1
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Chen M, Nijboer MP, Kovalgin AY, Nijmeijer A, Roozeboom F, Luiten-Olieman MWJ. Atmospheric-pressure atomic layer deposition: recent applications and new emerging applications in high-porosity/3D materials. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37376785 PMCID: PMC10392469 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01204b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a widely recognized technique for depositing ultrathin conformal films with excellent thickness control at Ångström or (sub)monolayer level. Atmospheric-pressure ALD is an upcoming ALD process with a potentially lower ownership cost of the reactor. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent applications and development of ALD approaches emphasizing those based on operation at atmospheric pressure. Each application determines its own specific reactor design. Spatial ALD (s-ALD) has been recently introduced for the commercial production of large-area 2D displays, the surface passivation and encapsulation of solar cells and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. Atmospheric temporal ALD (t-ALD) has opened up new emerging applications such as high-porosity particle coatings, functionalization of capillary columns for gas chromatography, and membrane modification in water treatment and gas purification. The challenges and opportunities for highly conformal coating on porous substrates by atmospheric ALD have been identified. We discuss in particular the pros and cons of both s-ALD and t-ALD in combination with their reactor designs in relation to the coating of 3D and high-porosity materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chen
- Inorganic Membranes, Department of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - M P Nijboer
- Inorganic Membranes, Department of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - A Y Kovalgin
- Integrated Devices and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - A Nijmeijer
- Inorganic Membranes, Department of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - F Roozeboom
- Inorganic Membranes, Department of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - M W J Luiten-Olieman
- Inorganic Membranes, Department of Science and Technology and MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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2
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Multia J, Kravchenko DE, Rubio-Giménez V, Philip A, Ameloot R, Karppinen M. Nanoporous Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films Prepared Directly from Gaseous Precursors by Atomic and Molecular Layer Deposition: Implications for Microelectronics. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2023; 6:827-831. [PMID: 36743856 PMCID: PMC9887593 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c04934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atomic/molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD) allows for the direct gas-phase synthesis of crystalline metal-organic framework (MOF) thin films. Here, we show for the first time using krypton and methanol physisorption measurements that ALD/MLD-fabricated copper 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (Cu-BDC) ultrathin films possess accessible porosity matching that of the corresponding bulk MOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Multia
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Dmitry E. Kravchenko
- Centre
for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Víctor Rubio-Giménez
- Centre
for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Anish Philip
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Centre
for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Maarit Karppinen
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
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3
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Gu H, Lee DT, Corkery P, Miao Y, Kim J, Yuan Y, Xu Z, Dai G, Parsons GN, Kevrekidis IG, Zhuang L, Tsapatsis M. Modeling of deposit formation in mesoporous substrates via atomic layer deposition: insights from pore‐scale simulation. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Gu
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai China
| | - Dennis T. Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore Maryland USA
- Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Peter Corkery
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore Maryland USA
- Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Yurun Miao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore Maryland USA
- Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Jung‐Sik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University, Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Yuchen Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai China
| | - Zhen‐liang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai China
| | - Gance Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai China
| | - Gregory N. Parsons
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering North Carolina State University, Raleigh North Carolina USA
| | - Ioannis G. Kevrekidis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore Maryland USA
| | - Liwei Zhuang
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai China
| | - Michael Tsapatsis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore Maryland USA
- Institute for NanoBio Technology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street Baltimore Maryland USA
- Applied Physics Laboratory Johns Hopkins University, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road Laurel MD USA
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4
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Xia Z, Rozyyev V, Mane AU, Elam JW, Darling SB. Surface Zeta Potential of ALD-Grown Metal-Oxide Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11618-11624. [PMID: 34554756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Membranes are among the most promising technologies for energy-efficient and highly selective separations, and the surface-charge property of membranes plays a critical role in their broad applications. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) can deposit materials uniformly and with high precision and controllability on arbitrarily complex and large substrates, which renders it a promising method to tune the electrostatics of water/solid interfaces. However, a systematic study of surface-charge properties of ALD-grown films in aqueous environments is still lacking. In this work, 17 ALD-grown metal-oxide films are synthesized, and a comprehensive study of their water stability, wetting properties, and surface-charge properties is provided. This work represents a resource guide for researchers and ultimately for materials and process engineers, seeking to tailor interfacial charge properties of membranes and other porous water treatment components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Xia
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems Energy Frontier Research Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Vepa Rozyyev
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems Energy Frontier Research Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Anil U Mane
- Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jeffrey W Elam
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems Energy Frontier Research Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Seth B Darling
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Advanced Materials for Energy-Water Systems Energy Frontier Research Center, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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5
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Cruz AJ, Arnauts G, Obst M, Kravchenko DE, Vereecken PM, De Feyter S, Stassen I, Hauffman T, Ameloot R. Effect of different oxide and hybrid precursors on MOF-CVD of ZIF-8 films. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:6784-6788. [PMID: 33969844 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00927c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemical vapor deposition of metal-organic frameworks (MOF-CVD) will facilitate the integration of porous and crystalline coatings in electronic devices. In the two-step MOF-CVD process, a precursor layer is first deposited and subsequently converted to a MOF through exposure to linker vapor. We herein report the impact of different metal oxide and metalcone layers as precursors for zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-8 films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander John Cruz
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium. and Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department of Materials and Chemistry (MACH), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium and imec, Kapeldreef 75, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Giel Arnauts
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
| | - Martin Obst
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
| | - Dmitry E Kravchenko
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
| | - Philippe M Vereecken
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium. and imec, Kapeldreef 75, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Ivo Stassen
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
| | - Tom Hauffman
- Research Group of Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Department of Materials and Chemistry (MACH), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis, and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium.
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6
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Celik E, Ma Y, Brezesinski T, Elm MT. Ordered mesoporous metal oxides for electrochemical applications: correlation between structure, electrical properties and device performance. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:10706-10735. [PMID: 33978649 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00834j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ordered mesoporous metal oxides with a high specific surface area, tailored porosity and engineered interfaces are promising materials for electrochemical applications. In particular, the method of evaporation-induced self-assembly allows the formation of nanocrystalline films of controlled thickness on polar substrates. In general, mesoporous materials have the advantage of benefiting from a unique combination of structural, chemical and physical properties. This Perspective article addresses the structural characteristics and the electrical (charge-transport) properties of mesoporous metal oxides and how these affect their application in energy storage, catalysis and gas sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdogan Celik
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Yanjiao Ma
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Torsten Brezesinski
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Matthias T Elm
- Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany. and Institute of Experimental Physics I, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany and Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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7
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Berger R, Seiler M, Perrotta A, Coclite AM. Study on Porosity in Zinc Oxide Ultrathin Films from Three-Step MLD Zn-Hybrid Polymers. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14061418. [PMID: 33804054 PMCID: PMC8000224 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Deriving mesoporous ZnO from calcinated, molecular layer deposited (MLD) metal-organic hybrid thin films offers various advantages, e.g., tunable crystallinity and porosity, as well as great film conformality and thickness control. However, such methods have barely been investigated. In this contribution, zinc-organic hybrid layers were for the first time formed via a three-step MLD sequence, using diethylzinc, ethanolamine, and maleic anhydride. These zinc-organic hybrid films were then calcinated with the aim of enhancing the porosity of the obtained ZnO films. The saturation curves for the three-step MLD process were measured, showing a growth rate of 4.4 ± 0.2 Å/cycle. After initial degradation, the zinc-organic layers were found to be stable in ambient air. The transformation behavior of the zinc-organic layers, i.e., the evolution of the film thickness and refractive index as well as the pore formation upon heating to 400, 500, and 600 °C were investigated with the help of spectroscopic ellipsometry and ellipsometric porosimetry. The calculated pore size distribution showed open porosity values of 25%, for the sample calcinated at 400 °C. The corresponding expectation value for the pore radius obtained from this distribution was 2.8 nm.
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8
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De Coster V, Poelman H, Dendooven J, Detavernier C, Galvita VV. Designing Nanoparticles and Nanoalloys for Gas-Phase Catalysis with Controlled Surface Reactivity Using Colloidal Synthesis and Atomic Layer Deposition. Molecules 2020; 25:E3735. [PMID: 32824236 PMCID: PMC7464189 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Supported nanoparticles are commonly applied in heterogeneous catalysis. The catalytic performance of these solid catalysts is, for a given support, dependent on the nanoparticle size, shape, and composition, thus necessitating synthesis techniques that allow for preparing these materials with fine control over those properties. Such control can be exploited to deconvolute their effects on the catalyst's performance, which is the basis for knowledge-driven catalyst design. In this regard, bottom-up synthesis procedures based on colloidal chemistry or atomic layer deposition (ALD) have proven successful in achieving the desired level of control for a variety of fundamental studies. This review aims to give an account of recent progress made in the two aforementioned synthesis techniques for the application of controlled catalytic materials in gas-phase catalysis. For each technique, the focus goes to mono- and bimetallic materials, as well as to recent efforts in enhancing their performance by embedding colloidal templates in porous oxide phases or by the deposition of oxide overlayers via ALD. As a recent extension to the latter, the concept of area-selective ALD for advanced atomic-scale catalyst design is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentijn De Coster
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (V.D.C.); (H.P.)
| | - Hilde Poelman
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (V.D.C.); (H.P.)
| | - Jolien Dendooven
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.D.); (C.D.)
| | - Christophe Detavernier
- Department of Solid State Sciences, CoCooN, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (J.D.); (C.D.)
| | - Vladimir V. Galvita
- Laboratory for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 125, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; (V.D.C.); (H.P.)
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9
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Perrotta A, Berger R, Muralter F, Coclite AM. Mesoporous ZnO thin films obtained from molecular layer deposited “zincones”. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14178-14188. [PMID: 31506655 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02824b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of MLD-derived mesoporous ZnO with 20% of porosity is demonstrated and studied by advanced in situ characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Perrotta
- Institute of Solid State Physics
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Richard Berger
- Institute of Solid State Physics
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Fabian Muralter
- Institute of Solid State Physics
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
| | - Anna Maria Coclite
- Institute of Solid State Physics
- NAWI Graz
- Graz University of Technology
- 8010 Graz
- Austria
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10
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In situ AFM study of low-temperature polymerization and network formation of thin film polyurea in ionic liquid. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Van de Kerckhove K, Barr MKS, Santinacci L, Vereecken PM, Dendooven J, Detavernier C. The transformation behaviour of "alucones", deposited by molecular layer deposition, in nanoporous Al 2O 3 layers. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:5860-5870. [PMID: 29649344 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00723c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanoporous alumina films can be synthesized from hybrid organic-inorganic "alucone" films deposited by molecular layer deposition (MLD) by wet etching in deionized water or calcination in air at 500 °C. This transformation process was systematically investigated for two alucone chemistries based on ethylene glycol (EG) and glycerol (GL). Ellipsometric porosimetry (EP) was used for the characterization of the porous alumina structures that are formed as a result of the treatments. Etching in deionized water transforms both EG- and GL-alucones into porous alumina with a porosity of about 40%, albeit with a different pore structure: cylindrical pores for EG-alucones and ink-bottle structures for GL-alucones. Calcination in air up to 500 °C only successfully transformed EG-alucones into porous alumina if the chosen heating and cooling rate was lower than 200 °C h-1. Below this ramp rate, a relationship between the resulting porosity and the ramp rate was found. At the lowest investigated ramp rate of 20 °C h-1, the highest porosity of 36% was achieved. For this treatment type, the pore shape was of the ink-bottle type for all investigated ramp rates with narrow 1 nm-sized pores. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the final chemistry of the porous structures was slightly different for both treatments due to trace amounts of carbon left behind by water etching. This suggests that the internal surface of the porous structure has a different termination depending on the chosen treatment. The precise thickness control and conformal nature inherent to MLD combined with the wet and heat treatments enables the coating of complex 3D structures with a porous alumina film with a well-defined thickness and pore structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Van de Kerckhove
- Department of Solid State Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S1, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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12
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Balzer C, Waag AM, Gehret S, Reichenauer G, Putz F, Hüsing N, Paris O, Bernstein N, Gor GY, Neimark AV. Adsorption-Induced Deformation of Hierarchically Structured Mesoporous Silica-Effect of Pore-Level Anisotropy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:5592-5602. [PMID: 28547995 PMCID: PMC5484557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this work is to understand adsorption-induced deformation of hierarchically structured porous silica exhibiting well-defined cylindrical mesopores. For this purpose, we performed an in situ dilatometry measurement on a calcined and sintered monolithic silica sample during the adsorption of N2 at 77 K. To analyze the experimental data, we extended the adsorption stress model to account for the anisotropy of cylindrical mesopores, i.e., we explicitly derived the adsorption stress tensor components in the axial and radial direction of the pore. For quantitative predictions of stresses and strains, we applied the theoretical framework of Derjaguin, Broekhoff, and de Boer for adsorption in mesopores and two mechanical models of silica rods with axially aligned pore channels: an idealized cylindrical tube model, which can be described analytically, and an ordered hexagonal array of cylindrical mesopores, whose mechanical response to adsorption stress was evaluated by 3D finite element calculations. The adsorption-induced strains predicted by both mechanical models are in good quantitative agreement making the cylindrical tube the preferable model for adsorption-induced strains due to its simple analytical nature. The theoretical results are compared with the in situ dilatometry data on a hierarchically structured silica monolith composed by a network of mesoporous struts of MCM-41 type morphology. Analyzing the experimental adsorption and strain data with the proposed theoretical framework, we find the adsorption-induced deformation of the monolithic sample being reasonably described by a superposition of axial and radial strains calculated on the mesopore level. The structural and mechanical parameters obtained from the model are in good agreement with expectations from independent measurements and literature, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Balzer
- Bavarian
Center for Applied Energy Research, Magdalene-Schoch-Str. 3, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Anna M. Waag
- Bavarian
Center for Applied Energy Research, Magdalene-Schoch-Str. 3, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Gehret
- Bavarian
Center for Applied Energy Research, Magdalene-Schoch-Str. 3, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Reichenauer
- Bavarian
Center for Applied Energy Research, Magdalene-Schoch-Str. 3, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Putz
- Materials
Chemistry, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer Str. 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nicola Hüsing
- Materials
Chemistry, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer Str. 2a, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Oskar Paris
- Institute
of Physics, Montanuniversitaet Leoben, Franz-Josef-Str. 18, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Noam Bernstein
- Center
for Materials Physics and Technology, U.S.
Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Gennady Y. Gor
- Otto
H. York Department of Chemical, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Alexander V. Neimark
- Department
of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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13
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Van de Kerckhove K, Mattelaer F, Dendooven J, Detavernier C. Molecular layer deposition of “vanadicone”, a vanadium-based hybrid material, as an electrode for lithium-ion batteries. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:4542-4553. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00374a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Post-deposition heat treatments activate MLD vanadicone as a lithium-ion battery electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Mattelaer
- Department of Solid State Sciences
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Jolien Dendooven
- Department of Solid State Sciences
- Ghent University
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
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14
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Perrotta A, Kessels WMM, Creatore M. Dynamic Ellipsometric Porosimetry Investigation of Permeation Pathways in Moisture Barrier Layers on Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:25005-25009. [PMID: 27618251 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The quality assessment of moisture permeation barrier layers needs to include both water permeation pathways, namely through bulk nanoporosity and local macroscale defects. Ellipsometric porosimetry (EP) has been already demonstrated a valuable tool for the identification of nanoporosity in inorganic thin film barriers, but the intrinsic lack of sensitivity toward the detection of macroscale defects prevents the overall barrier characterization. In this contribution, dynamic EP measurements are reported and shown to be sensitive to the detection of macroscale defects in SiO2 layers on polyethylene naphthalate substrate. In detail, the infiltration of probe molecules, leading to changes in optical properties of the polymeric substrate, is followed in time and related to permeation through macroscale defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Perrotta
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI) , 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmus M M Kessels
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Solar Research SOLLIANCE , High Tech Campus 21, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mariadriana Creatore
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Solar Research SOLLIANCE , High Tech Campus 21, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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15
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McCool NS, Swierk JR, Nemes CT, Schmuttenmaer CA, Mallouk TE. Dynamics of Electron Injection in SnO2/TiO2 Core/Shell Electrodes for Water-Splitting Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrochemical Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:2930-4. [PMID: 27414977 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Water-splitting dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (WS-DSPECs) rely on photoinduced charge separation at a dye/semiconductor interface to supply electrons and holes for water splitting. To improve the efficiency of charge separation and reduce charge recombination in these devices, it is possible to use core/shell structures in which photoinduced electron transfer occurs stepwise through a series of progressively more positive acceptor states. Here, we use steady-state emission studies and time-resolved terahertz spectroscopy to follow the dynamics of electron injection from a photoexcited ruthenium polypyridyl dye as a function of the TiO2 shell thickness on SnO2 nanoparticles. Electron injection proceeds directly into the SnO2 core when the thickness of the TiO2 shell is less than 5 Å. For thicker shells, electrons are injected into the TiO2 shell and trapped, and are then released into the SnO2 core on a time scale of hundreds of picoseconds. As the TiO2 shell increases in thickness, the probability of electron trapping in nonmobile states within the shell increases. Conduction band electrons in the TiO2 shell and the SnO2 core can be differentiated on the basis of their mobility. These observations help explain the observation of an optimum shell thickness for core/shell water-splitting electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R Swierk
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Coleen T Nemes
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Charles A Schmuttenmaer
- Department of Chemistry and Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University , 225 Prospect Street, P.O. Box 208107, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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16
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Van de Kerckhove K, Mattelaer F, Deduytsche D, Vereecken PM, Dendooven J, Detavernier C. Molecular layer deposition of “titanicone”, a titanium-based hybrid material, as an electrode for lithium-ion batteries. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:1176-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03840e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-deposition heat and water treatments activate MLD titanicone as a lithium-ion battery anode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Felix Mattelaer
- Department of Solid State Sciences
- Ghent University
- 9000 Gent
- Belgium
| | - Davy Deduytsche
- Department of Solid State Sciences
- Ghent University
- 9000 Gent
- Belgium
| | | | - Jolien Dendooven
- Department of Solid State Sciences
- Ghent University
- 9000 Gent
- Belgium
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17
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Andringa AM, Perrotta A, de Peuter K, Knoops HCM, Kessels WMM, Creatore M. Low-Temperature Plasma-Assisted Atomic Layer Deposition of Silicon Nitride Moisture Permeation Barrier Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:22525-22532. [PMID: 26393381 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of organic (opto-)electronic devices, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), photovoltaic cells, and field-effect transistors, is required to minimize device degradation induced by moisture and oxygen ingress. SiNx moisture permeation barriers have been fabricated using a very recently developed low-temperature plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition (ALD) approach, consisting of half-reactions of the substrate with the precursor SiH2(NH(t)Bu)2 and with N2-fed plasma. The deposited films have been characterized in terms of their refractive index and chemical composition by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The SiNx thin-film refractive index ranges from 1.80 to 1.90 for films deposited at 80 °C up to 200 °C, respectively, and the C, O, and H impurity levels decrease when the deposition temperature increases. The relative open porosity content of the layers has been studied by means of multisolvent ellipsometric porosimetry (EP), adopting three solvents with different kinetic diameters: water (∼0.3 nm), ethanol (∼0.4 nm), and toluene (∼0.6 nm). Irrespective of the deposition temperature, and hence the impurity content in the SiNx films, no uptake of any adsorptive has been observed, pointing to the absence of open pores larger than 0.3 nm in diameter. Instead, multilayer development has been observed, leading to type II isotherms that, according to the IUPAC classification, are characteristic of nonporous layers. The calcium test has been performed in a climate chamber at 20 °C and 50% relative humidity to determine the intrinsic water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of SiNx barriers deposited at 120 °C. Intrinsic WVTR values in the range of 10(-6) g/m2/day indicate excellent barrier properties for ALD SiNx layers as thin as 10 nm, competing with that of state-of-the-art plasma-enhanced chemical vapor-deposited SiNx layers of a few hundred nanometers in thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marije Andringa
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Alberto Perrotta
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI) , P.O. Box 902, 5600 AX Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Koen de Peuter
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Harm C M Knoops
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Oxford Instruments Plasma Technology , North End, Bristol BS49 4AP, United Kingdom
| | - Wilhelmus M M Kessels
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Solliance Solar Research , High Tech Campus 5, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mariadriana Creatore
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology , P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Solliance Solar Research , High Tech Campus 5, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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18
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19
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Dendooven J, Devloo-Casier K, Ide M, Grandfield K, Kurttepeli M, Ludwig KF, Bals S, Van Der Voort P, Detavernier C. Atomic layer deposition-based tuning of the pore size in mesoporous thin films studied by in situ grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:14991-14998. [PMID: 25363826 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05049e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) enables the conformal coating of porous materials, making the technique suitable for pore size tuning at the atomic level, e.g., for applications in catalysis, gas separation and sensing. It is, however, not straightforward to obtain information about the conformality of ALD coatings deposited in pores with diameters in the low mesoporous regime (<10 nm). In this work, it is demonstrated that in situ synchrotron based grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) can provide valuable information on the change in density and internal surface area during ALD of TiO(2) in a porous titania film with small mesopores (3-8 nm). The results are shown to be in good agreement with in situ X-ray fluorescence data representing the evolution of the amount of Ti atoms deposited in the porous film. Analysis of both datasets indicates that the minimum pore diameter that can be achieved by ALD is determined by the size of the Ti-precursor molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Dendooven
- Department of Solid State Sciences, COCOON, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281/S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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20
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Fattakhova-Rohlfing D, Zaleska A, Bein T. Three-Dimensional Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2014; 114:9487-558. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500201c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Fattakhova-Rohlfing
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Adriana Zaleska
- Department
of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), University of Munich (LMU), Butenandtstrasse 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany
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21
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Levrau E, Devloo-Casier K, Dendooven J, Ludwig KF, Verdonck P, Meersschaut J, Baklanov MR, Detavernier C. Atomic layer deposition of TiO2 on surface modified nanoporous low-k films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:12284-12289. [PMID: 24000800 DOI: 10.1021/la4027738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the effects of different plasma treatments on low dielectric constant (low-k) materials and the consequences for the growth behavior of atomic layer deposition (ALD) on these modified substrates. An O2 and a He/H2 plasma treatment were performed on SiCOH low-k films to modify their chemical surface groups. Transmission FTIR and water contact angle (WCA) analysis showed that the O2 plasma changed the hydrophobic surface completely into a hydrophilic surface, while the He/H2 plasma changed it only partially. In a next step, in situ X-ray fluorescence (XRF), ellipsometric porosimetry (EP), and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) were used to characterize ALD growth of TiO2 on these substrates. The initial growth of TiO2 was found to be inhibited in the original low-k film containing only Si-CH3 surface groups, while immediate growth was observed in the hydrophilic O2 plasma treated film. The latter film was uniformly filled with TiO2 after 8 ALD cycles, while pore filling was delayed to 17 ALD cycles in the hydrophobic film. For the He/H2 plasma treated film, containing both Si-OH and Si-CH3 groups, the in situ XRF data showed that TiO2 could no longer be deposited in the He/H2 plasma treated film after 8 ALD cycles, while EP measurements revealed a remaining porosity. This can be explained by the faster deposition of TiO2 in the hydrophilic top part of the film than in the hydrophobic bulk which leaves the bulk porous, as confirmed by RBS depth profiling. The outcome of this research is not only of interest for the development of advanced interconnects in ULSI technology, but also demonstrates that ALD combined with RBS analysis is a handy approach to analyze the modifications induced by a plasma treatment on a nanoporous thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Levrau
- Department of Solid State Sciences, COCOON, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281/S1, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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22
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Vanstreels K, Wu C, Gonzalez M, Schneider D, Gidley D, Verdonck P, Baklanov MR. Effect of pore structure of nanometer scale porous films on the measured elastic modulus. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:12025-12035. [PMID: 24032751 DOI: 10.1021/la402383g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The impact of pore structure of nanoporous films on the measured elastic modulus is demonstrated for silica-based nanoporous low-k films that are fabricated using an alternative manufacturing sequence which allows a separate control of porosity and matrix properties. For this purpose, different experimental techniques for measuring the elastic properties were compared, including nanoindentation, laser-induced surface acoustic wave spectroscopy (LAwave), and ellipsometric porosimetry (EP). The link between the elastic response of these nanoporous materials and their internal pore structure was investigated using positronium annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), EP, and diffusion experiments. It is shown that the absolute value of the Berkovich indentation modulus is very sensitive to the local pore structure and stiffness of the substrate and can be influenced by densification and/or anisotropic elasticity upon indentation, while on the other hand spherical indentation results are less sensitive to the local pore structure. The comparison of Berkovich and spherical indentation results combined with finite element simulations can potentially reveal changes in the internal structure of the film. For nanoporous films with porosity above the percolation threshold, the elastic modulus results obtained with LAwave and EP agree very well with spherical indentation results. On the other hand, below the percolation threshold, the elastic modulus values determined by these techniques deviate from the spherical indentation results. This was explained in terms of specific technique related effects that appear to be sensitive to the specific arrangement and morphology of the pores.
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23
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Gor GY, Paris O, Prass J, Russo PA, Ribeiro Carrott MML, Neimark AV. Adsorption of n-pentane on mesoporous silica and adsorbent deformation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:8601-8608. [PMID: 23758155 DOI: 10.1021/la401513n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Development of quantitative theory of adsorption-induced deformation is important, e.g., for enhanced coalbed methane recovery by CO2 injection. It is also promising for the interpretation of experimental measurements of elastic properties of porous solids. We study deformation of mesoporous silica by n-pentane adsorption. The shape of experimental strain isotherms for this system differs from the shape predicted by thermodynamic theory of adsorption-induced deformation. We show that this difference can be attributed to the difference of disjoining pressure isotherm, responsible for the solid-fluid interactions. We suggest the disjoining pressure isotherm suitable for n-pentane adsorption on silica and derive the parameters for this isotherm from experimental data of n-pentane adsorption on nonporous silica. We use this isotherm in the formalism of macroscopic theory of adsorption-induced deformation of mesoporous materials, thus extending this theory for the case of weak solid-fluid interactions. We employ the extended theory to calculate solvation pressure and strain isotherms for SBA-15 and MCM-41 silica and compare it with experimental data obtained from small-angle X-ray scattering. Theoretical predictions for MCM-41 are in good agreement with the experiment, but for SBA-15 they are only qualitative. This deviation suggests that the elastic modulus of SBA-15 may change during pore filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Yu Gor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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24
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Sree SP, Dendooven J, Masschaele K, Hamed HM, Deng S, Bals S, Detavernier C, Martens JA. Synthesis of uniformly dispersed anatase nanoparticles inside mesoporous silica thin films via controlled breakup and crystallization of amorphous TiO2 deposited using atomic layer deposition. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:5001-5008. [PMID: 23636429 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr00594a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous titanium dioxide was introduced into the pores of mesoporous silica thin films with 75% porosity and 12 nm average pore diameter via Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) using alternating pulses of tetrakis(dimethylamino)titanium and water. Calcination provoked fragmentation of the deposited amorphous TiO2 phase and its crystallization into anatase nanoparticles inside the nanoporous film. The narrow particle size distribution of 4 ± 2 nm and the uniform dispersion of the particles over the mesoporous silica support were uniquely revealed using electron tomography. These anatase nanoparticle bearing films showed photocatalytic activity in methylene blue degradation. This new synthesis procedure of the anatase nanophase in mesoporous silica films using ALD is a convenient fabrication method of photocatalytic coatings amenable to application on very small as well as very large surfaces.
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25
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Qiang Z, Xue J, Cavicchi KA, Vogt BD. Morphology control in mesoporous carbon films using solvent vapor annealing. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:3428-3438. [PMID: 23394515 DOI: 10.1021/la304915j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ordered mesoporous (2-50 nm) carbon films were fabricated using cooperative self-assembly of a phenolic resin oligomer with a novel block copolymer template (poly(styrene-block-N,N-dimethyl-n-octadecylamine p-styrenesulfonate), (PS-b-PSS-DMODA)) synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Due to the high Tg of the PS segment and the strong interactions between the phenolic resin and the PSS-DMODA, the segmental rearrangement is kinetically hindered relative to the cross-linking rate of the phenolic resin, which inhibits long-range ordering and yields a poorly ordered mesoporous carbon with a broad pore size distribution. However, relatively short exposure (2 h) to controlled vapor pressures of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) yields significant improvements in the long-range ordering and narrows the pore size distribution. The average pore size increases as the solvent vapor pressure during annealing increases, but an upper limit of p/p0 = 0.85 exists above which the films dewet rapidly during solvent vapor annealing. This approach can be extended using mesityl oxide, which has similar solvent qualities to MEK, but is not easily removed by ambient air drying after solvent annealing. This residual solvent can impact the morphology that develops during cross-linking of the films. These results illustrate the ability to fine-tune the mesostructure of ordered mesoporous carbon films through simple changes in the processing without any compositional changes in the initial cast film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Qiang
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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26
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Zhang L, Prosser JH, Feng G, Lee D. Mechanical properties of atomic layer deposition-reinforced nanoparticle thin films. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:6543-6552. [PMID: 22968288 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32016a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle thin films (NTFs) exhibit multifunctionality, making them useful for numerous advanced applications including energy storage and conversion, biosensing and photonics. Poor mechanical reliability and durability of NTFs, however, limit their industrial and commercial applications. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) represents a unique opportunity to enhance the mechanical properties of NTFs at a relatively low temperature without drastically changing their original structure and functionality. In this work, we study how ALD of different materials, Al(2)O(3), TiO(2), and SiO(2), affects the mechanical properties of TiO(2) and SiO(2) NTFs. Our results demonstrate that the mechanical properties of ALD-reinforced NTFs are dominantly influenced by the mechanical properties of the ALD materials rather than by the compositional matching between ALD and nanoparticle materials. Among the three ALD materials, Al(2)O(3) ALD provides the best enhancement in the modulus and hardness of the NTFs. Interestingly, Al(2)O(3) ALD is able to enhance not only the modulus and hardness but also the toughness of NTFs. Our study presents an additional benefit of depositing nanometer scale ALD layers in NTFs; that is, we find that the hardness and modulus of ultrathin ALD layers (<5 nm) can be estimated from the mechanical properties of ALD-reinforced NTFs using a simple mixing rule. This investigation also provides insight into the use of nanoindentation for testing the mechanical properties of ultrathin ALD-reinforced NTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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