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Huang S, Deng H, Wei X, Zhang J. Progress in application of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy for pharmaceutical analyses. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1219042. [PMID: 37533693 PMCID: PMC10393043 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1219042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy is an analytical method using terahertz time-domain pulses to study the physical and chemical properties of substances. It has strong potential for application in pharmaceutical analyses as an original non-destructive, efficient and convenient technology for spectral detection. This review briefly introduces the working principle of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy technology, focuses on the research achievements of this technology in analyses of chemical drugs, traditional Chinese medicine and biological drugs in the past decade. We also reveal the scientific feasibility of practical application of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy for pharmaceutical detection. Finally, we discuss the problems in practical application of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy technology, and the prospect of further development of this technology in pharmaceutical analyses. We hope that this review can provide a reference for application of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy technology in pharmaceutical analyses in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuteng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Hanxiu Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xia Wei
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, China
| | - Jiayu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
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2
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Abstract
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The effectiveness
of a partial least squares-discriminant analysis
coamorphous prediction model was tested using coamorphous screening
data for a promising coamorphous former, the dimer of N-vinyl(caprolactam) (bisVCap) with a range of active pharmaceutical
ingredients. The prediction model predicted 71% of the systems correctly.
An experimental coamorphous screen was performed with this coformer
with 13 different active pharmaceutical ingredients, and the results
were compared to the predictions from the model. A total of 85% of
the systems were correctly predicted. Stability assessments of three
coamorphous systems showed that the prediction model score did not
strongly correlate with the stability of the coamorphous material.
The model performed well with small-molecule coformers, such as bisVCap,
despite the difference in structure and properties compared to the
amino-acid-based model training set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke I Chambers
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Osama M Musa
- Ashland LLC, 1005 Route 202/206, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, United States
| | - Jonathan W Steed
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
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3
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Selected Applications of Terahertz Pulses in Medicine and Industry. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12126169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This article contains a brief summary of areas where terahertz technology is making an impact in research and industrial applications. We cover some of its uses in the pharmaceutical setting, where both imaging and spectroscopy play important roles. Medical applications are also being pursued in many research laboratories, primarily for imaging purposes and following on from the first results just over 20 years ago. The three-dimensional imaging capability of pulsed terahertz allows for the observation of tumours below the surface of tissue, such as basal cell carcinoma of skin. The recent use of the technology in studies of cultural heritage has shown to increase our understanding of the past. The power of terahertz is exemplified by the discussion on its importance in different industries, such as semiconductor circuit manufacturing and automotive assembly.
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Li Q, Bond AD, Korter TM, Zeitler JA. New Insights into the Crystallographic Disorder in the Polymorphic Forms of Aspirin from Low-Frequency Vibrational Analysis. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:227-234. [PMID: 34854685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is applied to two polymorphs of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), and the experimental spectra are compared to lattice dynamical calculations using high accuracy density functional theory. The calculations confirm that forms I and II have very close energetic and thermodynamic properties and also that they show similar spectral features in the far-infrared region, reflecting the high degree of similarity in their crystal structures. Unique vibrational modes are identified for each polymorph which allow them to be distinguished using THz-TDS measurements. The observation of spectral features attributable to both polymorphic forms in a single sample, however, provides further evidence to support the hypothesis that crystalline aspirin typically comprises intergrown domains of forms I and II. Differences observed in the baseline of the measured THz-TDS spectra indicate a greater degree of structural disorder in the samples of form II. Calculated Gibbs free-energy curves show a turning point at 75 K, inferring that form II is expected to be more stable than form I above this temperature as a result of its greater vibrational entropy. The calculations do not account for any differences in configurational entropy that may arise from expected structural defects. Further computational work on these structures, such as ab initio molecular dynamics, would be very useful to further explore this perspective. Here, aspirin is a model system to show how the additional insight from the low-frequency vibrational information complements the structural data and allows for quantitative thermodynamic information of pharmaceutical polymorphs to be extracted. The methodology is directly applicable to other polymorphic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Andrew D Bond
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Timothy M Korter
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center for Science and Technology, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - J Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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5
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Lei T, Tobin B, Liu Z, Yang SY, Sun DW. A terahertz time-domain super-resolution imaging method using a local-pixel graph neural network for biological products. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1181:338898. [PMID: 34556238 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The low image acquisition speed of terahertz (THz) time-domain imaging systems limits their application in biological products analysis. In the current study, a local pixel graph neural network was built for THz time-domain imaging super-resolution. The method could be applied to the analysis of any heterogeneous biological products as it only required a small number of sample images for training and particularly it focused on THz feature frequencies. The graph network applied the Fourier transform to graphs extracted from low-resolution (LR) images bringing an invariance of rotation and flip for local pixels, and the network then learnt the relationship between the state of graphs and the corresponding pixels to be reconstructed. With wood cores and seeds as examples, the images of these samples were captured by a THz time-domain imaging system for training and analysed by the method, achieving the root mean square error (RMSE) of pixels of 0.0957 and 0.1061 for the wood core and seed images, respectively. In addition, the reconstructed high-resolution (HR) images, LR images and true HR images at several feature frequencies were also compared in the current study. Results indicated that the method could not only reconstruct the spatial details and the useful signals from high noise signals at high feature frequencies but could also operate super-resolution in both spatial and spectral aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lei
- Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Brian Tobin
- UCD Forestry, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Zihan Liu
- Plant Breeding, Wageningesn University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shu-Yi Yang
- UCD Forestry, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Banks PA, Burgess L, Ruggiero MT. The necessity of periodic boundary conditions for the accurate calculation of crystalline terahertz spectra. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20038-20051. [PMID: 34518858 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02496e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Terahertz vibrational spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful spectroscopic technique, providing valuable information regarding long-range interactions - and associated collective dynamics - occurring in solids. However, the terahertz sciences are relatively nascent, and there have been significant advances over the last several decades that have profoundly influenced the interpretation and assignment of experimental terahertz spectra. Specifically, because there do not exist any functional group or material-specific terahertz transitions, it is not possible to interpret experimental spectra without additional analysis, specifically, computational simulations. Over the years simulations utilizing periodic boundary conditions have proven to be most successful for reproducing experimental terahertz dynamics, due to the ability of the calculations to accurately take long-range forces into account. On the other hand, there are numerous reports in the literature that utilize gas phase cluster geometries, to varying levels of apparent success. This perspective will provide a concise introduction into the terahertz sciences, specifically terahertz spectroscopy, followed by an evaluation of gas phase and periodic simulations for the assignment of crystalline terahertz spectra, highlighting potential pitfalls and good practice for future endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Banks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
| | - Luke Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
| | - Michael T Ruggiero
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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7
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Chen L, Ren G, Liu L, Zhou L, Li S, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Zhang W, Li Y, Zhang W, Zhao H, Han J. Probing lattice vibration of alkali halide crystals by broadband terahertz spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 254:119671. [PMID: 33744698 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.119671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz spectral features of alkali halide crystals were studied with the combination of broadband terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and the solid-state-based density functional theory calculations. To understand the particular modes of the observed terahertz features of the alkali halide crystals, the resonant modes of KCl and CsCl were analyzed using face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic lattice models, respectively. The results show that the characteristic terahertz absorption peaks could be assigned to the lattice vibration of the ionic crystals. Furthermore, the terahertz responses of a series of alkali halides were recorded, and obvious absorption peaks were observed in each salt in the frequency region below 8.5 THz. What is more interestingly is that the frequencies of these observed peaks are red-shifted with the increases of the mass and radius of the ions. This correlation between the resonant frequency of the lattice vibration, the reduced atomic mass, and the equilibrium distance between the ions agrees well with the harmonic oscillator model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Chen
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Zhangjiang Lab, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Guanhua Ren
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Zhangjiang Lab, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Liyuan Liu
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Lu Zhou
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shaoxian Li
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhongjie Zhu
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Zhangjiang Lab, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Jianbing Zhang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Zhangjiang Lab, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information Processing, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Weili Zhang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute Zhangjiang Lab, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Jiaguang Han
- Center for Terahertz Waves and College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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9
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Acosta MF, Muralidharan P, Grijalva CL, Abrahamson MD, Hayes D, Fineman JR, Black SM, Mansour HM. Advanced therapeutic inhalation aerosols of a Nrf2 activator and RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor for targeted pulmonary drug delivery in pulmonary hypertension: design, characterization, aerosolization, in vitro 2D/3D human lung cell cultures, and in vivo efficacy. Ther Adv Respir Dis 2021; 15:1753466621998245. [PMID: 33719747 PMCID: PMC7968029 DOI: 10.1177/1753466621998245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalable nanostructured microparticles of simvastatin, a Nrf2 activator and RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, were rationally designed for targeted pulmonary delivery as dry powder inhalers (DPIs) for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Advanced particle engineering design technology was employed to develop inhalable dry powders using different dilute feed concentrations and spray drying pump rates. Several analytical techniques were used comprehensively to characterize the physicochemical properties of the resulting powders. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to visualize particle morphology (shape), surface structure, size, and size distribution. Karl Fischer titration (KFT) was employed to quantify the residual water content in the powders. X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) was used to determine crystallinity. Hot-stage microscopy (HSM) under cross-polarizing lens was used to observe the presence or absence of birefringence characteristic of crystallinity. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to quantify thermotropic phase behavior. Attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to determine the molecular fingerprint of simvastatin powders before and after particle engineering design. In vitro aerosol dispersion performance was performed with three different Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved human DPI devices. Cell viability and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) were demonstrated using different in vitro human pulmonary cell two and three-dimensional models at the air-liquid interface, and in vivo safety in healthy rats by inhalation. Efficacy was demonstrated in the in vivo lamb model of PH. Four different inhalable powders of simvastatin were successfully produced. They possessed nanostructured surfaces and were in the inhalable size range. Simvastatin retained its crystallinity following particle engineering design. The more dilute feed concentration spray dried at the lower pump rate produced the smallest particles. All powders successfully aerosolized with all three DPI human devices. Inhaled simvastatin as an aerosol restored the endothelial function in the shunt lamb model of PH, as demonstrated by the reduction of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) in response to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine.The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F. Acosta
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Priya Muralidharan
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Carissa L. Grijalva
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona College of Engineering, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michael D. Abrahamson
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Don Hayes
- Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, Lung and Heart-Lung Transplant Programs, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Fineman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephen M. Black
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Medicine, Center for Lung Vascular Pathobiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Heidi M. Mansour
- Skaggs Pharmaceutical Sciences Center, The University of Arizona College of Pharmacy, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- The University of Arizona, BIO5 Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
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10
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Simões RG, Bernardes CES, Joseph A, M Piedade MF, Kraus W, Emmerling F, Diogo HP, Minas da Piedade ME. Polymorphism in Simvastatin: Twinning, Disorder, and Enantiotropic Phase Transitions. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5349-5360. [PMID: 30230340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Simvastatin is one of the most widely used active pharmaceutical ingredients for the treatment of hyperlipidemias. Because the compound is employed as a solid in drug formulations, particular attention should be given to the characterization of different polymorphs, their stability domains, and the nature of the phase transitions that relate them. In this work, the phase transitions delimiting the stability domains of three previously reported simvastatin forms were investigated from structural, energetics, and dynamical points of view based on single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), hot stage microscopy (HSM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments (conventional scans and heat capacity measurements), complemented with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Previous assignments of the crystal forms were confirmed by SCXRD: forms I and II were found to be orthorhombic ( P212121, Z'/ Z = 1/4) and form III was monoclinic ( P21, Z'/ Z = 2/4). The obtained results further indicated that (i) the transitions between different forms are observed at 235.9 ± 0.1 K (form III → form II) and at 275.2 ± 0.2 K (form II → form I) in DSC runs carried out at 10 K min-1 and close to these values when other types of techniques are used (e.g., HSM). (ii) They are enantiotropic (i.e., there is a transition temperature relating the two phases before fusion at which the stability order is reversed), fast, reversible, with very little hysteresis between heating and cooling modes, and occur under single crystal to single crystal conditions. (iii) A nucleation and growth mechanism seems to be followed since HSM experiments on single crystals evidenced the propagation of an interface, accompanied by a change of birefringence and crystal contraction or expansion (more subtle in the case of form III → form II), when the phase transitions are triggered. (iv) Consistent with the reversible and small hysteresis nature of the phase transitions, the SCXRD results indicated that the molecular packing is very similar in all forms and the main structural differences are associated with conformational changes of the "ester tail". (v) The MD simulations further suggested that the tail is essentially "frozen" in two conformations below the III → II transition temperature, becomes progressively less hindered throughout the stability domain of form II, and acquires a large conformational freedom above the II → I transition. Finally, the fact that these transitions were found to be fast and reversible suggests that polymorphism is unlikely to be a problem for pharmaceutical formulations employing crystalline simvastatin because, if present, the III and II forms will readily convert to form I at ambient temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo G Simões
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica e Centro de Química Estrutural , Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande , 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Carlos E S Bernardes
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica e Centro de Química Estrutural , Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande , 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Abhinav Joseph
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica e Centro de Química Estrutural , Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande , 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - M Fátima M Piedade
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica e Centro de Química Estrutural , Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande , 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal.,Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico , Universidade de Lisboa , 1049-001 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Werner Kraus
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing , Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing , Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Hermíno P Diogo
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico , Universidade de Lisboa , 1049-001 Lisboa , Portugal
| | - Manuel E Minas da Piedade
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica e Centro de Química Estrutural , Faculdade de Ciências Universidade de Lisboa , Campo Grande , 1749-016 Lisboa , Portugal
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Pindelska E, Sokal A, Kolodziejski W. Pharmaceutical cocrystals, salts and polymorphs: Advanced characterization techniques. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 117:111-146. [PMID: 28931472 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of a novel drug development is to obtain it with optimal physiochemical, pharmaceutical and biological properties. Pharmaceutical companies and scientists modify active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), which often are cocrystals, salts or carefully selected polymorphs, to improve the properties of a parent drug. To find the best form of a drug, various advanced characterization methods should be used. In this review, we have described such analytical methods, dedicated to solid drug forms. Thus, diffraction, spectroscopic, thermal and also pharmaceutical characterization methods are discussed. They all are necessary to study a solid API in its intrinsic complexity from bulk down to the molecular level, gain information on its structure, properties, purity and possible transformations, and make the characterization efficient, comprehensive and complete. Furthermore, these methods can be used to monitor and investigate physical processes, involved in the drug development, in situ and in real time. The main aim of this paper is to gather information on the current advancements in the analytical methods and highlight their pharmaceutical relevance.
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12
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Bilski P, Drużbicki K, Jenczyk J, Mielcarek J, Wąsicki J. Molecular and Vibrational Dynamics in the Cholesterol-Lowering Agent Lovastatin: Solid-State NMR, Inelastic Neutron Scattering, and Periodic DFT Study. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:2776-2787. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Bilski
- Faculty
of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
- Frank
Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980, Dubna, Russia
| | - Kacper Drużbicki
- Faculty
of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
- Frank
Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980, Dubna, Russia
| | - Jacek Jenczyk
- NanoBioMedical
Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Mielcarek
- Department
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780, Poznan, Poland
| | - Jan Wąsicki
- Faculty
of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
- NanoBioMedical
Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
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13
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Bawuah P, Tan N, Tweneboah SNA, Ervasti T, Axel Zeitler J, Ketolainen J, Peiponen KE. Terahertz study on porosity and mass fraction of active pharmaceutical ingredient of pharmaceutical tablets. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 105:122-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Nartowski KP, Malhotra D, Hawarden LE, Sibik J, Iuga D, Zeitler JA, Fábián L, Khimyak YZ. 19F NMR Spectroscopy as a Highly Sensitive Method for the Direct Monitoring of Confined Crystallization within Nanoporous Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8904-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karol P. Nartowski
- School of Pharmacy; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Wroclaw Medical University; ul. Borowska 211 50-556 Wroclaw Poland
| | | | - Lucy E. Hawarden
- School of Pharmacy; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb; Reeds Lane Moreton Merseyside CH46 1QW UK
| | - Juraj Sibik
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche A. G.; 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Dinu Iuga
- UK 850 MHz Solid-State NMR Facility, Department of Physics, Millburn House; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - J. Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - László Fábián
- School of Pharmacy; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
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15
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Nartowski KP, Malhotra D, Hawarden LE, Sibik J, Iuga D, Zeitler JA, Fábián L, Khimyak YZ. 19F NMR Spectroscopy as a Highly Sensitive Method for the Direct Monitoring of Confined Crystallization within Nanoporous Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karol P. Nartowski
- School of Pharmacy; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
- Department of Drug Form Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Wroclaw Medical University; ul. Borowska 211 50-556 Wroclaw Poland
| | | | - Lucy E. Hawarden
- School of Pharmacy; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb; Reeds Lane Moreton Merseyside CH46 1QW UK
| | - Juraj Sibik
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche A. G.; 4070 Basel Switzerland
| | - Dinu Iuga
- UK 850 MHz Solid-State NMR Facility, Department of Physics, Millburn House; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - J. Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - László Fábián
- School of Pharmacy; University of East Anglia; Norwich UK
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16
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Sibik J, Zeitler JA. Direct measurement of molecular mobility and crystallisation of amorphous pharmaceuticals using terahertz spectroscopy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 100:147-57. [PMID: 26772139 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite much effort in the area, no comprehensive understanding of the formation and behaviour of amorphous solids has yet been achieved. This severely limits the industrial application of such materials, including drug delivery where, in principle, amorphous solids have demonstrated their great usefulness in increasing the bioavailability of poorly aqueous soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients. Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy is a relatively novel analytical technique that can be used to measure the fast molecular dynamics of molecules with high accuracy in a non-contact and non-destructive fashion. Over the past decade a number of applications for the characterisation of amorphous drug molecules and formulations have been developed and it has been demonstrated how this technique can be used to determine the onset and strength in molecular mobility that underpins the crystallisation of amorphous drugs. In this review we provide an overview of the history, fundamentals and future perspective of pharmaceutical applications related to the terahertz dynamics of amorphous systems.
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17
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Yin X, Hadjiloucas S, Zhang Y. Classification of THz pulse signals using two-dimensional cross-correlation feature extraction and non-linear classifiers. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 127:64-82. [PMID: 27000290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This work provides a performance comparison of four different machine learning classifiers: multinomial logistic regression with ridge estimators (MLR) classifier, k-nearest neighbours (KNN), support vector machine (SVM) and naïve Bayes (NB) as applied to terahertz (THz) transient time domain sequences associated with pixelated images of different powder samples. The six substances considered, although have similar optical properties, their complex insertion loss at the THz part of the spectrum is significantly different because of differences in both their frequency dependent THz extinction coefficient as well as differences in their refractive index and scattering properties. As scattering can be unquantifiable in many spectroscopic experiments, classification solely on differences in complex insertion loss can be inconclusive. The problem is addressed using two-dimensional (2-D) cross-correlations between background and sample interferograms, these ensure good noise suppression of the datasets and provide a range of statistical features that are subsequently used as inputs to the above classifiers. A cross-validation procedure is adopted to assess the performance of the classifiers. Firstly the measurements related to samples that had thicknesses of 2mm were classified, then samples at thicknesses of 4mm, and after that 3mm were classified and the success rate and consistency of each classifier was recorded. In addition, mixtures having thicknesses of 2 and 4mm as well as mixtures of 2, 3 and 4mm were presented simultaneously to all classifiers. This approach provided further cross-validation of the classification consistency of each algorithm. The results confirm the superiority in classification accuracy and robustness of the MLR (least accuracy 88.24%) and KNN (least accuracy 90.19%) algorithms which consistently outperformed the SVM (least accuracy 74.51%) and NB (least accuracy 56.86%) classifiers for the same number of feature vectors across all studies. The work establishes a general methodology for assessing the performance of other hyperspectral dataset classifiers on the basis of 2-D cross-correlations in far-infrared spectroscopy or other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. It also advances the wider proliferation of automated THz imaging systems across new application areas e.g., biomedical imaging, industrial processing and quality control where interpretation of hyperspectral images is still under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yin
- Centre for Applied Informatics, College of Engineering & Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Sillas Hadjiloucas
- School of Systems Engineering, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AY, UK.
| | - Yanchun Zhang
- Centre for Applied Informatics, College of Engineering & Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
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18
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Zhang F, Wang HW, Tominaga K, Hayashi M. Characteristics of Low-Frequency Molecular Phonon Modes Studied by THz Spectroscopy and Solid-State ab Initio Theory: Polymorphs I and III of Diflunisal. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:1698-710. [PMID: 26808927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b08798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
THz absorption spectra of two polymorphs of diflunisal, form I and form III, exhibit distinct features due to the influence of packing conformations on the frequency distributions and IR activities of gamma point phonon modes within the 100 cm(-1) region. In order to understand the origins of these THz modes, we perform a detailed mode analysis. The result shows that although the spectral features are different, these low-frequency phonon modes of the two molecular polymorphs have similar vibrational characteristics in terms of harmonic couplings of intermolecular and intramolecular vibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University , Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Houng-Wei Wang
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University , 1 Roosevelt Road Sec. 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Keisuke Tominaga
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University , Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Michitoshi Hayashi
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University , 1 Roosevelt Road Sec. 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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19
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Pharmaceutical Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-4029-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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20
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Sibik J, Löbmann K, Rades T, Zeitler JA. Predicting Crystallization of Amorphous Drugs with Terahertz Spectroscopy. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:3062-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Sibik
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
| | - Korbinian Löbmann
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J. Axel Zeitler
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, United Kingdom
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21
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Tan NY, Ruggiero MT, Orellana-Tavra C, Tian T, Bond AD, Korter TM, Fairen-Jimenez D, Axel Zeitler J. Investigation of the terahertz vibrational modes of ZIF-8 and ZIF-90 with terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:16037-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06455d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental and computational evidence that gate-opening modes for zeolitic imidazole frameworks can be observed at terahertz frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Y. Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 3RA
- UK
| | | | - Claudia Orellana-Tavra
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 3RA
- UK
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 3RA
- UK
| | - Andrew D. Bond
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 1EW
- UK
| | | | - David Fairen-Jimenez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 3RA
- UK
| | - J. Axel Zeitler
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology
- University of Cambridge
- Cambridge CB2 3RA
- UK
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