1
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Beyou E, Bourgeat-Lami E. Organic–inorganic hybrid functional materials by nitroxide-mediated polymerization. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Olejnik B, Kozioł A, Brzozowska E, Ferens-Sieczkowska M. Application of selected biosensor techniques in clinical diagnostics. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2021; 21:925-937. [PMID: 34289786 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2021.1957833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Examination of disease biomarkers mostly performed on crude materials, such as serum, meets some obstacles, resulting from sample complexity and the wide range of concentrations and sizes of the components. Techniques currently used in clinical diagnostics are usually time-consuming and expensive. The more sensitive and portable devices are needed for early diagnostics. Chemical sensors are devices that convert chemical information into parameters suitable for fast and precise processing and measurement. AREA COVERED We review the use of biosensors and their possible application in early diagnostics of some diseases like cancer or viral infections. We focus on different types of biorecognition and some technical modifications, lowering the limit of detection potentially attractive to medical practitioners. EXPERT OPINION Among the new diagnostic strategies, the use of biosensors is of increasing interest. In these techniques, the capture ligand interacts with the analyte of interest. Measuring interactions between partners in real time by surface plasmon resonance yields valuable information about kinetics and affinity in a short time and without labels. Importantly, the tendency in such techniques is to make biosensor devices smaller and the test results apparent with the naked eye, so they can be used in point-of-care medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Olejnik
- Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Kozioł
- Department of Chemistry and Immunochemistry, Medical University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Brzozowska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Wrocław, Poland
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3
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Babutan I, Lucaci AD, Botiz I. Antimicrobial Polymeric Structures Assembled on Surfaces. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1552. [PMID: 34066135 PMCID: PMC8150949 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microbes are the main cause of various undesired infections in living organisms, including humans. Most of these infections are favored in hospital environments where humans are being treated with antibiotics and where some microbes succeed in developing resistance to such drugs. As a consequence, our society is currently researching for alternative, yet more efficient antimicrobial solutions. Certain natural and synthetic polymers are versatile materials that have already proved themselves to be highly suitable for the development of the next-generation of antimicrobial systems that can efficiently prevent and kill microbes in various environments. Here, we discuss the latest developments of polymeric structures, exhibiting (reinforced) antimicrobial attributes that can be assembled on surfaces and coatings either from synthetic polymers displaying antiadhesive and/or antimicrobial properties or from blends and nanocomposites based on such polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Babutan
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian Str., 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Faculty of Physics, Babeș-Bolyai University, 1 M. Kogălniceanu Str., 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra-Delia Lucaci
- George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Str., 540142 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Ioan Botiz
- Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, 42 Treboniu Laurian Str., 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
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4
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Synthesis of hyaluronated poly(exo-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride) brushes via a combination of surface-initiated ring-opening metathesis polymerization and thiol-ene click reaction. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-020-01418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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5
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Kuliasha CA, Fedderwitz RL, Finlay JA, Franco SC, Clare AS, Brennan AB. Engineered Chemical Nanotopographies: Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain-Transfer Mediated Grafting of Anisotropic Poly(acrylamide) Patterns on Poly(dimethylsiloxane) To Modulate Marine Biofouling. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:379-387. [PMID: 31829633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effectively negating the deleterious impact of marine biofouling on the world's maritime fleet in an environmentally conscientious manner presents a difficult challenge due to a variety of factors including the complexity and diversity of fouling species and the differing surface adhesion strategies. Understanding how surface properties relate to biofouling can inform and guide the development of new antibiofouling coatings to address this challenge. Herein, we report on the development of a living photopolymerization strategy used to tailor the surface properties of silicone rubber using controlled anisotropic poly(acrylamide) patterns and the resulting antibiofouling efficacy of these surfaces against zoospores of the model marine fouling organism, Ulva linza. Chemical patterns were fabricated using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) living polymerization in conjunction with photolithography. Pattern geometries were inspired by the physical (i.e., nonchemical) Sharklet engineered microtopography system that has been shown to be effective against the same model organism. Sharklet chemical patterns and analogous parallel channels were fabricated in sizes ranging from 2 to 10 μm in the lateral dimension with tailorable feature heights ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers. Nonpatterned, chemically grafted poly(acrylamide) silicone surfaces inhibited algal spore attachment density by 59% compared to the silicone control; however, attachment density on chemical nanotopographies was not statistically different from the control. While these results indicate that the chemical nanotopographies chosen do not represent an effective antibiofouling coating, it was found that the Sharklet pattern geometry, when sized below the 5 μm critical attachment size of the spores, significantly reduced the algal spore density compared to the equally sized channel geometry. These results indicate that specific chemical geometry of the proper sizing can impact the behavior of the algal spores and could be used to further study the mechanistic behavior of biofouling organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary A Kuliasha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - Rebecca L Fedderwitz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , NE1 7RU , U.K
| | - Sofia C Franco
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , NE1 7RU , U.K
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , NE1 7RU , U.K
| | - Anthony B Brennan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611 , United States
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6
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Beejapur HA, Zhang Q, Hu K, Zhu L, Wang J, Ye Z. TEMPO in Chemical Transformations: From Homogeneous to Heterogeneous. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b05001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hazi Ahmad Beejapur
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Kecheng Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jianli Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Biofuel, Biodiesel Laboratory of China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zhibin Ye
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1M8, Canada
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7
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Qi B, Feng H, Qiu X, Beaune G, Guo X, Brochard-Wyart F, Winnik FM. Spreading of Cell Aggregates on Zwitterion-Modified Chitosan Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:1902-1908. [PMID: 30142974 PMCID: PMC6365911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The sulfobetaine (SB) moiety, which comprises a quaternary ammonium group linked to a negatively charged sulfonate ester, is known to impart nonfouling properties to interfaces coated with polysulfobetaines or grafted with SB-polymeric brushes. Increasingly, evidence emerges that the SB group is, overall, a better antifouling group than the phosphorylcholine (PC) moiety extensively used in the past. We report here the synthesis of a series of SB-modified chitosans (CH-SB) carrying between 20 and 40 mol % SB per monosaccharide unit. Chitosan (CH) itself is a naturally derived copolymer of glucosamine and N-acetyl-glucosamine linked with a β-1,4 bond. Analysis by quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) indicates that CH-SB films (thickness ∼ 20 nm) resist adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with increasing efficiency as the SB content of the polymer augments (surface coverage ∼ 15 μg cm-2 for films of CH with 40 mol % SB). The cell adhesivity of CH-SB films coated on glass was assessed by determining the spreading dynamics of CT26 cell aggregates. When placed on chitosan films, known to be cell-adhesive, the CT26 cell aggregates spread by forming a cell monolayer around them. The spreading of CT26 cell aggregates on zwitterion-modified chitosans films is thwarted remarkably. In the cases of CH-SB30 and CH-SB40 films, only a few isolated cells escape from the aggregates. The extent of aggregate spreading, quantified based on the theory of liquid wetting, provides a simple in vitro assay of the nonfouling properties of substrates toward specific cell lines. This assay can be adopted to test and compare the fouling characteristics of substrates very different from the chemical viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowen Qi
- College
of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succursale CentreVille, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Haike Feng
- College
of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Xingping Qiu
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succursale CentreVille, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Grégory Beaune
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Xiaoqiang Guo
- College
of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | | | - Françoise M. Winnik
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succursale CentreVille, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Laboratory
of Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Megiel E. Surface modification using TEMPO and its derivatives. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 250:158-184. [PMID: 28950986 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the methods for surface modification based on the use of stable radicals: 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) and its derivatives. Two approaches are discussed. The first relies on the immobilization of TEMPO moieties on the surface of various materials including silicon wafers, silica particles, organic polymers as well as diverse nanomaterials. Applications of such materials with spin labeled surface/interface, in (electro)catalysis, synthesis of novel hybrid nanostructures and nanocomposites as well as in designing of organic magnets and novel energy storage devices are also included in the discussion. The second approach utilizes TEMPO and its derivatives for the grafting of polymer chains and polymer brushes formation on flat and nanostructure surfaces via Nitroxide Mediated Radical Polymerization (NMRP). The influence of such polymer modification on surface/interface physicochemical properties is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Megiel
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
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9
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Anderson CR, Gambinossi F, DiLillo KM, Laschewsky A, Wischerhoff E, Ferri JK, Sefcik LS. Tuning reversible cell adhesion to methacrylate-based thermoresponsive polymers: Effects of composition on substrate hydrophobicity and cellular responses. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:2416-2428. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Filippo Gambinossi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Lafayette College; Easton Pennsylvania
| | - Katarina M. DiLillo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Lafayette College; Easton Pennsylvania
| | - André Laschewsky
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research; Potsdam-Golm D-14476 Germany
| | - Erik Wischerhoff
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research; Potsdam-Golm D-14476 Germany
| | - James K. Ferri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Lafayette College; Easton Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren S. Sefcik
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Lafayette College; Easton Pennsylvania
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10
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Wenning BM, Martinelli E, Mieszkin S, Finlay JA, Fischer D, Callow JA, Callow ME, Leonardi AK, Ober CK, Galli G. Model Amphiphilic Block Copolymers with Tailored Molecular Weight and Composition in PDMS-Based Films to Limit Soft Biofouling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:16505-16516. [PMID: 28429593 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A set of controlled surface composition films was produced utilizing amphiphilic block copolymers dispersed in a cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) network. These block copolymers contained oligo(ethylene glycol) (PEGMA) and fluoroalkyl (AF6) side chains in selected ratios and molecular weights to control surface chemistry including antifouling and fouling-release performance. Such properties were assessed by carrying out assays using two algae, the green macroalga Ulva linza (favors attachment to polar surfaces) and the unicellular diatom Navicula incerta (favors attachment to nonpolar surfaces). All films performed well against U. linza and exhibited high removal of attached sporelings (young plants) under an applied shear stress, with the lower molecular weight block copolymers being the best performing in the set. The composition ratios from 50:50 to 60:40 of the AF6/PEGMA side groups were shown to be more effective, with several films exhibiting spontaneous removal of the sporelings. The cells of N. incerta were also removed from several coating compositions. All films were characterized by surface techniques including captive bubble contact angle, atomic force microscopy, and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy to correlate surface chemistry and morphology with biological performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Wenning
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Sophie Mieszkin
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 5TT, U.K
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 5TT, U.K
| | - Daniel Fischer
- National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - James A Callow
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 5TT, U.K
| | - Maureen E Callow
- School of Biosciences, The University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 5TT, U.K
| | | | | | - Giancarlo Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa , Pisa 56124, Italy
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11
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Chen WL, Cordero R, Tran H, Ober CK. 50th Anniversary Perspective: Polymer Brushes: Novel Surfaces for Future Materials. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Chen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Roselynn Cordero
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hai Tran
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Christopher K. Ober
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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12
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Patterson AL, Wenning B, Rizis G, Calabrese DR, Finlay JA, Franco SC, Zuckermann RN, Clare AS, Kramer EJ, Ober CK, Segalman RA. Role of Backbone Chemistry and Monomer Sequence in Amphiphilic Oligopeptide- and Oligopeptoid-Functionalized PDMS- and PEO-Based Block Copolymers for Marine Antifouling and Fouling Release Coatings. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - John A. Finlay
- School
of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE17RU, U.K
| | - Sofia C. Franco
- School
of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE17RU, U.K
| | - Ronald N. Zuckermann
- The
Molecular
Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anthony S. Clare
- School
of Marine Science and Technology, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE17RU, U.K
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13
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Kuliasha CA, Finlay JA, Franco SC, Clare AS, Stafslien SJ, Brennan AB. Marine anti-biofouling efficacy of amphiphilic poly(coacrylate) grafted PDMSe: effect of graft molecular weight. BIOFOULING 2017; 33:252-267. [PMID: 28270054 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2017.1288807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
There is currently strong motivation due to ecological concerns to develop effective anti-biofouling coatings that are environmentally benign, durable, and stable for use by the maritime industry. The antifouling (AF) and fouling-release (FR) efficacy of amphiphilic, charged copolymers composed of ~52% acrylamide, ~34% acrylic acid, and ~14% methyl acrylate grafted to poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMSe) surfaces were tested against zoospores of the green alga Ulva linza and the diatom Navicula incerta. The biofouling response to molecular weight variation was analyzed for grafts ranging from ~100 to 1,400 kg mol-1, The amphiphilic coatings showed a marked improvement in the FR response, with a 55% increase in the percentage removal of diatoms and increased AF efficacy, with 92% reduction in initial attachment density of zoospores, compared to PDMSe controls. However, graft molecular weight, in the range tested, was statistically insignificant. Grafting copolymers to PDMSe embossed with the Sharklet™ microtopography did not produce enhanced AF efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary A Kuliasha
- a Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - John A Finlay
- b School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK
| | - Sofia C Franco
- b School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK
| | - Anthony S Clare
- b School of Marine Science and Technology , Newcastle University , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , UK
| | - Shane J Stafslien
- c Office of Research and Creative Activity , North Dakota State University , Fargo , ND , USA
| | - Anthony B Brennan
- a Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
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14
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Zoppe JO, Ataman NC, Mocny P, Wang J, Moraes J, Klok HA. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1105-1318. [PMID: 28135076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computational and simulation tools that allow understanding and predictions of these surface-grafted polymer architectures. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive review that critically assesses recent advances in the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Zoppe
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nariye Cavusoglu Ataman
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Mocny
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Moraes
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Yu J, Mao J, Yuan G, Satija S, Jiang Z, Chen W, Tirrell M. Structure of Polyelectrolyte Brushes in the Presence of Multivalent Counterions. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Institute
for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jun Mao
- Institute
for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Guangcui Yuan
- NIST
Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6102, United States
- Department
of Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 43250, United States
| | - Sushil Satija
- NIST
Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-6102, United States
| | | | - Wei Chen
- Institute
for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Matthew Tirrell
- Institute
for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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16
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Murugan P, Krishnamurthy M, Jaisankar SN, Samanta D, Mandal AB. Controlled decoration of the surface with macromolecules: polymerization on a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:3212-43. [PMID: 25839067 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00378k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymer functionalized surfaces are important components of various sensors, solar cells and molecular electronic devices. In this context, the use of self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation and subsequent reactions on the surface have attracted a lot of interest due to its stability, reliability and excellent control over orientation of functional groups. The chemical reactions to be employed on a SAM must ensure an effective functional group conversion while the reaction conditions must be mild enough to retain the structural integrity. This synthetic constraint has no universal solution; specific strategies such as "graft from", "graft to", "graft through" or "direct" immobilization approaches are employed depending on the nature of the substrate, polymer and its area of applications. We have reviewed current developments in the methodology of immobilization of a polymer in the first part of the article. Special emphasis has been given to the merits and demerits of certain methods. Another issue concerns the utility - demonstrated or perceived - of conjugated or non-conjugated macromolecules anchored on a functionally decorated SAM in the areas of material science and biotechnology. In the last part of the review article, we looked at the collective research efforts towards SAM-based polymer devices and identified major pointers of progress (236 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Murugan
- Polymer Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai-600020, India.
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17
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Hu X, Gorman CB. Resisting protein adsorption on biodegradable polyester brushes. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3497-504. [PMID: 24802301 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The protein adsorption and degradation behaviors of poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) brushes and their co-polymer brushes with oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) were studied. Both brush structure and relative amount of OEG and polyester were found to be important to the protein resistance of the brushes. A protein-resisting surface can be fabricated either by using OEG as the top layer of a copolymer brush or by increasing the amount of OEG relative to polyester when using a hydroxyl terminated OEG (OEG-OH) and a methoxy terminated OEG (OEG-OMe) mixture as the substrate layer. The degradation of single polyester brushes and their co-polymer brushes using OEG-OH as a substrate layer or using OEG as a top layer was hindered. This phenomenon was rationalized by the inhibition of the proposed back-biting process as the hydroxy end groups of polyester were blocked by OEG molecules. Among these brushes tested, PGA co-polymer brushes using the methoxy/hydroxyl OEG mixture as the substrate layer proved to be both protein-resistant and degradable due to the relatively large amount of OEG moieties and the good biodegradability of PGA.
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18
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Stimuli-Responsive Polyelectrolyte Brushes As a Matrix for the Attachment of Gold Nanoparticles: The Effect of Brush Thickness on Particle Distribution. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6071877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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19
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Moroni L, Klein Gunnewiek M, Benetti EM. Polymer brush coatings regulating cell behavior: passive interfaces turn into active. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:2367-78. [PMID: 24607856 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Material technology platforms able to modulate the communication with cells at the interface of biomaterials are being increasingly experimented. Progress in the fabrication of supports is simultaneously introducing new surface modification strategies aimed at turning these supports from passive to active components in engineered preparations. Among these platforms, polymer brushes are arising not only as coatings determining the physical and (bio)chemical surface properties of biomaterials, but also as smart linkers between surfaces and biological cues. Their peculiar properties, especially when brushes are synthesized by "grafting-from" methods, enable closer mimicking of the complex and heterogeneous biological microenvironments. Inspired by the growing interest in this field of materials science, we summarize here the most prominent and recent advances in the synthesis of "grafted-from" polymer brush surfaces to modulate the response of adhering cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Moroni
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; Department of Complex Tissue Regeneration, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Klein Gunnewiek
- Department of Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Edmondo M Benetti
- Department of Materials Science and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands; Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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20
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Trzcinska R, Balin K, Kubacki J, Marzec ME, Pedrys R, Szade J, Silberring J, Dworak A, Trzebicka B. Relevance of the poly(ethylene glycol) linkers in peptide surfaces for proteases assays. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:5015-5025. [PMID: 24697681 DOI: 10.1021/la500457q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) with different lengths were used as linkers during the preparation of peptide surfaces for protease detection. In the first approach, the PEG monolayers were prepared using a "grafting to" method on 3-aminopropyltrietoxysilane (APTES)-modified silicon wafers. Protected peptides with a fluorescent marker were synthesized by Fmoc solid phase synthesis. The protected peptide structures enabled their site-specific immobilization onto the PEG surfaces. Alternatively, the PEG-peptide surface was obtained by immobilizing a PEG-peptide conjugate directly onto the modified silicon wafer. The surfaces (composition, grafting density, hydrophilicity, and roughness) were characterized by time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle (CA), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Introducing the PEG linker between the peptide and surface increased their resistance toward nonspecific protein adsorption. The peptide surfaces were examined as analytical platforms to study the action of trypsin as a representative protease. The products of the enzymatic hydrolysis were analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy, electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and ToF-SIMS. Conclusions about the optimal length of the PEG linker for the analytical application of PEG-peptide surfaces were drawn. This work demonstrates an effective synthetic procedure to obtain PEG-peptide surfaces as attractive platforms for the development of peptide microarrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza Trzcinska
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences , M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze 41-819, Poland
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21
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Zhou Z, Calabrese DR, Taylor W, Finlay JA, Callow ME, Callow JA, Fischer D, Kramer EJ, Ober CK. Amphiphilic triblock copolymers with PEGylated hydrocarbon structures as environmentally friendly marine antifouling and fouling-release coatings. BIOFOULING 2014; 30:589-604. [PMID: 24730510 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2014.897335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The ideal marine antifouling (AF)/fouling-release (FR) coating should be non-toxic, while effectively either resisting the attachment of marine organisms (AF) or significantly reducing their strength of attachment (FR). Many recent studies have shown that amphiphilic polymeric materials provide a promising solution to producing such coatings due to their surface dual functionality. In this work, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) of different molecular weights (Mw = 350, 550) was coupled to a saturated difunctional alkyl alcohol to generate amphiphilic surfactants (PEG-hydrocarbon-OH). The resulting macromolecules were then used as side chains to covalently modify a pre-synthesized PS8 K-b-P(E/B)25 K-b-PI10 K (SEBI or K3) triblock copolymer, and the final polymers were applied to glass substrata through an established multilayer surface coating technique to prepare fouling resistant coatings. The coated surfaces were characterized with AFM, XPS and NEXAFS, and evaluated in laboratory assays with two important fouling algae, Ulva linza (a green macroalga) and Navicula incerta, a biofilm-forming diatom. The results suggest that these polymer-coated surfaces undergo surface reconstruction upon changing the contact medium (polymer/air vs polymer/water), due to the preferential interfacial aggregation of the PEG segment on the surface in water. The amphiphilic polymer-coated surfaces showed promising results as both AF and FR coatings. The sample with longer PEG chain lengths (Mw = 550 g mol(-1)) exhibited excellent properties against both algae, highlighting the importance of the chemical structures on ultimate biological performance. Besides reporting synthesis and characterization of this new type of amphiphilic surface material, this work also provides insight into the nature of PEG/hydrocarbon amphiphilic coatings, and this understanding may help in the design of future generations of fluorine-free, environmentally friendly AF/FR polymeric coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoli Zhou
- a Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , USA
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22
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Zawada K, Tomaszewski W, Megiel E. A smart synthesis of gold/polystyrene core–shell nanohybrids using TEMPO coated nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01770f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose a novel route for preparation of core–shell nanostructures based on the macroradicals coupling with nitroxides attached to the nanoparticle surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zawada
- Medical University of Warsaw
- Faculty of Pharmacy with the Laboratory Medicine Division
- Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Elżbieta Megiel
- University of Warsaw
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Welch ME, Ober CK. Characterization of Polymer Brush Membranes via HF Etch Liftoff Technique. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:241-245. [PMID: 35581889 DOI: 10.1021/mz300656f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification using end-tethered polymer brushes is an attractive, versatile, and effective method of tailoring the surface properties of a material. However, because the chains are covalently attached, characterization of these films is limited. When polymer brushes are detached in their native state, as opposed to fabricating a cross-linked initiator support, additional analytical techniques can be employed. We report lifting off patterned polymer brush membranes from a silicon oxide surface via a hydrofluoric acid etch. This method allows examination of polymer brushes via TEM and thus provides information regarding the perfection of initiator self-assembled monolayer formation and brush growth, as well as the effect of different cross-linking procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Elizabeth Welch
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United
States
| | - Christopher K. Ober
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United
States
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24
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Photo-cleavable anti-fouling polymer brushes: A simple and versatile platform for multicomponent protein patterning. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Smiatek J, Heuer A, Wagner H, Studer A, Hentschel C, Chi L. Coat thickness dependent adsorption of hydrophobic molecules at polymer brushes. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:044904. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4789305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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Petton L, Mes EPC, Van Der Wal H, Claessens S, Van Damme F, Verbrugghe S, Du Prez FE. High molar mass segmented macromolecular architectures by nitroxide mediated polymerisation. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00600j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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28
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Ogaki R, Zoffmann Andersen O, Jensen GV, Kolind K, Kraft DCE, Pedersen JS, Foss M. Temperature-Induced Ultradense PEG Polyelectrolyte Surface Grafting Provides Effective Long-Term Bioresistance against Mammalian Cells, Serum, and Whole Blood. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:3668-77. [DOI: 10.1021/bm301125g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Ogaki
- Interdisciplinary
Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and ‡Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Science and Technology, and §Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Zoffmann Andersen
- Interdisciplinary
Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and ‡Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Science and Technology, and §Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Grethe Vestergaard Jensen
- Interdisciplinary
Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and ‡Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Science and Technology, and §Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kristian Kolind
- Interdisciplinary
Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and ‡Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Science and Technology, and §Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David Christian Evar Kraft
- Interdisciplinary
Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and ‡Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Science and Technology, and §Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Skov Pedersen
- Interdisciplinary
Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and ‡Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Science and Technology, and §Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Foss
- Interdisciplinary
Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and ‡Department of Chemistry, Faculty of
Science and Technology, and §Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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29
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Klein Gunnewiek M, Di Luca A, Sui X, van Blitterswijk CA, Moroni L, Vancso GJ. Controlled Surface Initiated Polymerization of N-Isopropylacrylamide from Polycaprolactone Substrates for Regulating Cell Attachment and Detachment. Isr J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201100118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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30
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Dimitriou MD, Sundaram HS, Cho Y, Paik MY, Kondo M, Schmidt K, Fischer DA, Ober CK, Kramer EJ. Amphiphilic block copolymer surface composition: Effects of spin coating versus spray coating. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Xiu K, Cai Q, Li J, Yang X, Yang W, Xu F. Anti-fouling surfaces by combined molecular self-assembly and surface-initiated ATRP for micropatterning active proteins. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 90:177-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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32
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Efficient creation of cellular micropatterns with long-term stability and their geometric effects on cell behavior. Biointerphases 2011; 6:143-52. [DOI: 10.1116/1.3644381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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33
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Dimitriou MD, Zhou Z, Yoo HS, Killops KL, Finlay JA, Cone G, Sundaram HS, Lynd NA, Barteau KP, Campos LM, Fischer DA, Callow ME, Callow JA, Ober CK, Hawker CJ, Kramer EJ. A general approach to controlling the surface composition of poly(ethylene oxide)-based block copolymers for antifouling coatings. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:13762-13772. [PMID: 21888355 DOI: 10.1021/la202509m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To control the surface properties of a polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer, perfluorinated chemical moieties were specifically incorporated into the block copolymer backbone. A polystyrene-block-poly[(ethylene oxide)-stat-(allyl glycidyl ether)] [PS-b-P(EO-stat-AGE)] statistical diblock terpolymer was synthesized with varying incorporations of allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) in the poly(ethylene oxide) block from 0 to 17 mol %. The pendant alkenes of the AGE repeat units were subsequently functionalized by thiol-ene chemistry with 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctanethiol, yielding fluorocarbon-functionalized AGE (fAGE) repeat units. (1)H NMR spectroscopy and size-exclusion chromatography indicated well-defined structures with complete functionalization of the pendant alkenes. The surfaces of the polymer films were characterized after spray coating by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS), showing that the P(EO-stat-fAGE) block starts to compete with polystyrene to populate the surface after only 1 mol % incorporation of fAGE. Increasing the incorporation of fAGE led to an increased amount of perfluorocarbons on the surface and a decrease in the concentration of PS. At a fAGE incorporation of 8 mol %, PS was not detected at the surface, as measured by NEXAFS spectroscopy. Water contact angles measured by the captive-air-bubble technique showed the underwater surfaces to be dynamic, with advancing and receding contact angles varying by >20°. Protein adsorption studies demonstrated that the fluorinated surfaces effectively prevent nonspecific binding of proteins relative to an unmodified PS-b-PEO diblock copolymer. In biological systems, settlement of spores of the green macroalga Ulva was significantly lower for the fAGE-incorporated polymers compared to the unmodified diblock and a polydimethylsiloxane elastomer standard. Furthermore, the attachment strength of sporelings (young plants) of Ulva was also reduced for the fAGE-containing polymers, affirming their potential as fouling-release coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Dimitriou
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Sundaram HS, Cho Y, Dimitriou MD, Finlay JA, Cone G, Williams S, Handlin D, Gatto J, Callow ME, Callow JA, Kramer EJ, Ober CK. Fluorinated amphiphilic polymers and their blends for fouling-release applications: the benefits of a triblock copolymer surface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:3366-3374. [PMID: 21830813 DOI: 10.1021/am200529u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Surface active triblock copolymers (SABC) with mixed polyethylene glycol (PEG) and two different semifluorinated alcohol side chains, one longer than the other, were blended with a soft thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene (SEBS). The surface composition of these blends was probed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. The surface reconstruction of the coatings in water was monitored qualitatively by dynamic water contact angles in air as well as air bubble contact angle measurements in water. By blending the SABC with SEBS, we minimize the amount of the SABC used while achieving a surface that is not greatly different in composition from the pure SABC. The 15 wt % blends of the SABC with long fluoroalkyl side chains showed a composition close to that of the pure SABC while the SABC with shorter perfluoroakyl side chains did not. These differences in surface composition were reflected in the fouling-release performance of the blends for the algae, Ulva and Navicula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harihara S Sundaram
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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35
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Flavel BS, Sweetman MJ, Shearer CJ, Shapter JG, Voelcker NH. Micropatterned arrays of porous silicon: toward sensory biointerfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2011; 3:2463-2471. [PMID: 21699143 DOI: 10.1021/am2003526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe the fabrication of arrays of porous silicon spots by means of photolithography where a positive photoresist serves as a mask during the anodization process. In particular, photoluminescent arrays and porous silicon spots suitable for further chemical modification and the attachment of human cells were created. The produced arrays of porous silicon were chemically modified by means of a thermal hydrosilylation reaction that facilitated immobilization of the fluorescent dye lissamine, and alternatively, the cell adhesion peptide arginine-glycine-aspartic acid-serine. The latter modification enabled the selective attachment of human lens epithelial cells on the peptide functionalized regions of the patterns. This type of surface patterning, using etched porous silicon arrays functionalized with biological recognition elements, presents a new format of interfacing porous silicon with mammalian cells. Porous silicon arrays with photoluminescent properties produced by this patterning strategy also have potential applications as platforms for in situ monitoring of cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Flavel
- Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia.
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36
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Kausch-Blecken von Schmeling HH. Eighty years of macromolecular science: from birth to nano-, bio- and self-assembling polymers—with slight emphasis on European contributions. Colloid Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-011-2464-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Chiang EN, Dong R, Ober CK, Baird BA. Cellular responses to patterned poly(acrylic acid) brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:7016-7023. [PMID: 21557546 PMCID: PMC3274417 DOI: 10.1021/la200093e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We use patterned poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) polymer brushes to explore the effects of surface chemistry and topography on cell-surface interactions. Most past studies of surface topography effects on cell adhesion have focused on patterned feature sizes that are larger than the dimensions of a cell, and PAA brushes have been characterized as cell repellent. Here we report cell adhesion studies for RBL mast cells incubated on PAA brush surfaces patterned with a variety of different feature sizes. We find that when patterned at subcellular dimensions on silicon surfaces, PAA brushes that are 30 or 15 nm thick facilitate cell adhesion. This appears to be mediated by fibronectin, which is secreted by the cells, adsorbing to the brushes and then engaging cell-surface integrins. The result is detectable accumulation of plasma membrane within the brushes, and this involves cytoskeletal remodeling at the cell-surface interface. By decreasing brush thickness, we find that PAA can be 'tuned' to promote cell adhesion with down-modulated membrane accumulation. We exemplify the utility of patterned PAA brush arrays for spatially controlling the activation of cells by modifying brushes with ligands that specifically engage IgE bound to high-affinity receptors on mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan N. Chiang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratories, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Rong Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratories, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Christopher K. Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Bard Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Barbara A. Baird
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratories, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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38
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Tebben L, Studer A. Nitroxides: applications in synthesis and in polymer chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:5034-68. [PMID: 21538729 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
This Review describes the application of nitroxides to synthesis and polymer chemistry. The synthesis and physical properties of nitroxides are discussed first. The largest section focuses on their application as stoichiometric and catalytic oxidants in organic synthesis. The oxidation of alcohols and carbanions, as well as oxidative C-C bond-forming reactions are presented along with other typical oxidative transformations. A section is also dedicated to the extensive use of nitroxides as trapping reagents for C-centered radicals in radical chemistry. Alkoxyamines derived from nitroxides are shown to be highly useful precursors of C-centered radicals in synthesis and also in polymer chemistry. The last section discusses the basics of nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMP) and also highlights new developments in the synthesis of complex polymer architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Tebben
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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39
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Blas H, Save M, Boissière C, Sanchez C, Charleux B. Surface-Initiated Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization from Ordered Mesoporous Silica. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200354r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Blas
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, UPMC and CNRS, Université Paris 6, UMR 7610, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 PARIS Cedex 05, France
| | - Maud Save
- IPREM Groupe Physique et Chimie des Polymères, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour and CNRS, UMR 5254, Technopole Hélioparc, 2 Av Président Angot, 64053 PAU Cedex 9, France
| | - Cédric Boissière
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée, Collège de France, UPMC and CNRS, Université Paris 6, UMR 7574, bâtiment C−D, 11, place Marcelin-Berthelot, 75231 PARIS Cedex 05, France
| | - Clément Sanchez
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée, Collège de France, UPMC and CNRS, Université Paris 6, UMR 7574, bâtiment C−D, 11, place Marcelin-Berthelot, 75231 PARIS Cedex 05, France
| | - Bernadette Charleux
- CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5265, Laboratoire de Chimie Catalyse Polymères et Procédés (C2P2), Université Lyon 1, Team LCPP Bat 308F, 43 Bd du 11 novembre 1918, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France
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40
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Kitano H, Suzuki H, Kondo T, Sasaki K, Iwanaga S, Nakamura M, Ohno K, Saruwatari Y. Image Printing on the Surface of Anti-Biofouling Zwitterionic Polymer Brushes by Ion Beam Irradiation. Macromol Biosci 2011; 11:557-64. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Paik MY, Xu Y, Rastogi A, Tanaka M, Yi Y, Ober CK. Patterning of polymer brushes. A direct approach to complex, sub-surface structures. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:3873-3879. [PMID: 20815408 DOI: 10.1021/nl102910f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report a unique method to directly fabricate complex polymer brush structures with nanometer scale features by means of electron beam lithography. Polymer brushes for direct patterning were grown from surface-anchored initiator sites using atom transfer radical polymerization. Selected monomers (poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and poly(methyl methacrylate)) were used based on their ability to readily scission when exposed to radiation. Single step direct patterning of polymer brushes is attractive as this eliminates many process steps, reducing the possibility of contamination and possibly improving resolution. In addition, we report a method to form subsurface polymer brush channels with nanometer-scale features. With the chains tethered to a surface, a diblock copolymer brush with a negative tone upper layer (polystyrene) and a positive tone under layer (poly(methyl methacrylate)) or (poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) were patterned to create channels. In the work presented, the direct electron beam patterning behavior of the brushes was studied and fabrication of nanochannels was demonstrated. Imaging of the nanopatterned surfaces was carried out using atomic force microscopy and fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Y Paik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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42
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Leung BO, Brash JL, Hitchcock AP. Characterization of Biomaterials by Soft X-Ray Spectromicroscopy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 3:3911-3938. [PMID: 28883316 PMCID: PMC5445794 DOI: 10.3390/ma3073911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Synchrotron-based soft X-ray spectromicroscopy techniques are emerging as useful tools to characterize potentially biocompatible materials and to probe protein interactions with model biomaterial surfaces. Simultaneous quantitative chemical analysis of the near surface region of the candidate biomaterial, and adsorbed proteins, peptides or other biological species can be obtained at high spatial resolution via scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and X-ray photoemission electron microscopy (X-PEEM). Both techniques use near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectral contrast for chemical identification and quantitation. The capabilities of STXM and X-PEEM for the analysis of biomaterials are reviewed and illustrated by three recent studies: (1) characterization of hydrophobic surfaces, including adsorption of fibrinogen (Fg) or human serum albumin (HSA) to hydrophobic polymeric thin films, (2) studies of HSA adsorption to biodegradable or potentially biocompatible polymers, and (3) studies of biomaterials under fully hydrated conditions. Other recent applications of STXM and X-PEEM to biomaterials are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie O Leung
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M, Canada.
| | - John L Brash
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S4M1, Canada.
| | - Adam P Hitchcock
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M, Canada.
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43
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Wang Y, El-Boubbou K, Kouyoumdjian H, Sun B, Huang X, Zeng X. Lipoic acid glyco-conjugates, a new class of agents for controlling nonspecific adsorption of blood serum at biointerfaces for biosensor and biomedical applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:4119-25. [PMID: 19968241 PMCID: PMC3072268 DOI: 10.1021/la903261j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The carbohydrate-derived lipoic acid derivatives were studied as protein and cell resistant biomaterials. Six types of carbohydrates were examined for their abilities to reduce nonspecific adsorption of human serum and Hela cell using quartz crystal microbalance. Our data suggested that the structures of carbohydrates play an important role in resisting nonspecific binding. Specifically, the resistance was found to increase in the order lipoic fucose < lipoic mannose < lipoic N-acetyl glucosamine < lipoic glucose < lipoic sialic acid < lipoic galactose, where lipoic galactose derivative resisted most nonspecific adsorption. Furthermore, the combination of lipoic galactose and BSA was the most effective in reducing the adsorption of even undiluted human serum and the attachment of Hela cells while allowing specific binding. Several control experiments have demonstrated that the resistant-ability of mixed lipoic galactose and BSA was comparable to the best known system for decreasing nonspecific adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- Chemistry Department, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, USA
- The key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | | | - Hovig Kouyoumdjian
- Chemistry Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824 USA
| | - Bin Sun
- Chemistry Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824 USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Chemistry Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824 USA
| | - Xiangqun Zeng
- Chemistry Department, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, USA
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44
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Rastogi A, Paik MY, Tanaka M, Ober CK. Direct patterning of intrinsically electron beam sensitive polymer brushes. ACS NANO 2010; 4:771-780. [PMID: 20121228 DOI: 10.1021/nn901344u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of patterned polymer brushes has attracted considerable attention as these structures can be exploited in devices on the nano- and microscale. Patterning of polymer brushes is typically a complex, multistep process. We report the direct patterning of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), poly(isobutyl methacrylate) (PIBMA), poly(neopentyl methacrylate) (PNPMA), and poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (PTFEMA) brushes in a single step by electron beam (e-beam) lithography, to obtain nanopatterned polymer brush surfaces. PMMA, PHEMA, PIBMA, PNPMA, and PTFEMA brushes were grown on silicon substrates via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Surface analysis techniques including ellipsometry, contact angle goniometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the thickness, hydrophilicity, roughness, and chemical composition of the polymer brushes. Tapping-mode AFM imaging confirmed the successful electron beam patterning of these brushes. Using this direct patterning method, highly resolved nanostructured polymer brush patterns down to 50 nm lines were obtained. This direct patterning of brushes eliminates the need for complex lithographic schemes. The sensitivity of these polymer brushes toward direct patterning with e-beam was studied and compared. The sensitivity curves indicate that the structure of the e-beam degradable methacrylate polymer has a significant effect on the sensitivity of the polymer brush toward e-beam patterning. In particular, the effect of the chemical functionality at the beta-position to the carbonyl group on the polymer brush sensitivity toward direct patterning was studied using groups of varying size and polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Rastogi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Matrab T, Hauquier F, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Scanning Electron Microscopy Investigation of Molecular Transport and Reactivity within Polymer Brushes. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:670-82. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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46
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Barbey R, Lavanant L, Paripovic D, Schüwer N, Sugnaux C, Tugulu S, Klok HA. Polymer brushes via surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization: synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications. Chem Rev 2010; 109:5437-527. [PMID: 19845393 DOI: 10.1021/cr900045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1218] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Barbey
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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47
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Abstract
We present many examples of surface engineered polymeric biomaterials with nanosize modified layers, controlled protein adsorption, and cellular interactions potentially applicable for tissue and/or blood contacting devices, scaffolds for cell culture and tissue engineering, biosensors, biological microchips as well as approaches to their preparation.
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Holmes PF, Currie EPK, Thies JC, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Norde W. Surface-modified nanoparticles as a new, versatile, and mechanically robust nonadhesive coating: Suppression of protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 91:824-33. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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49
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Feng S, Wang Q, Gao Y, Huang Y, Qing FL. Synthesis and characterization of a novel amphiphilic copolymer capable as anti-biofouling coating material. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.30779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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Kalasin S, Santore MM. Non-specific adhesion on biomaterial surfaces driven by small amounts of protein adsorption. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2009; 73:229-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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