1
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Li D, Chen Y, Sun L, Zhou J, Dong L, Ren J. The Role of Interchain Force and/or Chain Entanglement in the Melt Strength and Ductility of PLA-Based Materials. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300577. [PMID: 37466153 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
As an eco-friendly material, PLA was a desirable alternative to polyethylene and polypropylene films due to its biodegradability. The preferable melt strength of PLA-based materials was a key factor in ensuring its processing using extrusion blow. This paper focuses on the influence of interchain force and/or chain entanglement on the melt strength and ductility of PLA-based materials in recent years. In addition, the preparation of PLA-based materials via physical blending or reactive processing was also summarized. The blending of PLA with a flexible heteropolymer, driven by the interchain force and/or chain entanglements, were characterized as a practicable method for toughening PLA-based materials. Also, the restructuring of PLA chains, by branching based on chain entanglement, was suitable for increasing chain entanglements in PLA matrix, yielding satisfactory melt strength and ductility. This review aims to elucidate the relationship between interchain forces and/or entanglement with the melt strength and ductility of PLA-based materials. An essential and systematic understanding of the tailoring melt strength and rheological properties of PLA by interchain forces and/or entanglement was apt to improve and perfect the processing technology of the extrusion blow, and consequently improve the tensile strength and toughness of PLA films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deling Li
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, China
| | - Limei Sun
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, China
| | - Liming Dong
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, China
| | - Jizhen Ren
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221018, China
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2
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Wang G, Zhang L, Chi X. Ductile poly(lactic acid)-based blends derived from poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate): Structures and properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123702. [PMID: 36801293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Because of superior tensile strength, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has emerged as one among the growth-oriented biodegradable materials. But it has been limited to some extent in practical applications due to poor ductility. Consequently, in order to improve the drawback of poor ductility of PLA, ductile blends were obtained by melt-blending of poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylate) (PBSTF25) with PLA. PBSTF25 has a good improvement on the ductility of PLA due to its excellent toughness. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that PBSTF25 promoted the cold crystallization of PLA. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed that PBSTF25 experienced stretch-induced crystallization throughout the stretching procedure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed neat PLA had a smooth fracture surface, but the blends had rough fracture surface. PBSTF25 can improve the ductility and processing properties of PLA. When the addition of PBSTF25 reached 20 wt%, tensile strength was 42.5 MPa and elongation at break increased to 156.6 %, approximately 19 times as much as PLA. The toughening effect of PBSTF25 was better than that of poly(butylene succinate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Wang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiang Chi
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, China
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3
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Istratov V, Gomzyak V, Vasnev V, Baranov OV, Mezhuev Y, Gritskova I. Branched Amphiphilic Polylactides as a Polymer Matrix Component for Biodegradable Implants. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051315. [PMID: 36904556 PMCID: PMC10007683 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of biocompatibility, biodegradability, and high mechanical strength has provided a steady growth in interest in the synthesis and application of lactic acid-based polyesters for the creation of implants. On the other hand, the hydrophobicity of polylactide limits the possibilities of its use in biomedical fields. The ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide, catalyzed by tin (II) 2-ethylhexanoate in the presence of 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid, and an ester of polyethylene glycol monomethyl ester and 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid accompanied by the introduction of a pool of hydrophilic groups, that reduce the contact angle, were considered. The structures of the synthesized amphiphilic branched pegylated copolylactides were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The resulting amphiphilic copolylactides, with a narrow MWD (1.14-1.22) and molecular weight of 5000-13,000, were used to prepare interpolymer mixtures with PLLA. Already, with the introduction of 10 wt% branched pegylated copolylactides, PLLA-based films had reduced brittleness, hydrophilicity, with a water contact angle of 71.9-88.5°, and increased water absorption. An additional decrease in the water contact angle, of 66.1°, was achieved by filling the mixed polylactide films with 20 wt% hydroxyapatite, which also led to a moderate decrease in strength and ultimate tensile elongation. At the same time, the PLLA modification did not have a significant effect on the melting point and the glass transition temperature; however, the filling with hydroxyapatite increased the thermal stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Istratov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Baumanskaya 2-ya Str., 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (V.I.); (Y.M.)
| | - Vitaliy Gomzyak
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Compounds, MIREA—Russian Technological University (RTU MIREA), Vernadskogo Avenue 78, 119454 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valerii Vasnev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Baranov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yaroslav Mezhuev
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street, 28, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biomaterials, Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya Sq., 9, 125047 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (V.I.); (Y.M.)
| | - Inessa Gritskova
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Macromolecular Compounds, MIREA—Russian Technological University (RTU MIREA), Vernadskogo Avenue 78, 119454 Moscow, Russia
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4
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Liu H, Hu J, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Wang X, Song J. A dual role of D-Sorbitol in crystallizing and processing poly (lactic acid). JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03480-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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5
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Li Y, Li D, Cheng H, Yu Y, Zhang Y, Shi H, Han C. Morphology, rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties of high-density polyethylene toughened by propylene-ethylene random copolymers. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-05049-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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6
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Wang G, Zhang L, Wang J, Hao X, Dong Y, Sun R. Ductile polylactic acid-based blend derived from bio-based poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene furandicarboxylate). Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04532-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Bohra BS, Pandey N, Pandey S, Rana S, Chaurasia A, Sahoo NG. Effect of terephthalic acid functionalized graphene oxide on the molecular interaction, and mechanical and thermal properties of Hytrel polymer. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7112-7122. [PMID: 36082826 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00595f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the effect of incorporating functionalized graphene oxide (terephthalic acid functionalized GO; GO-g-TPA) on the thermal and mechanical properties of Hytrel (HTL; a thermoplastic elastomeric polymer). Initially, the synthesis of GO-g-TPA was performed via chemical methods and subsequently characterized using various spectroscopic and imaging techniques. The melt mixing technique was executed in preparing the nanocomposites of HTL/GO and HTL/GO-g-TPA. An excellent GO dispersion was observed in the HTL polymeric matrix, which could be attributed to the significant effect of hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction between the HTL and GO-g-TPA. As a result of incorporating GO and GO-g-TPA into the HTL matrix, the overall mechanical and thermal properties of the nanocomposites were significantly improved. For the HTL/5 wt% GO-g-TPA nanocomposite, the tensile strength and storage modulus significantly increased by 61% and 224%, respectively. In addition, the melting temperature and crystalline temperature are increased by a notable 20 °C and 21 °C, respectively. Thus, the current study found that by improving the dispersion ability of the GO sheets, the properties of the HTL can be significantly enhanced and the prepared composite materials can be relevant for a wide range of applications including sports goods, hose jackets, wire and cable jackets, electronics, fluid power, sheeting belting seals, and footwear, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhashkar Singh Bohra
- Prof. Rajendra Singh Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital-263002, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Neema Pandey
- Prof. Rajendra Singh Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital-263002, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sandeep Pandey
- Prof. Rajendra Singh Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital-263002, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun-248007, India
| | | | - Nanda Gopal Sahoo
- Prof. Rajendra Singh Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, D.S.B. Campus, Kumaun University, Nainital-263002, Uttarakhand, India.
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8
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He Z, Shao H, Zhang N, Li J, Xiao H, Weng T, Zhou M, Wen B, Chen Y. The crystalline behavior of poly(
L
‐lactide) induced by nucleating agents with amide structure: The effect of benzamide molecule symmetry. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zejian He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Shao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Xiao
- Department of Chemistry Tsinghua University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhang Weng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Mi Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Zhejiang People's Republic of China
| | - Bianying Wen
- School of Materials and Mechanical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Processing and Quality Evaluation Technology of Green Plastics of China National Light Industry Council Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yulong Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology Zhejiang People's Republic of China
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9
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Liu H, Chen N, Peng C, Zhang S, Liu T, Song P, Zhong G, Liu H. Diisocyanate-Induced Dynamic Vulcanization of Difunctional Fatty Acids toward Mechanically Robust PLA Blends with Enhanced Luminescence Emission. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, No. 1 Qianhu South Road, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin′an, Hangzhou 311300, P. R. China
| | - Ning Chen
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin′an, Hangzhou 311300, P. R. China
| | - Changqing Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, No. 1 Qianhu South Road, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, No. 1 Qianhu South Road, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Tuan Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Pingan Song
- School of Agriculture and Environmental Science & Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Brisbane 4300, QLD, Australia
| | - Guolun Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, No. 1 Qianhu South Road, Ningbo 315100, P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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10
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Lu Z, Wang X, Jia S, Zhao L, Wang Z, Han L, Pan H, Zhang H, Dong L. The construction of super-tough polylactide/crosslinked polyamide blends by dynamic vulcanization. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Zhang X, Lu X, Huang D, Ding Y, Li J, Dai Z, Sun L, Li J, Wei X, Wei J, Li Y, Zhang K. Ultra-Tough Polylactide/Bromobutyl Rubber-Based Ionomer Blends via Reactive Blending Strategy. Front Chem 2022; 10:923174. [PMID: 35783218 PMCID: PMC9244537 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.923174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of ultra-toughened sustainable blends were prepared from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and bromobutyl rubber-based ionomers (i-BIIRs) via reactive blending, in which dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and Joncryl®ADR-4440 (ADR) were used as reactive blending additives. The miscibility, phase morphology and mechanical property of the PLA/i-BIIRs blends were thoroughly investigated through DMA, SEM, tensile and impact tests. The influence of different ionic groups and the effects of DCP and ADR on the compatibility between the phases, phase structure and mechanical properties were analyzed. The introduction of the imidazolium-based ionic groups and the reactive agents enable the i-BIIRs play multiple roles as effective compatibilizers and toughening agents, leading to improved interfacial compatibility and high toughness of the blends. The mechanical properties test showed that the PLA/i-BIIRs blends exhibit excellent toughness: impact strength and the elongation at break of AR-OH(30)+AD reached 95 kJ/m2 and 286%, respectively. The impact fracture surface showed the large-scale plastic deformation of the PLA matrix in the blends, resulting in greatly absorbing the impact energy. The results proved that simultaneously applying reactive blend and multiple intermolecular interactions methods is an effective toughening strategy for toughening modification of the PLA blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingfang Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingli Ding
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinshan Li
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Dai
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Sun
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Li
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Wei
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Kunyu Zhang, , ; Yang Li,
| | - Kunyu Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Petrochemical Research Institute, PetroChina Company Limited, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Kunyu Zhang, , ; Yang Li,
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12
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Sun J, Huang Y, Jin Y, Tian H, Men S. Improvement of mechanical properties and heat distortion temperature of polylactic acid by highly aromatic hyperbranched polyamide. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yansong Huang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Yujuan Jin
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Huafeng Tian
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Men
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
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13
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Bohra BS, Pandey N, Tatrari G, Rana S, Sahoo NG. The effects of functionalized graphene oxide on the thermal and mechanical properties of liquid crystalline polymers. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:3981-3992. [PMID: 35552585 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00143h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a robust approach for the selective covalent functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) for developing polymeric nanocomposites based on liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs). The functionalization of GO with HBA was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. The surface morphology of GO and functionalized GO (FGO) was studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Furthermore, the interactions between FGO and LCPs have been investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy, whereas dispersion of GO and FGO in the LCP matrix was analyzed by FE-SEM. The better dispersion of FGO can be attributed to the hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking interactions between FGO and LCPs. Our results showed that even the addition of 5 wt% FGO in the LCP matrix significantly enhances the tensile strength and storage modulus of the pristine LCPs by 84% and 78% respectively. Compared to neat LCPs, FGO incorporated composites also demonstrate an improvement in the melting temperature (Tm) by 11 °C and glass transition temperature (Tg) by 12 °C. Furthermore, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed to evaluate the thermal stability of the composite. The 5 and 50% decomposition temperature for the LCP/FGO nanocomposites (containing 5 wt% FGO) increased by 75 °C and 107 °C respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhashkar Singh Bohra
- Prof. Rajendra Singh Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, Kumaun University, D.S.B. Campus, Nainital-263002, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Neema Pandey
- Prof. Rajendra Singh Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, Kumaun University, D.S.B. Campus, Nainital-263002, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Gaurav Tatrari
- Prof. Rajendra Singh Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, Kumaun University, D.S.B. Campus, Nainital-263002, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Sravendra Rana
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), School of Engineering, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Dehradun-248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nanda Gopal Sahoo
- Prof. Rajendra Singh Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre, Department of Chemistry, Kumaun University, D.S.B. Campus, Nainital-263002, Uttarakhand, India.
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14
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Abstract
Biodegradable and biocompatible biomaterials have offered much more opportunities from an engineering standpoint for treating diseases and maintaining health. Poly(ester amide)s (PEAs), as an outstanding family among such biomaterials, have risen overwhelmingly in the past decades. These synthetic polymers have easily and widely available raw materials and a diversity of synthetic approaches, which have attracted considerable attention. More importantly, combining the superiorities of polyamides and polyesters, PEAs have emerged with better functions. They could have improved biodegradability, biocompatibility, and cell-material interactions. The PEAs derived from α-amino acids even allow the introduction of pendant sites for further modification or functionalization. Meanwhile, it is gradually recognized that the chemical structures are closely related to the physiochemical and biological properties of PEAs so that their properties can be precisely controlled. PEAs therefore become significant materials in the biomedical fields. This review will attempt to summarize the recent progress in the development of PEAs with respect to the preparation materials and methods, structure-property relationships along with their latest biomedical accomplishments, especially for drug delivery and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518057, People's Republic of China
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15
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Kaniuk Ł, Podborska A, Stachewicz U. Enhanced mechanical performance and wettability of PHBV fiber blends with evening primrose oil for skin patches improving hydration and comfort. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:1763-1774. [DOI: 10.1039/d1tb02805g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The growing problem of skin diseases due to allergies causing atopic dermatitis, which is characterized by itching, burning, and redness, constantly motivates researchers to look for solutions to soothe these effects by moisturizing skin properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Kaniuk
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Podborska
- Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland
| | - Urszula Stachewicz
- Faculty of Metals Engineering and Industrial Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland
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16
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Zhao X, Li J, Liu J, Zhou W, Peng S. Recent progress of preparation of branched poly(lactic acid) and its application in the modification of polylactic acid materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:874-892. [PMID: 34728305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) with branched structure has abundant terminal groups, high melt strength, good rheological properties, and excellent processability; it is a new research and application direction of PLA materials. This study mainly summarizes the molecular structure design, preparation methods, basic properties of branched PLA, and its application in modified PLA materials. The structure and properties of branched PLA prepared by ring-opening polymerization of monomer, functional group polycondensation, and chain extender in the processing process were introduced. The research progress of in situ formation of branched PLA by initiators, multifunctional monomers/additives through dynamic vulcanization, and irradiation induction was described. The effect of branched PLA on the structure and properties of linear PLA materials was analyzed. The role of branched PLA in improving the crystallization behavior, phase morphology, foaming properties, and mechanical properties of linear PLA materials was discussed. At the same time, its research progress in biomedicine and tissue engineering was analyzed. Branched PLA has excellent compatibility with PLA, which has important research value in regulating the structure and properties of PLA materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xipo Zhao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
| | - Juncheng Li
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Jinchao Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Weiyi Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Shaoxian Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China.
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17
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Younes GR, Marić M. Bio-based Thermoplastic Polyhydroxyurethanes Synthesized from the Terpolymerization of a Dicarbonate and Two Diamines: Design, Rheology, and Application in Melt Blending. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georges R. Younes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Milan Marić
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
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18
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Li H, Zhen W, Dong C, Zhao L. Preparation of nano boron nitride-trimethylolpropane tris (3-mercaptopropionate) grafted poly (L-lactic acid) based on click chemistry and its effect on the crystallization of poly (lactic acid). REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.104964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Wang H, Chen X, Ding Y, Huang D, Ma Y, Pan L, Zhang K, Wang H. Combining novel polyether-based ionomers and polyethylene glycol as effective toughening agents for polylactide. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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Sun J, Jin Y, Wang B, Tian H, Kang K, Men S, Weng Y. High‐toughening modification of polylactic acid by long‐chain hyperbranched polymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Yujuan Jin
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Huafeng Tian
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Kaier Kang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Shuang Men
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
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21
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Li H, Li K, Zhen W, Luo D, Zhao L. Preparation, structure, and performance of poly(lactic acid)/vermiculite‐poly(lactic acid)‐β‐cyclodextrin inclusion complex nanocomposites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region School of Chemical Engineering and Technology of Xinjiang University China
| | - Ke Li
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region School of Chemical Engineering and Technology of Xinjiang University China
| | - Weijun Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region School of Chemical Engineering and Technology of Xinjiang University China
| | - Dawei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region School of Chemical Engineering and Technology of Xinjiang University China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals, Ministry of Education and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region School of Chemical Engineering and Technology of Xinjiang University China
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22
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Zhang F, Jiang W, Song X, Kang J, Cao Y, Xiang M. Effects of Hyperbranched Polyester-Modified Carbon Nanotubes on the Crystallization Kinetics of Polylactic Acid. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:10362-10370. [PMID: 34056189 PMCID: PMC8153785 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) is a prospective renewable and degradable material, but slow crystallization limits its processing and application. By dehydration condensation of hydroxyl-terminated hyperbranched resin (H202) and carboxylated carbon nanotubes (CNTs), a modified CNT, CNTs-H202, was obtained. Grafting was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and the grafting content was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Changes in surface atom content were explored by X-ray electron spectroscopy (XPS). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observed the increase of black dots on the surface of carbon nanotubes. PLLA/CNTs and PLLA/CNTs-H202 composites were prepared, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the crystallization behavior of the composites. The results showed that during the cooling process, PLLA/CNTs-H202 had a larger crystalline full width at half-maximum (FWHM) compared with PLLA/CNTs and exhibited the ability to hinder chain segment movement during the subsequent reheating process. The crystallization activation energy was calculated by the Kissinger method, and it was found that the activation energy of the carbon tube increased slightly after grafting. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) once again proved the improvement of the crystallization ability. The results of polarized optical microscopy (PLOM) showed that the number of crystal nuclei increased and the crystal became smaller.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyi Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Weijiao Jiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiuduo Song
- Key
Laboratory of Combustion and Explosion Technology, Xi’an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
| | - Jian Kang
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ya Cao
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ming Xiang
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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23
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Doganci MD, Caner D, Doganci E, Ozkoc G. Effects of hetero‐armed star‐shaped PCL‐PLA polymers with POSS core on thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of PLA. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Dandan Doganci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Derya Caner
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Erdinc Doganci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Guralp Ozkoc
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
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24
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Hedrick MM, Wu F, Mohanty AK, Misra M. Morphology and performance relationship studies on biodegradable ternary blends of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co-3-hydroxyvalerate), polylactic acid, and polypropylene carbonate. RSC Adv 2020; 10:44624-44632. [PMID: 35516230 PMCID: PMC9058669 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07485c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A biodegradable ternary blend fabricated from polylactic acid (PLA), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and polypropylene carbonate (PPC) with a good balance of stiffness and toughness via optimizing the composition ratio and morphological structure is, to the best of the authors' knowledge, reported here for the first time. The optimal blend formulation is comprised of 20% PLA, 40% PHBV, and 40% PPC, which possesses a tensile strength measuring 44 MPa and an elongation at break measuring at 215%. Thermal performance analysis revealed an HDT value of 72 °C. The Harkins equation predicts that the three immiscible polymers formed a complete wetting morphology, which was confirmed by scanning electrical microscopy. As the PPC content of the ternary blends is increased, the material undergoes morphological transition from droplet to co-continuous structure, resulting in significant improvement of elongation at break (approximately 40 times higher than that of the PLA-PHBV binary blend). Excellent stiffness and over 200% elongation at break make these sustainable ternary blends feasible for use in packaging as substitutes for certain non-biodegradable petroleum-based single use plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Hedrick
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph Thornbrough Building Guelph Ontario Canada
- Bioproducts Discovery & Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Feng Wu
- Bioproducts Discovery & Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Amar K Mohanty
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph Thornbrough Building Guelph Ontario Canada
- Bioproducts Discovery & Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building Guelph Ontario Canada
| | - Manjusri Misra
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph Thornbrough Building Guelph Ontario Canada
- Bioproducts Discovery & Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building Guelph Ontario Canada
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25
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Yang X, Liu S, Yu E, Wei Z. Toughening of Poly(l-Lactide) with Branched Polycaprolactone: Effect of Chain Length. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:29284-29291. [PMID: 33225159 PMCID: PMC7675962 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a series of branched polycaprolactone (BPCL) samples with different ε-caprolactone (CL) chain lengths were synthesized and used to toughen poly (lactic acid) (PLA). The spherical structure increased the free volume, facilitating the free movement of the PLA chain segment and increasing the ductility. In addition, the hydrogen bonds between the multi-terminal hydroxyl group of BPCL x and PLA improved the interaction between them. The glass-transition temperatures (T g) and crystallization temperatures (T c) of the blends were significantly lower than those of PLA, and these temperatures increased with the chain length of polycaprolactone. BPCL x increased the crystallization rate of PLA through heterogeneous nucleation. A longer chain length of CL increased the mutual entanglement in the blends, reduced the hydrogen bonding between BPCL x and PLA, and increased the entanglement of BPCL x chains. When the chain length of CL was 6, the impact strength and elongation at break of the PLA/BPCL blends exhibited an increase of 151.72 and 465.8%, respectively, as compared with PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Yang
- Key
Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Shuaibo Liu
- Key
Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Erlei Yu
- Key
Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Key
Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Uygur Autonomous Region/Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Zhong Wei
- Key
Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Key
Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Uygur Autonomous Region/Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
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26
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Fenni SE, Bertella F, Monticelli O, Müller AJ, Hadadoui N, Cavallo D. Renewable and Tough Poly(l-lactic acid)/Polyurethane Blends Prepared by Dynamic Vulcanization. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:26421-26430. [PMID: 33110970 PMCID: PMC7581077 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Melt blending of homopolymers is an effective way to achieve an attractive combination of polymer properties. Dynamic vulcanization of fatty-acid-based polyester polyol with glycerol and poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) in the presence of hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) was performed with the aim of toughening PLLA. The dynamic vulcanization in an internal mixer led to the formation of a PLLA/PU biobased blend. Melt torque, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and gel fraction analysis demonstrated the successful formation of cross-linked polyurethane (PU) inside the PLLA matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis showed that the PLLA/PU blends exhibit a sea-island morphology. Gel fraction analysis revealed that a rubbery phase was formed inside the PLLA matrix, which was insoluble in chloroform. FTIR analysis of the insoluble part shows the appearance of an absorption band centered at 1758 cm-1, related to the crystalline carbonyl vibration of the PLLA component, thus suggesting the partial involvement of PLLA chains in the cross-linking reaction. The overall content of the PU phase in the blends significantly affected the mechanical properties, thermal stability, and crystallization behavior of the materials. The overall crystallization rate of PLLA was noticeably decreased by the incorporation of PU. At the same time, polarized light optical microscopy (PLOM) analysis revealed that the presence of the PU rubbery phase inside the PLLA matrix promoted PLLA nucleation. With the formation of the PU network, the impact strength showed a remarkable increase while Young's modulus correspondingly decreased. The blends showed slightly reduced thermal stability compared to the neat PLLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seif Eddine Fenni
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Genova, via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
- Laboratory
of Physical-Chemistry of High Polymers (LPCHP), Faculty of Technology, University of Ferhat ABBAS Sétif-1, 19000 Sétif, Algeria
| | - Francesca Bertella
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Genova, via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Orietta Monticelli
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Genova, via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT
and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal,
3, 20018 Donostia-San
Sebastiá, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Nacerddine Hadadoui
- Laboratory
of Physical-Chemistry of High Polymers (LPCHP), Faculty of Technology, University of Ferhat ABBAS Sétif-1, 19000 Sétif, Algeria
| | - Dario Cavallo
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Genova, via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
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27
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Effect of a Novel Flame Retardant on the Mechanical, Thermal and Combustion Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102407. [PMID: 33086626 PMCID: PMC7603380 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic) acid (PLA) is one of the most promising biobased materials, but its inherent flammability limits its applications. A novel flame retardant hexa-(DOPO-hydroxymethylphenoxy-dihydroxybiphenyl)-cyclotriphosphazene (HABP-DOPO) for PLA was prepared by bonding 9,10-dihydro-9-oxy-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) to cyclotriphosphazene. The morphologies, mechanical properties, thermal stability and burning behaviors of PLA/HABP-DOPO blends were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a universal mechanical testing machine, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94) and a cone calorimeter test (CCT). The LOI value reached 28.5% and UL-94 could pass V-0 for the PLA blend containing 25 wt% HABP-DOPO. A significant improvement in fire retardant performance was observed for PLA/HABP-DOPO blends. PLA/HABP-DOPO blends exhibited balanced mechanical properties. The flame retardant mechanism of PLA/HABP-DOPO blends was evaluated.
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28
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Lucas A, Tauleigne A, Da Cruz-Boisson F, Crépet A, Bergeron-Vanhille A, Martin G, Garois N, Cassagnau P, Bounor-Legaré V. Mechanical Properties Enhancement while Decreasing the Viscosity of Copolyether–Ester from In Situ Formation of Star-Based Structures by Reactive Extrusion. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Lucas
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon1, CNRS UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Lyon F-69621, France
| | - Adrien Tauleigne
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon1, CNRS UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Lyon F-69621, France
| | - Fernande Da Cruz-Boisson
- Univ Lyon, INSA de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Lyon F-69621, France
| | - Agnès Crépet
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon1, CNRS UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Lyon F-69621, France
| | | | - Grégory Martin
- Hutchinson, Centre de Recherche, Rue Gustave Nourry B.P. 31, Chalette-sur-Loing 45120, France
| | - Nicolas Garois
- Hutchinson, Centre de Recherche, Rue Gustave Nourry B.P. 31, Chalette-sur-Loing 45120, France
| | - Philippe Cassagnau
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon1, CNRS UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Lyon F-69621, France
| | - Véronique Bounor-Legaré
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon1, CNRS UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Lyon F-69621, France
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29
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Polylactic Acid/Polycaprolactone Blends: On the Path to Circular Economy, Substituting Single-Use Commodity Plastic Products. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13112655. [PMID: 32532142 PMCID: PMC7321633 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Circular economy comes to break the linear resource to waste economy, by introducing different strategies, two of them being: using material from renewable sources and producing biodegradable products. The present work aims at developing polylactic acid (PLA), typically made from fermented plant starch, and polycaprolactone (PCL) blends, a biodegradable polyester, to study their potential to be used as substitutes of oil-based commodity plastics. For this, PLA/PCL blends were compounded in a batch and lab scale internal mixer and processed by means of injection molding. Tensile and impact characteristics were determined and compared to different thermoplastic materials, such as polypropylene, high density polyethylene, polystyrene, and others. It has been found that the incorporation of PCL into a PLA matrix can lead to materials in the range of 18.25 to 63.13 megapascals of tensile strength, 0.56 to 3.82 gigapascals of Young’s modulus, 12.65 to 3.27 percent of strain at maximum strength, and 35 to 2 kJ/m2 of notched impact strength. The evolution of the tensile strength fitted the Voigt and Reuss model, while Young’s modulus was successfully described by the rule of mixtures. Toughness of PLA was significantly improved with the incorporation of PCL, significantly increasing the energy required to fracture the specimens. Blends containing more than 20 wt% of PCL did not break when unnotched specimens were tested. Overall, it was found that the obtained PLA/PCL blends can constitute a strong and environmentally friendly alternative to oil-based commodity materials.
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30
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Bodkhe S, Ermanni P. 3D printing of multifunctional materials for sensing and actuation: Merging piezoelectricity with shape memory. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Scoponi G, Guzman-Puyol S, Caputo G, Ceseracciu L, Athanassiou A, Heredia-Guerrero JA. Highly biodegradable, ductile all-polylactide blends. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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32
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Structuring poly (lactic acid) film with excellent tensile toughness through extrusion blow molding. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.122091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Cu2O nanoparticles grafting onto PLA fibers via electron beam irradiation: bifunctional composite fibers with enhanced photocatalytic of organic pollutants in aqueous and soil systems. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06842-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Wang J, Zhang X, Jiang L, Qiao J. Advances in toughened polymer materials by structured rubber particles. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Liu H, Chen N, Shan P, Song P, Liu X, Chen J. Toward Fully Bio-based and Supertough PLA Blends via in Situ Formation of Cross-Linked Biopolyamide Continuity Network. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhi Liu
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wushu Street, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Chen
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wushu Street, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengjia Shan
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wushu Street, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pingan Song
- College of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, 666 Wushu Street, Hangzhou 311300, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinzhou Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold of Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
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36
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Gaillard T, George M, Gastaldi E, Nallet F, Fabre P. An experimental and theoretical study of the erosion of semi-crystalline polymers and the subsequent generation of microparticles. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:8302-8312. [PMID: 31549700 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01482a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The increase of plastics and microplastics in the environment is a major environmental challenge. Still, little is known about the degradation kinetics of macroplastics into smaller particles, under the joint actions of micro-organisms and physico-chemical factors, like UV or mechanical constraints. In order to gain insight into (bio)-degradation in various media, we perform accelerated erosion experiments by using a well-known enzymatic system. We show that the microstructure of semi-crystalline polymers plays a crucial role in the pattern formation at their surface. For the first time, the release of fragments of micrometric size is evidenced, through a mechanism that does not involve fracture propagation. A geometric erosion model allows a quantitative understanding of erosion rates and surface patterns, and provides a critical heterogeneity size, parting two types of behavior: spherulites either released, or eroded in situ. This new geometric approach could constitute a useful tool to predict the erosion kinetics and micro-particle generation in various media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Gaillard
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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37
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Transform poly (lactic acid) packaging film from brittleness to toughness using traditional industrial equipments. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Super-Toughened Poly(lactic Acid) with Poly(ε-caprolactone) and Ethylene-Methyl Acrylate-Glycidyl Methacrylate by Reactive Melt Blending. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11050771. [PMID: 31052419 PMCID: PMC6571553 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) has attracted more and more attention as one of the most promising biobased and biodegradable polymers. However, the inherent brittleness significantly limits its wide application. Here, ternary blends of PLA, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with various amounts of ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (EMA-GMA) terpolymer were fabricated through reactive melt blending in order to improve the toughness of PLA. The effect of different addition amounts of EMA-GMA on the mechanical properties, interfacial compatibility and phase morphology of PLA/PCL blends were studied. The reactions between the epoxy groups of EMA-GMA and carboxyl and hydroxyl end groups of PLA and PCL were investigated thorough a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The miscibility and thermal behavior of the blends were studied through a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The phase morphology and impact fracture surface of the blends were also investigated through a scanning electron microscope (SEM). With the addition of 8 phr EMA-GMA, a PLA/PCL (90 wt %:10 wt %)/EMA-GMA ternary blend presenting a suitable multiple stacked phase structure with an optimum interfacial adhesion exhibited an elongation at break of 500.94% and a notched impact strength of 64.31 kJ/m2 with a partial break impact behavior. Finally, the toughening mechanism of the supertough PLA based polymers have been established based on the above analysis.
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Wen X. One-pot route to graft long-chain polymer onto silica nanoparticles and its application for high-performance poly(l-lactide) nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13908-13915. [PMID: 35519579 PMCID: PMC9063918 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01360a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile "one-pot" synthetic route to modify SiO2 nanoparticles with long-chain polymer was developed. The structure and morphology of SiO2 grafted with poly(l-lactide) (SiO2-g-PLA) were characterized by FTIR, TGA, GPC, and TEM. Furthermore, a series of PLA/SiO2-g-PLA nanocomposites were prepared with different nanofiller loadings, and their related performances were investigated. As an effective nucleating agent, the SiO2-g-PLA had a positive effect to improve the crystallization rate and increase the crystallinity. Meanwhile, the PLA nanocomposites presented outstanding mechanical properties including excellent toughness and high stiffness. In addition, the PLA materials kept good transparency with less than 3 wt% nanofillers. Overall, this work provides a useful method for preparing high-performance polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Nanomaterials Physicochemistry Department, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin al. Piastów 45 70-311 Szczecin Poland
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The Microstructure of GNR and the Mechanical Properties of Biobased PLA/GNR Thermoplastic Vulcanizates with Excellent Toughness. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12020294. [PMID: 30669249 PMCID: PMC6356512 DOI: 10.3390/ma12020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of different contents of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)-grafted natural rubber (GNR) copolymers were fabricated via green bulk melt-grafting reactions, and super-tough bio-based poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/GNR thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) were achieved by in-situ dynamic vulcanization. Increasing the graft yield, gel fraction, and crosslinking density of GNR vulcanizates effectively improved the ductility of the PLA/GNR TPVs, while prolonging the dynamic vulcanization time and increasing the GMA graft yield led to a notable enhancement in the impact toughness of the PLA/GNR TPVs. PLA/30 wt % GNR TPVs exhibited a significantly increased elongation (410%) and notched impact strength (73.2 kJ/m2), which were 40 and 15 times higher than those of the PLA/30 wt % NR TPVs, respectively. The new bio-based PLA/GNR TPVs offer promise as replacements for petroleum-based polymers in the automotive, 3D printing, and packaging fields.
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Understanding the oxygen barrier property of highly transparent poly(lactic acid)/benzoxazine composite film by analyzing the UV‐shielding performance. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Liu J, Liang H, Li C, Hu F. Study of phenyl-terminated hyperbranched polyester as a special β-nucleating agent on the toughness of isotactic polypropylene. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Hongwei Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Chen Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Fangming Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovolatic Science and Engineering; Changzhou University; Changzhou 213164 China
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Boudaoud N, Benali S, Mincheva R, Satha H, Raquez JM, Dubois P. Hydrolytic degradation of poly( l
-lactic acid)/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naila Boudaoud
- Laboratory of Silicates, Polymers and Nanocomposites (LSPN), Department of Process Engineering; University of 8 Mai 1945; Guelma Algeria
| | - Samira Benali
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP); University of Mons; Mons Belgium
| | - Rosica Mincheva
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP); University of Mons; Mons Belgium
| | - Hamid Satha
- Laboratory of Silicates, Polymers and Nanocomposites (LSPN), Department of Process Engineering; University of 8 Mai 1945; Guelma Algeria
| | - Jean-Marie Raquez
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP); University of Mons; Mons Belgium
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials (LPCM), Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP); University of Mons; Mons Belgium
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Sun CB, Mao HD, Chen F, Fu Q. Preparation of Polylactide Composite with Excellent Flame Retardance and Improved Mechanical Properties. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Toughening Poly(lactic acid) with Imidazolium-based Elastomeric Ionomers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2143-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Wang J, Reyna-Valencia A, Favis BD. Controlling the continuity and surface migration of conductive poly(ether-block-amide) in melt processed cast-film blends. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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47
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Jing J, Zhang Y, Tang X, Li X, Peng M, Fang Z. Combination of a bio-based polyphosphonate and modified graphene oxide toward superior flame retardant polylactic acid. RSC Adv 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra12224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Superior flame retardant polylactic acid (PLA) composites were prepared using bio-based polyphosphonate (BPPT) and polyethyleneimine-modified graphene oxide (M-GO) to be used as a flame retardant, the total amount of which is only 3 wt%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jing
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering
- Ningbo Institute of Technology
- Zhejiang University
- Ningbo 315100
- China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering
- Ningbo Institute of Technology
- Zhejiang University
- Ningbo 315100
- China
| | - Xinlei Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Institute of Polymer Composites
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering
- Ningbo Institute of Technology
- Zhejiang University
- Ningbo 315100
- China
| | - Mao Peng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Institute of Polymer Composites
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Zhengping Fang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering
- Ningbo Institute of Technology
- Zhejiang University
- Ningbo 315100
- China
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Li Z, Fernández Expósito D, Jiménez González A, Wang DY. Natural halloysite nanotube based functionalized nanohybrid assembled via phosphorus-containing slow release method: A highly efficient way to impart flame retardancy to polylactide. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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49
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Sun YC, Cai S, Ren J, E. Naguib H. Room temperature deformable shape memory composite with fine-tuned crystallization induced via nanoclay particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada, Kings College Road, Toronto, Canada M5S3G8
| | - Shenyang Cai
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
- Institute of Nano- and Bio-polymeric Materials; Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 China
| | - Jie Ren
- Institute of Nano- and Bio-polymeric Materials; Key Laboratory of Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tongji University; Shanghai 201804 China
| | - Hani E. Naguib
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada, Kings College Road, Toronto, Canada M5S3G8
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Valerio O, Misra M, Mohanty AK. Sustainable biobased blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(glycerol succinate-co-maleate) (PGSMA) with balanced performance prepared by dynamic vulcanization. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06612k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A sustainable and industrially viable method for toughening poly(lactic acid) by dynamic vulcanization using glycerol and succinic acid based polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Valerio
- School of Engineering
- University of Guelph
- Guelph
- Canada
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre
| | - Manjusri Misra
- School of Engineering
- University of Guelph
- Guelph
- Canada
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre
| | - Amar K. Mohanty
- School of Engineering
- University of Guelph
- Guelph
- Canada
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre
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