1
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Ainsworth J, Cook TC, Stack TDP. Fast and Versatile Functionalization of Glassy Carbon. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:13814-13821. [PMID: 36326209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A rapid procedure for the functionalization of glassy carbon surfaces (GCSs) is disclosed. A three-step sequence of bromomethylation, azide displacement, and copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) allows ethynylated molecules to be attached covalently to the carbon surface through a methylene functional group. Redox-active ethynyl ferrocene and [RuII(Cl)(DMSO)(ethynyl-TPA)]1+ (DMSO = dimethylsulfoxide; TPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) are attached with high coverages as assessed by cyclic voltammetry, and the elemental composition of the surface is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In less than 1 h, surface coverages of 1 × 1014 molecules/cm2 are possible that exhibit good durability in both acidic and basic media. Attached [RuII(Cl)(DMSO)(ethynyl-TPA)]1+ catalytically oxidizes alcohols, yet the currents and potentials are less impressive compared to an attachment without the intervening methylene group. The advantages of this covalent attachment procedure for GCSs are its short reaction times, mild reaction conditions, and the use of standard laboratory reagents and glassware, allowing for many types of ethynylated molecules to be attached rapidly to the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Ainsworth
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Thomas C Cook
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - T Daniel P Stack
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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2
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Abstract
Surface modification is recognized as one of the fundamental techniques to fabricate biosensing interfaces. This review focuses on the surface modification of carbon substrates (GC and HOPG) and silica with a close-packed monolayer, in particular. In the cases of carbon substrates, GC and HOPG, it was demonstrated that surface modification of carbon substrates with diazonium derivatives could create a close-packed monolayer similar to the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation with mercapto derivatives. Similarly, the potential of trialkoxysilanes to form a close-packed monolayer was evaluated, and modification with a close-packed monolayer tended to occur under milder conditions when the trialkoxysilanes had a longer alkyl chain. In these studies, we synthesized surface modification materials having ferrocene as a redox active moiety to explore features of the modified surfaces by an electrochemical method using cyclic voltammetry, where surface concentrations of immobilized molecules and blocking effect were studied to obtain insight for density leading to a close-packed layer. Based on those findings, fabrication of a biosensing interface on the silica sensing chip of the waveguide-mode sensor was carried out using triethoxysilane derivatives bearing succinimide ester and oligoethylene glycol moieties to immobilize antibodies and to suppress nonspecific adsorption of proteins, respectively. The results demonstrate that the waveguide-mode sensor powered by the biosensing interface fabricated with those triethoxysilane derivatives and antibody has the potential to detect several tens ng/mL of biomarkers in human serum with unlabeled detection method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Tanaka
- Department of Life Science & Green Chemistry, Saitama Institute of Technology
| | - Osamu Niwa
- Advanced Science Research Laboratory, Saitama Institute of Technology
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3
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Dhar D, McKenas CG, Huang CW, Atkin JM, Dempsey JL, Lockett MR. Quantitative Effects of Disorder on Chemically Modified Amorphous Carbon Electrodes. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2020; 3:8038-8047. [PMID: 32968715 PMCID: PMC7505236 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.0c01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Real materials are disordered. This disorder influences the properties of these materials and the chemical processes that occur at their interfaces. Gaining a molecular-level understanding of the underlying physical manifestations caused by disordered materials is crucial to unraveling and ultimately controlling the efficiency and performance of these materials in a range of energy-related devices. This understanding necessitates measurement techniques through which disorder can be detected, quantified, and monitored. However, such quantitative measurements are notoriously difficult, as effects often average out in ensemble measurements. In this work, we describe how a combination of electrochemical and spatially resolved surface spectroscopy measurements illuminate a molecular-level picture of disorder in materials. Using amorphous carbon as an intrinsically disordered material, we covalently attached a monolayer of ferrocene. Interfacial electron transfer across the amorphous carbon-ferrocene interface is highly sensitive to disruptions of order. By systematically varying linker properties and surface loadings, the influence of lateral interactions between nonuniformly distributed ferrocene headgroups on ensemble electrochemical measurements is demonstrated. Electrochemical and imaging data collectively indicate that conformational flexibility of the ferrocene moieties provides a mechanism to elude repulsive and unbalanced lateral interactions, while rigid linkages provide direct information about the underlying disorder of the material. This study is the first of its kind to quantify and visualize molecular disorder and heterogeneity with an experimental model accessed through ensemble measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Dhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Catherine G McKenas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Chiung-Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Joanna M Atkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jillian L Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Matthew R Lockett
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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4
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Nano-engineering the material structure of preferentially oriented nano-graphitic carbon for making high-performance electrochemical micro-sensors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9444. [PMID: 32523076 PMCID: PMC7286892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66408-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct synthesis of thin-film carbon nanomaterials on oxide-coated silicon substrates provides a viable pathway for building a dense array of miniaturized (micron-scale) electrochemical sensors with high performance. However, material synthesis generally involves many parameters, making material engineering based on trial and error highly inefficient. Here, we report a two-pronged strategy for producing engineered thin-film carbon nanomaterials that have a nano-graphitic structure. First, we introduce a variant of the metal-induced graphitization technique that generates micron-scale islands of nano-graphitic carbon materials directly on oxide-coated silicon substrates. A novel feature of our material synthesis is that, through substrate engineering, the orientation of graphitic planes within the film aligns preferentially with the silicon substrate. This feature allows us to use the Raman spectroscopy for quantifying structural properties of the sensor surface, where the electrochemical processes occur. Second, we find phenomenological models for predicting the amplitudes of the redox current and the sensor capacitance from the material structure, quantified by Raman. Our results indicate that the key to achieving high-performance micro-sensors from nano-graphitic carbon is to increase both the density of point defects and the size of the graphitic crystallites. Our study offers a viable strategy for building planar electrochemical micro-sensors with high-performance.
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5
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Ohkubo K, Asahara H, Inoue T. Photochemical C-H oxygenation of side-chain methyl groups in polypropylene with chlorine dioxide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4723-4726. [PMID: 30942239 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01037h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The chlorine dioxide radical (ClO2˙) was found to act as an efficient oxidizing agent for the aerobic C-H oxygenation of the side-chain methyl groups in polypropylene under photoirradiation and ambient conditions (298 K and 1 atm). The oxygenated side-chain methyl groups were selectively converted to carboxylic acid and hydroxy groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ohkubo
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, 2-8 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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6
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Morteza Najarian A, Szeto B, Tefashe UM, McCreery RL. Robust All-Carbon Molecular Junctions on Flexible or Semi-Transparent Substrates Using "Process-Friendly" Fabrication. ACS NANO 2016; 10:8918-8928. [PMID: 27529117 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Large area molecular junctions were fabricated on electron-beam deposited carbon (eC) surfaces with molecular layers in the range of 2-5.5 nm between conducting, amorphous carbon contacts. Incorporating eC as an interconnect between Au and the molecular layer improves substrate roughness, prevents electromigration and uses well-known electrochemistry to form a covalent C-C bond to the molecular layer. Au/eC/anthraquinone/eC/Au junctions were fabricated on Si/SiOx with high yield and reproducibility and were unchanged by 10(7) current-voltage cycles and temperatures between 80 and 450 K. Au/eC/AQ/eC/Au devices fabricated on plastic films were unchanged by 10(7) current density vs bias voltage (J-V) cycles and repeated bending of the entire assembled junction. The low sheet resistance of Au/eC substrates permitted junctions with sufficiently transparent electrodes to conduct Raman or UV-vis absorption spectroscopy in either reflection or transmission geometries. Lithographic patterning of Au/eC substrates permitted wafer-scale integration yielding 500 devices on 20 chips on a 100 mm diameter wafer. Collectively, eC on Au provides a platform for fabrication and operation of chemically stable, optically and electrically functional molecules on rigid or flexible materials. The relative ease of processing and the robustness of molecular junctions incorporating eC layers should help address the challenge of economic fabrication of practical, flexible molecular junctions for a potentially wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Morteza Najarian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Bryan Szeto
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Ushula M Tefashe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Richard L McCreery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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7
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Brooksby PA, Shields JD, Farquhar AK, Downard AJ. Reduction of Nitrophenyl Films in Aqueous Solutions: How Many Electrons? ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula A. Brooksby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - James D. Shields
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Anna K. Farquhar
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Alison J. Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
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8
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Ostojic N, Thorpe JH, Crooks RM. Electron Transfer Facilitated by Dendrimer-Encapsulated Pt Nanoparticles Across Ultrathin, Insulating Oxide Films. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:6829-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b03149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nevena Ostojic
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Electrochemistry, and the Center for Nano- and Molecular
Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, 105
E. 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - James H. Thorpe
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Electrochemistry, and the Center for Nano- and Molecular
Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, 105
E. 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Richard M. Crooks
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Electrochemistry, and the Center for Nano- and Molecular
Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, 105
E. 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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9
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Cullen RJ, Jayasundara DR, Baker RJ, O' Connell G, Donnelly T, Ballantine KE, Lunney JG, Colavita PE. Laser-driven rapid functionalization of carbon surfaces and its application to the fabrication of fluorinated adsorbers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13811j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid functionalisation of carbon surfaces using pulsed UV lasers offers a novel method for capturing fluorinated ligands or pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tony Donnelly
- School of Physics
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
| | | | - James G. Lunney
- School of Physics
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN)
| | - Paula E. Colavita
- School of Chemistry
- Trinity College Dublin
- Dublin 2
- Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN)
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10
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Sheridan MV, Lam K, Geiger WE. Spontaneous attachment of lithium-activated ferrocenylalkynes to carbon and gold. Electrochem commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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11
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Kumar R, Leech D. Immobilisation of Alkylamine-Functionalised Osmium Redox Complex on Glassy Carbon using Electrochemical Oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Debela AM, Ortiz M, Beni V, O'Sullivan CK. Facile electrochemical hydrogenation and chlorination of glassy carbon to produce highly reactive and uniform surfaces for stable anchoring of thiolated molecules. Chemistry 2014; 20:7646-54. [PMID: 24829137 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Carbon is a highly adaptable family of materials and is one of the most chemically stable materials known, providing a remarkable platform for the development of tunable molecular interfaces. Herein, we report a two-step process for the electrochemical hydrogenation of glassy carbon followed by either chemical or electrochemical chlorination to provide a highly reactive surface for further functionalization. The carbon surface at each stage of the process is characterized by AFM, SEM, Raman, attenuated total reflectance (ATR) FTIR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electroanalytical techniques. Electrochemical chlorination of hydrogen-terminated surfaces is achieved in just 5 min at room temperature with hydrochloric acid, and chemical chlorination is performed with phosphorus pentachloride at 50 °C over a three-hour period. A more controlled and uniform surface is obtained using the electrochemical approach, as chemical chlorination is observed to damage the glassy carbon surface. A ferrocene-labeled alkylthiol is used as a model system to demonstrate the genericity and potential application of the highly reactive chlorinated surface formed, and the methodology is optimized. This process is then applied to thiolated DNA, and the functionality of the immobilized DNA probe is demonstrated. XPS reveals the covalent bond formed to be a C-S bond. The thermal stability of the thiolated molecules anchored on the glassy carbon is evaluated, and is found to be far superior to that on gold surfaces. This is the first report on the electrochemical hydrogenation and electrochemical chlorination of a glassy carbon surface, and this facile process can be applied to the highly stable functionalization of carbon surfaces with a plethora of diverse molecules, finding widespread applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Debela
- Departament d'Enginyería Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avinguda Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona (Spain), Fax: (+34) 977559667/0034977559721
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13
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Madec L, Robert D, Moreau P, Bayle-Guillemaud P, Guyomard D, Gaubicher J. Synergistic Effect in Carbon Coated LiFePO4 for High Yield Spontaneous Grafting of Diazonium Salt. Structural Examination at the Grain Agglomerate Scale. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:11614-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ja405087x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lénaïc Madec
- Institut des Matériaux
Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex
03, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, France
| | | | - Philippe Moreau
- Institut des Matériaux
Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex
03, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, France
| | | | - Dominique Guyomard
- Institut des Matériaux
Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex
03, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, France
| | - Joël Gaubicher
- Institut des Matériaux
Jean Rouxel (IMN), Université de Nantes, CNRS, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex
03, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, France
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14
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Yang P, Yang W. Surface Chemoselective Phototransformation of C–H Bonds on Organic Polymeric Materials and Related High-Tech Applications. Chem Rev 2013; 113:5547-94. [PMID: 23614481 DOI: 10.1021/cr300246p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory
of Applied Surface
and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710062, China
| | - Wantai Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of
Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing
100029, China
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15
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Brumbach MT, Jaye C, Ohlhausen JT, Fischer D. Imaging, work function, and compositional changes of thiols on gold via shadow mask ozonolysis. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cherno Jaye
- National Institute for Standards and Technology; Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA
| | | | - Daniel Fischer
- National Institute for Standards and Technology; Gaithersburg MD 20899 USA
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16
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Kang SM, Lee H. Surface Modification of Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite (HOPG) by a Mussel-Inspired Poly(norepinephrine) Coating: Characterizations and Cell Adhesion Test. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.3.960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Stenehjem ED, Ziatdinov VR, Stack TDP, Chidsey CED. Gas-Phase Azide Functionalization of Carbon. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1110-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja310410d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Stenehjem
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Vadim R. Ziatdinov
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - T. Daniel P. Stack
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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18
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On the co-adsorption process of sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate on a 1-decanethiol-functionalized Au electrode, as a corrosion inhibiting mimic process. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-012-0486-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Kibena E, Mäeorg U, Matisen L, Sulamägi P, Tammeveski K. A study of glassy carbon electrodes modified with azobenzene derivatives. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Gross AJ, Downard AJ. Regeneration of pyrolyzed photoresist film by heat treatment. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2397-402. [PMID: 21344943 DOI: 10.1021/ac103264v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple, time-, and cost-effective procedure is described for regenerating film-modified or deactivated pyrolyzed photoresist film (PPF) surfaces. Heating for 30 min at 545 ± 25 °C in argon at a flow rate of 1 L min(-1) removes covalently bound thin organic films, attached via electrografting from aryldiazonium salt solutions. The heat-treated surfaces exhibit improved electrochemical characteristics compared to those prior to modification and can be reused for solution-based electrochemical measurements and for electrografting. The same treatment reactivates PPF electrodes that have been deactivated by exposure to adsorbates from air or solution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy, and water contact angle measurements establish that the regeneration procedure does not lead to significant changes in oxygen content, roughness, or hydrophobicity of PPF surfaces. XPS measurements also confirm the complete removal of covalently attached organic films after heat treatment but reveal a specific interaction between grafted nitrophenyl films and PPF which results in a small amount of N incorporation in the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Gross
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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21
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Tanaka M, Sawaguchi T, Sato Y, Yoshioka K, Niwa O. Surface modification of GC and HOPG with diazonium, amine, azide, and olefin derivatives. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:170-178. [PMID: 21117684 DOI: 10.1021/la1035757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of glassy carbon (GC) and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) was carried out with diazonium, amine, azide, and olefin derivatives bearing ferrocene as an electroactive moiety. Features of the modified surfaces were evaluated by surface concentrations of immobilized molecule, blocking effect of the modified surface against redox reaction, and surface observation using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope (EC-STM). The measurement of surface concentrations of immobilized molecule revealed the following three aspects: (i) Diazonium and olefin derivatives could modify substrates with the dense-monolayer concentration. (ii) The surface concentration of immobilized amine derivative did not reach to the dense-monolayer concentration reflecting their low reactivity. (iii) The surface modification with the dense-monolayer concentration was also possible with azide derivative, but the modified surface contained some oligomers produced by the photoreaction of azides. Besides, the blocking effect against redox reaction was observed for GC modified with diazonium derivative and for HOPG modified with diazonium and azide derivatives, suggesting fabrication of a densely modified surface. Finally, the surface observation for HOPG modified with diazonium derivative by EC-STM showed a typical monolayer structure, in which the ferrocene moieties were packed densely at random. On the basis of those results, it was demonstrated that surface modification of carbon substrates with diazonium could afford a dense monolayer similar to the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Tanaka
- Biomedical Research Institute, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 5, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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22
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Kullapere M, Mirkhalaf F, Tammeveski K. Electrochemical behaviour of glassy carbon electrodes modified with aryl groups. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Lehr J, Garrett DJ, Paulik MG, Flavel BS, Brooksby PA, Williamson BE, Downard AJ. Patterning of Metal, Carbon, and Semiconductor Substrates with Thin Organic Films by Microcontact Printing with Aryldiazonium Salt Inks. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7027-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101785c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lehr
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - David J. Garrett
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Matthew G. Paulik
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Paula A. Brooksby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Bryce E. Williamson
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Alison J. Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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24
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Gross AJ, Yu SSC, Downard AJ. Two-component mixed and patterned films on carbon surfaces through the photografting of arylazides. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:7285-7292. [PMID: 20166705 DOI: 10.1021/la904442u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Organic films have been grafted to glassy carbon surfaces by the photolysis of arylazides. Atomic force microscopy and electrochemical measurements reveal that the films are loosely packed. The methodology was expanded to prepare two-component thin films incorporating either a reactive tether species and a nonreactive background film or two different reactive tethers. Strategies were developed to generate both continuous mixed films and surfaces presenting patterns of two components. For patterning, the arylazide derivative was grafted onto previously modified glassy carbon surfaces. In this case, the first modification step is not limited to photografting, which increases the scope of the methods. For all grafted surfaces, the reactivity of tether species was confirmed by coupling electroactive targets to the tethers, followed by electrochemical monitoring. The ease of preparing surfaces with spatially controlled functionality offers promise for the design of sensing platforms on graphitic carbon substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Gross
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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25
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Noël JM, Sjöberg B, Marsac R, Zigah D, Bergamini JF, Wang A, Rigaut S, Hapiot P, Lagrost C. Flexible strategy for immobilizing redox-active compounds using in situ generation of diazonium salts. Investigations of the blocking and catalytic properties of the layers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:12742-9. [PMID: 19761268 DOI: 10.1021/la901765e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A versatile two-step method is developed to covalently immobilize redox-active molecules onto carbon surfaces. First, a robust anchoring platform is grafted onto surfaces by electrochemical reduction of aryl diazonium salts in situ generated. Depending on the nature of the layer termini, -COOH or -NH(2), a further chemical coupling involving ferrocenemethylamine or ferrocene carboxylic acid derivatives leads to the covalent binding of ferrocene centers. The chemical strategy using acyl chloride activation is efficient and flexible, since it can be applied either to surface-reactive end groups or to reactive species in solution. Cyclic voltammetry analyses point to the covalent binding of ferrocene units restricted to the upper layers of the underlying aryl films, while AFM measurements show a lost of compactness of the layers after the chemical attachment of ferrocene centers. The preparation conditions of the anchoring layers were found to determine the interfacial properties of the resulted ferrocenyl-modified electrodes. The ferrocene units promoted effective redox mediation providing that the free redox probes are adequately chosen (i.e., vs size/formal potential) and the underlying layers exhibit strong blocking properties. For anchoring films with weaker blocking effect, the coexistence of two distinct phenomena, redox mediation and ET at pinholes could be evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Noël
- Equipe MaCSE, CNRS-Universite de Rennes 1,UMR6226,campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
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26
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Van der Steen M, Stevens CV. Undecylenic acid: a valuable and physiologically active renewable building block from castor oil. CHEMSUSCHEM 2009; 2:692-713. [PMID: 19650106 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.200900075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A lot of attention is currently being paid to the transition to a biobased economy. In this movement, most efforts concentrate on the development of bioenergy applications including bioethanol, biodiesel, thermochemical conversion of biomass, and others. However, in the energy sector other nonbiomass alternatives are known, whereas no valuable alternatives are available when thinking about chemical building blocks. Therefore, it is also essential to develop new routes for the synthesis of bio-based chemicals and materials derived thereof. Such intermediates can originate either from plants or from animals. Castor oil is a non-edible oil extracted from the seeds of the castor bean plant Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae), which grows in tropical and subtropical areas. Globally, around one million tons of castor seeds are produced every year, the leading producing areas being India, PR China, and Brazil.2 10-Undecenoic acid or undecylenic acid is a fatty acid derived from castor oil that, owing to its bifunctional nature, has many possibilities to develop sustainable applications.
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27
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Filimonov VD, Trusova M, Postnikov P, Krasnokutskaya EA, Lee YM, Hwang HY, Kim H, Chi KW. Unusually stable, versatile, and pure arenediazonium tosylates: their preparation, structures, and synthetic applicability. Org Lett 2008; 10:3961-4. [PMID: 18722457 DOI: 10.1021/ol8013528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new, simple, and effective method for the diazotization of a wide range of arylamines has been developed by using a polymer-supported diazotization agent in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid. Various pure arenediazonium tosylates with unusual stabilities can be easily prepared by this method. As a result, these salts are useful and versatile substrates for subsequent transformations, such as halogenation and Heck-type reactions. The unusual stabilities of arenediazonium tosylates are also preliminarily discussed with their X-ray structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D Filimonov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk 634050 Russia.
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28
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McCreery RL. Advanced carbon electrode materials for molecular electrochemistry. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2646-87. [PMID: 18557655 DOI: 10.1021/cr068076m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1448] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L McCreery
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada.
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29
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Fairman C, Yu SSC, Liu G, Downard AJ, Hibbert DB, Gooding JJ. Exploration of variables in the fabrication of pyrolysed photoresist. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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30
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Barrière F, Downard AJ. Covalent modification of graphitic carbon substrates by non-electrochemical methods. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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