1
|
Li J, Gong S, Gao S, Chen J, Chen WW, Zhao B. Asymmetric α-C(sp 3)-H allylic alkylation of primary alkylamines by synergistic Ir/ketone catalysis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:939. [PMID: 38296941 PMCID: PMC10830461 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary alkyl amines are highly reactive in N-nucleophilic reactions with electrophiles. However, their α-C-H bonds are unreactive towards electrophiles due to their extremely low acidity (pKa ~57). Nonetheless, 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) can activate primary alkyl amines by increasing the acidity of the α-amino C-H bonds by up to 1044 times. This makes the α-amino C-H bonds acidic enough to be deprotonated under mild conditions. By combining DFO with an iridium catalyst, direct asymmetric α-C-H alkylation of NH2-unprotected primary alkyl amines with allylic carbonates has been achieved. This reaction produces a wide range of chiral homoallylic amines with high enantiopurities. The approach has successfully switched the reactivity between primary alkyl amines and allylic carbonates from intrinsic allylic amination to the α-C-H alkylation, enabling the construction of pharmaceutically significant chiral homoallylic amines from readily available primary alkyl amines in a single step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Li
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis and Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Sheng Gong
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis and Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Shaolun Gao
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis and Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Jianfeng Chen
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis and Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
| | - Wen-Wen Chen
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis and Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China
| | - Baoguo Zhao
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis and Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Neve J, Barlow TMA, Tourwé D, Bihel F, Simonin F, Ballet S. Comprehensive overview of biased pharmacology at the opioid receptors: biased ligands and bias factors. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:828-870. [PMID: 34223156 PMCID: PMC8221262 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main challenges in contemporary medicinal chemistry is the development of safer analgesics, used in the treatment of pain. Currently, moderate to severe pain is still treated with the "gold standard" opioids whose long-term often leads to severe side effects. With the discovery of biased agonism, the importance of this area of pharmacology has grown exponentially over the past decade. Of these side effects, tolerance, opioid misuse, physical dependence and substance use disorder (SUD) stand out, since these have led to many deaths over the past decades in both USA and Europe. New therapeutic molecules that induce a biased response at the opioid receptors (MOR, DOR, KOR and NOP receptor) are able to circumvent these side effects and, consequently, serve as more advantageous therapies with great promise. The concept of biased signaling extends far beyond the already sizeable field of GPCR pharmacology and covering everything would be vastly outside the scope of this review which consequently covers the biased ligands acting at the opioid family of receptors. The limitation of quantifying bias, however, makes this a controversial subject, where it is dependent on the reference ligand, the equation or the assay used for the quantification. Hence, the major issue in the field of biased ligands remains the translation of the in vitro profiles of biased signaling, with corresponding bias factors to in vivo profiles showing the presence or the lack of specific side effects. This review comprises a comprehensive overview of biased ligands in addition to their bias factors at individual members of the opioid family of receptors, as well as bifunctional ligands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jolien De Neve
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Thomas M A Barlow
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Dirk Tourwé
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| | - Frédéric Bihel
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7200, CNRS Université de Strasbourg Illkirch France
| | - Frédéric Simonin
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg Illkirch France
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Achieving effective pain management is one of the major challenges associated with modern day medicine. Opioids, such as morphine, have been the reference treatment for moderate to severe acute pain not excluding chronic pain modalities. Opioids act through the opioid receptors, the family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that mediate pain relief through both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Four types of opioid receptors have been described, including the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), κ-opioid receptor (KOR), δ-opioid receptor (DOR), and the nociceptin opioid peptide receptor (NOP receptor). Despite the proven success of opioids in treating pain, there are still some inherent limitations. All clinically approved MOR analgesics are associated with adverse effects, which include tolerance, dependence, addiction, constipation, and respiratory depression. On the other hand, KOR selective analgesics have found limited clinical utility because they cause sedation, anxiety, dysphoria, and hallucinations. DOR agonists have also been investigated but they have a tendency to cause convulsions. Ligands targeting NOP receptor have been reported in the preclinical literature to be useful as spinal analgesics and as entities against substance abuse disorders while mixed MOR/NOP receptor agonists are useful as analgesics. Ultimately, the goal of opioid-related drug development has always been to design and synthesize derivatives that are equally or more potent than morphine but most importantly are devoid of the dangerous residual side effects and abuse potential. One proposed strategy is to take advantage of biased agonism, in which distinct downstream pathways can be activated by different molecules working through the exact same receptor. It has been proposed that ligands not recruiting β-arrestin 2 or showing a preference for activating a specific G-protein mediated signal transduction pathway will function as safer analgesic across all opioid subtypes. This review will focus on the design and the pharmacological outcomes of biased ligands at the opioid receptors, aiming at achieving functional selectivity.
Collapse
|
4
|
Martini ML, Ray C, Yu X, Liu J, Pogorelov VM, Wetsel WC, Huang XP, McCorvy JD, Caron MG, Jin J. Designing Functionally Selective Noncatechol Dopamine D 1 Receptor Agonists with Potent In Vivo Antiparkinsonian Activity. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:4160-4182. [PMID: 31387346 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine receptors are important G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with therapeutic opportunities for treating Parkinson's Disease (PD) motor and cognitive deficits. Biased D1 dopamine ligands that differentially activate G protein over β-arrestin recruitment pathways are valuable chemical tools for dissecting positive versus negative effects in drugs for PD. Here, we reveal an iterative approach toward modification of a D1-selective noncatechol scaffold critical for G protein-biased agonism. This approach provided enhanced understanding of the structural components critical for activity and signaling bias and led to the discovery of several novel compounds with useful pharmacological properties, including three highly GS-biased partial agonists. Administration of a potent, balanced, and brain-penetrant lead compound from this series results in robust antiparkinsonian effects in a rodent model of PD. This study suggests that the noncatechol ligands developed through this approach are valuable tools for probing D1 receptor signaling biology and biased agonism in models of neurologic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Martini
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Caroline Ray
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Xufen Yu
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jing Liu
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Vladimir M. Pogorelov
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Medicine and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - William C. Wetsel
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Medicine and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John D. McCorvy
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Marc G. Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Medicine and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lin SY, Kuo YH, Tien YW, Ke YY, Chang WT, Chang HF, Ou LC, Law PY, Xi JH, Tao PL, Loh HH, Chao YS, Shih C, Chen CT, Yeh SH, Ueng SH. The in vivo antinociceptive and μ-opioid receptor activating effects of the combination of N-phenyl-2',4'-dimethyl-4,5'-bi-1,3-thiazol-2-amines and naloxone. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 167:312-323. [PMID: 30776693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Morphine is widely used for the treatment of severe pain. This analgesic effect is mediated principally by the activation of μ-opioid receptors (MOR). However, prolonged activation of MOR also results in tolerance, dependence, addiction, constipation, nausea, sedation, and respiratory depression. To address this problem, we sought alternative ways to activate MOR - either by use of novel ligands, or via a novel activation mechanism. To this end, a series of compounds were screened using a sensitive CHO-K1/MOR/Gα15 cell-based FLIPR® calcium high-throughput screening (HTS) assay, and the bithiazole compound 5a was identified as being able activate MOR in combination with naloxone. Structural modifications of 5a resulted in the discovery of lead compound 5j, which could effectively activate MOR in combination with the MOR antagonist naloxone or naltrexone. In vivo, naloxone in combination with 100 mg/kg of compound 5j elicited antinociception in a mouse tail-flick model with an ED50 of 17.5 ± 4 mg/kg. These results strongly suggest that the mechanism by which the 5j/naloxone combination activates MOR is worthy of further study, as its discovery has the potential to yield an entirely novel class of analgesics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yu Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Hsien Kuo
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ya-Wen Tien
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Yu Ke
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wan-Ting Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Fu Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Chin Ou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ping-Yee Law
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jing-Hua Xi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Pao-Luh Tao
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Horace H Loh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Yu-Sheng Chao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chuan Shih
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shiu-Hwa Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan, ROC; The PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Shau-Hua Ueng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan, ROC; School of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tan L, Yan W, McCorvy JD, Cheng J. Biased Ligands of G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs): Structure-Functional Selectivity Relationships (SFSRs) and Therapeutic Potential. J Med Chem 2018; 61:9841-9878. [PMID: 29939744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) signal through both G-protein-dependent and G-protein-independent pathways, and β-arrestin recruitment is the most recognized one of the latter. Biased ligands selective for either pathway are expected to regulate biological functions of GPCRs in a more precise way, therefore providing new drug molecules with superior efficacy and/or reduced side effects. During the past decade, biased ligands have been discovered and developed for many GPCRs, such as the μ opioid receptor, the angiotensin II receptor type 1, the dopamine D2 receptor, and many others. In this Perspective, recent advances in this field are reviewed by discussing the structure-functional selectivity relationships (SFSRs) of GPCR biased ligands and the therapeutic potential of these molecules. Further understanding of the biological functions associated with each signaling pathway and structural basis for biased signaling will facilitate future drug design in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tan
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong District, Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Wenzhong Yan
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong District, Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - John D McCorvy
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy , Medical College of Wisconsin , 8701 W. Watertown Plank Road , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53226 , United States
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- iHuman Institute , ShanghaiTech University , 393 Middle Huaxia Road , Pudong District, Shanghai 201210 , China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dunn AD, Reed B, Guariglia C, Dunn AM, Hillman JM, Kreek MJ. Structurally Related Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonists with Substantial Differential Signaling Bias: Neuroendocrine and Behavioral Effects in C57BL6 Mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 21:847-857. [PMID: 29635340 PMCID: PMC6119295 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyy034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The kappa opioid receptor system has been revealed as a potential pharmacotherapeutic target for the treatment of addictions to substances of abuse. Kappa opioid receptor agonists have been shown to block the rewarding and dopamine-releasing effects of psychostimulants. Recent investigations have profiled the in vivo effects of compounds biased towards G-protein-mediated signaling, with less potent arrestin-mediated signaling. The compounds studied here derive from a series of trialkylamines: N-substituted-N- phenylethyl-N-3-hydroxyphenylethyl-amine, with N-substituents including n-butyl (BPHA), methylcyclobutyl (MCBPHA), and methylcyclopentyl (MCPPHA). METHODS BPHA, MCBPHA, and MCPPHA were characterized in vitro in a kappa opioid receptor-expressing cell line in binding assays and functional assays. We also tested the compounds in C57BL6 mice, assaying incoordination with rotarod, as well as circulating levels of the neuroendocrine kappa opioid receptor biomarker, prolactin. RESULTS BPHA, MCBPHA, and MCPPHA showed full kappa opioid receptor agonism for G-protein coupling compared with the reference compound U69,593. BPHA showed no measurable β-arrestin-2 recruitment, indicating that it is extremely G-protein biased. MCBPHA and MCPPHA, however, showed submaximal efficacy for recruiting β-arrestin-2. Studies in C57BL6 mice reveal that all compounds stimulate release of prolactin, consistent with dependence on G-protein signaling. MCBPHA and MCPPHA result in rotarod incoordination, whereas BPHA does not, consistent with the reported requirement of intact kappa opioid receptor/β-arrestin-2 mediated coupling for kappa opioid receptor agonist-induced rotarod incoordination. CONCLUSIONS BPHA, MCBPHA, and MCPPHA are thus novel differentially G-protein-biased kappa opioid receptor agonists. They can be used to investigate how signaling pathways mediate kappa opioid receptor effects in vitro and in vivo and to explore the effects of candidate kappa opioid receptor-targeted pharmacotherapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia D Dunn
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York,Correspondence: Amelia Dunn, BS, BA, 1230 York Ave, Box 243, New York, NY 10065 ()
| | - Brian Reed
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Catherine Guariglia
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Alexandra M Dunn
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Joshua M Hillman
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Harland AA, Pogozheva ID, Griggs NW, Trask TJ, Traynor JR, Mosberg HI. Placement of Hydroxy Moiety on Pendant of Peptidomimetic Scaffold Modulates Mu and Kappa Opioid Receptor Efficacy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:2549-2557. [PMID: 28796483 PMCID: PMC5691919 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
In
an effort to expand the structure–activity relationship (SAR)
studies of a series of mixed-efficacy opioid ligands, peptidomimetics
that incorporate methoxy and hydroxy groups around a benzyl or 2-methylindanyl
pendant on a tetrahydroquinoline (THQ) core of the peptidomimetics
were evaluated. Compounds containing a methoxy or hydroxy moiety in
the o- or m-positions increased
binding affinity to the kappa opioid receptor (KOR), whereas compounds
containing methoxy or hydroxy groups in the p-position
decreased KOR affinity and reduced or eliminated efficacy at the mu
opioid receptor (MOR). The results from a substituted 2-methylindanyl
series aligned with the findings from the substituted benzyl series.
Our studies culminated in the development of 8c, a mixed-efficacy
MOR agonist/KOR agonist with subnanomolar binding affinity for both
MOR and KOR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aubrie A. Harland
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Irina D. Pogozheva
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nicholas W. Griggs
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tyler J. Trask
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John R. Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Henry I. Mosberg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Interdepartmental Program in Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bohn LM, Aubé J. Seeking (and Finding) Biased Ligands of the Kappa Opioid Receptor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:694-700. [PMID: 28740600 PMCID: PMC5512133 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery and characterization of two classes of kappa opioid receptor agonists that are biased for G protein over βarrestin signaling are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Bohn
- Departments
of Molecular Medicine and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Soeberdt M, Molenveld P, Storcken RPM, Bouzanne des Mazery R, Sterk GJ, Autar R, Bolster MG, Wagner C, Aerts SNH, van Holst FR, Wegert A, Tangherlini G, Frehland B, Schepmann D, Metze D, Lotts T, Knie U, Lin KY, Huang TY, Lai CC, Ständer S, Wünsch B, Abels C. Design and Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Decahydroquinoxalines as Potent and Selective κ-Opioid Receptor Agonists with Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Vivo. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2526-2551. [PMID: 28218838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop novel κ agonists restricted to the periphery, a diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of (4aR,5S,8aS)-configured decahydroquinoxalines 5-8 was developed. Physicochemical and pharmacological properties were fine-tuned by structural modifications in the arylacetamide and amine part of the pharmacophore as well as in the amine part outside the pharmacophore. The decahydroquinoxalines 5-8 show single-digit nanomolar to subnanomolar κ-opioid receptor affinity, full κ agonistic activity in the [35S]GTPγS assay, and high selectivity over μ, δ, σ1, and σ2 receptors as well as the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor. Several analogues were selective for the periphery. The anti-inflammatory activity of 5-8 after topical application was investigated in two mouse models of dermatitis. The methanesulfonamide 8a containing the (S)-configured hydroxypyrrolidine ring was identified as a potent (Ki = 0.63 nM) and highly selective κ agonist (EC50 = 1.8 nM) selective for the periphery with dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity in acute and chronic skin inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Soeberdt
- Dr. August Wolff GmbH & Co. KG Arzneimittel , Sudbrackstraße 56, D-33611 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Peter Molenveld
- Mercachem , Kerkenbos 1013, NL-6546 BB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roy P M Storcken
- Mercachem , Kerkenbos 1013, NL-6546 BB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Geert Jan Sterk
- Mercachem , Kerkenbos 1013, NL-6546 BB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Reshma Autar
- Mercachem , Kerkenbos 1013, NL-6546 BB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjon G Bolster
- Mercachem , Kerkenbos 1013, NL-6546 BB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Wagner
- Mercachem , Kerkenbos 1013, NL-6546 BB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Anita Wegert
- Mercachem , Kerkenbos 1013, NL-6546 BB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Tangherlini
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster , Correnstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Universität Münster , D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bastian Frehland
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster , Correnstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster , Correnstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Universität Münster , D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dieter Metze
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikium Münster , Von-Esmarch-Straße 58, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Lotts
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikium Münster , Von-Esmarch-Straße 58, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Kompetenzzentrum chronischer Pruritus (KCP), Universitätsklinikium Münster , Von-Esmarch-Straße 58, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Knie
- Dr. August Wolff GmbH & Co. KG Arzneimittel , Sudbrackstraße 56, D-33611 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kun-Yuan Lin
- Eurofins Panlabs Taiwan, Ltd. , 158 Li-Teh Road, Peitou, Taipei 11259, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yu Huang
- Eurofins Panlabs Taiwan, Ltd. , 158 Li-Teh Road, Peitou, Taipei 11259, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Lai
- Eurofins Panlabs Taiwan, Ltd. , 158 Li-Teh Road, Peitou, Taipei 11259, Taiwan
| | - Sonja Ständer
- Klinik für Hautkrankheiten, Universitätsklinikium Münster , Von-Esmarch-Straße 58, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Kompetenzzentrum chronischer Pruritus (KCP), Universitätsklinikium Münster , Von-Esmarch-Straße 58, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster , Correnstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), Universität Münster , D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Abels
- Dr. August Wolff GmbH & Co. KG Arzneimittel , Sudbrackstraße 56, D-33611 Bielefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen SR, Ke YY, Yeh TK, Lin SY, Ou LC, Chen SC, Chang WT, Chang HF, Wu ZH, Hsieh CC, Law PY, Loh HH, Shih C, Lai YK, Yeh SH, Ueng SH. Discovery, structure-activity relationship studies, and anti-nociceptive effects of N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isoquinolinylmethyl)benzamides as novel opioid receptor agonists. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 126:202-217. [PMID: 27776274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
μ-Opioid receptor (MOR) agonists are analgesics used clinically for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, but their use is associated with severe adverse effects such as respiratory depression, constipation, tolerance, dependence, and rewarding effects. In this study, we identified N-({2-[(4-bromo-2-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-isoquinolinyl}methyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide (1) as a novel opioid receptor agonist by high-throughput screening. Structural modifications made to 1 to improve potency and blood-brain-barrier (BBB) penetration resulted in compounds 45 and 46. Compound 45 was a potent MOR/KOR (κ-opioid receptor) agonist, and compound 46 was a potent MOR and medium KOR agonist. Both 45 and 46 demonstrated a significant anti-nociceptive effect in a tail-flick test performed in wild type (WT) B6 mice. The ED50 value of 46 was 1.059 mg/kg, and the brain concentrations of 45 and 46 were 7424 and 11696 ng/g, respectively. Accordingly, compounds 45 and 46 are proposed for lead optimization and in vivo disease-related pain studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ren Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yu Ke
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Kuang Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yu Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Ou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Fu Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Huei Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chien Hsieh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Yee Law
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Horace H Loh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Chuan Shih
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yiu-Kay Lai
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
| | - Shiu-Hwa Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan; The PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
| | - Shau-Hua Ueng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Molenveld P, Bouzanne des Mazery R, Sterk GJ, Storcken RPM, Autar R, van Oss B, van der Haas RNS, Fröhlich R, Schepmann D, Wünsch B, Soeberdt M. Conformationally restricted κ-opioid receptor agonists: Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of diastereoisomeric and enantiomeric decahydroquinoxalines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:5326-30. [PMID: 26411794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
All diastereoisomeric decahydroquinoxalines representing conformationally restricted analogs of κ agonists U-50,488 and GR-89,696 have been prepared. Cis/trans configured compound 7 is by far the highest binding diastereoisomer with a Ki of 0.35 nM. Racemates 4, 6, and 7 were separated into enantiomers. (+)-(4aR,5S,8aS)-Configured enantiomer 7b was identified as a high affinity (Ki=0.25 nM) κ ligand with high selectivity over μ and δ receptors. It acts as full agonist with an EC50 value of 2.0 nM in the [(35)S]GTPγS assay, while enantiomer 7a showed an EC50 value of 1000 nM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Molenveld
- Mercachem, Kerkenbos 1013, NL-6546 BB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Geert Jan Sterk
- Mercachem, Kerkenbos 1013, NL-6546 BB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Reshma Autar
- Mercachem, Kerkenbos 1013, NL-6546 BB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bram van Oss
- Mercachem, Kerkenbos 1013, NL-6546 BB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Roland Fröhlich
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dirk Schepmann
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard Wünsch
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie der Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Soeberdt
- Dr. August Wolff GmbH & Co. KG Arzneimittel, Sudbrackstraße 56, D-33611 Bielefeld, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Slauson SR, Pemberton R, Ghosh P, Tantillo DJ, Aubé J. Domino Acylation/Diels-Alder Synthesis of N-Alkyl-octahydroisoquinolin-1-one-8-carboxylic Acids under Low-Solvent Conditions. J Org Chem 2015; 80:5260-71. [PMID: 25901898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of the domino reaction between an aminoethyl-substituted diene and maleic anhydride to afford an N-substituted octahydroisoquinolin-1-one is described. A typical procedure involves the treatment of a 1-aminoethyl-substituted butadiene with maleic anhydride at 0 °C to room temperature for 20 min under low-solvent conditions, which affords a series of isoquinolinone carboxylic acids in moderate to excellent yields. NMR monitoring suggested that the reaction proceeded via an initial acylation step followed by an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction. For the latter step, a significant rate difference was observed depending on whether the amino group was substituted by a phenyl or an alkyl (usually benzyl) substituent, with the former noted by NMR to be substantially slower. The Diels-Alder step was studied by density functional theory (DFT) methods, leading to the conclusion that the degree of preorganization in the starting acylated intermediate had the largest effect on the reaction barriers. In addition, the effect of electronics on the aromatic ring in N-phenyl substrates was studied computationally and experimentally. Overall, this protocol proved considerably more amenable to scale up compared to earlier methods by eliminating the requirement of microwave batch chemistry for this reaction as well as significantly reducing the quantity of solvent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Slauson
- †Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Ryan Pemberton
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Partha Ghosh
- †Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- †Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Delbert M. Shankel Structural Biology Center, 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhou L, Lovell KM, Frankowski KJ, Slauson SR, Phillips AM, Streicher JM, Stahl E, Schmid CL, Hodder P, Madoux F, Cameron MD, Prisinzano TE, Aubé J, Bohn LM. Development of functionally selective, small molecule agonists at kappa opioid receptors. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:36703-16. [PMID: 24187130 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.504381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) is widely expressed in the CNS and can serve as a means to modulate pain perception, stress responses, and affective reward states. Therefore, the KOR has become a prominent drug discovery target toward treating pain, depression, and drug addiction. Agonists at KOR can promote G protein coupling and βarrestin2 recruitment as well as multiple downstream signaling pathways, including ERK1/2 MAPK activation. It has been suggested that the physiological effects of KOR activation result from different signaling cascades, with analgesia being G protein-mediated and dysphoria being mediated through βarrestin2 recruitment. Dysphoria associated with KOR activation limits the therapeutic potential in the use of KOR agonists as analgesics; therefore, it may be beneficial to develop KOR agonists that are biased toward G protein coupling and away from βarrestin2 recruitment. Here, we describe two classes of biased KOR agonists that potently activate G protein coupling but weakly recruit βarrestin2. These potent and functionally selective small molecule compounds may prove to be useful tools for refining the therapeutic potential of KOR-directed signaling in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- From the Departments of Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Vardy E, Mosier PD, Frankowski KJ, Wu H, Katritch V, Westkaemper RB, Aubé J, Stevens RC, Roth BL. Chemotype-selective modes of action of κ-opioid receptor agonists. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:34470-83. [PMID: 24121503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.515668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structures of opioid receptors provide a novel platform for inquiry into opioid receptor function. The molecular determinants for activation of the κ-opioid receptor (KOR) were studied using a combination of agonist docking, functional assays, and site-directed mutagenesis. Eighteen positions in the putative agonist binding site of KOR were selected and evaluated for their effects on receptor binding and activation by ligands representing four distinct chemotypes: the peptide dynorphin A(1-17), the arylacetamide U-69593, and the non-charged ligands salvinorin A and the octahydroisoquinolinone carboxamide 1xx. Minimally biased docking of the tested ligands into the antagonist-bound KOR structure generated distinct binding modes, which were then evaluated biochemically and pharmacologically. Our analysis identified two types of mutations: those that affect receptor function primarily via ligand binding and those that primarily affect function. The shared and differential mechanisms of agonist binding and activation in KOR are further discussed. Usually, mutations affecting function more than binding were located at the periphery of the binding site and did not interact strongly with the various ligands. Analysis of the crystal structure along with the present results provide fundamental insights into the activation mechanism of the KOR and suggest that "functional" residues, along with water molecules detected in the crystal structure, may be directly involved in transduction of the agonist binding event into structural changes at the conserved rotamer switches, thus leading to receptor activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Vardy
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lin H, Sassano MF, Roth BL, Shoichet BK. A pharmacological organization of G protein-coupled receptors. Nat Methods 2013; 10:140-6. [PMID: 23291723 PMCID: PMC3560304 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein classification typically uses structural, sequence, or functional similarity. Here we introduce an orthogonal method that organizes proteins by ligand similarity, focusing here on the class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) protein family. Comparing a ligand-based dendogram to a sequence-based one, we sought examples of GPCRs that were distantly linked by sequence but neighbors by ligand similarity. Experimental testing of compounds predicted to link three of these new pairs confirmed the predicted association, with potencies ranging from the low-nanomolar to low-micromolar. We then identified hundreds of non-GPCRs closely related to GPCRs by ligand similarity, including the CXCR2 chemokine receptor to Casein kinase I, the cannabinoid receptors to epoxide hydrolase 2, and the α2 adrenergic receptor to phospholipase D. These, too, were confirmed experimentally. Ligand similarities among these targets may reflect a chemical integration in the time domain of molecular signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lovell KM, Vasiljevik T, Araya JJ, Lozama A, Prevatt-Smith KM, Day VW, Dersch CM, Rothman RB, Butelman ER, Kreek MJ, Prisinzano TE. Semisynthetic neoclerodanes as kappa opioid receptor probes. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3100-10. [PMID: 22464684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Modification of the furan ring of salvinorin A (1), the main active component of Salvia divinorum, has resulted in novel neoclerodane diterpenes with opioid receptor affinity and activity. Conversion of the furan ring to an aldehyde at the C-12 position (5) has allowed for the synthesis of analogues with new carbon-carbon bonds at that position. Previous methods for forming these bonds, such as Grignard and Stille conditions, have met with limited success. We report a palladium catalyzed Liebeskind-Srogl cross-coupling reaction of a thioester and a boronic acid that occurs at neutral pH and ambient temperature to produce ketone analogs at C-12. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported usage of the Liebeskind-Srogl reaction to diversify a natural product scaffold. We also describe a one-step protocol for the conversion of 1 to 12-epi-1 (3) through microwave irradiation. Previously, this synthetically challenging process has required multiple steps. Additionally, we report in this study that alkene 9 and aromatic analogues 12, 19, 23, 25, and 26 were discovered to retain affinity and selectivity at kappa opioid receptors (KOP). Finally, we report that the furan-2-yl analog of 1 (31) has similar affinity to 1. Collectively, these findings suggest that different aromatic groups appended directly to the decalin core may be well tolerated by KOP receptors, and may generate further ligands with affinity and activity at KOP receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Lovell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Johns MA. The international chemical biology community synthesizes a new society. ACS Chem Biol 2012; 7:14-9. [PMID: 22260495 DOI: 10.1021/cb200507f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Johns
- Emory Chemical Biology
Discovery Center, Emory University, Atlanta,
Georgia, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Balthaser BR, Maloney MC, Beeler AB, Porco JA, Snyder JK. Remodelling of the natural product fumagillol employing a reaction discovery approach. Nat Chem 2012; 3:969-73. [PMID: 22213919 PMCID: PMC3254213 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the search for new biologically active molecules, diversity-oriented synthetic strategies break through the limitation of traditional library synthesis by sampling new chemical space. Many natural products can be regarded as intriguing starting points for diversity-oriented synthesis, wherein stereochemically rich core structures may be reorganized into chemotypes that are distinctly different from the parent structure. Ideally, to be suited to library applications, such transformations should be general and involve few steps. With this objective in mind, the highly oxygenated natural product fumagillol has been successfully remodelled in several ways using a reaction-discovery-based approach. In reactions with amines, excellent regiocontrol in a bis-epoxide opening/cyclization sequence can be obtained by size-dependent interaction of an appropriate catalyst with the parent molecule, forming either perhydroisoindole or perhydroisoquinoline products. Perhydroisoindoles can be further remodelled by cascade processes to afford either morpholinone or bridged 4,1-benzoxazepine-containing structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Balthaser
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Whitby LR, Ando Y, Setola V, Vogt PK, Roth BL, Boger DL. Design, synthesis, and validation of a β-turn mimetic library targeting protein-protein and peptide-receptor interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:10184-94. [PMID: 21609016 DOI: 10.1021/ja201878v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a β-turn mimetic library as a key component of a small-molecule library targeting the major recognition motifs involved in protein-protein interactions is described. Analysis of a geometric characterization of 10,245 β-turns in the protein data bank (PDB) suggested that trans-pyrrolidine-3,4-dicarboxamide could serve as an effective and synthetically accessible library template. This was confirmed by initially screening select compounds against a series of peptide-activated GPCRs that recognize a β-turn structure in their endogenous ligands. This validation study was highlighted by identification of both nonbasic and basic small molecules with high affinities (K(i) = 390 and 23 nM, respectively) for the κ-opioid receptor (KOR). Consistent with the screening capabilities of collaborators and following the design validation, the complete library was assembled as 210 mixtures of 20 compounds, providing a total of 4200 compounds designed to mimic all possible permutations of 3 of the 4 residues in a naturally occurring β-turn. Unique to the design and because of the C(2) symmetry of the template, a typical 20 × 20 × 20-mix (8000 compounds prepared as 400 mixtures of 20 compounds) needed to represent 20 variations in the side chains of three amino acid residues reduces to a 210 × 20-mix, thereby simplifying the library synthesis and subsequent screening. The library was prepared using a solution-phase synthetic protocol with liquid-liquid or liquid-solid extractions for purification and conducted on a scale that insures its long-term availability for screening campaigns. Screening the library against the human opioid receptors (KOR, MOR, and DOR) identified not only the activity of library members expected to mimic the opioid receptor peptide ligands but also additional side-chain combinations that provided enhanced receptor binding selectivities (>100-fold) and affinities (as low as K(i) = 80 nM for KOR). A key insight to emerge from the studies is that the phenol of Tyr in endogenous ligands bearing the H-Tyr-Pro-Trp/Phe-Phe-NH(2) β-turn is important for MOR binding but may not be important for KOR (accommodated, but not preferred) and that the resulting selectivity for KOR observed with its removal can be increased by replacing the phenol OH with a chlorine substituent, further enhancing KOR affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Landon R Whitby
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ghosh P, Aubé J. Resolution of carboxylic acids using copper(I)-promoted removal of propargylic esters under neutral conditions. J Org Chem 2011; 76:4168-72. [PMID: 21491889 DOI: 10.1021/jo200433w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method for the optical resolution of carboxylic acids is described. Condensation of racemic carboxylic acids with chiral terminal propargyl alcohols gave separable diastereomeric esters. Chromatographic separation followed by heating the individual diastereomers in methanol with catalytic copper(I) halide regenerated the carboxylic acids in good yields and in enantiomeric ratios of ≥94%. This method is particularly useful for the resolution of carboxylic acids that are incompatible with conventional ester hydrolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Partha Ghosh
- Chemical Methodologies and Library Development Center, 2034 Becker Drive, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047-3761, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|