon DM, de Gouw JA, Kuster WC, Gilman JB, Brown SS. The sea breeze/land breeze circulation in Los Angeles and its influence on nitryl chloride production in this region. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2012jd017810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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22
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Abbatt JPD, Lee AKY, Thornton JA. Quantifying trace gas uptake to tropospheric aerosol: recent advances and remaining challenges. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:6555-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35052a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Mielke LH, Furgeson A, Osthoff HD. Observation of ClNO₂ in a mid-continental urban environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:8889-96. [PMID: 21877701 DOI: 10.1021/es201955u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In the troposphere, nitryl chloride (ClNO₂), produced from uptake of dinitrogen pentoxide (N₂O₅) on chloride containing aerosol, can be an important nocturnal reservoir of NO(x) (= NO + NO₂) and a source of atomic Cl, particularly in polluted coastal environments. Here, we present measurements of ClNO₂ mixing ratios by chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) in Calgary, Alberta, Canada over a 3-day period. The observed ClNO₂ mixing ratios exhibited a strong diurnal profile, with nocturnal maxima in the range of 80 to 250 parts-per-trillion by volume (pptv) and minima below the detection limit of 5 pptv in the early afternoon. At night, ClNO₂ constituted up to 2% of odd nitrogen, or NO(y). The peak mixing ratios of ClNO₂ observed were considerably below the modeled integrated heterogeneous losses of N₂O₅, indicating that ClNO₂ production was a minor pathway compared to heterogeneous hydrolysis of N₂O₅. Back trajectory analysis using HYSPLIT showed that the study region was not influenced by fresh injections of marine aerosol, implying that aerosol chloride was derived from anthropogenic sources. Molecular chlorine (Cl₂), derived from local anthropogenic sources, was observed at mixing ratios of up to 65 pptv and possibly contributed to formation of aerosol chloride and hence the formation of ClNO₂.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levi H Mielke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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24
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Davidovits P, Kolb CE, Williams LR, Jayne JT, Worsnop DR. Update 1 of: Mass Accommodation and Chemical Reactions at Gas−Liquid Interfaces. Chem Rev 2011; 111:PR76-109. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100360b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Davidovits
- Chemistry Department, 2609 Beacon Street, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Charles E. Kolb
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev.2006, 106 (4), 1323−1354, DOI: 10.1021.cr040366k; Published (Web) March 16, 2006. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Leah R. Williams
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev.2006, 106 (4), 1323−1354, DOI: 10.1021.cr040366k; Published (Web) March 16, 2006. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - John T. Jayne
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev.2006, 106 (4), 1323−1354, DOI: 10.1021.cr040366k; Published (Web) March 16, 2006. Updates to the text appear in red type
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Center for Aerosol and Cloud Chemistry, Aerodyne Research, Inc., 45 Manning Road, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
- This is a Chemical Reviews Perennial Review. The root paper of this title was published in Chem. Rev.2006, 106 (4), 1323−1354, DOI: 10.1021.cr040366k; Published (Web) March 16, 2006. Updates to the text appear in red type
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25
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26
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Roberts JM, Osthoff HD, Brown SS, Ravishankara AR. N2O5 Oxidizes Chloride to Cl2 in Acidic Atmospheric Aerosol. Science 2008; 321:1059. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1158777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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27
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Davidovits P, Kolb CE, Williams LR, Jayne JT, Worsnop DR. Mass accommodation and chemical reactions at gas-liquid interfaces. Chem Rev 2007; 106:1323-54. [PMID: 16608183 DOI: 10.1021/cr040366k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Davidovits
- Chemistry Department, 2609 Beacon Street, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA.
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28
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Zhao GB, Garikipati SVBJ, Hu X, Argyle MD, Radosz M. Effect of oxygen on nonthermal plasma reactions of nitrogen oxides in nitrogen. AIChE J 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.10452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Slusher DL. A thermal dissociation–chemical ionization mass spectrometry (TD-CIMS) technique for the simultaneous measurement of peroxyacyl nitrates and dinitrogen pentoxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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30
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Katrib Y, Le Calvé S, Mirabel P. Uptake Measurements of Dibasic Esters by Water Droplets and Determination of Their Henry's Law Constants. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0368132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Katrib
- Centre de Géochimie de la Surface/CNRS and Université Louis Pasteur, 1 rue Blessig, F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Le Calvé
- Centre de Géochimie de la Surface/CNRS and Université Louis Pasteur, 1 rue Blessig, F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Mirabel
- Centre de Géochimie de la Surface/CNRS and Université Louis Pasteur, 1 rue Blessig, F-67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel J Rossi
- Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Environnement (ISTE), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. The Tropospheric Chemistry of Sea Salt: A Molecular-Level View of the Chemistry of NaCl and NaBr. Chem Rev 2003; 103:4801-22. [PMID: 14664634 DOI: 10.1021/cr020653t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B J Finlayson-Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA.
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33
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Hoffman RC, Kaleuati MA, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Knudsen Cell Studies of the Reaction of Gaseous HNO3 with NaCl Using Less than a Single Layer of Particles at 298 K: A Modified Mechanism. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp030611o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C. Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | - Margaret A. Kaleuati
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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34
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Schriver-Mazzuoli L, Schriver A, Coanga JM, Steers M. Vibrational Spectra and 266 nm Photochemistry of ClNO2 Thin Films and ClNO2 in Amorphous Water Ice. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021328c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Schriver-Mazzuoli
- Laboratoire de Physique Moléculaire et Applications, UMR 7092, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Tour 13, case 76, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France, and Laboratoire d'Etude des Nuisances Atmosphériques et de leurs Effets, Université Paris-Nord, Campus de Bobigny, IUP Ville et Santé, Rue de la Convention, Bobigny 93017
| | - A. Schriver
- Laboratoire de Physique Moléculaire et Applications, UMR 7092, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Tour 13, case 76, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France, and Laboratoire d'Etude des Nuisances Atmosphériques et de leurs Effets, Université Paris-Nord, Campus de Bobigny, IUP Ville et Santé, Rue de la Convention, Bobigny 93017
| | - J. M. Coanga
- Laboratoire de Physique Moléculaire et Applications, UMR 7092, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Tour 13, case 76, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France, and Laboratoire d'Etude des Nuisances Atmosphériques et de leurs Effets, Université Paris-Nord, Campus de Bobigny, IUP Ville et Santé, Rue de la Convention, Bobigny 93017
| | - M. Steers
- Laboratoire de Physique Moléculaire et Applications, UMR 7092, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Tour 13, case 76, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France, and Laboratoire d'Etude des Nuisances Atmosphériques et de leurs Effets, Université Paris-Nord, Campus de Bobigny, IUP Ville et Santé, Rue de la Convention, Bobigny 93017
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35
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Knipping EM, Dabdub D. Impact of chlorine emissions from sea-salt aerosol on coastal urban ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2003; 37:275-284. [PMID: 12564898 DOI: 10.1021/es025793z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of photochemical models to predict observed coastal chlorine levels and their corresponding effect on ozone formation is explored. Current sea-spray generation functions, a comprehensive gas-phase chlorine chemistry mechanism, and several heterogeneous/multiphase chemical reactions considered key processes leading to reactive chlorine formation are added to an airshed model of the South Coast Air Basin of California. Modeling results reproduce regional sea-salt particle concentrations. The heterogeneous/multiphase chemical reactions do not affect the rate of hydrochloric acid displacement, nor do they enhance aerosol nitrate formation. Chlorine levels in the model are predicted to be an order of magnitude lower than previously observed values at other coastal regions under similar conditions, albeit in much better agreement than previous studies. The results suggest that the inclusion of sea-salt-derived chlorine chemistry might increase morning ozone predictions by as much as 12 ppb in coastal regions and by 4 ppb in the peak domain ozone in the afternoon. The inclusion of anthropogenic sources of chlorine is recommended for future studies, as such sources might elevate ozone predictions even further via direct emission into polluted regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eladio M Knipping
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-3975, USA
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36
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Coanga J, Schriver-Mazzuoli L, Schriver A, Dahoo P. Matrix infrared spectroscopic studies of the photo-dissociation at 266 nm of ClNO2 and of ClONO. Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(01)00607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Hemminger JC. Physical Chemistry of Airborne Sea Salt Particles and Their Components. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp002968n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John C. Hemminger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025
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38
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de Reus M, Dentener F, Thomas A, Borrmann S, Ström J, Lelieveld J. Airborne observations of dust aerosol over the North Atlantic Ocean during ACE 2: Indications for heterogeneous ozone destruction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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39
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Hallquist M, Stewart DJ, Baker J, Cox RA. Hydrolysis of N2O5 on Submicron Sulfuric Acid Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9939625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Hallquist
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - David J. Stewart
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jacob Baker
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - R. Anthony Cox
- Centre for Atmospheric Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Schweitzer
- Centre de Géochimie de la Surface/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Louis Pasteur, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Mirabel
- Centre de Géochimie de la Surface/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Louis Pasteur, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian George
- Centre de Géochimie de la Surface/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Louis Pasteur, 28 rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg, France
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41
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Fickert S, Helleis F, Adams JW, Moortgat GK, Crowley JN. Reactive Uptake of ClNO2 on Aqueous Bromide Solutions. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp983004n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Fickert
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemistry, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
| | - F. Helleis
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemistry, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
| | - J. W. Adams
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemistry, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
| | - G. K. Moortgat
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemistry, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
| | - J. N. Crowley
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemistry, Division of Atmospheric Chemistry, Postfach 3060, 55020 Mainz, Germany
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