1
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Arndt NB, Adolphs T, Arlinghaus HF, Heidrich B, Ravoo BJ. Arylazopyrazole-Modified Thiolactone Acrylate Copolymer Brushes for Tuneable and Photoresponsive Wettability of Glass Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:5342-5351. [PMID: 37011284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitches have long been employed in coatings for surfaces and substrates to harness light as a versatile stimulus to induce responsive behavior. We previously demonstrated the viability of arylazopyrazole (AAP) as a photoswitch in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on silicon and glass surfaces for photoresponsive wetting applications. We now aim to transfer the excellent photophysical properties of AAPs to polymer brush coatings. Compared to SAMs, polymer brushes offer enhanced stability and an increase of the thickness and density of the functional organic layer. In this work, we present thiolactone acrylate copolymer brushes which can be post-modified with AAP amines as well as hydrophobic acrylates, making use of the unique chemistry of the thiolactones. This strategy enables photoresponsive wetting with a tuneable range of contact angle change on glass substrates. We show the successful synthesis of thiolactone hydroxyethyl acrylate copolymer brushes by means of surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization with the option to either prepare homogeneous brushes or to prepare micrometer-sized brush patterns by microcontact printing. The polymer brushes were analyzed by atomic force microscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Photoresponsive behavior imparted to the brushes by means of post-modification with AAP is monitored by UV/vis spectroscopy, and wetting behavior of homogeneous brushes is measured by static and dynamic contact angle measurements. The brushes show an average change in static contact angle of around 13° between E and Z isomer of the AAP photoswitch for at least five cycles, while the range of contact angle change can be fine-tuned between 53.5°/66.5° (E/Z) and 81.5°/94.8° (E/Z) by post-modification with hydrophobic acrylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas B Arndt
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thorsten Adolphs
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Physics Institute, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Physics Institute, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bastian Heidrich
- MEET Battery Research Center, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 29, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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2
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Yamaguchi T, Ogawa M. Photoinduced movement: how photoirradiation induced the movements of matter. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2022; 23:796-844. [PMID: 36465797 PMCID: PMC9718566 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2022.2142955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pioneered by the success on active transport of ions across membranes in 1980 using the regulation of the binding properties of crown ethers with covalently linked photoisomerizable units, extensive studies on the movements by using varied interactions between moving objects and environments have been reported. Photoinduced movements of various objects ranging from molecules, polymers to microscopic particles were discussed from the aspects of the driving for the movements, materials design to achieve the movements and systems design to see and to utilize the movements are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Yamaguchi
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Makoto Ogawa
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand
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3
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Reifarth M, Bekir M, Bapolisi AM, Titov E, Nußhardt F, Nowaczyk J, Grigoriev D, Sharma A, Saalfrank P, Santer S, Hartlieb M, Böker A. A Dual pH‐ and Light‐Responsive Spiropyran‐Based Surfactant: Investigations on Its Switching Behavior and Remote Control over Emulsion Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114687. [PMID: 35178847 PMCID: PMC9400902 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A cationic surfactant containing a spiropyran unit is prepared exhibiting a dual‐responsive adjustability of its surface‐active characteristics. The switching mechanism of the system relies on the reversible conversion of the non‐ionic spiropyran (SP) to a zwitterionic merocyanine (MC) and can be controlled by adjusting the pH value and via light, resulting in a pH‐dependent photoactivity: While the compound possesses a pronounced difference in surface activity between both forms under acidic conditions, this behavior is suppressed at a neutral pH level. The underlying switching processes are investigated in detail, and a thermodynamic explanation based on a combination of theoretical and experimental results is provided. This complex stimuli‐responsive behavior enables remote‐control of colloidal systems. To demonstrate its applicability, the surfactant is utilized for the pH‐dependent manipulation of oil‐in‐water emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reifarth
- University of Potsdam Institute of Chemistry Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–25 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP) Geiselbergstraße 69 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Marek Bekir
- University of Potsdam Institute of Physics and Astronomy Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–25 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Alain M. Bapolisi
- University of Potsdam Institute of Chemistry Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–25 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Evgenii Titov
- University of Potsdam Institute of Chemistry Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–25 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Fabian Nußhardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP) Geiselbergstraße 69 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Julius Nowaczyk
- University of Potsdam Institute of Chemistry Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–25 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP) Geiselbergstraße 69 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Dmitry Grigoriev
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP) Geiselbergstraße 69 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Anjali Sharma
- University of Potsdam Institute of Physics and Astronomy Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–25 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Peter Saalfrank
- University of Potsdam Institute of Chemistry Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–25 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Svetlana Santer
- University of Potsdam Institute of Physics and Astronomy Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–25 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Matthias Hartlieb
- University of Potsdam Institute of Chemistry Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–25 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP) Geiselbergstraße 69 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- University of Potsdam Institute of Chemistry Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–25 14476 Potsdam Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP) Geiselbergstraße 69 14476 Potsdam Germany
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4
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Reifarth M, Bekir M, Bapolisi AM, Titov E, Nußhardt F, Nowaczyk J, Grigoriev D, Sharma A, Saalfrank P, Santer S, Hartlieb M, Böker A. A Dual pH and Light‐Responsive Spiropyrane‐Based Surfactant: Investigations on its Switching Behavior and Remote Control over Emulsion Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reifarth
- University of Potsdam: Universitat Potsdam Institut für Chemie GERMANY
| | - Marek Bekir
- University of Potsdam: Universitat Potsdam Institut für Chemie GERMANY
| | - Alain M. Bapolisi
- University of Potsdam: Universitat Potsdam Institut für Chemie GERMANY
| | - Evgenii Titov
- University of Potsdam: Universitat Potsdam Institut für Chemie GERMANY
| | - Fabian Nußhardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research: Fraunhofer-Institut fur Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP Life Sciences and Bioprocesses GERMANY
| | - Julius Nowaczyk
- University of Potsdam: Universitat Potsdam Institut für Chemie GERMANY
| | - Dmitry Grigoriev
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research: Fraunhofer-Institut fur Angewandte Polymerforschung IAP Life Sciences and Bioprocesses GERMANY
| | - Anjali Sharma
- University of Potsdam: Universitat Potsdam Institut für Physik GERMANY
| | - Peter Saalfrank
- University of Potsdam: Universitat Potsdam Institut für Chemie GERMANY
| | - Svetlana Santer
- University of Potsdam: Universitat Potsdam Institut für Physik GERMANY
| | - Matthias Hartlieb
- University of Potsdam: Universitat Potsdam Institut für Chemie GERMANY
| | - Alexander Böker
- Universität Potsdam: Universitat Potsdam Lehrstuhl für Polymermaterialien und Polymertechnologienlächen Geiselbergstrasse 69 D-14476 Potsdam GERMANY
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5
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Zhang D, Liu D, Ubukata T, Seki T. Unconventional Approaches to Light-promoted Dynamic Surface Morphing on Polymer Films. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Zhang
- Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix building STO 0.41, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Danqing Liu
- Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Helix building STO 0.41, Het Kranenveld 14, 5612AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Takashi Ubukata
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Seki
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
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6
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Wang T, Kou R, Zhang J, Zhu R, Cai H, Liu G. Tuning the Light Response of Strong Polyelectrolyte Brushes with Counterions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:13051-13059. [PMID: 33094611 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a negatively charged poly(3-sulfopropyl methacrylate potassium) (PSPMA) brush has been employed as a model system to demonstrate the tuning of the light response of strong polyelectrolyte brushes (SPBs) with counterions. The substitution of K+ counterions by azobenzene-containing counterions (Azo-N+) renders the PSPMA brush light-responsive in aqueous solutions. Nevertheless, the strength of the light response of the PSPMA brush is weak due to the inefficient disassembly of the micelle-like aggregates in the brush upon irradiation with ultraviolet light. Counterion mixtures of Azo-N+ and K+ are employed to realize a strong light response of the PSPMA brush by incorporating a reasonable amount of Azo-N+ counterions into the brush. The strength of the light response of the PSPMA brush can be tuned by the mole ratio of Azo-N+ to K+. Furthermore, properties including the hydration and conformation of the PSPMA brush can be reversibly switched via alternating ultraviolet and visible light irradiation. This work opens up the opportunities available for the use of counterions to tune the light response of SPBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Two-Dimensional Materials, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, P. R. China
| | - Ran Kou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Renwei Zhu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hongtao Cai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Guangming Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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7
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Dattler D, Fuks G, Heiser J, Moulin E, Perrot A, Yao X, Giuseppone N. Design of Collective Motions from Synthetic Molecular Switches, Rotors, and Motors. Chem Rev 2019; 120:310-433. [PMID: 31869214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Precise control over molecular movement is of fundamental and practical importance in physics, biology, and chemistry. At nanoscale, the peculiar functioning principles and the synthesis of individual molecular actuators and machines has been the subject of intense investigations and debates over the past 60 years. In this review, we focus on the design of collective motions that are achieved by integrating, in space and time, several or many of these individual mechanical units together. In particular, we provide an in-depth look at the intermolecular couplings used to physically connect a number of artificial mechanically active molecular units such as photochromic molecular switches, nanomachines based on mechanical bonds, molecular rotors, and light-powered rotary motors. We highlight the various functioning principles that can lead to their collective motion at various length scales. We also emphasize how their synchronized, or desynchronized, mechanical behavior can lead to emerging functional properties and to their implementation into new active devices and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Dattler
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Gad Fuks
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Joakim Heiser
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Emilie Moulin
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Alexis Perrot
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Xuyang Yao
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
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8
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Photo-control of poly(N-[4-[(4-Nitrophenyl)azo]phenyl]acrylamide) brushes on graphene oxide coated silicon surface. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-018-0655-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Xu X, Billing M, Ruths M, Klok HA, Yu J. Structure and Functionality of Polyelectrolyte Brushes: A Surface Force Perspective. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3411-3436. [PMID: 30080310 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The unique functionality of polyelectrolyte brushes depends on several types of specific interactions, including solvent structure effects, hydrophobic forces, electrostatic interactions, and specific ion interactions. Subtle variations in the solution environment can lead to conformational and surface structural changes of the polyelectrolyte brushes, which are mainly discussed from a surface-interaction perspective in this Focus Review. A brief overview is given of recent theoretical and experimental progress in the structure of polyelectrolyte brushes in various environments. Two important techniques for surface-force measurements are described, the surface forces apparatus (SFA) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), and some recent results on polyelectrolyte brushes are shown. Lastly, this Focus Review highlights the use of these surface-grafted polyelectrolyte brushes in the creation of functional surfaces for various applications, including nonfouling surfaces, boundary lubricants, and stimuli-responsive surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Mark Billing
- Institut des Matériaux et Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marina Ruths
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.,Institut des Matériaux et Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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10
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Seki T. A Wide Array of Photoinduced Motions in Molecular and Macromolecular Assemblies at Interfaces. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Seki
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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11
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Abstract
Incorporating labile bonds inside polymer backbone and side chains yields interesting polymer materials that are responsive to change of environmental stimuli. Drugs can be conjugated to various polymers through different conjugation linkages and spacers. One of the key factors influencing the release profile of conjugated drugs is the hydrolytic stability of the conjugated linkage. Generally, the hydrolysis of acid-labile linkages, including acetal, imine, hydrazone, and to some extent β-thiopropionate, are relatively fast and the conjugated drug can be completely released in the range of several hours to a few days. The cleavage of ester linkages are usually slow, which is beneficial for continuous and prolonged release. Another key structural factor is the water solubility of polymer-drug conjugates. Generally, the release rate from highly water-soluble prodrugs is fast. In prodrugs with large hydrophobic segments, the hydrophobic drugs are usually located in the hydrophobic core of micelles and nanoparticles, which limits the access to the water, hence lowering significantly the hydrolysis rate. Finally, self-immolative polymers are also an intriguing new class of materials. New synthetic pathways are needed to overcome the fact that much of the small molecules produced upon degradation are not active molecules useful for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
| | - Ratchapol Jenjob
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering , Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology , Rayong 21210 , Thailand
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12
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Fedele C, Netti PA, Cavalli S. Azobenzene-based polymers: emerging applications as cell culture platforms. Biomater Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00019k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This minireview highlights the fundamental landmarks towards the application of azobenzene-containing materials as light-responsive cell culture substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Fedele
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale
- DICMAPI
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - P. A. Netti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale
- DICMAPI
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - S. Cavalli
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- Naples
- Italy
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13
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Lomadze N, Kopyshev A, Bargheer M, Wollgarten M, Santer S. Mass production of polymer nano-wires filled with metal nano-particles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8506. [PMID: 28819103 PMCID: PMC5561068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the ongoing progress in nanotechnology and its applications, the development of strategies for connecting nano-scale systems to micro- or macroscale elements is hampered by the lack of structural components that have both, nano- and macroscale dimensions. The production of nano-scale wires with macroscale length is one of the most interesting challenges here. There are a lot of strategies to fabricate long nanoscopic stripes made of metals, polymers or ceramics but none is suitable for mass production of ordered and dense arrangements of wires at large numbers. In this paper, we report on a technique for producing arrays of ordered, flexible and free-standing polymer nano-wires filled with different types of nano-particles. The process utilizes the strong response of photosensitive polymer brushes to irradiation with UV-interference patterns, resulting in a substantial mass redistribution of the polymer material along with local rupturing of polymer chains. The chains can wind up in wires of nano-scale thickness and a length of up to several centimeters. When dispersing nano-particles within the film, the final arrangement is similar to a core-shell geometry with mainly nano-particles found in the core region and the polymer forming a dielectric jacket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Lomadze
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexey Kopyshev
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matias Bargheer
- Department of Ultrafast Dynamics in Condensed Matter, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Markus Wollgarten
- Helmholtz Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Department Nanoscale Structures and Microscopic Analysis, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svetlana Santer
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
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14
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Kollarigowda RH, Fedele C, Rianna C, Calabuig A, Manikas AC, Pagliarulo V, Ferraro P, Cavalli S, Netti PA. Light-responsive polymer brushes: active topographic cues for cell culture applications. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00462a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Azopolymer brushes were patterned using interference lithography and erased using ultrasonication. This substrate was able to induce cell orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. H. Kollarigowda
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- Naples
- Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale
| | - C. Fedele
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- Naples
- Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale
| | - C. Rianna
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- Naples
- Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale
| | - A. Calabuig
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale
- DICMAPI
- Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
- Napoli
- Italy
| | - A. C. Manikas
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- Naples
- Italy
| | - V. Pagliarulo
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems “E. Caianiello”
- Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR)
- Pozzuoli
- Italy
| | - P. Ferraro
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems “E. Caianiello”
- Italian National Research Council (ISASI-CNR)
- Pozzuoli
- Italy
| | - S. Cavalli
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- Naples
- Italy
| | - P. A. Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- Naples
- Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale
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15
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Loebner S, Jelken J, Yadavalli NS, Sava E, Hurduc N, Santer S. Motion of Adsorbed Nano-Particles on Azobenzene Containing Polymer Films. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121663. [PMID: 27918473 PMCID: PMC6274334 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate in situ recorded motion of nano-objects adsorbed on a photosensitive polymer film. The motion is induced by a mass transport of the underlying photoresponsive polymer material occurring during irradiation with interference pattern. The polymer film contains azobenzene molecules that undergo reversible photoisomerization reaction from trans- to cis-conformation. Through a multi-scale chain of physico-chemical processes, this finally results in the macro-deformations of the film due to the changing elastic properties of polymer. The topographical deformation of the polymer surface is sensitive to a local distribution of the electrical field vector that allows for the generation of dynamic changes in the surface topography during irradiation with different light interference patterns. Polymer film deformation together with the motion of the adsorbed nano-particles are recorded using a homemade set-up combining an optical part for the generation of interference patterns and an atomic force microscope for acquiring the surface deformation. The particles undergo either translational or rotational motion. The direction of particle motion is towards the topography minima and opposite to the mass transport within the polymer film. The ability to relocate particles by photo-induced dynamic topography fluctuation offers a way for a non-contact simultaneous manipulation of a large number of adsorbed particles just in air at ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Loebner
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Joachim Jelken
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | | | - Elena Sava
- Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Department of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Prof. Dimitrie Mangeron Street, 73, 700050 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Nicolae Hurduc
- Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Department of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Prof. Dimitrie Mangeron Street, 73, 700050 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Svetlana Santer
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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Kollarigowda RH, De Santo I, Rianna C, Fedele C, Manikas AC, Cavalli S, Netti PA. Shedding light on azopolymer brush dynamics by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:7102-7111. [PMID: 27491890 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm01482h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the response to illumination at a molecular level as well as characterising polymer brush dynamics are key features that guide the engineering of new light-stimuli responsive materials. Here, we report on the use of a confocal microscopy technique that was exploited to discern how a single molecular event such as the photoinduced isomerisation of azobenzene can affect an entire polymeric material at a macroscopic level leading to photodriven mass-migration. For this reason, a set of polymer brushes, containing azobenzene (Disperse Red 1, DR) on the side chains of poly(methacrylic acid), was synthesised and the influence of DR on the polymer brush dynamics was investigated for the first time by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS). Briefly, two dynamics were observed, a short one coming from the isomerisation of DR and a long one related to the brush main chain. Interestingly, photoinduced polymer aggregation in the confocal volume was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Kollarigowda
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125, Naples, Italy.
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Kopyshev A, Galvin CJ, Patil RR, Genzer J, Lomadze N, Feldmann D, Zakrevski J, Santer S. Light-Induced Reversible Change of Roughness and Thickness of Photosensitive Polymer Brushes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:19175-19184. [PMID: 27351592 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We investigate light-induced changes in thickness and roughness of photosensitive polymer brushes containing azobenzene cationic surfactants by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in real time during light irradiation. Because the cis-state of azobenzene unit requires more free volume than its trans counterpart, the UV light-induced expansion of polymer thin films associated with the trans-to-cis isomerism of azobenzene groups is expected to occur. This phenomenon is well documented in physisorbed polymer films containing azobenzene groups. In contrast, photosensitive polymer brushes show a decrease in thickness under UV irradiation. We have found that the azobenzene surfactants in their trans-state form aggregates within the brush. Under irradiation, the surfactants undergo photoisomerization to the cis-state, which is more hydrophilic. As a consequence, the aggregates within the brush are disrupted, and the polymer brush contracts. When subsequently irradiated with blue light the polymer brush thickness returns back to its initial value. This behavior is related to isomerization of the surfactant to the more hydrophobic trans-state and subsequent formation of surfactant aggregates within the polymer brush. The photomechanical function of the dry polymer brush, i.e., contraction and expansion, was found to be reversible with repeated irradiation cycles and requires only a few seconds for switching. In addition to the thickness change, the roughness of the brush also changes reversibly between a few Angstroms (blue light) and several nanometers (UV light). Photosensitive polymer brushes represent smart films with light responsive thickness and roughness that could be used for generating dynamic fluctuating surfaces, the function of which can be turned on and off in a controllable manner on a nanometer length scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Kopyshev
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Casey J Galvin
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Rohan R Patil
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Nino Lomadze
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - David Feldmann
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Juri Zakrevski
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Svetlana Santer
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Yadavalli NS, Loebner S, Papke T, Sava E, Hurduc N, Santer S. A comparative study of photoinduced deformation in azobenzene containing polymer films. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:2593-2603. [PMID: 26853516 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00029k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this paper two groups supporting different views on the mechanism of light induced polymer deformation argue about the respective underlying theoretical conceptions, in order to bring this interesting debate to the attention of the scientific community. The group of Prof. Nicolae Hurduc supports the model claiming that the cyclic isomerization of azobenzenes may cause an athermal transition of the glassy azobenzene containing polymer into a fluid state, the so-called photo-fluidization concept. This concept is quite convenient for an intuitive understanding of the deformation process as an anisotropic flow of the polymer material. The group of Prof. Svetlana Santer supports the re-orientational model where the mass-transport of the polymer material accomplished during polymer deformation is stated to be generated by the light-induced re-orientation of the azobenzene side chains and as a consequence of the polymer backbone that in turn results in local mechanical stress, which is enough to irreversibly deform an azobenzene containing material even in the glassy state. For the debate we chose three polymers differing in the glass transition temperature, 32 °C, 87 °C and 95 °C, representing extreme cases of flexible and rigid materials. Polymer film deformation occurring during irradiation with different interference patterns is recorded using a homemade set-up combining an optical part for the generation of interference patterns and an atomic force microscope for acquiring the kinetics of film deformation. We also demonstrated the unique behaviour of azobenzene containing polymeric films to switch the topography in situ and reversibly by changing the irradiation conditions. We discuss the results of reversible deformation of three polymers induced by irradiation with intensity (IIP) and polarization (PIP) interference patterns, and the light of homogeneous intensity in terms of two approaches: the re-orientational and the photo-fluidization concepts. Both agree in that the formation of opto-mechanically induced stresses is a necessary prerequisite for the process of deformation. Using this argument, the deformation process can be characterized either as a flow or mass transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataraja Sekhar Yadavalli
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Sarah Loebner
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Thomas Papke
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Elena Sava
- Department of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Prof. Dimitrie Mangeron Street, 73, 700050-Iasi, Romania.
| | - Nicolae Hurduc
- Department of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Prof. Dimitrie Mangeron Street, 73, 700050-Iasi, Romania.
| | - Svetlana Santer
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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Nagano S. Inducing Planar Orientation in Side-Chain Liquid-Crystalline Polymer Systems via Interfacial Control. CHEM REC 2016; 16:378-92. [PMID: 26775770 PMCID: PMC4770442 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201500232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
For efficient photoresponses of liquid-crystal (LC) azobenzene (Az) polymer systems, planar LC orientation of the Az mesogenic group is required because the light irradiation process usually occurs with normal incidence to the film surface. However, LC molecules with a rodlike shape tend to orient perpendicularly to the film surface according to the excluded volume effect theory. This review introduces new approaches for inducing planar orientation in side-chain LC Az polymer films via interface and surface molecular designs. The planar orientation offers efficient in-plane photoalignment and photoswitching to hierarchical LC architectures from molecular LC mesogens and LC phases to mesoscopic microphase-separated structures. These approaches are expected to provide new concepts and possibilities in new LC polymer devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shusaku Nagano
- Nagoya University Venture Business Laboratory, Furo-cho Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
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21
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Yu Q, Ista LK, Gu R, Zauscher S, López GP. Nanopatterned polymer brushes: conformation, fabrication and applications. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:680-700. [PMID: 26648412 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07107k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Surfaces with end-grafted, nanopatterned polymer brushes that exhibit well-defined feature dimensions and controlled chemical and physical properties provide versatile platforms not only for investigation of nanoscale phenomena at biointerfaces, but also for the development of advanced devices relevant to biotechnology and electronics applications. In this review, we first give a brief introduction of scaling behavior of nanopatterned polymer brushes and then summarize recent progress in fabrication and application of nanopatterned polymer brushes. Specifically, we highlight applications of nanopatterned stimuli-responsive polymer brushes in the areas of biomedicine and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Linnea K Ista
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Renpeng Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA and NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science & Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Stefan Zauscher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA and NSF Research Triangle Materials Research Science & Engineering Center, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Gabriel P López
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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22
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Appiah C, Siefermann KR, Jorewitz M, Barqawi H, Binder WH. Synthesis and characterization of new photoswitchable azobenzene-containing poly(ε-caprolactones). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25216d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel and efficient strategy in obtaining mono- and bi-armed azobenzene-containing poly(ε-caprolactone)s is described, starting from a commercially available azobenzene dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Appiah
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics)
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
- Halle (Saale)
| | | | | | - Haitham Barqawi
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics)
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
- Halle (Saale)
| | - Wolfgang H. Binder
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Faculty of Natural Science II (Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics)
- Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
- Halle (Saale)
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23
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Roling O, Stricker L, Voskuhl J, Lamping S, Ravoo BJ. Supramolecular surface adhesion mediated by azobenzene polymer brushes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1964-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08968a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface immobilised polymer brushes containing azobenzenes were prepared using microcontact chemistry and surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerisation. Two surfaces bearing brushes can be glued together in the presence of a β-cyclodextrin polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Roling
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Lucas Stricker
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Jens Voskuhl
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Lamping
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
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Weber C, Liebig T, Gensler M, Pithan L, Bommel S, Bléger D, Rabe JP, Hecht S, Kowarik S. Light-Controlled “Molecular Zippers” Based on Azobenzene Main Chain Polymers. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma502551b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Di Florio G, Bründermann E, Yadavalli NS, Santer S, Havenith M. Graphene multilayer as nanosized optical strain gauge for polymer surface relief gratings. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:5754-5760. [PMID: 25244634 DOI: 10.1021/nl502631s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we show how graphene can be utilized as a nanoscopic probe in order to characterize local opto-mechanical forces generated within photosensitive azobenzene containing polymer films. Upon irradiation with light interference patterns, photosensitive films deform according to the spatial intensity variation, leading to the formation of periodic topographies such as surface relief gratings (SRG). The mechanical driving forces inscribing a pattern into the films are supposedly fairly large, because the deformation takes place without photofluidization; the polymer is in a glassy state throughout. However, until now there has been no attempt to characterize these forces by any means. The challenge here is that the forces vary locally on a nanometer scale. Here, we propose to use Raman analysis of the stretching of the graphene layer adsorbed on top of polymer film under deformation in order to probe the strength of the material transport spatially resolved. With the well-known mechanical properties of graphene, we can obtain lower bounds on the forces acting within the film. Upon the basis of our experimental results, we can deduce that the internal pressure in the film due to grating formation can exceed 1 GPa. The graphene-based nanoscopic gauge opens new possibilities to characterize opto-mechanical forces generated within photosensitive polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Di Florio
- Physical Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum , Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Papke T, Yadavalli NS, Henkel C, Santer S. Mapping a plasmonic hologram with photosensitive polymer films: standing versus propagating waves. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:14174-14180. [PMID: 25046798 DOI: 10.1021/am503501y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We use a photosensitive layer containing azobenzene moieties to map near-field intensity patterns in the vicinity of nanogrids fabricated within a thin silver layer. It is known that azobenzene containing films deform permanently during irradiation, following the pattern of the field intensity. The photosensitive material reacts only to stationary waves whose intensity patterns do not change in time. In this study, we have found a periodic deformation above the silver film outside the nanostructure, even if the latter consists of just one groove. This is in contradiction to the widely accepted viewpoint that propagating surface plasmon modes dominate outside nanogrids. We explain our observation based on an electromagnetic hologram formed by the constructive interference between a propagating surface plasmon wave and the incident light. This hologram contains a stationary intensity and polarization grating that even appears in the absence of the polymer layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Papke
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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28
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Li Y, Nese A, Hu X, Lebedeva NV, LaJoie TW, Burdyńska J, Stefan MC, You W, Yang W, Matyjaszewski K, Sheiko SS. Shifting Electronic Structure by Inherent Tension in Molecular Bottlebrushes with Polythiophene Backbones. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:738-742. [PMID: 35590691 DOI: 10.1021/mz5003323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bottlebrush macromolecules can be regarded as molecular tensile machines, where tension is self-generated along the backbone due to steric repulsion between densely grafted side chains. This intrinsic tension is amplified upon adsorption of bottlebrush molecules onto a substrate and increases with grafting density, side chain length, and strength of adhesion to the substrate. To investigate the effects of tension on the electronic structure of polythiophene (PT), bottlebrush macromolecules were prepared by grafting poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PBA) side chains from PT macroinitiators by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The fluorescence spectra of submonolayers of PT bottlebrushes were measured on a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) trough with the backbone tension adjusted by controlling the side-chain length, surface pressure, and chemical composition of a substrate. The wavelength of maximum emission has initially red-shifted, followed by a blue-shift as the backbone tension increases from 0 to 2.5 nN, which agrees with DFT calculations. The red-shift is ascribed to an increase in the conjugation length due to the extension of the PT backbone at lower force regime (0-1.0 nN), while the blue-shift is attributed to deformations of bond lengths and angles in the backbone at higher force regime (1.0-2.5 nN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchao Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alper Nese
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xiangqian Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Natalia V. Lebedeva
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Travis W. LaJoie
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Joanna Burdyńska
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mihaela C. Stefan
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Wei You
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Weitao Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sergei S. Sheiko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Guo J, Wang N, Wu J, Ye Q, Zhang C, Xing XH, Yuan J. Hybrid nanoparticles with CO2-responsive shells and fluorescence-labelled magnetic cores. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:437-442. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21264e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Seki T. Meso- and microscopic motions in photoresponsive liquid crystalline polymer films. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 35:271-90. [PMID: 24343758 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Photoresponsive azobenzene-containing systems ranging from molecular to macroscopic material levels have greatly been increasing their significance in materials chemistry. This review focuses on the studies on light induced or triggered motions in azobenzene liquid crystalline (LC) polymer films at mesoscopic and microscopic levels. Due to the cooperative nature of liquid crystalline materials, highly efficient photoalignment and photo-triggered migrating motions are realized in mostly repeated manners. Here, recent advances in surface-grafted LC polymer brushes, LC block copolymer films, and LC polymer films that exhibit mass migrations are overviewed. Such newly emerged photoresponsive systems are expected to provide new possibilities and applications in polymer thin film technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Seki
- Department of Molecular Design and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
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Kopyshev A, Galvin CJ, Genzer J, Lomadze N, Santer S. Opto-mechanical scission of polymer chains in photosensitive diblock-copolymer brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:13967-13974. [PMID: 24131361 DOI: 10.1021/la403241t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we report on an opto-mechanical scission of polymer chains within photosensitive diblock-copolymer brushes grafted to flat solid substrates. We employ surface-initiated polymerization of methylmethacrylate (MMA) and t-butyl methacrylate (tBMA) to grow diblock-copolymer brushes of poly(methylmethacrylate-b-t-butyl methacrylate) following the atom transfer polymerization (ATRP) scheme. After the synthesis, deprotection of the PtBMA block yields poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA). To render PMMA-b-PMAA copolymers photosensitive, cationic azobenzene containing surfactants are attached to the negatively charged outer PMAA block. During irradiation with an ultraviolet (UV) interference pattern, the extent of photoisomerization of the azobenzene groups varies spatially and results in a topography change of the brush, i.e., formation of surface relief gratings (SRG). The SRG formation is accompanied by local rupturing of the polymer chains in areas from which the polymer material recedes. This opto-mechanically induced scission of the polymer chains takes place at the interfaces of the two blocks and depends strongly on the UV irradiation intensity. Our results indicate that this process may be explained by employing classical continuum fracture mechanics, which might be important for tailoring the phenomenon for applying it to poststructuring of polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Kopyshev
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Yadavalli NS, Linde F, Kopyshev A, Santer S. Soft matter beats hard matter: rupturing of thin metallic films induced by mass transport in photosensitive polymer films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:7743-7747. [PMID: 23895573 DOI: 10.1021/am400682w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The interface between thin films of metal and polymer materials play a significant role in modern flexible microelectronics viz., metal contacts on polymer substrates, printed electronics and prosthetic devices. The major emphasis in metal-polymer interface is on studying how the externally applied stress in the polymer substrate leads to the deformation and cracks in metal film and vice versa. Usually, the deformation process involves strains varying over large lateral dimensions because of excessive stress at local imperfections. Here we show that the seemingly random phenomena at macroscopic scales can be rendered rather controllable at submicrometer length scales. Recently, we have created a metal-polymer interface system with strains varying over periods of several hundred nanometers. This was achieved by exploiting the formation of surface relief grating (SRG) within the azobenzene containing photosensitive polymer film upon irradiation with light interference pattern. Up to a thickness of 60 nm, the adsorbed metal film adapts neatly to the forming relief, until it ultimately ruptures into an array of stripes by formation of highly regular and uniform cracks along the maxima and minima of the polymer topography. This surprising phenomenon has far-reaching implications. This is the first time a direct probe is available to estimate the forces emerging in SRG formation in glassy polymers. Furthermore, crack formation in thin metal films can be studied literally in slow motion, which could lead to substantial improvements in the design process of flexible electronics. Finally, cracks are produced uniformly and at high density, contrary to common sense. This could offer new strategies for precise nanofabrication procedures mechanical in character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataraja Sekhar Yadavalli
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute for Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Strasse 24/25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Kumar S, Tong X, Dory YL, Lepage M, Zhao Y. A CO2-switchable polymer brush for reversible capture and release of proteins. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:90-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc36284h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Bain ED, Dawes K, Özçam AE, Hu X, Gorman CB, Šrogl J, Genzer J. Surface-Initiated Polymerization by Means of Novel, Stable, Non-Ester-Based Radical Initiator. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300491e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erich D. Bain
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Keith Dawes
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - A. Evren Özçam
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Xinfang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
27695, United States
| | - Christopher B. Gorman
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
27695, United States
| | - Jiří Šrogl
- Institute of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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