1
|
Coughlan NJA, Liu C, Lecours MJ, Campbell JL, Hopkins WS. Preferential Ion Microsolvation in Mixed-Modifier Environments Observed Using Differential Mobility Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:2222-2227. [PMID: 31529402 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-019-02332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The preferential solvation behavior for eight different derivatives of protonated quinoline was measured in a tandem differential mobility spectrometer mass spectrometer (DMS-MS). Ion-solvent cluster formation was induced in the DMS by the addition of chemical modifiers (i.e., solvent vapors) to the N2 buffer gas. To determine the effect of more than one modifier in the DMS environment, we performed DMS experiments with varying mixtures of water, acetonitrile, and isopropyl alcohol solvent vapors. The results show that doping the buffer gas with a binary mixture of modifiers leads to the ions binding preferentially to one modifier over another. We used density functional theory to calculate the ion-solvent binding energies, and in all cases, calculations show that the quinolinium ions bind most strongly with acetonitrile, then isopropyl alcohol, and most weakly with water. Computational results support the hypothesis that the quinolinium ions bind exclusively to whichever solvent they have the strongest interaction with, regardless of the presence of other modifier gases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neville J A Coughlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Chang Liu
- SCIEX, Four Valley Dr., Concord, ON, L4K 4V8, Canada
| | - Michael J Lecours
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - J Larry Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
- SCIEX, Four Valley Dr., Concord, ON, L4K 4V8, Canada.
| | - W Scott Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W., Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Manin N, da Silva MC, Zdravkovic I, Eliseeva O, Dyshin A, Yaşar O, Salahub DR, Kolker AM, Kiselev MG, Noskov SY. LiCl solvation in N-methyl-acetamide (NMA) as a model for understanding Li(+) binding to an amide plane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4191-200. [PMID: 26784370 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04847h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The thermodynamics of ion solvation in non-aqueous solvents remains of great significance for understanding cellular transport and ion homeostasis for the design of novel ion-selective materials and applications in molecular pharmacology. Molecular simulations play pivotal roles in connecting experimental measurements to the microscopic structures of liquids. One of the most useful and versatile mimetic systems for understanding biological ion transport is N-methyl-acetamide (NMA). A plethora of theoretical studies for ion solvation in NMA have appeared recently, but further progress is limited by two factors. One is an apparent lack of experimental data on solubility and thermodynamics of solvation for a broad panel of 1 : 1 salts over an appropriate temperature and concentration range. The second concern is more substantial and has to do with the limitations hardwired in the additive (fixed charge) approximations used for most of the existing force-fields. In this submission, we report on the experimental evaluation of LiCl solvation in NMA over a broad range of concentrations and temperatures and compare the results with those of MD simulations with several additive and one polarizable force-field (Drude). By comparing our simulations and experimental results to density functional theory computations, we discuss the limiting factors in existing potential functions. To evaluate the possible implications of explicit and implicit polarizability treatments on ion permeation across biological channels, we performed potential of mean force (PMF) computations for Li(+) transport through a model narrow ion channel with additive and polarizable force-fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Manin
- G.A. Krestov Institute for Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya str, 1, Ivanovo, 153045, Russia.
| | - Mauricio C da Silva
- Centre for Molecular Simulation, BI-447, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T3A 2T3, Canada. and Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Igor Zdravkovic
- Centre for Molecular Simulation, BI-447, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T3A 2T3, Canada. and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T3A 2T3, Canada
| | - Olga Eliseeva
- G.A. Krestov Institute for Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya str, 1, Ivanovo, 153045, Russia.
| | - Alexey Dyshin
- G.A. Krestov Institute for Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya str, 1, Ivanovo, 153045, Russia.
| | - Orhan Yaşar
- Centre for Molecular Simulation, BI-447, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T3A 2T3, Canada. and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T3A 2T3, Canada
| | - Dennis R Salahub
- Centre for Molecular Simulation, BI-447, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T3A 2T3, Canada. and Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Arkadiy M Kolker
- G.A. Krestov Institute for Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya str, 1, Ivanovo, 153045, Russia.
| | - Michael G Kiselev
- G.A. Krestov Institute for Solution Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskaya str, 1, Ivanovo, 153045, Russia.
| | - Sergei Yu Noskov
- Centre for Molecular Simulation, BI-447, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T3A 2T3, Canada. and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T3A 2T3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodgers MT, Armentrout PB. Cationic Noncovalent Interactions: Energetics and Periodic Trends. Chem Rev 2016; 116:5642-87. [PMID: 26953819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this review, noncovalent interactions of ions with neutral molecules are discussed. After defining the scope of the article, which excludes anionic and most protonated systems, methods associated with measuring thermodynamic information for such systems are briefly recounted. An extensive set of tables detailing available thermodynamic information for the noncovalent interactions of metal cations with a host of ligands is provided. Ligands include small molecules (H2, NH3, CO, CS, H2O, CH3CN, and others), organic ligands (O- and N-donors, crown ethers and related molecules, MALDI matrix molecules), π-ligands (alkenes, alkynes, benzene, and substituted benzenes), miscellaneous inorganic ligands, and biological systems (amino acids, peptides, sugars, nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides). Hydration of metalated biological systems is also included along with selected proton-based systems: 18-crown-6 polyether with protonated peptides and base-pairing energies of nucleobases. In all cases, the literature thermochemistry is evaluated and, in many cases, reanchored or adjusted to 0 K bond dissociation energies. Trends in these values are discussed and related to a variety of simple molecular concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University , Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rossi M, Tkatchenko A, Rempe SB, Varma S. Role of methyl-induced polarization in ion binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:12978-83. [PMID: 23878238 PMCID: PMC3740884 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302757110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemical property of methyl groups that renders them indispensable to biomolecules is their hydrophobicity. Quantum mechanical studies undertaken here to understand the effect of point substitutions on potassium (K-) channels illustrate quantitatively how methyl-induced polarization also contributes to biomolecular function. K- channels regulate transmembrane salt concentration gradients by transporting K(+) ions selectively. One of the K(+) binding sites in the channel's selectivity filter, the S4 site, also binds Ba(2+) ions, which blocks K(+) transport. This inhibitory property of Ba(2+) ions has been vital in understanding K-channel mechanism. In most K-channels, the S4 site is composed of four threonine amino acids. The K channels that carry serine instead of threonine are significantly less susceptible to Ba(2+) block and have reduced stabilities. We find that these differences can be explained by the lower polarizability of serine compared with threonine, because serine carries one less branched methyl group than threonine. A T→S substitution in the S4 site reduces its polarizability, which, in turn, reduces ion binding by several kilocalories per mole. Although the loss in binding affinity is high for Ba(2+), the loss in K(+) binding affinity is also significant thermodynamically, which reduces channel stability. These results highlight, in general, how biomolecular function can rely on the polarization induced by methyl groups, especially those that are proximal to charged moieties, including ions, titratable amino acids, sulfates, phosphates, and nucleotides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rossi
- Theory Department, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandre Tkatchenko
- Theory Department, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susan B. Rempe
- Biological and Materials Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185; and
| | - Sameer Varma
- Biological and Materials Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87185; and
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, and Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Trumm M, Martínez YOG, Réal F, Masella M, Vallet V, Schimmelpfennig B. Modeling the hydration of mono-atomic anions from the gas phase to the bulk phase: The case of the halide ions F−, Cl−, and Br−. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:044509. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3678294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
|
6
|
Hvelplund P, Kurtén T, Støchkel K, Ryding MJ, Nielsen SB, Uggerud E. Stability and Structure of Protonated Clusters of Ammonia and Water, H+(NH3)m (H2O)n. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:7301-10. [DOI: 10.1021/jp104162k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Preben Hvelplund
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, Bld. 1520, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden, and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and The Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, Bld. 1520, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden, and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and The Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department
| | - Kristian Støchkel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, Bld. 1520, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden, and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and The Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department
| | - Mauritz Johan Ryding
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, Bld. 1520, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden, and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and The Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department
| | - Steen Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, Bld. 1520, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden, and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and The Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department
| | - Einar Uggerud
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade, Bld. 1520, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, Department of Physical Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland, Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden, and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory and The Centre for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ham BM, Cole RB. Determination of apparent decomposition threshold energies of lithium adducts of acylglycerols using tandem mass spectrometry and a novel derived effective reaction path length approach. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:1482-1493. [PMID: 18498084 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Apparent decomposition threshold energies for the fragmentation pathways of lithiated acylglycerols were experimentally determined by collisional activation in a quadrupole-hexapole-quadrupole (QhQ) mass spectrometer. A previously developed 'derived effective reaction path length' approach for predicting bond dissociation energies (BDEs) of simple dissociations of electrostatic complexes such as alkali metal adducts (Li+), or halide adducts (Cl(-)) of acylglycerols, was extended to predict covalent bond apparent decomposition threshold energies of lithium adducts of a mono-acylglycerol, a 1,2-diacylglycerol, and a 1,3-diacylglycerol. The ability of the model to treat relatively large ionic systems (e.g. more than 100 atoms) represents a huge advantage of this approach. The model's calculated apparent decomposition threshold energies (Ea) are used in conjunction with the method of energy-resolved mass spectrometry, employing breakdown graphs, to give a more complete quantitative description of the fragmentation processes. Calculated Ea values allowed ranking of the 1,2-diacylglycerol as more reactive than the 1,3-diacylglycerol; the mono-acylglycerol was ranked the least reactive. The method was applied to the low molecular weight product ions generally associated with the hydrocarbon series CnH2n+1+, where two separate pathways are deduced as contributing to the production of the abundant m/z 81 fragment ion. The favored ranking of the neutral losses of fatty acyl substituents for the 1,2-diacylglycerol was determined as: loss of lithium fatty acetate > loss of fatty acid > loss of fatty acyl chain as ketene. For the 1,3-diacylglycerol, the descending order of ease of neutral loss was: loss of fatty acyl ketene > loss of lithium fatty acetate > loss of fatty acid. The results of this study demonstrate that the newly developed method is general in nature, and it can be used for the measurement of covalent bond decomposition threshold energies, as well as for the previously documented electrostatic (noncovalent) bond energies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Ham
- University of New Orleans, Department of Chemistry, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Carnegie PD, Bandyopadhyay B, Duncan MA. Infrared spectroscopy of Cr+(H2O) and Cr2+(H2O): the role of charge in cation hydration. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:6237-43. [PMID: 18563888 DOI: 10.1021/jp803086v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Singly and doubly charged chromium-water ion-molecule complexes are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed-nozzle cluster source. These species are detected and mass-selected in a specially designed time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Vibrational spectroscopy is measured for these complexes in the O-H stretching region using infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and the method of rare gas atom predissociation. Infrared excitation is not able to break the ion-water bonds in these systems, but it leads to elimination of argon, providing an efficient mechanism for detecting the spectrum. The O-H stretches for both singly and doubly charged complexes are shifted to frequencies lower than those for the free water molecule, and the intensity of the symmetric stretch band is strongly enhanced relative to the asymmetric stretch. Partially resolved rotational structure for both complexes shows that the H-O-H bond angle is greater than it is in the free water molecule. These polarization-induced effects are enhanced in the doubly charged ion relative to its singly charged analog.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P D Carnegie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Duncombe BJ, Rydén JOS, Puskar L, Cox H, Stace AJ. A gas-phase study of the preferential solvation of Mn(2+) in mixed water/methanol clusters. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:520-530. [PMID: 18258449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2007.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic shift that exists between two competing unimolecular fragmentation processes has been used to establish whether or not gas-phase Mn(2+) exhibits preferential solvation when forming mixed clusters with water and methanol. Supported by molecular orbital calculations, these first results for a metal dication demonstrate that Mn(2+) prefers to be solvated by methanol in the primary solvation shell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette J Duncombe
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Couto N, Ramos MJ, Fernandez MT, Rodrigues P, Barros MT, Costa ML, Cabral BJC, Duarte MF. Study of doubly charged alkaline earth metal and 3-azidopropionitrile complexes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:582-590. [PMID: 18220327 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The present work describes a study of the complexation of calcium and magnesium by 3-azidopropionitrile by means of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Complexes were obtained from solutions of calcium and magnesium salts of the type CaX2 and MgX2 (where X = Cl or NO3) in water and methanol/water. The complexes detected were mainly double positively charged, with various stoichiometries not depending on the solvent, since water and 3-azidopropionitrile were always the main ligands. Solvation with methanol was not observed unlike in a previous study of complexation of nickel and cobalt by 3-azidopropionitrile. The complex ions [M(II)Az4(H2O)](2+), [M(II)Az5](2+) (where M = Ca and Mg) are the most abundant for both metals, and both counter ions. Tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis showed that, under collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions, the most important processes occurring were loss of neutral ligands and the replacement of 3-azidopropionitrile by water. A complex species containing reduced alkaline earth metal was due to radical loss, resulting from homolytic cleavage in the azide ligand. Some terminal ions, in the fragmentation sequences, point to the nitrile group as the coordination site in the 3-azidopropionitrile. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed this coordination site and proved that 3-azidopropionitrile behaves as a monodentate ligand in the systems under study. Moreover, the theoretical study proved that the presence of water ligand introduces stability through a hydrogen bond established between the water molecule and one nitrogen atom of the azido group. In addition, the strong dipole moment of 3-azidopropionitrile (4.76 D), which is mainly related to presence of the nitrile group, favors the stabilization of the metal-ligand complexes through charge-dipole interactions and the coordination of the metal to the nitrile group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narciso Couto
- CQB, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nielsen SB, Andersen LH. Properties of microsolvated ions: From the microenvironment of chromophore and alkali metal ions in proteins to negative ions in water clusters. Biophys Chem 2006; 124:229-37. [PMID: 16697516 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2006.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Here we discuss the fascinating chemistry and physics of microsolvated ions that bridge the transition from bare ions in gas phase to ions in solution. Such ions occur in many situations in biochemistry and are crucial for several functions; metal ions, for example, must remove their water shell to pass through ion pumps in membranes. Furthermore, only a few water molecules are buried in the hydrophobic pockets of proteins where they are bound to charged amino acid residues or ionic chromophores. Another aspect is the reactivity of microsolvated ions and the importance in atmospheric, organic and inorganic chemistry. We close by a discussion of the stability of molecular dianions, and how hydration affects the electronic binding energy. There is a vast literature on microsolvated ions, and in this review we are far from being comprehensive, rather we mainly bring examples of our own work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steen Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Walters RS, Pillai ED, Duncan MA. Solvation dynamics in Ni+ (H2O)n clusters probed with infrared spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 127:16599-610. [PMID: 16305249 DOI: 10.1021/ja0542587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Infrared photodissociation spectroscopy is reported for mass-selected Ni+ (H2O)n complexes in the O-H stretching region up to cluster sizes of n = 25. These clusters fragment by the loss of one or more intact water molecules, and their excitation spectra show distinct bands in the region of the symmetric and asymmetric stretches of water. The first evidence for hydrogen bonding, indicated by a broad band strongly red-shifted from the free OH region, appears at the cluster size of n = 4. At larger cluster sizes, additional red-shifted structure evolves over a broader wavelength range in the hydrogen-bonding region. In the free OH region, the symmetric stretch gradually diminishes in intensity, while the asymmetric stretch develops into a closely spaced doublet near 3700 cm(-1). The data indicate that essentially all of the water molecules are in a hydrogen-bonded network by the size of n = 10. However, there is no evidence for the formation of clathrate structures seen recently via IR spectroscopy of protonated water clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Walters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Winter
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mishima M, Maeda H, Than S, Irie M, Kikukawa K. Thermodynamic stabilities of Cu+ and Li+ complexes of dimethoxyalkanes (MeO(CH2)nOMe,n = 2–9) in the gas phase: conformational requirements for binding interactions between metal ions and ligands. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
15
|
Bloomfield J, Davies E, Gatt P, Petrie S. Extending, and Repositioning, a Thermochemical Ladder: High-Level Quantum Chemical Calculations on the Sodium Cation Affinity Scale. J Phys Chem A 2005; 110:1134-44. [PMID: 16420018 DOI: 10.1021/jp0554487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High-level ab initio quantum chemical calculations, at the CP-dG2thaw level of theory, are reported for coordination of Na+ to a wide assortment of small organic and inorganic ligands. The ligands range in size from H to C6H6, and include 22 of the ligands for which precise relative sodium ion binding free energies have been determined by recent Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance and guided ion beam studies. Agreement with the relative experimental values is excellent (+/-1.1 kJ mol(-1)), and agreement with the absolute scale (obtained when these relative values are pegged to the CH3NH2 "anchor" value measured in a high-pressure mass spectrometric study) is only marginally poorer, with CP-dG2thaw values exceeding the absolute experimental DeltaG(298) values by an average of 2.1 kJ mol(-1). The excellent agreement between experiment and the CP-dG2thaw technique also suggests that the additional 97 ligands surveyed here (which, in many cases, are not readily susceptible to laboratory investigation) can also be reliably fitted to the existing experimental scale. However, while CP-dG2thaw and the experimental ladder are in close accord, a small set of higher level ab initio calculations on sodium ion/ligand complexes (including several values obtained here using the W1 protocol) suggests that the CP-dG2thaw values are themselves too low by approximately 2.5 kJ mol(-1), thereby implying that the accepted laboratory values are typically 4.6 kJ mol(-1) too low. The present work also highlights the importance of Na+/ligand binding energy determinations (whether by experimental or theoretical approaches) on a case-by-case basis: trends in increasing binding energy along homologous series of compounds are not reliably predictable, nor are binding site preferences or chelating tendencies in polyfunctional compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolyon Bloomfield
- Department of Chemistry, the Faculties, the Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Singh NJ, Olleta AC, Kumar A, Park M, Yi HB, Bandyopadhyay I, Lee HM, Tarakeshwar P, Kim KS. Study of interactions of various ionic species with solvents toward the design of receptors. Theor Chem Acc 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-005-0057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Ham BM, Cole RB. Determination of Bond Dissociation Energies Using Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry and a Derived Effective Reaction Path Length Approach. Anal Chem 2005; 77:4148-59. [PMID: 15987121 DOI: 10.1021/ac040183y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new approach for calculating bond dissociation energies (BDEs) from ES-MS/MS measurements has been developed. The new method features a "derived effective reaction path length" that has been applied to measure BDEs of alkali metal (Li+) adducts and halide (Cl-) adducts of monoacylglycerol, 1,2-diacylglycerol, and 1,3-diacylglycerol lipids. Also studied were lithium-bound dimers of monoacylglycerols, 1,2-diacylglycerols, and 1,3-diacylglycerols. BDEs for the adducts and dimers of the lipids were derived from collision-induced dissociation experiments using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with electrospray as the ionization source. Mass spectral data were used to empirically derive a single-exponential growth equation that relates product cross section to collision energy. From these single-exponential equations, a general second-order polynomial was derived using a multivariate growth curve model that enables prediction of BDEs of unknown complexes. Mass spectral results were compared to computer-generated bond dissociation energies using Becke-style three-parameter density functional theory (B3LYP, employing the Lee-Yang-Parr correlation functional), with excellent agreement between experimental and theoretical energy values. The newly developed method is general in nature and can be used for the measurement of metal or halide ionic adduct bond dissociation energies and for the measurement of bond energies of noncovalent interactions such as dimer dissociation energies. The validity of the method has been rigorously established using a triple quadrupole, but it may also be applied to other mass spectrometers that allow user control of the collision cell potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Ham
- Department of Chemistry, University of New Orleans, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Winter B, Weber R, Hertel IV, Faubel M, Jungwirth P, Brown EC, Bradforth SE. Electron Binding Energies of Aqueous Alkali and Halide Ions: EUV Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Liquid Solutions and Combined Ab Initio and Molecular Dynamics Calculations. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:7203-14. [PMID: 15884962 DOI: 10.1021/ja042908l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectron spectroscopy combined with the liquid microjet technique enables the direct probing of the electronic structure of aqueous solutions. We report measured and calculated lowest vertical electron binding energies of aqueous alkali cations and halide anions. In some cases, ejection from deeper electronic levels of the solute could be observed. Electron binding energies of a given aqueous ion are found to be independent of the counterion and the salt concentration. The experimental results are complemented by ab initio calculations, at the MP2 and CCSD(T) level, of the ionization energies of these prototype ions in the aqueous phase. The solvent effect was accounted for in the electronic structure calculations in two ways. An explicit inclusion of discrete water molecules using a set of snapshots from an equilibrium classical molecular dynamics simulations and a fractional charge representation of solvent molecules give good results for halide ions. The electron binding energies of alkali cations computed with this approach tend to be overestimated. On the other hand, the polarizable continuum model, which strictly provides adiabatic binding energies, performs well for the alkali cations but fails for the halides. Photon energies in the experiment were in the EUV region (typically 100 eV) for which the technique is probing the top layers of the liquid sample. Hence, the reported energies of aqueous ions are closely connected with both structures and chemical reactivity at the liquid interface, for example, in atmospheric aerosol particles, as well as fundamental bulk solvation properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Winter
- Max-Born-Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, Max-Born-Strasse 2A, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Vaden TD, Lisy JM. Competing Non-covalent Interactions in Alkali Metal Ion−Acetonitrile−Water Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:3880-6. [PMID: 16833705 DOI: 10.1021/jp050534s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Competitive ion-dipole, ion-water, and water-water interactions were investigated at the molecular level in M+ (CH3CN)n(H2O)m cluster ions for M = Na and K. Different [n,m] combinations for two different n + m cluster sizes were characterized with infrared predissociation spectroscopy in the O-H stretch region and MP2 calculations. In all cases, no differences were observed between the two alkali metal ions. The results showed that at the n + m = 4 cluster size, the solvent molecules interact only with the ion, and that the interaction between the ion and the large dipole moment of CH3CN decreases the ion-water electrostatic interactions. At the n + m = 5 cluster size, at least two different hydrogen-bonded structures were identified. In these structures, the ion-dipole interaction weakens the ability of the ion to polarize the hydrogen bonds and thus decreases the strength of the water-water interactions in the immediate vicinity of the alkali metal ion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Vaden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sudha V, Harinipriya S, Sangaranarayanan M. Dehydration energies of alkaline earth metal halides – a novel simulation methodology. Chem Phys 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2004.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
22
|
Wu CC, Wang YS, Chaudhuri C, Jiang J, Chang HC. Microsolvation of the lithium ion by methanol in the gas phase. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
23
|
Lee HM, Tarakeshwar P, Park J, Kołaski MR, Yoon YJ, Yi HB, Kim WY, Kim KS. Insights into the Structures, Energetics, and Vibrations of Monovalent Cation−(Water)1-6 Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0369241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Myoung Lee
- National Creative Research Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San-31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - P. Tarakeshwar
- National Creative Research Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San-31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- National Creative Research Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San-31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Maciej Roman Kołaski
- National Creative Research Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San-31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Yeo Jin Yoon
- National Creative Research Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San-31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Hai-Bo Yi
- National Creative Research Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San-31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Woo Youn Kim
- National Creative Research Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San-31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Kwang S. Kim
- National Creative Research Center for Superfunctional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, San-31, Hyojadong, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Schlosser G, Takáts Z, Vékey K. Formation of solvated ions in the atmospheric interface of an electrospray ionization triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2003; 38:1245-1251. [PMID: 14696203 DOI: 10.1002/jms.555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A simple method capable of generating and investigating various solvent clusters and solvated ions was developed. The technique opens a door to studying these complexes on commercially available instruments. Formation of the desired solvated ion in the gas phase was achieved by introducing the appropriate volatile solvent vapour into the curtain gas stream. Capabilities of the technique are illustrated by generating alkali, alkaline earth and transition metal cations solvated by various volatile compounds such as water, methanol and acetonitrile. Depending on the ligands and on the experimental conditions, clusters of 2-100 molecules may be observed. Isotope labelling suggests that these are formed by a re-solvation process in the curtain gas region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gitta Schlosser
- Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Pusztaszeri út 59-67, H-1025 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Watanabe H, Yamaji K, Sonoda A, Makita Y, Kanoh H, Ooi K. Theoretical Estimation of the Solvent Effect of the Lithium Isotopic Reduced Partition Function Ratio. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0301507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Watanabe
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 761-0395, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Yamaji
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 761-0395, Japan
| | - Akinari Sonoda
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 761-0395, Japan
| | - Yoji Makita
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 761-0395, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Kanoh
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 761-0395, Japan
| | - Kenta Ooi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Hayashi-cho 2217-14, Takamatsu, Kagawa, 761-0395, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Masella M, Cuniasse P. A many-body model to study proteins. I. Applications to MLnm+ complexes, Mm+=Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Zn2+, L=H2O, CH3OH, HCONH2, n=1–6, and to small hydrogen bonded systems. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1579478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
27
|
Megyes T, Radnai T, Wakisaka A. A mass spectrometric study of solvated clusters of ions and ion pairs generated from lithium halide solutions in polar solvents: Acetonitrile compared to methanol. J Mol Liq 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7322(02)00150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
28
|
Abstract
While in pure solvents Ag(+) is known to be tetrahedrally coordinated, in the presence of ligands such as ammonia it forms linear complexes, usually explained by the ion's tendency toward sd-hybridization. To explore this disparity, we have investigated the reaction of ammoniated silver cations Ag(+)(NH(3))(n)(), n = 11-23, with H(2)O as well as the complementary process, the reaction of Ag(+)(H(2)O)(n)(), n = 25-45, with NH(3) by means of FT-ICR mass spectrometry. In both cases, ligand exchange reactions take place, leading to clusters with a limited number of NH(3) ligands. The former reaction proceeds very rapidly until only three NH(3) ligands are left, followed by a much slower loss of an additional ligand to form Ag(+)(NH(3))(2)(H(2)O)(m)() clusters. In the complementary process, the reaction of Ag(+)(H(2)O)(n)() with NH(3) five ammonia ligands are very rapidly taken up by the clusters, with a much less efficient uptake of a sixth one. The accompanying DFT calculations reveal a delicate balance between competing effects where not only the preference of Ag(+) for sd-hybridization, but also its ability to polarize the ligands and thus affect the strength of their hydrogen bonding, as well as the ability of the solvent to form extended hydrogen-bonded networks are important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte S Fox
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Megyes T, Radnai T, Wakisaka A. Complementary Relation between Ion−Counterion and Ion−Solvent Interaction in Lithium Halide−Methanol Solutions. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021028v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Megyes
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Onogawa 16-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan, and Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, P.O. Box 17, H-1525, Hungary
| | - Tamás Radnai
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Onogawa 16-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan, and Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, P.O. Box 17, H-1525, Hungary
| | - Akihiro Wakisaka
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Onogawa 16-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan, and Chemical Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, P.O. Box 17, H-1525, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cabaleiro-Lago EM, Rodríguez-Otero J. An ab Initio Study of M+(CH3OH)n Clusters (M = K, Rb, Cs). Competition between Interior and Surface Structures. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020713z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique M. Cabaleiro-Lago
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, Avda Alfonso X El Sabio s/n, 27002 Lugo, Galicia (Spain), and Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15706 Santiago, Galicia (Spain)
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Otero
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus de Lugo, Avda Alfonso X El Sabio s/n, 27002 Lugo, Galicia (Spain), and Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15706 Santiago, Galicia (Spain)
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Petrie S. Model Chemistry Methods for Molecular Dications: The Magnesium Dication Affinity Scale. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp025661s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Petrie
- School of Chemistry, University College, University of New South Wales, ADFA, Canberra, ACT 2600 Australia, and Department of Chemistry, The Faculties, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Valina AB, Amunugama R, Huang H, Rodgers MT. Collision-Induced Dissociation and Theoretical Studies of Na+−Acetonitrile Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0128123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. B. Valina
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - R. Amunugama
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - H. Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - M. T. Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Vitale G, Valina AB, Huang H, Amunugama R, Rodgers MT. Solvation of Copper Ions by Acetonitrile. Structures and Sequential Binding Energies of Cu+(CH3CN)x, x = 1−5, from Collision-Induced Dissociation and Theoretical Studies. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0132432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Vitale
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - A. B. Valina
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - H. Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - R. Amunugama
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - M. T. Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A. Zavitsas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Long Island University, University Plaza, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Vitorge P, Masella M. A theoretical study of [Be,(H2O)n]2+, [BeOH,(H2O)n−1]+ and [Be(OH)2,(H2O)n−2] aggregates (n=1–6). Incidence of the first hydration shells on the hydrolysis reactions of Be2+ and BeOH+ systems. Chem Phys Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)01282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|