1
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Liu B, Sun H, Lee JW, Jiang Z, Qiao J, Wang J, Yang J, Feng K, Liao Q, An M, Li B, Han D, Xu B, Lian H, Niu L, Kim BJ, Guo X. Efficient and stable organic solar cells enabled by multicomponent photoactive layer based on one-pot polymerization. Nat Commun 2023; 14:967. [PMID: 36810743 PMCID: PMC9944902 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Degradation of the kinetically trapped bulk heterojunction film morphology in organic solar cells (OSCs) remains a grand challenge for their practical application. Herein, we demonstrate highly thermally stable OSCs using multicomponent photoactive layer synthesized via a facile one-pot polymerization, which show the advantages of low synthetic cost and simplified device fabrication. The OSCs based on multicomponent photoactive layer deliver a high power conversion efficiency of 11.8% and exhibit excellent device stability for over 1000 h (>80% of their initial efficiency retention), realizing a balance between device efficiency and operational lifetime for OSCs. In-depth opto-electrical and morphological properties characterizations revealed that the dominant PM6-b-L15 block polymers with backbone entanglement and the small fraction of PM6 and L15 polymers synergistically contribute to the frozen fine-tuned film morphology and maintain well-balanced charge transport under long-time operation. These findings pave the way towards the development of low-cost and long-term stable OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- grid.411863.90000 0001 0067 3588Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 P.R. China ,grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
| | - Huiliang Sun
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China. .,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China.
| | - Jin-Woo Lee
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Zhengyan Jiang
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
| | - Junqin Qiao
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 P.R. China
| | - Junwei Wang
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
| | - Jie Yang
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
| | - Kui Feng
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
| | - Qiaogan Liao
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
| | - Mingwei An
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
| | - Bolin Li
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
| | - Dongxue Han
- grid.411863.90000 0001 0067 3588Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006 P.R. China
| | - Baomin Xu
- grid.263817.90000 0004 1773 1790Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 P.R. China
| | - Hongzhen Lian
- grid.41156.370000 0001 2314 964XState Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering and Center of Materials Analysis, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023 P.R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials & Devices, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials & Devices, Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China.
| | - Bumjoon J. Kim
- grid.37172.300000 0001 2292 0500Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China. .,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, P.R. China.
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2
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Li S, Zhang R, Zhang M, Yao J, Peng Z, Chen Q, Zhang C, Chang B, Bai Y, Fu H, Ouyang Y, Zhang C, Steele JA, Alshahrani T, Roeffaers MBJ, Solano E, Meng L, Gao F, Li Y, Zhang ZG. Tethered Small-Molecule Acceptors Simultaneously Enhance the Efficiency and Stability of Polymer Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206563. [PMID: 36394108 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
For polymer solar cells (PSCs), the mixture of polymer donors and small-molecule acceptors (SMAs) is fine-tuned to realize a favorable kinetically trapped morphology and thus a commercially viable device efficiency. However, the thermodynamic relaxation of the mixed domains within the blend raises concerns related to the long-term operational stability of the devices, especially in the record-holding Y-series SMAs. Here, a new class of dimeric Y6-based SMAs tethered with differential flexible spacers is reported to regulate their aggregation and relaxation behavior. In their polymer blends with PM6, it is found that they favor an improved structural order relative to that of Y6 counterpart. Most importantly, the tethered SMAs show large glass transition temperatures to suppress the thermodynamic relaxation in mixed domains. For the high-performing dimeric blend, an unprecedented open circuit voltage of 0.87 V is realized with a conversion efficiency of 17.85%, while those of regular Y6-base devices only reach 0.84 V and 16.93%, respectively. Most importantly, the dimer-based device possesses substantially reduced burn-in efficiency loss, retaining more than 80% of the initial efficiency after operating at the maximum power point under continuous illumination for 700 h. The tethering approach provides a new direction to develop PSCs with high efficiency and excellent operating stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Physics, Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jia Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhengxing Peng
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Cen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Bowen Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hongyuan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yanni Ouyang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Julian A Steele
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Thamraa Alshahrani
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maarten B J Roeffaers
- cMACS, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven, 3001, Belgium
| | - Eduardo Solano
- NCD-SWEET beamline, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08290, Spain
| | - Lei Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physics, Biomolecular and Organic Electronics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Yongfang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhi-Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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3
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Peng Z, Ye L, Ade H. Understanding, quantifying, and controlling the molecular ordering of semiconducting polymers: from novices to experts and amorphous to perfect crystals. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:577-606. [PMID: 34878458 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh00837k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Molecular packing and texture of semiconducting polymers are often critical to the performance of devices using these materials. Although frameworks exist to quantify the ordering, interpretations are often just qualitative, resulting in imprecise use of terminology. Here, we reemphasize the significance of quantifying molecular ordering in terms of degree of crystallinity (volume fractions that are ordered) and quality of ordering and their relation to the size scale of an ordered region. We are motivated in part by our own imprecise and inconsistent use of terminology in the past, as well as the need to have a primer or tutorial reference to teach new group members. We strive to develop and use consistent terminology with regards to crystallinity, semicrystallinity, paracrystallinity, and related characteristics. To account for vastly different quality of ordering along different directions, we classify paracrystals into 2D and 3D paracrystals and use paracrystallite to describe the spatial extent of molecular ordering in 1-10 nm. We show that a deeper understanding of molecular ordering can be achieved by combining grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry, even though not all aspects of these measurements are consistent, and some classification appears to be method dependent. We classify a broad range of representative polymers under common processing conditions into five categories based on the quantitative analysis of the paracrystalline disorder parameter (g) and thermal transitions. A small database is presented for 13 representative conjugated and insulating polymers ranging from amorphous to semi-paracrystalline. Finally, we outline the challenges to rationally design more perfect polymer crystals and propose a new molecular design approach that envisions conceptual molecular grafting that is akin to strained and unstrained hetero-epitaxy in classic (compound) semiconductors thin film growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxing Peng
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
| | - Long Ye
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
| | - Harald Ade
- Department of Physics and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA.
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4
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Park S, Ryu S, Ho D, Chae W, Earmme T, Kim C, Seo S. Novel benzo[ b]thieno[2,3- d]thiophene derivatives with an additional alkyl-thiophene core: synthesis, characterization, and p-type thin film transistor performance. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01635d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Newly synthesized benzo[b]thieno[2,3-d]thiophene derivatives were employed as active layers of organic field effect transistors, and these transistors showed decent electrical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoon Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Soomin Ryu
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
| | - Dongil Ho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - Wookil Chae
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, 94 Wausan-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeshik Earmme
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, 94 Wausan-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Choongik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Korea
| | - SungYong Seo
- Department of Smart Green Technology Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea
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5
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Opoku H, Lee JH, Nketia‐Yawson B, Ahn H, Lee J, Jo JW. Structurally‐tuned
benzo[1,2‐b:4,5:b']
dithiophene‐based
polymer as a
dopant‐free
hole transport material for perovskite solar cells. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Opoku
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering and Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct) Dongguk University Seoul South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Lee
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering and Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct) Dongguk University Seoul South Korea
| | - Benjamin Nketia‐Yawson
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering and Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct) Dongguk University Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory Pohang South Korea
| | - Jae‐Joon Lee
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering and Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct) Dongguk University Seoul South Korea
| | - Jea Woong Jo
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering and Research Center for Photoenergy Harvesting & Conversion Technology (phct) Dongguk University Seoul South Korea
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6
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Lin PS, Shoji Y, Afraj SN, Ueda M, Lin CH, Inagaki S, Endo T, Tung SH, Chen MC, Liu CL, Higashihara T. Controlled Synthesis of Poly[(3-alkylthio)thiophene]s and Their Application to Organic Field-Effect Transistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:31898-31909. [PMID: 34190528 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Regioregular polythiophenes have been widely used in organic electronic applications due to their solution processability with chemical modification through side chain engineering, as well as their microstructural organization and good hole transport properties. Here, we introduce alkylthio side chains, (poly[(3-alkylthio)thiophene]s; P3ATTs), with strong noncovalent sulfur molecular interactions, to main chain thienyl backbones. These P3ATTs were compared with alkyl-substituted polythiophene (poly(3-alkylthiophene); P3AT) variants such that the effects of straight (hexyl and decyl) and branched (2-ethylhexyl) side chains (with and without S atoms) on their thin-film morphologies and crystalline states could be investigated. P3ATTs with linear alkylthio side chains (P3HTT, hexylthio; P3DTT, decylthio) did not attain the expected higher organic field-effect transistor (OFET) mobilities with respect to P3HT (hexyl) and P3DT (decyl) mainly due to their lower regioregularity (76-78%), although P3ATTs exhibit an enhanced tendency for aggregation and compact molecular packing, as indicated by the red-shifting of the absorption spectra and the shortening of the π-π stacking distance, respectively. Moreover, the loss of regioregularity issue can be solved by introducing more soluble 2-ethylhexylthio branched side chains to form poly[3-(2-ethylhexylthio)thiophene] (P3EHTT), which provides enhanced crystallinity and efficient charge mobility (increased by up to a factor of 3) with respect to the poly(2-ethylhexylthiophene) (P3EHT) without S atoms in the side moieties. This study demonstrates that the presence of side chain alkylthio structural motifs with nonbonded interactions in polythiophene semiconductors has a beneficial impact on the molecular conformation, morphologies, structural packing, and charge transport in OFET devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Shen Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yamato Shoji
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shakil N Afraj
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic Modules, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Mitsuru Ueda
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Ching-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic Modules, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Shin Inagaki
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Taiki Endo
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shih-Huang Tung
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chou Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center of New Generation Light Driven Photovoltaic Modules, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tomoya Higashihara
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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7
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Vertommen S, Battaglini E, Salatelli E, Deschaume O, Bartic C, Verbiest T, Koeckelberghs G. The Importance of Excellent π-π Interactions in Poly(thiophene)s To Reach a High Third-Order Nonlinear Optical Response. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:9668-9679. [PMID: 33115240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Poly(thiophene)s have an inherently large third-order nonlinear optical (TONO) response, but applications are not straightforward due to unoptimized materials. Therefore, several structure-property relationships (molar mass, branching, regioregularity) are investigated to unravel which structural modifications give the highest TONO response. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) with different molar masses, poly[3-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophene] with different molar masses, and random copolymers with different degrees of regioregularity are synthesized and measured by UV-vis spectroscopy and the third harmonic scattering technique. Every structural modification that leads to an increase in π-π interactions in poly(thiophene)s leads to an increase in the TONO response of the material. Therefore, a material with a high molar mass, an unbranched alkyl side chain, and a high regioregularity degree is preferably tested as a promising TONO material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stien Vertommen
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, box 2404, Heverlee, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Elena Battaglini
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Salatelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, Bologna 40136, Italy
| | - Olivier Deschaume
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft-Matter Physics and Biophysics section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, box 2416, Heverlee, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Carmen Bartic
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Soft-Matter Physics and Biophysics section, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, box 2416, Heverlee, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Thierry Verbiest
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, box 2425, Heverlee, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, box 2404, Heverlee, Leuven 3001, Belgium
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8
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Sun H, Yu H, Shi Y, Yu J, Peng Z, Zhang X, Liu B, Wang J, Singh R, Lee J, Li Y, Wei Z, Liao Q, Kan Z, Ye L, Yan H, Gao F, Guo X. A Narrow-Bandgap n-Type Polymer with an Acceptor-Acceptor Backbone Enabling Efficient All-Polymer Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004183. [PMID: 32954584 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Narrow-bandgap polymer semiconductors are essential for advancing the development of organic solar cells. Here, a new narrow-bandgap polymer acceptor L14, featuring an acceptor-acceptor (A-A) type backbone, is synthesized by copolymerizing a dibrominated fused-ring electron acceptor (FREA) with distannylated bithiophene imide. Combining the advantages of both the FREA and the A-A polymer, L14 not only shows a narrow bandgap and high absorption coefficient, but also low-lying frontier molecular orbital (FMO) levels. Such FMO levels yield improved electron transfer character, but unexpectedly, without sacrificing open-circuit voltage (Voc ), which is attributed to a small nonradiative recombination loss (Eloss,nr ) of 0.22 eV. Benefiting from the improved photocurrent along with the high fill factor and Voc , an excellent efficiency of 14.3% is achieved, which is among the highest values for all-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs). The results demonstrate the superiority of narrow-bandgap A-A type polymers for improving all-PSC performance and pave a way toward developing high-performance polymer acceptors for all-PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiliang Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Han Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Yu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Zhongxiang Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xianhe Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ranbir Singh
- Department of Energy & Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul, 100-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongchun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zixiang Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qiaogan Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhipeng Kan
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS Chongqing), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, P. R. China
| | - Long Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, P. R. China
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9
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Pei D, Wang Z, Peng Z, Zhang J, Deng Y, Han Y, Ye L, Geng Y. Impact of Molecular Weight on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of a High-Mobility Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Conjugated Polymer. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Pei
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhongli Wang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhongxiang Peng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Jidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Deng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yang Han
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Long Ye
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
| | - Yanhou Geng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
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10
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Control the interplay of crystallization and phase separation of conjugated polymer blends by the relative rate of nucleation and growth. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Thomas EM, Davidson EC, Katsumata R, Segalman RA, Chabinyc ML. Branched Side Chains Govern Counterion Position and Doping Mechanism in Conjugated Polythiophenes. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1492-1497. [PMID: 35651223 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Predicting the interactions between a semiconducting polymer and dopant is not straightforward due to the intrinsic structural and energetic disorder in polymeric systems. Although the driving force for efficient charge transfer depends on a favorable offset between the electron donor and acceptor, we demonstrate that the efficacy of doping also relies on structural constraints of incorporating a dopant molecule into the semiconducting polymer film. Here, we report the evolution in spectroscopic and electrical properties of a model conjugated polymer upon exposure to two dopant types: one that directly oxidizes the polymeric backbone and one that protonates the polymer backbone. Through vapor phase infiltration, the common charge transfer dopant, F4-TCNQ, forms a charge transfer complex (CTC) with the polymer poly(3-(2'-ethyl)hexylthiophene) (P3EHT), a conjugated polymer with the same backbone as the well-characterized polymer P3HT, resulting in a maximum electrical conductivity of 3 × 10-5 S cm-1. We postulate that the branched side chains of P3EHT force F4-TCNQ to reside between the π-faces of the crystallites, resulting in partial charge transfer between the donor and the acceptor. Conversely, protonation of the polymeric backbone using the strong acid, HTFSI, increases the electrical conductivity of P3EHT to a maximum of 4 × 10-3 S cm-1, 2 orders of magnitude higher than when a charge transfer dopant is used. The ability for the backbone of P3EHT to be protonated by an acid dopant, but not oxidized directly by F4-TCNQ, suggests that steric hindrance plays a significant role in the degree of charge transfer between dopant and polymer, even when the driving force for charge transfer is sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elayne M. Thomas
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Emily C. Davidson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Reika Katsumata
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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12
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Van Goethem C, Mulunda MM, Verbeke R, Koschine T, Wübbenhorst M, Zhang Z, Nies E, Dickmann M, Egger W, Vankelecom IFJ, Koeckelberghs G. Increasing Membrane Permeability by Increasing the Polymer Crystallinity: The Unique Case of Polythiophenes. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcel Dickmann
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ) and Physik Department E21, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Werner Egger
- Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik, Universität der Bundeswehr München, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
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13
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Bridges CR, Ford MJ, Thomas EM, Gomez C, Bazan GC, Segalman RA. Effects of Side Chain Branch Point on Self Assembly, Structure, and Electronic Properties of High Mobility Semiconducting Polymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Oberthür N, Gross J, Janke W. Two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations of coarse-grained poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) adsorbed on striped substrates. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:144903. [PMID: 30316285 DOI: 10.1063/1.5046383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate the structural phases of single poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) polymers that are adsorbed on a two-dimensional substrate with a striped pattern. We use a coarse-grained representation of the polymer and sophisticated Monte Carlo techniques such as a parallelized replica exchange scheme and local as well as non-local updates to the polymer's configuration. From peaks in the canonically derived observables, it is possible to obtain structural phase diagrams for varying substrate parameters. We find that the shape of the stripe pattern has a substantial effect on the obtained configurations of the polymer and can be tailored to promote either more stretched out or more compact configurations. In the compact phases, we observe different structural motifs, such as hairpins, double-hairpins, and interlocking "zipper" states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Oberthür
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Leipzig, Postfach 100 920, 04009 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gross
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Leipzig, Postfach 100 920, 04009 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfhard Janke
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Leipzig, Postfach 100 920, 04009 Leipzig, Germany
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15
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McDearmon B, Lim E, Lee IH, Kozycz LM, O’Hara K, Robledo PI, Venkatesan NR, Chabinyc ML, Hawker CJ. Effects of Side-Chain Topology on Aggregation of Conjugated Polymers. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - In-Hwan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
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16
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Ocheje MU, Charron BP, Cheng YH, Chuang CH, Soldera A, Chiu YC, Rondeau-Gagné S. Amide-Containing Alkyl Chains in Conjugated Polymers: Effect on Self-Assembly and Electronic Properties. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael U. Ocheje
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Brynn P. Charron
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Yu-Hsuan Cheng
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Heng Chuang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Armand Soldera
- Département
de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada J1K 2R1
| | - Yu-Cheng Chiu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Simon Rondeau-Gagné
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada N9B 3P4
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17
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Chowdhury M, Sajjad MT, Savikhin V, Hergué N, Sutija KB, Oosterhout SD, Toney MF, Dubois P, Ruseckas A, Samuel IDW. Tuning crystalline ordering by annealing and additives to study its effect on exciton diffusion in a polyalkylthiophene copolymer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:12441-12451. [PMID: 28470282 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00877e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The influence of various processing conditions on the singlet exciton diffusion is explored in films of a conjugated random copolymer poly-(3-hexylthiophene-co-3-dodecylthiophene) (P3HT-co-P3DDT) and correlated with the degree of crystallinity probed by grazing incidence X-ray scattering and with exciton bandwidth determined from absorption spectra. The exciton diffusion coefficient is deduced from exciton-exciton annihilation measurements and is found to increase by more than a factor of three when thin films are annealed using CS2 solvent vapour. A doubling of exciton diffusion coefficient is observed upon melt annealing at 200 °C and the corresponding films show about 50% enhancement in the degree of crystallinity. In contrast, films fabricated from polymer solutions containing a small amount of either solvent additive or nucleating agent show a decrease in exciton diffusion coefficient possibly due to formation of traps for excitons. Our results suggest that the enhancement of exciton diffusivity occurs because of increased crystallinity of alkyl-stacking and longer conjugation of aggregated chains which reduces the exciton bandwidth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithun Chowdhury
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Muhammad T Sajjad
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Victoria Savikhin
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA and Stanford Electrical Engineering Department, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Noémie Hergué
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University de Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Karina B Sutija
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | | | - Michael F Toney
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Philippe Dubois
- Laboratory of Polymeric and Composite Materials, University de Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Arvydas Ruseckas
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK.
| | - Ifor D W Samuel
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK.
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18
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Jäger J, Schraff S, Pammer F. Synthesis, Properties, and Solar Cell Performance of Poly(4-(p
-alkoxystyryl)thiazole)s. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Jäger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials; University of Ulm; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Sandra Schraff
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials; University of Ulm; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Frank Pammer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials; University of Ulm; Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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19
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Davidson EC, Segalman RA. Confined Crystallization within Cylindrical P3EHT Block Copolymer Microdomains. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Davidson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and ‡Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and ‡Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
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20
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Yu L, Davidson E, Sharma A, Andersson MR, Segalman R, Müller C. Isothermal Crystallization Kinetics and Time-Temperature-Transformation of the Conjugated Polymer: Poly(3-(2'-ethyl)hexylthiophene). CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017; 29:5654-5662. [PMID: 28713199 PMCID: PMC5509438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Thermal annealing strongly impacts the nano- and microstructure of conjugated polymers. Despite the fundamental importance for the resulting optoelectronic behavior of this class of materials, the underlying crystallization processes have not received the same attention that is encountered in other disciplines of materials science. The question arises whether classical treatment of nucleation and growth phenomena is truly applicable to conjugated polymers? Here, the isothermal crystallization behavior of the conjugated polymer poly(3-(2'-ethyl)hexylthiophene) (P3EHT) is monitored with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Avrami analysis reveals growth- and nucleation-limited temperature regimes that are separated by the maximum rate of crystallization. The molecular weight of the polymer is found to strongly influence the absolute rate of crystallization at the same degree of undercooling relative to the melting temperature. A combination of optical microscopy and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) confirms that the resulting nano- and microstructure strongly correlate with the selected isothermal annealing temperature. Hence, this work establishes that classical nucleation and growth theory can be applied to describe the solidification behavior of the semicrystalline conjugated polymer P3EHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Yu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Emily Davidson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- Flinders
Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Mats R. Andersson
- Flinders
Centre for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Rachel Segalman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of California,
Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Department, University of California, Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
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21
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Osaka M, Mori D, Benten H, Ogawa H, Ohkita H, Ito S. Charge Transport in Intermixed Regions of All-Polymer Solar Cells Studied by Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:15615-15622. [PMID: 28437063 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Charge transport in intermixed regions of all-polymer solar cells based on a blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT; electron donor) with poly[2,7-(9,9-didodecylfluorene)-alt-5,5-(4',7'-bis(2-thienyl)-2',1',3'-benzothiadiazole)] (PF12TBT; electron acceptor) was studied by conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM). For a blend film fabricated from a chlorobenzene solution, intermixed regions were detected between the P3HT-rich and PF12TBT-rich domains. The overall hole current in the intermixed regions remained almost constant, both before and after thermal annealing at 80 °C, but it increased in the P3HT-rich domains. For a blend film fabricated from a chloroform solution, the entire observed area constituted an intermixed region, both before and after thermal annealing. The overall hole current in this film was significantly improved following thermal annealing at 120 °C. These finely mixed structures with efficient charge transport yielded a maximum power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The local charge-transport properties in the intermixed region, as observed via C-AFM, was found to be closely related to the photovoltaic properties, rather than the bulk-averaged properties or topological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Osaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Benten
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology , Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ogawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University , Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Hideo Ohkita
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shinzaburo Ito
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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22
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Richter LJ, DeLongchamp DM, Amassian A. Morphology Development in Solution-Processed Functional Organic Blend Films: An In Situ Viewpoint. Chem Rev 2017; 117:6332-6366. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee J. Richter
- Material
Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Dean M. DeLongchamp
- Material
Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Aram Amassian
- KAUST
Solar Center (KSC) and Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Boufflet P, Casey A, Xia Y, Stavrinou PN, Heeney M. Pentafluorobenzene end-group as a versatile handle for para fluoro "click" functionalization of polythiophenes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:2215-2225. [PMID: 28507677 PMCID: PMC5408564 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc04427a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A convenient method of introducing pentafluorobenzene (PFB) as a single end-group in polythiophene derivatives is reported via in situ quenching of the polymerization. We demonstrate that the PFB-group is a particularly useful end-group due to its ability to undergo fast nucleophilic aromatic substitutions. Using this molecular handle, we are able to quantitatively tether a variety of common nucleophiles to the polythiophene backbone. The mild conditions required for the reaction allows sensitive functional moieties, such as biotin or a cross-linkable trimethoxysilane, to be introduced as end-groups. The high yield enabled the formation of a diblock rod-coil polymer from equimolar reactants under transition metal-free conditions at room temperature. We further demonstrate that water soluble polythiophenes end-capped with PFB can be prepared via the hydrolysis of an ester precursor, and that such polymers are amenable to functionalization under aqueous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Boufflet
- Dept. Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Abby Casey
- Dept. Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
| | - Yiren Xia
- Dept. Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd , London , SW7 2AZ , UK
- Dept. of Engineering Science , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PJ , UK
| | - Paul N Stavrinou
- Dept. of Engineering Science , University of Oxford , Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3PJ , UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Dept. Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics , Imperial College London , Exhibition Rd , London , SW7 2AZ , UK .
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24
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Osaka M, Benten H, Ohkita H, Ito S. Intermixed Donor/Acceptor Region in Conjugated Polymer Blends Visualized by Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miki Osaka
- Department of Polymer
Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Benten
- Department of Polymer
Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Hideo Ohkita
- Department of Polymer
Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shinzaburo Ito
- Department of Polymer
Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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25
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Verheyen L, Timmermans B, Koeckelberghs G. The influence of branching on the Kumada catalyst transfer condensative polymerization of 3-alkylthiophenes. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00255f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of branching of the substituent in polythiophenes on the rate and the livingness of the polymerization is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Verheyen
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis
- B-3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
| | - B. Timmermans
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis
- B-3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
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26
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Kuei B, Gomez ED. Chain conformations and phase behavior of conjugated polymers. SOFT MATTER 2016; 13:49-67. [PMID: 27506183 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00979d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers may play an important role in various emerging optoelectronic applications because they combine the chemical versatility of organic molecules and the flexibility, stretchability and toughness of polymers with semiconducting properties. Nevertheless, in order to achieve the full potential of conjugated polymers, a clear description of how their structure, morphology, and macroscopic properties are interrelated is needed. We propose that the starting point for understanding conjugated polymers includes understanding chain conformations and phase behavior. Efforts to predict and measure the persistence length have significantly refined our intuition of the chain stiffness, and have led to predictions of nematic-to-isotropic transitions. Exploring mixing between conjugated polymers and small molecules or other polymers has demonstrated tremendous advancements in attaining the needed properties for various optoelectronic devices. Current efforts continue to refine our knowledge of chain conformations and phase behavior and the factors that influence these properties, thereby providing opportunities for the development of novel optoelectronic materials based on conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Kuei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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27
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Huang W, Chandrasekaran N, Prasad SKK, Gann E, Thomsen L, Kabra D, Hodgkiss JM, Cheng YB, McNeill CR. Impact of Fullerene Mixing Behavior on the Microstructure, Photophysics, and Device Performance of Polymer/Fullerene Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:29608-29618. [PMID: 27704763 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b10404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Here, a comprehensive study of the influence of polymer:fullerene mixing behavior on the performance, thin-film microstructure, photophysics, and device physics of polymer solar cells is presented. In particular, blends of the donor polymer PBDTTT-EFT with the acceptor PC71BM that exhibit power conversion efficiencies over 9% are investigated. Through tuning of the fullerene concentration in PBDTTT-EFT:PC71BM blends, the impact of fullerene mixing behavior is systematically investigated via a combination of synchrotron-based X-ray scattering and spectroscopy techniques. The impact of fullerene loading on photophysics and device physics is further explored with steady-state photoluminescence measurements, ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, and transient photovoltage measurements. In the low fullerene concentration regime (<50 wt %), most fullerene molecules are dispersed in the polymer matrix, resulting in severe geminate and nongeminate recombination due to a lack of pure fullerene aggregates and percolating pathways for charge separation and transport. In the high fullerene concentration regime (>70 wt %), large fullerene domains result in incomplete PC71BM exciton harvesting with the presence of fullerene molecules also disrupting the molecular packing of polymer crystallites. The optimum fullerene concentration of ∼60-67 wt % balances the requirements of charge generation and charge collection. These findings demonstrate that controlling the fullerene concentration in the mixed phase and optimizing the balance between pure and mixed phases are critical for maximizing the efficiency of highly mixed polymer/fullerene solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Naresh Chandrasekaran
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- IITB-Monash Research Academy, IIT Bombay , Mumbai 400076, India
| | | | - Eliot Gann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Australian Synchrotron , 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Lars Thomsen
- Australian Synchrotron , 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kabra
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | | | - Yi-Bing Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University , Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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28
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Bridges CR, Ford MJ, Popere BC, Bazan GC, Segalman RA. Formation and Structure of Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Mesophases in Donor–Acceptor Semiconducting Polymers. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Colin R. Bridges
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials, ‡Mitsubishi Center for Advanced
Materials, and §Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael J. Ford
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials, ‡Mitsubishi Center for Advanced
Materials, and §Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Bhooshan C. Popere
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials, ‡Mitsubishi Center for Advanced
Materials, and §Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Guillermo C. Bazan
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials, ‡Mitsubishi Center for Advanced
Materials, and §Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials, ‡Mitsubishi Center for Advanced
Materials, and §Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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29
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Petsagkourakis I, Pavlopoulou E, Portale G, Kuropatwa BA, Dilhaire S, Fleury G, Hadziioannou G. Structurally-driven Enhancement of Thermoelectric Properties within Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) thin Films. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30501. [PMID: 27470637 PMCID: PMC4965772 DOI: 10.1038/srep30501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the rising need for clean energy, thermoelectricity has raised as a potential alternative to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Specifically, thermoelectric devices based on polymers could offer an efficient path for near-room temperature energy harvesters. Thus, control over thermoelectric properties of conducting polymers is crucial and, herein, the structural, electrical and thermoelectric properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) thin films doped with p-toluenesulfonate (Tos) molecules were investigated with regards to thin film processing. PEDOT:Tos thin films were prepared by in-situ polymerization of (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) monomers in presence of iron(III) p-toluenesulfonate with different co-solvents in order to tune the film structure. While the Seebeck coefficient remained constant, a large improvement in the electrical conductivity was observed for thin films processed with high boiling point additives. The increase of electrical conductivity was found to be solely in-plane mobility-driven. Probing the thin film structure by Grazing Incidence Wide Angle X-ray Scattering has shown that this behavior is dictated by the structural properties of the PEDOT:Tos films; specifically by the thin film crystallinity combined to the preferential edge-on orientation of the PEDOT crystallites. Consequentially enhancement of the power factor from 25 to 78.5 μW/mK2 has been readily obtained for PEDOT:Tos thin films following this methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Petsagkourakis
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, CNRS - ENSCPB - Université de Bordeaux - UMR 5629, F-33607 Pessac, France
| | - Eleni Pavlopoulou
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, CNRS - ENSCPB - Université de Bordeaux - UMR 5629, F-33607 Pessac, France.,Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Macromolecular Chemistry &New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bryan A Kuropatwa
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine, CNRS - Université de Bordeaux - UMR 5798, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Stefan Dilhaire
- Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine, CNRS - Université de Bordeaux - UMR 5798, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Guillaume Fleury
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, CNRS - ENSCPB - Université de Bordeaux - UMR 5629, F-33607 Pessac, France
| | - Georges Hadziioannou
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques, CNRS - ENSCPB - Université de Bordeaux - UMR 5629, F-33607 Pessac, France
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30
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Patil N, Skjønsfjell ETB, Van den Brande N, Chavez Panduro EA, Claessens R, Guizar-Sicairos M, Van Mele B, Breiby DW. X-Ray Nanoscopy of a Bulk Heterojunction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158345. [PMID: 27367796 PMCID: PMC4930208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimizing the morphology of bulk heterojunctions is known to significantly improve the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells, but available quantitative imaging techniques are few and have severe limitations. We demonstrate X-ray ptychographic coherent diffractive imaging applied to all-organic blends. Specifically, the phase-separated morphology in bulk heterojunction photoactive layers for organic solar cells, prepared from a 50:50 blend of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and thermally treated for different annealing times is imaged to high resolution. Moreover, using a fast-scanning calorimetry chip setup, the nano-morphological changes caused by repeated thermal annealing applied to the same sample could be monitored. X-ray ptychography resolves to better than 100 nm the phase-segregated domains of electron donor and electron acceptor materials over a large field of view within the active layers. The quantitative phase contrast images further allow us to estimate the local volume fraction of PCBM across the photovoltaically active layers. The volume fraction gradient for different regions provides insight on the PCBM diffusion across the depletion zone surrounding PCBM aggregates. Phase contrast X-ray microscopy is under rapid development, and the results presented here are promising for future studies of organic-organic blends, also under in situ conditions, e.g., for monitoring the structural stability during UV-Vis irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Patil
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
- * E-mail: (NP); (DWB)
| | | | - Niko Van den Brande
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Raf Claessens
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Bruno Van Mele
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dag Werner Breiby
- Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Micro- and Nanosystem Technology (IMST), University College of Southeast Norway, Campus Vestfold, 3184, Borre, Norway
- * E-mail: (NP); (DWB)
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31
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Balko J, Rinscheid A, Wurm A, Schick C, Lohwasser RH, Thelakkat M, Thurn-Albrecht T. Crystallinity of poly(3-hexylthiophene) in thin films determined by fast scanning calorimetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Balko
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; 06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Andreas Rinscheid
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; 06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Andreas Wurm
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock; 18051 Rostock Germany
| | - Christoph Schick
- Institute of Physics, University of Rostock; 18051 Rostock Germany
| | - Ruth H. Lohwasser
- Applied Functional Materials; Department of Macromolecular Chemistry I; University of Bayreuth; 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Applied Functional Materials; Department of Macromolecular Chemistry I; University of Bayreuth; 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; 06099 Halle (Saale) Germany
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32
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Samuel AZ, Zhou M, Ando M, Mueller R, Liebert T, Heinze T, Hamaguchi HO. Determination of Percent Crystallinity of Side-Chain Crystallized Alkylated-Dextran Derivatives with Raman Spectroscopy and Multivariate Curve Resolution. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4644-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Zachariah Samuel
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Mengbo Zhou
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Masahiro Ando
- Waseda University, Consolidated Research Institute
for Advanced Science and Medical Care, 513 Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Robert Mueller
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V. (IPHT), Postfach 100239, D-07702 Jena, Germany
| | - Tim Liebert
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Heinze
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Hiro-o Hamaguchi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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33
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Fei Z, Boufflet P, Wood S, Wade J, Moriarty J, Gann E, Ratcliff EL, McNeill CR, Sirringhaus H, Kim JS, Heeney M. Influence of Backbone Fluorination in Regioregular Poly(3-alkyl-4-fluoro)thiophenes. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6866-79. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuping Fei
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Pierre Boufflet
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Sebastian Wood
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Jessica Wade
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - John Moriarty
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Eliot Gann
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn
Road, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Erin L. Ratcliff
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Christopher R. McNeill
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Ji-Seon Kim
- Department
of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department
of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, Exhibition Rd, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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34
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Liu J, Wang Q, Liu C, Chang H, Tian H, Geng Y, Yan D. Melt-crystallized α phase nanofibril films of monodisperse poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene). POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Zhang Y, Liu S, Liu W, Liang T, Yang X, Xu M, Chen H. Two-dimensional MoS2-assisted immediate aggregation of poly-3-hexylthiophene with high mobility. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:27565-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05011a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immediate crystallization of P3HT has been induced by two-dimensional MoS2 nanosheets under ultrasonication, which contributes to an obvious enhancement in mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Shuang Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Wenqing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Tao Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Xi Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Mingsheng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
| | - Hongzheng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
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36
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Beckingham BS, Ho V, Segalman RA. Melting Behavior of Poly(3-(2′-ethyl)hexylthiophene). Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma501915v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S. Beckingham
- Materials Science
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Victor Ho
- Materials Science
Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and
Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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37
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Förster S, Kohl E, Ivanov M, Gross J, Widdra W, Janke W. Polymer adsorption on reconstructed Au(001): A statistical description of P3HT by scanning tunneling microscopy and coarse-grained Monte Carlo simulations. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:164701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4898382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Förster
- Institute of Physics, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - E. Kohl
- Institute of Physics, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - M. Ivanov
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Leipzig, Postfach 100 920, D-04009 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J. Gross
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Leipzig, Postfach 100 920, D-04009 Leipzig, Germany
| | - W. Widdra
- Institute of Physics, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institut für Mikrostrukturphysik, Halle, Germany
| | - W. Janke
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Leipzig, Postfach 100 920, D-04009 Leipzig, Germany
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38
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Wang Y, Heck B, Schiefer D, Agumba JO, Sommer M, Wen T, Reiter G. Anisotropic Photophysical Properties of Highly Aligned Crystalline Structures of a Bulky Substituted Poly(thiophene). ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:881-885. [PMID: 35596353 DOI: 10.1021/mz500411c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of a phenyl-substituted poly(thiophene), poly(3-(2,5-dioctylphenyl)thiophene) (PDOPT), were studied as a function of polarization and degree of orientation of the crystalline structure. Under well-chosen controlled conditions, large-sized spherulitic crystals of PDOPT were successfully prepared from the melt. From polarized optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction, the molecular orientation of PDOPT within the spherulite was determined, indicating that the fastest growth direction of the spherulite was the a-axis. This implied that crystallization of PDOPT was directed by the packing of the side chains rather than the backbones, which are significantly separated. As the crystalline lamellae were all radially oriented, the local absorbance strongly depended on the polarization of the incoming light. Compared to randomly oriented crystals in a quenched and thus rapidly crystallized sample, PDOPT spherulites displayed red-shifted absorption and emission spectra, combined with a reduced photoluminescence quantum yield. Even for these markedly separated polymer backbones (1.47 nm), the reduced photoluminescence suggests an enhancement of interchain interactions of highly ordered bulky substituted polythiophene induced by crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Institute
of Physics, University of Freiburg, Herman-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Material Research Center Freiburg (FMF), Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Heck
- Institute
of Physics, University of Freiburg, Herman-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Schiefer
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - John O. Agumba
- Institute
of Physics, University of Freiburg, Herman-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Institute
of Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Strasse
31, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Material Research Center Freiburg (FMF), Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tao Wen
- Institute
of Physics, University of Freiburg, Herman-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Günter Reiter
- Institute
of Physics, University of Freiburg, Herman-Herder-Strasse 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Material Research Center Freiburg (FMF), Stefan-Meier-Strasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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39
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Beckingham BS, Ho V, Segalman RA. Formation of a Rigid Amorphous Fraction in Poly(3-(2'-ethyl)hexylthiophene). ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:684-688. [PMID: 35590769 DOI: 10.1021/mz500262d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we detail the formation of a rigid amorphous fraction in poly(3-(2'-ethyl)hexylthiophene) (P3EHT) at high relative crystallinity, yielding a more complete picture of the solid-state structure. In the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) heating scans of isothermally crystallized P3EHT a distinct endothermic peak appears slightly above the crystallization temperature. This previously undescribed endothermic feature of P3EHT's thermal behavior is observed consistently ∼20 °C above the crystallization temperature-shifting to higher temperatures with increasing crystallization temperature-and increases in magnitude with both time and crystallization temperature. Here, we determine the origins of this endothermic peak with DSC and temperature-modulated DSC (TMDSC). TMDSC reveals that the annealing peak observed in the total heat flow (THF)-heat flow equivalent to that of conventional DSC-is a consequence of an enthalpic relaxation observable as an endothermic peak in the nonreversible heat flow (NHF) and a glass transition evident as a step increase in the reversible heat flow (RHF). In conjunction with conventional DSC observations, these results indicate that the observed annealing peak is a consequence of the formation of distinct amorphous regions-a mobile amorphous fraction (MAF) and a rigid amorphous fraction (RAF)-during the isothermal crystallization process and not the melting of a distinct crystallite population or melt recrystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan S. Beckingham
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Victor Ho
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials
Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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40
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Warnan J, Cabanetos C, El Labban A, Hansen MR, Tassone C, Toney MF, Beaujuge PM. Ordering effects in benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']difuran-thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione polymers with >7% solar cell efficiency. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:4357-4362. [PMID: 24829168 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Warnan
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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41
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Ma W, Tumbleston JR, Ye L, Wang C, Hou J, Ade H. Quantification of nano- and mesoscale phase separation and relation to donor and acceptor quantum efficiency, J(sc), and FF in polymer:fullerene solar cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:4234-41. [PMID: 24677439 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201400216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ma
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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42
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Rostro L, Wong SH, Boudouris BW. Solid State Electrical Conductivity of Radical Polymers as a Function of Pendant Group Oxidation State. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500626t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth Rostro
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Si Hui Wong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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43
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Smith KA, Stewart B, Yager KG, Strzalka J, Verduzco R. Control of all-conjugated block copolymer crystallization via thermal and solvent annealing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kendall A. Smith
- Rice University; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; 6100 Main MS-362 St. Houston Texas 77005
| | - Bridget Stewart
- Rice University; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; 6100 Main MS-362 St. Houston Texas 77005
| | - Kevin G. Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Upton New York 11973
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division; Argonne National Laboratory; Argonne Illinois 60439
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Rice University; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; 6100 Main MS-362 St. Houston Texas 77005
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44
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Influence of Molecular Conformations and Microstructure on the Optoelectronic Properties of Conjugated Polymers. MATERIALS 2014; 7:2273-2300. [PMID: 28788568 PMCID: PMC5453253 DOI: 10.3390/ma7032273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
It is increasingly obvious that the molecular conformations and the long-range arrangement that conjugated polymers can adopt under various experimental conditions in bulk, solutions or thin films, significantly impact their resulting optoelectronic properties. As a consequence, the functionalities and efficiencies of resulting organic devices, such as field-effect transistors, light-emitting diodes, or photovoltaic cells, also dramatically change due to the close structure/property relationship. A range of structure/optoelectronic properties relationships have been investigated over the last few years using various experimental and theoretical methods, and, further, interesting correlations are continuously revealed by the scientific community. In this review, we discuss the latest findings related to the structure/optoelectronic properties interrelationships that exist in organic devices fabricated with conjugated polymers in terms of charge mobility, absorption, photoluminescence, as well as photovoltaic properties.
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45
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46
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Balko J, Lohwasser RH, Sommer M, Thelakkat M, Thurn-Albrecht T. Determination of the Crystallinity of Semicrystalline Poly(3-hexylthiophene) by Means of Wide-Angle X-ray Scattering. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401946w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Balko
- Institute
of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ruth H. Lohwasser
- Applied
Functional Materials, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael Sommer
- Applied
Functional Materials, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mukundan Thelakkat
- Applied
Functional Materials, Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Thurn-Albrecht
- Institute
of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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47
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Peeters H, Jivanescu M, Stesmans A, Pereira LMC, Dillemans L, Locquet JP, Van Bael MJ, Persoons A, Koeckelberghs G. Influence of the bulkiness of the substituent on the aggregation and magnetic properties of poly(3-alkylthiophene)s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helmuth Peeters
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis; KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Mihaela Jivanescu
- Semiconductor Physics Laboratory; KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - André Stesmans
- Semiconductor Physics Laboratory; KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Lino M. C. Pereira
- Nuclear and Radiation Physics Section; KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Leander Dillemans
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism; KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Locquet
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism; KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Margriet J. Van Bael
- Laboratory of Solid State Physics and Magnetism; KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - André Persoons
- Laboratory of Molecular Electronics and Photonics; KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D, 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Guy Koeckelberghs
- Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis; KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee Belgium
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Osaka M, Benten H, Lee LT, Ohkita H, Ito S. Development of highly conductive nanodomains in poly(3-hexylthiophene) films studied by conductive atomic force microscopy. POLYMER 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.04.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Vertical confinement and interface effects on the microstructure and charge transport of P3HT thin films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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50
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Peeters H, Couturon P, Vandeleene S, Moerman D, Leclère P, Lazzaroni R, Cat ID, Feyter SD, Koeckelberghs G. Influence of the regioregularity on the chiral supramolecular organization of poly(3-alkylsulfanylthiophene)s. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra22731b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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