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Ma Z, Kong D, Cai W, Wang Z, Cheng M, Wu Z, Zhao X, Cen M, Dai H, Guo S, Liu YJ. Generating Airy surface acoustic waves with dislocated interdigital transducers. LAB ON A CHIP 2024. [PMID: 39289895 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00371c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
We propose an innovative design for interdigital transducers (IDTs), enabling phase modulation of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) with a dislocated electrode structure. By designing the size and arrangement of these dislocated IDTs, a novel type of Airy SAWs can be generated, exhibiting self-accelerating, self-bending, and self-healing characteristics. The acceleration of the generated Airy SAW is 0.081 cm-1. Furthermore, particles and bubbles can be precisely manipulated using the generated Airy SAW. The proposed dislocated IDTs could be used for generation of many other types of SAWs, hence holding great promise for applications including SAW shaping, particle manipulation/sorting, and acoustic sensing/detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjun Ma
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber and Cable Manufacture Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for High Resolution Light Field Display and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Delai Kong
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber and Cable Manufacture Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for High Resolution Light Field Display and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenfeng Cai
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber and Cable Manufacture Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for High Resolution Light Field Display and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhenming Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber and Cable Manufacture Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for High Resolution Light Field Display and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ming Cheng
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber and Cable Manufacture Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for High Resolution Light Field Display and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zixuan Wu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber and Cable Manufacture Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for High Resolution Light Field Display and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xueqian Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber and Cable Manufacture Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for High Resolution Light Field Display and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mengjia Cen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber and Cable Manufacture Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for High Resolution Light Field Display and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Haitao Dai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shifeng Guo
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yan Jun Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber and Cable Manufacture Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research Center for High Resolution Light Field Display and Technology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Yang Q, Huang W, Liu X, Sami R, Fan X, Dong Q, Luo J, Tao R, Fu C. Simple, and highly efficient edge-effect surface acoustic wave atomizer. ULTRASONICS 2024; 142:107359. [PMID: 38823151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2024.107359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Conventional surface acoustic wave (SAW) atomizers require a direct water supply on the surface, which can be complex and cumbersome. This paper presents a novel SAW atomizer that uses lateral acoustic wetting to achieve atomization without a direct water supply. The device works by simply pressing a piece of wetted paper strip against the bottom of an excited piezoelectric transducer. The liquid then flows along the side to the unmodified surface edge, where it is atomized into a well-converging mist in a stable and sustainable manner. We identified this phenomenon as the edge effect, using numerical simulation results of surface displacement mode. The feasibility of the prototype design was demonstrated by observing and investigating the integrated process of liquid extraction, transport, and atomization. We further explored the hydrodynamic principles of the change and breakup in liquid film geometry under different input powers. Experiments demonstrate that our atomizer is capable of generating high-quality fine liquid particles stably and rapidly even at very high input power. Compared to conventional SAW atomizer, the dispersion of mist width can be scaled down by 70%, while the atomization rate can be increased by 37.5%. Combined with the advantages of easy installation and robustness, the edge effect-based atomizer offers an attractive alternative to current counterparts for applications requiring high efficiency and miniaturization, such as simultaneous synthesis and encapsulation of nanoparticles, pulmonary drug delivery and portable inhalation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qutong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wenyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaoyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ramadan Sami
- Imperial College London, Department of Materials, London, UK
| | - Xiaoming Fan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jingting Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ran Tao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chen Fu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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Wu Z, Sun L, Chen H, Zhao Y. Bioinspired Surfaces Derived from Acoustic Waves for On-Demand Droplet Manipulations. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0263. [PMID: 39290236 PMCID: PMC11407685 DOI: 10.34133/research.0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
The controllable manipulation and transfer of droplets are fundamental in a wide range of chemical reactions and even life processes. Herein, we present a novel, universal, and straightforward acoustic approach to fabricating biomimetic surfaces for on-demand droplet manipulations like many natural creatures. Based on the capillary waves induced by surface acoustic waves, various polymer films could be deformed into pre-designed structures, such as parallel grooves and grid-like patterns. These structured and functionalized surfaces exhibit impressive ability in droplet transportation and water collection, respectively. Besides these static surfaces, the tunability of acoustics could also endow polymer surfaces with dynamic controllability for droplet manipulations, including programming wettability, mitigating droplet evaporation, and accelerating chemical reactions. Our approach is capable of achieving universal surface manufacturing and droplet manipulation simultaneously, which simplifies the fabrication process and eliminates the need for additional chemical modifications. Thus, we believe that our acoustic-derived surfaces and technologies could provide a unique perspective for various applications, including microreactor integration, biochemical reaction control, tissue engineering, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuhao Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hanxu Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Bhatt B, Mukhopadhyay S, Khare K. Frequency-Dependent Dewetting of Thin Liquid Films Using External ac Electric Field. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:13512-13520. [PMID: 37707358 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The stability of thin liquid films on a surface can be controlled by using external stimuli, such as an electric field, temperature, or light, by manipulating the total excess free energy of the system. It has been previously shown that thin lubricating films on slippery surfaces can be destabilized via the spinodal mechanism using an external electric field, which returns to the original stable configuration upon the electric field. However, the role of the frequency of the applied ac electric field is not clear, which is the main topic of study in this report. When an ac electric field of fixed voltage and varying frequency is applied across thin lubricating films of slippery surfaces, a different dewetting behavior is observed. Characteristic length and time scales of dewetting depend strongly on the frequency of the applied voltage, which is primarily due to the change in the dielectric behavior of the lubricating fluid. In addition, the interplay of various time scales involved in the dewetting process also depends on the frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Bhatt
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Soumik Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Krishnacharya Khare
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
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Mandal D, Banerjee S. Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Sensors: Physics, Materials, and Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:820. [PMID: 35161565 PMCID: PMC8839725 DOI: 10.3390/s22030820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are the guided waves that propagate along the top surface of a material with wave vectors orthogonal to the normal direction to the surface. Based on these waves, SAW sensors are conceptualized by employing piezoelectric crystals where the guided elastodynamic waves are generated through an electromechanical coupling. Electromechanical coupling in both active and passive modes is achieved by integrating interdigitated electrode transducers (IDT) with the piezoelectric crystals. Innovative meta-designs of the periodic IDTs define the functionality and application of SAW sensors. This review article presents the physics of guided surface acoustic waves and the piezoelectric materials used for designing SAW sensors. Then, how the piezoelectric materials and cuts could alter the functionality of the sensors is explained. The article summarizes a few key configurations of the electrodes and respective guidelines for generating different guided wave patterns such that new applications can be foreseen. Finally, the article explores the applications of SAW sensors and their progress in the fields of biomedical, microfluidics, chemical, and mechano-biological applications along with their crucial roles and potential plans for improvements in the long-term future in the field of science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sourav Banerjee
- Integrated Material Assessment and Predictive Simulation Laboratory, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
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Ahmed H, Yang X, Ehrnst Y, Jeorje NN, Marqus S, Sherrell PC, El Ghazaly A, Rosen J, Rezk AR, Yeo LY. Ultrafast assembly of swordlike Cu 3(1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate) n metal-organic framework crystals with exposed active metal sites. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:1050-1057. [PMID: 32323688 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00171f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their large surface area and high uptake capacity, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted considerable attention as potential materials for gas storage, energy conversion, and electrocatalysis. Various strategies have recently been proposed to manipulate the MOF surface chemistry to facilitate exposure of the embedded metal centers at the crystal surface to allow more effective binding of target molecules to these active sites. Nevertheless, such strategies remain complex, often requiring strict control over the synthesis conditions to avoid blocking pore access, reduction in crystal quality, or even collapse of the entire crystal structure. In this work, we exploit the hydrodynamics and capillary resonance associated with acoustically-driven dynamically spreading and nebulizing thin films as a new method for ultrafast synthesis of swordlike Cu3(1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate)n (Cu-BTC) MOFs with unique monoclinic crystal structures (P21/n) distinct to that obtained via conventional bulk solvothermal synthesis, with 'swordlike' morphologies whose lengths far exceed their thicknesses. Through pulse modulation and taking advantage of the rapid solvent evaporation associated with the high nebulisation rates, we are also able to control the thicknesses of these large aspect ratio (width and length with respect to the thickness) crystals by arresting their vertical growth, which, in turn, allows exposure of the metal active sites at the crystal surface. An upshot of such active site exposure on the crystal surface is the concomitant enhancement in the conductivity of the MOF, evident from the improvement in its current density by two orders of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Ahmed
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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Lim H, Back SM, Choi H, Nam J. Acoustic mixing in a dome-shaped chamber-based SAW (DC-SAW) device. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:120-125. [PMID: 31723954 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00820a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of an open droplet system for surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based applications has been limited by droplet instability at high input power. This study introduces a dome-shaped chamber-based SAW (DC-SAW) device for the first time, which can be fabricated simply using a single adhesive tape and a drop of ultraviolet-curable material without soft lithography processes. The dome-shaped chamber device with a contact angle of 68° enables the maximizing of the effect of SAW transmitted at a refraction angle of roughly 22°, negating the droplet instability. The DC-SAW device was applied to acoustic mixing to estimate its capability. Acoustic mixing of two different fluids (i.e., deionized water and fluorescent particle suspension) was demonstrated in the dome-shaped chamber device. Moreover, the effect of flow rate and applied voltage on mixing performance was estimated. With the decreasing flow rate and increasing applied voltage, mixing performance was enhanced. At an applied voltage of 20 V, mixing indices were higher than 0.9 at a total flow rate of 300 μl min-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Lim
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Seung Min Back
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hyuk Choi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Jeonghun Nam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Korea. and Department of Emergency Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Rezk AR, Ahmed H, Ramesan S, Yeo LY. High Frequency Sonoprocessing: A New Field of Cavitation-Free Acoustic Materials Synthesis, Processing, and Manipulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 8:2001983. [PMID: 33437572 PMCID: PMC7788597 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound constitutes a powerful means for materials processing. Similarly, a new field has emerged demonstrating the possibility for harnessing sound energy sources at considerably higher frequencies (10 MHz to 1 GHz) compared to conventional ultrasound (⩽3 MHz) for synthesizing and manipulating a variety of bulk, nanoscale, and biological materials. At these frequencies and the typical acoustic intensities employed, cavitation-which underpins most sonochemical or, more broadly, ultrasound-mediated processes-is largely absent, suggesting that altogether fundamentally different mechanisms are at play. Examples include the crystallization of novel morphologies or highly oriented structures; exfoliation of 2D quantum dots and nanosheets; polymer nanoparticle synthesis and encapsulation; and the possibility for manipulating the bandgap of 2D semiconducting materials or the lipid structure that makes up the cell membrane, the latter resulting in the ability to enhance intracellular molecular uptake. These fascinating examples reveal how the highly nonlinear electromechanical coupling associated with such high-frequency surface vibration gives rise to a variety of static and dynamic charge generation and transfer effects, in addition to molecular ordering, polarization, and assembly-remarkably, given the vast dimensional separation between the acoustic wavelength and characteristic molecular length scales, or between the MHz-order excitation frequencies and typical THz-order molecular vibration frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgad R. Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research LaboratorySchool of EngineeringRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3000Australia
| | - Heba Ahmed
- Micro/Nanophysics Research LaboratorySchool of EngineeringRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3000Australia
| | - Shwathy Ramesan
- Micro/Nanophysics Research LaboratorySchool of EngineeringRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3000Australia
| | - Leslie Y. Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research LaboratorySchool of EngineeringRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3000Australia
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Tung KW, Chung PS, Wu C, Man T, Tiwari S, Wu B, Chou YF, Yang FL, Chiou PY. Deep, sub-wavelength acoustic patterning of complex and non-periodic shapes on soft membranes supported by air cavities. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3714-3725. [PMID: 31584051 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00612e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Arbitrary patterning of micro-objects in liquid is crucial to many biomedical applications. Among conventional methodologies, acoustic approaches provide superior biocompatibility but are intrinsically limited to producing periodic patterns at low resolution due to the nature of standing waves and the coupling between fluid and structure vibrations. This work demonstrates a near-field acoustic platform capable of synthesizing high resolution, complex and non-periodic energy potential wells. A thin and viscoelastic membrane is utilized to modulate the acoustic wavefront on a deep, sub-wavelength scale by suppressing the structural vibration selectively on the platform. Using 3 MHz excitation (λ∼ 500 μm in water), we have experimentally validated such a concept by realizing patterning of microparticles and cells with a line resolution of 50 μm (one tenth of the wavelength). Furthermore, massively parallel patterning across a 3 × 3 mm2 area has been achieved. This new acoustic wavefront modulation mechanism is powerful for manufacturing complex biologic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Wen Tung
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Pei-Shan Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cong Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Ave, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Tianxing Man
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Sidhant Tiwari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ben Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles, 714 Tiverton Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yuan-Fang Chou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Ling Yang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd, Da'an District, Taipei City, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Chiou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. and Department of Bioengineering, University of California at Los Angeles, 410 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Golubina EN, Kizim NF, Chekmarev AM. Influence of Vibrations in the Interfacial Layer on the Wettability of an Adhered Material of Interfacial Formations in Systems with d and f Elements. DOKLADY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0012501619090069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Go DB, Atashbar MZ, Ramshani Z, Chang HC. Surface acoustic wave devices for chemical sensing and microfluidics: A review and perspective. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2017; 9:4112-4134. [PMID: 29151901 PMCID: PMC5685524 DOI: 10.1039/c7ay00690j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic waves (SAWs), are electro-mechanical waves that form on the surface of piezoelectric crystals. Because they are easy to construct and operate, SAW devices have proven to be versatile and powerful platforms for either direct chemical sensing or for upstream microfluidic processing and sample preparation. This review summarizes recent advances in the development of SAW devices for chemical sensing and analysis. The use of SAW techniques for chemical detection in both gaseous and liquid media is discussed, as well as recent fabrication advances that are pointing the way for the next generation of SAW sensors. Similarly, applications and progress in using SAW devices as microfluidic platforms are covered, ranging from atomization and mixing to new approaches to lysing and cell adhesion studies. Finally, potential new directions and perspectives on the field as it moves forward are offered, with a specific focus on potential strategies for making SAW technologies for bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Go
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
| | - Masood Z. Atashbar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
| | - Zeinab Ramshani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
| | - Hsueh-Chia Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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12
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Kurashina Y, Takemura K, Friend J. Cell agglomeration in the wells of a 24-well plate using acoustic streaming. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:876-886. [PMID: 28184386 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01310d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell agglomeration is essential both to the success of drug testing and to the development of tissue engineering. Here, a MHz-order acoustic wave is used to generate acoustic streaming in the wells of a 24-well plate to drive particle and cell agglomeration. Acoustic streaming is known to manipulate particles in microfluidic devices, and even provide concentration in sessile droplets, but concentration of particles or cells in individual wells has never been shown, principally due to the drag present along the periphery of the fluid in such a well. The agglomeration time for a range of particle sizes suggests that shear-induced migration plays an important role in the agglomeration process. Particles with a diameter of 45 μm agglomerated into a suspended pellet under exposure to 2.134 MHz acoustic waves at 1.5 W in 30 s. Additionally, BT-474 cells also agglomerated as adherent masses at the center bottom of the wells of tissue-culture treated 24-well plates. By switching to low cell binding 24-well plates, the BT-474 cells formed suspended agglomerations that appeared to be spheroids, fully fifteen times larger than any cell agglomerates without the acoustic streaming. In either case, the viability and proliferation of the cells were maintained despite acoustic irradiation and streaming. Intermittent excitation was effective in avoiding temperature excursions, consuming only 75 mW per well on average, presenting a convenient means to form fully three-dimensional cellular masses potentially useful for tissue, cancer, and drug research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Kurashina
- School of Science for Open and Environmental Systems, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan and Center for Medical Devices and Instrumentation, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California-San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Kenjiro Takemura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - James Friend
- Center for Medical Devices and Instrumentation, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California-San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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Mahravan E, Naderan H, Damangir E. Frequency and wavelength prediction of ultrasonic induced liquid surface waves. ULTRASONICS 2016; 72:184-190. [PMID: 27566141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical investigation of parametric excitation of liquid free surface by a high frequency sound wave is preformed, using potential flow theory. Pressure and velocity distributions, resembling the sound wave, are applied to the free surface of the liquid. It is found that for impinging wave two distinct capillary frequencies will be excited: One of them is the same as the frequency of the sound wave, and the other is equal to the natural frequency corresponding to a wavenumber equal to the horizontal wavenumber of the sound wave. When the wave propagates in vertical direction, mathematical formulation leads to an equation, which has resonance frequency equal to half of the excitation frequency. This can explain an important contradiction between the frequency and the wavelength of capillary waves in the two cases of normal and inclined interaction of the sound wave and the free surface of the liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Mahravan
- Parallel Processing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Ave, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran
| | - Hamid Naderan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Ave, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Damangir
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Ave, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran
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Carvalho TC, McConville JT. The function and performance of aqueous aerosol devices for inhalation therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:556-78. [PMID: 27061412 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this review paper, we explore the interaction between the functioning mechanism of different nebulizers and the physicochemical properties of the formulations for several types of devices, namely jet, ultrasonic and vibrating-mesh nebulizers; colliding and extruded jets; electrohydrodynamic mechanism; surface acoustic wave microfluidic atomization; and capillary aerosol generation. KEY FINDINGS Nebulization is the transformation of bulk liquids into droplets. For inhalation therapy, nebulizers are widely used to aerosolize aqueous systems, such as solutions and suspensions. The interaction between the functioning mechanism of different nebulizers and the physicochemical properties of the formulations plays a significant role in the performance of aerosol generation appropriate for pulmonary delivery. Certain types of nebulizers have consistently presented temperature increase during the nebulization event. Therefore, careful consideration should be given when evaluating thermo-labile drugs, such as protein therapeutics. We also present the general approaches for characterization of nebulizer formulations. SUMMARY In conclusion, the interplay between the dosage form (i.e. aqueous systems) and the specific type of device for aerosol generation determines the effectiveness of drug delivery in nebulization therapies, thus requiring extensive understanding and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C Carvalho
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Drug Product Science & Technology, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jason T McConville
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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15
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Alhasan L, Qi A, Rezk AR, Yeo LY, Chan PPY. Assessment of the potential of a high frequency acoustomicrofluidic nebulisation platform for inhaled stem cell therapy. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:12-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00206k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the use of a novel high frequency acoustic nebulisation platform as an effective aerosolisation technique for inhaled mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Alhasan
- Department of Biotechnology & Biological Science
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory
| | - Aisha Qi
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Amgad R. Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Leslie Y. Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
| | - Peggy P. Y. Chan
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory
- RMIT University
- Melbourne
- Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
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16
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Xu H, Zhang X. Formation, characterization and stability of oil nanodroplets on immersed substrates. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 224:17-32. [PMID: 26233493 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscale oil droplets locating at solid-liquid interfaces significantly impact the interfacial properties, which are concerned in both industry applications and fundamental studies. This review article presents an overview of the current progress in nanodroplet research. We will start from the characterization of interfacial nanodroplets and the formation of interfacial nanodroplets by direct adsorption from emulsions and by the solvent exchange protocol. Then we will review the experimental and theoretical studies on the evolution of oil nanodroplets including spreading, dissolution, and detachment. We will also cover the emerging applications of the interfacial nanodroplets in the fields of surface functionalization and nanostructure engineering, and particularly, highlight the potential application as capping agents to obtain architectures on microparticle surface. Finally we propose the challenges and the opportunities in this area. In our opinion, the nanodroplets have not only of high relevance to practical applications, but also serve as a model system for understanding many interfacial phenomena, such as phase separation and wetting on a microscopic scale.
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17
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Winkler A, Harazim SM, Menzel SB, Schmidt H. SAW-based fluid atomization using mass-producible chip devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:3793-9. [PMID: 26262577 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00756a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based fluid atomizers are ideally suited to generate micrometer-sized droplets without any moving parts or nozzles. Versatile application fields can be found for instance in biomedical, aerosol or thin film technology, including medical inhalators or particle deposition for advanced surface treatment. Such atomizers also show great potential for on-chip integration and can lead to economic production of hand-held and even disposable devices, with either a single functionality or integrated in more complex superior systems. However, this potential was limited in the past by fluid supply mechanisms inadequate for mass production, accuracy and reliability. In this work, we briefly discuss existing fluid supply methods and demonstrate a straightforward new approach suited for reliable and cost-effective mass-scale manufacturing of SAW atomizer chips. Our approach is based on a fluid supply at the boundary of the acoustic beam via SU-8 microchannels produced by a novel one-layer/double-exposure photolithography method. Using this technique, we demonstrate precise and stable fluid atomization with almost ideal aerosol plume geometry from a dynamically stabilized thin fluid film. Additionally, we demonstrate the possibility of in situ altering the droplet size distribution by controlling the amount of fluid available in the active region of the chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Winkler
- IFW Dresden, SAWLab Saxony, PF 270116, 01171 Dresden, Germany.
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18
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Manor O, Rezk AR, Friend JR, Yeo LY. Dynamics of liquid films exposed to high-frequency surface vibration. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:053015. [PMID: 26066257 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.053015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We derive a generalized equation that governs the spreading of liquid films under high-frequency (MHz-order) substrate vibration in the form of propagating surface waves and show that this single relationship is universally sufficient to collectively describe the rich and diverse dynamic phenomena recently observed for the transport of oil films under such substrate excitation, in particular, Rayleigh surface acoustic waves. In contrast to low-frequency (Hz- to kHz-order) vibration-induced wetting phenomena, film spreading at such high frequencies arises from convective drift generated by the viscous periodic flow localized in a region characterized by the viscous penetration depth β(-1)≡(2μ/ρω)(1/2) adjacent to the substrate that is invoked directly by its vibration; μ and ρ are the viscosity and the density of the liquid, respectively, and ω is the excitation frequency. This convective drift is responsible for driving the spreading of thin films of thickness h≪k(l)(-1), which spread self-similarly as t(1/4) along the direction of the drift corresponding to the propagation direction of the surface wave, k(l) being the wave number of the compressional acoustic wave that forms in the liquid due to leakage of the surface wave energy from the substrate into the liquid and t the time. Films of greater thicknesses h∼k(l)(-1)≫β(-1), in contrast, are observed to spread with constant velocity but in a direction that opposes the drift and surface wave propagation due to the attenuation of the acoustic wave in the liquid. The universal equation derived allows for the collective prediction of the spreading of these thin and thick films in opposing directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Manor
- Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Amgad R Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - James R Friend
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Leslie Y Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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19
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Ma A, Xu J, Zhang X, Zhang B, Wang D, Xu H. Interfacial nanodroplets guided construction of hierarchical Au, Au-Pt, and Au-Pd particles as excellent catalysts. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4849. [PMID: 24797697 PMCID: PMC4010925 DOI: 10.1038/srep04849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Interfacial nanodroplets were grafted to the surfaces of self-sacrificed template particles in a galvanic reaction system to assist the construction of 3D Au porous structures. The interfacial nanodroplets were formed via direct adsorption of surfactant-free emulsions onto the particle surfaces. The interfacial nanodroplets discretely distributed at the template particle surfaces and served as soft templates to guide the formation of porous Au structures. The self-variation of footprint sizes of interfacial nanodroplets during Au growth gave rise to a hierarchical pore size distribution of the obtained Au porous particles. This strategy could be easily extended to synthesize bimetal porous particles such as Au-Pt and Au-Pd. The obtained porous Au, Au-Pt, and Au-Pd particles showed excellent catalytic activity in catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Ma
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Jie Xu
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- 1] Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia [2] School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dayang Wang
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Haolan Xu
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, SA 5095, Australia
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20
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Acoustic Alignment of a Supramolecular Nanofiber in Harmony with the Sound of Music. Chempluschem 2014; 79:516-523. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Tarbell JM, Shi ZD, Dunn J, Jo H. Fluid Mechanics, Arterial Disease, and Gene Expression. ANNUAL REVIEW OF FLUID MECHANICS 2014; 46:591-614. [PMID: 25360054 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-010313-141418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This review places modern research developments in vascular mechanobiology in the context of hemodynamic phenomena in the cardiovascular system and the discrete localization of vascular disease. The modern origins of this field are traced, beginning in the 1960s when associations between flow characteristics, particularly blood flow-induced wall shear stress, and the localization of atherosclerotic plaques were uncovered, and continuing to fluid shear stress effects on the vascular lining endothelial) cells (ECs), including their effects on EC morphology, biochemical production, and gene expression. The earliest single-gene studies and genome-wide analyses are considered. The final section moves from the ECs lining the vessel wall to the smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts within the wall that are fluid me chanically activated by interstitial flow that imposes shear stresses on their surfaces comparable with those of flowing blood on EC surfaces. Interstitial flow stimulates biochemical production and gene expression, much like blood flow on ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Zhong-Dong Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jessilyn Dunn
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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22
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Cintas P, Cravotto G, Barge A, Martina K. Interplay Between Mechanochemistry and Sonochemistry. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2014; 369:239-84. [PMID: 25860254 DOI: 10.1007/128_2014_623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasonic irradiation-based mechanochemical strategies have recently been the subject of intensive investigation because of the advantages they offer. These include simplicity, energy savings and wide applicability. Traditional areas of sonoprocessing such as cleaning, efficient mixing and solid activation have been extended to both macromolecular and micro/nanostructures, some of which are biologically significant, ultrasound-responsive actuators and crystal design, among others. Unlike conventional mechanochemical protocols, which require little solvent usage if any at all, mechanical (and chemical) effects promoted by ultrasound are observed in a liquid medium. Tensile forces, which share similarities with solid mechanochemistry, are generated by virtue of nonlinear effects, notably cavitation, when high-amplitude waves propagate in a fluid. This work aims to provide insight into some recent developments in the multifaceted field of sono-mechanochemistry using various examples that illustrate the role of ultrasonic activation, which is capable of boosting hitherto sterile transformations and inventing new crafts in applied chemistry. After a preliminary discussion of acoustics, which is intended to provide a mechanistic background, we mainly focus on experimental developments, while we often mention emerging science and occasionally delve into theoretical models and force simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Cintas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain.
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and NIS, Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Barge
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and NIS, Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Katia Martina
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and NIS, Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, 10125, Turin, Italy
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23
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Ding X, Li P, Lin SCS, Stratton ZS, Nama N, Guo F, Slotcavage D, Mao X, Shi J, Costanzo F, Huang TJ. Surface acoustic wave microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:3626-49. [PMID: 23900527 PMCID: PMC3992948 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50361e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The recent introduction of surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology onto lab-on-a-chip platforms has opened a new frontier in microfluidics. The advantages provided by such SAW microfluidics are numerous: simple fabrication, high biocompatibility, fast fluid actuation, versatility, compact and inexpensive devices and accessories, contact-free particle manipulation, and compatibility with other microfluidic components. We believe that these advantages enable SAW microfluidics to play a significant role in a variety of applications in biology, chemistry, engineering and medicine. In this review article, we discuss the theory underpinning SAWs and their interactions with particles and the contacting fluids in which they are suspended. We then review the SAW-enabled microfluidic devices demonstrated to date, starting with devices that accomplish fluid mixing and transport through the use of travelling SAW; we follow that by reviewing the more recent innovations achieved with standing SAW that enable such actions as particle/cell focusing, sorting and patterning. Finally, we look forward and appraise where the discipline of SAW microfluidics could go next.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Ding
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sz-Chin Steven Lin
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zackary S. Stratton
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Nitesh Nama
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Daniel Slotcavage
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xiaole Mao
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jinjie Shi
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Francesco Costanzo
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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24
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Rezk AR, Manor O, Friend JR, Yeo LY. Unique fingering instabilities and soliton-like wave propagation in thin acoustowetting films. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1167. [PMID: 23132017 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acoustic-fluid interactions not only has had a long history but has recently experienced renewed scrutiny because of their vast potential for microscale fluid and particle manipulation. Here we unravel a fascinating and anomalous ensemble of dynamic 'acoustowetting' phenomena in which a thin film drawn from a sessile drop first spreads in opposition to the acoustic wave propagation direction. The advancing film front then exhibits fingering instabilities akin to classical viscous fingering, but arising through a different and novel mechanism: transverse Fresnel diffraction of the underlying acoustic wave. Peculiar 'soliton-like' wave pulses are observed to grow above these fingers, which, on reaching a critical size, translate away along the wave propagation direction. By elucidating the complex hydrodynamics underpinning the spreading, and associated flow reversal and instability phenomena, we offer insight into the possibility of acoustically controlling fast and uniform film spreading, constituting a flexible and powerful alternative for microfluidic transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amgad R Rezk
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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25
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Taller D, Go DB, Chang HC. Self-similar micron-size and nanosize drops of liquid generated by surface acoustic waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2012; 109:224301. [PMID: 23368125 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.224301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A planar surface acoustic wave on a solid substrate and its radiated sound into a static liquid drop produce time-averaged, exponentially decaying acoustic and electric Maxwell pressures near the contact line. These localized contact-line pressures are shown to generate two sequences of hemispherical satellite droplets at the tens of microns and submicron scales, both obeying self-similar exponential scaling but with distinct exponents that correspond to viscous dissipation and field leakage length scales, respectively. The acoustic pressure becomes dominant when the film thickness exceeds (1/4π) of the surface acoustic wave wavelength and it affects the shape and stability of the mother drop. The Maxwell pressure of the nanodrops, which exceeds ten atmospheres, is sensitive to the contact angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Taller
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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26
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Collins DJ, Manor O, Winkler A, Schmidt H, Friend JR, Yeo LY. Atomization off thin water films generated by high-frequency substrate wave vibrations. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 86:056312. [PMID: 23214881 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.056312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Generating aerosol droplets via the atomization of thin aqueous films with high frequency surface acoustic waves (SAWs) offers several advantages over existing nebulization methods, particularly for pulmonary drug delivery, offering droplet sizes in the 1-5-μm range ideal for effective pulmonary therapy. Nevertheless, the physics underlying SAW atomization is not well understood, especially in the context of thin liquid film formation and spreading and how this affects the aerosol production. Here, we demonstrate that the film geometry, governed primarily by the applied power and frequency of the SAW, indeed plays a crucial role in the atomization process and, in particular, the size of the atomized droplets. In contrast to the continuous spreading of low surface energy liquids atop similar platforms, high surface energy liquids such as water, in the present case, are found to undergo transient spreading due to the SAW to form a quasisteady film whose height is determined by self-selection of the energy minimum state associated with the acoustic resonance in the film and whose length arises from a competition between acoustic streaming and capillary effects. This is elucidated from a fundamental model for the thin film spreading behavior under SAW excitation, from which we show good agreement between the experimentally measured and theoretically predicted droplet dimension, both of which consistently indicate a linear relationship between the droplet diameter and the mechanical power coupled into the liquid by the SAW (the latter captured by an acoustic Weber number to the two thirds power, and the reciprocal of the SAW frequency).
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27
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Langelier SM, Yeo LY, Friend J. UV epoxy bonding for enhanced SAW transmission and microscale acoustofluidic integration. LAB ON A CHIP 2012; 12:2970-2976. [PMID: 22695680 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc40085e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) are appealing as a means to manipulate fluids within lab-on-a-chip systems. However, current acoustofluidic devices almost universally rely on elastomeric materials, especially PDMS, that are inherently ill-suited for conveyance of elastic energy due to their strong attenuation properties. Here, we explore the use of a low-viscosity UV epoxy resin for room temperature bonding of lithium niobate (LiNbO(3)), the most widely used anisotropic piezoelectric substrate used in the generation of SAWs, to standard micromachined superstrates such as Pyrex® and silicon. The bonding methodology is straightforward and allows for reliable production of sub-micron bonds that are capable of enduring the high surface strains and accelerations needed for conveyance of SAWs. Devices prepared with this approach display as much as two orders of magnitude, or 20 dB, improvement in SAW transmission compared to those fabricated using the standard PDMS elastomer. This enhancement enables a broad range of applications in acoustofluidics that are consistent with the low power requirements of portable battery-driven circuits and the development of genuinely portable lab-on-a-chip devices. The method is exemplified in the fabrication of a closed-loop bidirectional SAW pumping concept with applications in micro-scale flow control, and represents the first demonstration of closed channel SAW pumping in a bonded glass/LiNbO(3) device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Langelier
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Australia
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28
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Yeo LY, Chang HC, Chan PPY, Friend JR. Microfluidic devices for bioapplications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:12-48. [PMID: 21072867 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing the ability to precisely and reproducibly actuate fluids and manipulate bioparticles such as DNA, cells, and molecules at the microscale, microfluidics is a powerful tool that is currently revolutionizing chemical and biological analysis by replicating laboratory bench-top technology on a miniature chip-scale device, thus allowing assays to be carried out at a fraction of the time and cost while affording portability and field-use capability. Emerging from a decade of research and development in microfluidic technology are a wide range of promising laboratory and consumer biotechnological applications from microscale genetic and proteomic analysis kits, cell culture and manipulation platforms, biosensors, and pathogen detection systems to point-of-care diagnostic devices, high-throughput combinatorial drug screening platforms, schemes for targeted drug delivery and advanced therapeutics, and novel biomaterials synthesis for tissue engineering. The developments associated with these technological advances along with their respective applications to date are reviewed from a broad perspective and possible future directions that could arise from the current state of the art are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Y Yeo
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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29
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Heron SR, Wilson R, Shaffer SA, Goodlett DR, Cooper JM. Surface acoustic wave nebulization of peptides as a microfluidic interface for mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3985-9. [PMID: 20364823 DOI: 10.1021/ac100372c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe the fabrication of a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device on a LiNbO(3) piezoelectric transducer for the transfer of nonvolatile analytes to the gas phase at atmospheric pressure (a process referred to as nebulization or atomization). We subsequently show how such a device can be used in the field of mass spectrometry (MS) detection, demonstrating that SAW nebulization (SAWN) can be performed either in a discontinuous or pulsed mode, similar to that for matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) or in a continuous mode like electrospray ionization (ESI). We present data showing the transfer of peptides to the gas phase, where ions are detected by MS. These peptide ions were subsequently fragmented by collision-induced dissociation, from which the sequence was assigned. Unlike MALDI mass spectra, which are typically contaminated with matrix ions at low m/z, the SAWN generated spectra had no such interference. In continuous mode, the SAWN plume was sampled on a microsecond time scale by a linear ion trap mass spectrometer and produced multiply charged peptide precursor ions with a charge state distribution shifted to higher m/z compared to an identical sample analyzed by ESI. The SAWN technology also provides the opportunity to re-examine a sample from a flat surface, repeatedly. The process can be performed without the need for capillaries, which can clog, reservoirs, which dilute the sample, and electrodes, which when in direct contact with sample, cause unwanted electrochemical oxidation. In both continuous and pulsed sampling modes, the quality of precursor ion scans and tandem mass spectra of peptides was consistent across the plume's lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Heron
- Department of Electronics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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30
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Tsuda A, Nagamine Y, Watanabe R, Nagatani Y, Ishii N, Aida T. Spectroscopic visualization of sound-induced liquid vibrations using a supramolecular nanofibre. Nat Chem 2010; 2:977-83. [PMID: 20966956 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The question of whether sound vibration of a medium can bring about any kind of molecular or macromolecular events is a long-standing scientific controversy. Although it is known that ultrasonic vibrations with frequencies of more than 1 MHz are able to align certain macromolecules in solution, no effect has yet been reported with audible sound, the frequency of which is much lower (20-20,000 Hz). Here, we report on the design of a supramolecular nanofibre that in solution becomes preferentially aligned parallel to the propagation direction of audible sound. This phenomenon can be used to spectroscopically visualize sound-induced vibrations in liquids and may find application in a wide range of vibration sensing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Tsuda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Yeo LY, Friend JR, McIntosh MP, Meeusen ENT, Morton DAV. Ultrasonic nebulization platforms for pulmonary drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:663-79. [PMID: 20459360 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2010.485608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Since the 1950s, ultrasonic nebulizers have played an important role in pulmonary drug delivery. As the process in which aerosol droplets are generated is independent and does not require breath-actuation, ultrasonic nebulizers, in principle, offer the potential for instantaneously fine-tuning the dose administered to the specific requirements of a patient, taking into account the patient's breathing pattern, physiological profile and disease state. Nevertheless, owing to the difficulties and limitations associated with conventional designs and technologies, ultrasonic nebulizers have never been widely adopted, and have in recent years been in a state of decline. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW An overview is provided on the advances in new miniature ultrasonic nebulization platforms in which large increases in lung dose efficiency have been reported. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN In addition to a discussion of the underlying mechanisms governing ultrasonic nebulization, in which there appears to be widely differing views, the advantages and shortcomings of conventional ultrasonic nebulization technology are reviewed and advanced state-of-the-art technologies that have been developed recently are discussed. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Recent advances in ultrasonic nebulization technology demonstrate significant potential for the development of smart, portable inhalation therapy platforms for the future. Nevertheless, there remain considerable challenges that need to be addressed before such personalized delivery systems can be realized. These have to be addressed across the spectrum from fundamental physics through to in vivo device testing and dealing with the relevant regulatory framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Y Yeo
- Monash University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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Qi A, Yeo L, Friend J, Ho J. The extraction of liquid, protein molecules and yeast cells from paper through surface acoustic wave atomization. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:470-6. [PMID: 20126687 DOI: 10.1039/b915833b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Paper has been proposed as an inexpensive and versatile carrier for microfluidics devices with abilities well beyond simple capillary action for pregnancy tests and the like. Unlike standard microfluidics devices, extracting a fluid from the paper is a challenge and a drawback to its broader use. Here, we extract fluid from narrow paper strips using surface acoustic wave (SAW) irradiation that subsequently atomizes the extracted fluid into a monodisperse aerosol for use in mass spectroscopy, medical diagnostics, and drug delivery applications. Two protein molecules, ovalbumin and bovine serum albumin (BSA), have been preserved in paper and then extracted using atomized mist through SAW excitation; protein electrophoresis shows there is less than 1% degradation of either protein molecule in this process. Finally, a solution of live yeast cells was infused into paper, which was subsequently dried for preservation then remoistened to extract the cells via SAW atomization, yielding live cells at the completion of the process. The successful preservation and extraction of fluids, proteins and yeast cells significantly expands the usefulness of paper in microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Qi
- MicroNanophysics Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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Qi A, Friend JR, Yeo LY, Morton DAV, McIntosh MP, Spiccia L. Miniature inhalation therapy platform using surface acoustic wave microfluidic atomization. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:2184-93. [PMID: 19606295 DOI: 10.1039/b903575c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary drug administration requires direct delivery of drug formulations into the lower pulmonary tract and alveoli of the lung in the form of inhaled particles or droplets, providing a distinct advantage over other methods for the treatment of respiratory diseases: the drug can be delivered directly to the site of inflammation, thus reducing the need for systemic exposure and the possibility of adverse effects. However, it is difficult to produce droplets of a drug solution within a narrow monodisperse size range (1-10 microm) needed for deposition in the lower pulmonary tract and alveoli. Here, we demonstrate the use of surface acoustic wave microfluidic atomization as an efficient means to generate appropriate aerosols containing a model drug, the short-acting beta2 agonist salbutamol, for the treatment of asthma. The mean aerosol diameter produced, 2.84+/-0.14 microm, lies well within the optimum size range, confirmed by a twin-stage impinger lung model, demonstrating that approximately 70 to 80% of the drug supplied to the atomizer is deposited within the lung. Our preliminary study explores how to control the aerosol diameter and lung delivery efficiency through the surface tension, viscosity, and input power, and also indicates which factors are irrelevant-like the fluid density. Even over a modest power range of 1-1.5 W, SAW atomization provides a viable and efficient generic nebulization platform for the delivery of drugs via the pulmonary route for the treatment of various diseases. The control offered over the aerosol size, low power requirements, high delivery efficiency, and the miniaturization of the system together suggest the proposed platform represents an attractive alternative to current nebulizers compatible with microfluidic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Qi
- Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Bok M, Li H, Yeo LY, Friend JR. The dynamics of surface acoustic wave-driven scaffold cell seeding. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 103:387-401. [PMID: 19160380 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Flow visualization using fluorescent microparticles and cell viability investigations are carried out to examine the mechanisms by which cells are seeded into scaffolds driven by surface acoustic waves. The former consists of observing both the external flow prior to the entry of the suspension into the scaffold and the internal flow within the scaffold pores. The latter involves micro-CT (computed tomography) scans of the particle distributions within the seeded scaffolds and visual and quantitative methods to examine the morphology and proliferation ability of the irradiated cells. The results of these investigations elucidate the mechanisms by which particles are seeded, and hence provide valuable information that form the basis for optimizing this recently discovered method for rapid, efficient, and uniform scaffold cell seeding. Yeast cells are observed to maintain their size and morphology as well as their proliferation ability over 14 days after they are irradiated. The mammalian primary osteoblast cells tested also show little difference in their viability when exposed to the surface acoustic wave irradiation compared to a control set. Together, these provide initial feasibility results that demonstrate the surface acoustic wave technology as a viable seeding method without risk of denaturing the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Bok
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Micro/Nanophysics Research Laboratory, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Alvarez M, Yeo LY, Friend JR, Jamriska M. Rapid production of protein-loaded biodegradable microparticles using surface acoustic waves. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2009; 3:14102. [PMID: 19693395 PMCID: PMC2717602 DOI: 10.1063/1.3055282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a straightforward and rapid surface acoustic wave (SAW) atomization-based technique for encapsulating proteins into 10 mum order particles composed of a biodegradable polymeric excipient, using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as an exemplar. Scans obtained from confocal microscopy provide qualitative proof of encapsulation and show the fluorescent conjugated protein to be distributed in a relatively uniform manner within the polymer shell. An ELISA assay of the collected particles demonstrates that the BSA survives the atomization, particle formation, and collection process with a yield of approximately 55%. The SAW atomization universally gave particles with a textured morphology, and increasing the frequency and polymer concentration generally gave smaller particles (to 3 mum average) with reduced porosity.
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Yeo LY, Friend JR. Ultrafast microfluidics using surface acoustic waves. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2009; 3:12002. [PMID: 19693383 PMCID: PMC2717600 DOI: 10.1063/1.3056040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that surface acoustic waves (SAWs), nanometer amplitude Rayleigh waves driven at megahertz order frequencies propagating on the surface of a piezoelectric substrate, offer a powerful method for driving a host of extremely fast microfluidic actuation and microbioparticle manipulation schemes. We show that sessile drops can be translated rapidly on planar substrates or fluid can be pumped through microchannels at 1-10 cms velocities, which are typically one to two orders quicker than that afforded by current microfluidic technologies. Through symmetry-breaking, azimuthal recirculation can be induced within the drop to drive strong inertial microcentrifugation for micromixing and particle concentration or separation. Similar micromixing strategies can be induced in the same microchannel in which fluid is pumped with the SAW by merely changing the SAW frequency to rapidly switch the uniform through-flow into a chaotic oscillatory flow by exploiting superpositioning of the irradiated sound waves from the sidewalls of the microchannel. If the flow is sufficiently quiescent, the nodes of the transverse standing wave that arises across the microchannel also allow for particle aggregation, and hence, sorting on nodal lines. In addition, the SAW also facilitates other microfluidic capabilities. For example, capillary waves excited at the free surface of a sessile drop by the SAW underneath it can be exploited for micronanoparticle collection and sorting at nodal points or lines at low powers. At higher powers, the large accelerations off the substrate surface as the SAW propagates across drives rapid destabilization of the drop free surface giving rise to inertial liquid jets that persist over 1-2 cm in length or atomization of the entire drop to produce 1-10 mum monodispersed aerosol droplets, which can be exploited for ink-jet printing, mass spectrometry interfacing, or pulmonary drug delivery. The atomization of polymerprotein solutions can also be used for the rapid synthesis of 150-200 nm polymerprotein particles or biodegradable polymeric shells in which proteins, peptides, and other therapeutic molecules are encapsulated within for controlled release drug delivery. The atomization of thin films behind a translating drop containing polymer solutions also gives rise to long-range spatial ordering of regular polymer spots whose size and spacing are dependent on the SAW frequency, thus offering a simple and powerful method for polymer patterning without requiring surface treatment or physicalchemical templating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Y Yeo
- MicroNanophysics Research Laboratory, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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