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Wang F, Yue L, Li Q, Liu B. Electron Microscope Study of the Pressure-Induced Phase Transformation and Microstructure Change of TiO 2 Nanocrystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2233-2240. [PMID: 38377180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Microstructure transformation of materials under compression is crucial to understanding their high-pressure phase transformation. However, direct observation of the microstructure of compressive materials is a considerable challenge, which impedes the understanding of the relations among phase transformation, microstructure, and material properties. In this study, we used transmission Kikuchi diffraction and transmission electron microscopy to intuitively characterize pressure-induced phase transformation and microstructure of TiO2. We observed the changes of twin boundaries with increasing pressure and intermediate phase TiO2-I of anatase transformed into TiO2-II (α-PbO2 phase) for the first time. The following changes occur during this transformation: anatase (diameter of ∼100 nm) → anatase twins 60° along the [110] zone axis → intermediate TiO2-I twins 60° along the [010] zone axis → TiO2-II twins 90° along the [010] zone axis. These results directly reveal the crystallographic relation among these structures, enhancing our understanding of the phase transformation in TiO2 nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingbing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130012, People's Republic of China
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2
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Tan Q, Li J, Liu K, Liu R, Skuratov V. Influence of the Tensile Strain on Electron Transport of Ultra-Thin SiC Nanowires. Molecules 2024; 29:723. [PMID: 38338466 PMCID: PMC10856310 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The influence of nanomechanical tensile behavior on electron transport is especially interesting for ultra-thin SiC nanowires (NWs) with different diameters. Our studies theoretically show that these NWs can hold stable electron transmission in some strain ranges and that stretching can enhance the electron transmission around the Fermi level (EF) at the strains over 0.5 without fracture for a single-atom SiC chain and at the strains not over 0.5 for thicker SiC NWs. For each size of SiC NW, the tensile strain has a tiny effect on the number of device density of states (DDOSs) peaks but can increase the values. Freshly broken SiC NWs also show certain values of DDOSs around EF. The maximum DDOS increases significantly with the diameter, but interestingly, the DDOS at EF shows little difference among the three sizes of devices in the late stage of the stretching. Essentially, high electron transmission is influenced by high DDOSs and delocalized electronic states. Analysis of electron localization functions (ELFs) indicates that appropriate tensile stress can promote continuous electronic distributions to contribute electron transport, while excessively large stretching deformation of SiC NWs would split electronic distributions and consequently hinder the movement of electrons. These results provide strong theoretical support for the use of ultra-thin SiC NWs in nano-sensors for functional and controllable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Tan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Q.T.); (R.L.)
| | - Jie Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Q.T.); (R.L.)
| | - Kun Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Q.T.); (R.L.)
| | - Rukai Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; (Q.T.); (R.L.)
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3
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Jin R, Zhou Z, Liu J, Shi B, Zhou N, Wang X, Jia X, Guo D, Xu B. Aerogels for Thermal Protection and Their Application in Aerospace. Gels 2023; 9:606. [PMID: 37623061 PMCID: PMC10453839 DOI: 10.3390/gels9080606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous development of the world's aerospace industry, countries have put forward higher requirements for thermal protection materials for aerospace vehicles. As a nano porous material with ultra-low thermal conductivity, aerogel has attracted more and more attention in the thermal insulation application of aerospace vehicles. At present, the summary of aerogel used in aerospace thermal protection applications is not comprehensive. Therefore, this paper summarizes the research status of various types of aerogels for thermal protection (oxide aerogels, organic aerogels, etc.), summarizes the hot issues in the current research of various types of aerogels for thermal protection, and puts forward suggestions for the future development of various aerogels. For oxide aerogels, it is necessary to further increase their use temperature and inhibit the sintering of high-temperature resistant components. For organic aerogels, it is necessary to focus on improving the anti-ablation, thermal insulation, and mechanical properties in long-term aerobic high-temperature environments, and on this basis, find cheap raw materials to reduce costs. For carbon aerogels, it is necessary to further explore the balanced relationship between oxidation resistance, mechanics, and thermal insulation properties of materials. The purpose of this paper is to provide a reference for the further development of more efficient and reliable aerogel materials for aerospace applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runze Jin
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (R.J.); (Z.Z.); (B.S.); (N.Z.); (X.W.); (X.J.); (D.G.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-Functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zihan Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (R.J.); (Z.Z.); (B.S.); (N.Z.); (X.W.); (X.J.); (D.G.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-Functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Beijing Spacecrafts, China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Baolu Shi
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (R.J.); (Z.Z.); (B.S.); (N.Z.); (X.W.); (X.J.); (D.G.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-Functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ning Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (R.J.); (Z.Z.); (B.S.); (N.Z.); (X.W.); (X.J.); (D.G.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-Functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinqiao Wang
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (R.J.); (Z.Z.); (B.S.); (N.Z.); (X.W.); (X.J.); (D.G.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-Functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinlei Jia
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (R.J.); (Z.Z.); (B.S.); (N.Z.); (X.W.); (X.J.); (D.G.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-Functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Donghui Guo
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (R.J.); (Z.Z.); (B.S.); (N.Z.); (X.W.); (X.J.); (D.G.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-Functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Baosheng Xu
- Institute of Advanced Structure Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (R.J.); (Z.Z.); (B.S.); (N.Z.); (X.W.); (X.J.); (D.G.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lightweight Multi-Functional Composite Materials and Structures, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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4
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Ojha GP, Kang GW, Kuk YS, Hwang YE, Kwon OH, Pant B, Acharya J, Park YW, Park M. Silicon Carbide Nanostructures as Potential Carbide Material for Electrochemical Supercapacitors: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:150. [PMID: 36616060 PMCID: PMC9824291 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Silicon carbide (SiC) is a very promising carbide material with various applications such as electrochemical supercapacitors, photocatalysis, microwave absorption, field-effect transistors, and sensors. Due to its enticing advantages of high thermal stability, outstanding chemical stability, high thermal conductivity, and excellent mechanical behavior, it is used as a potential candidate in various fields such as supercapacitors, water-splitting, photocatalysis, biomedical, sensors, and so on. This review mainly describes the various synthesis techniques of nanostructured SiC (0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D) and its properties. Thereafter, the ongoing research trends in electrochemical supercapacitor electrodes are fully excavated. Finally, the outlook of future research directions, key obstacles, and possible solutions are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunendra Prasad Ojha
- Carbon Composite Energy Nanomaterials Research Center, Woosuk University, Wanju-Gun, Chonbuk 55338, Republic of Korea
- Woosuk Institute of Smart Convergence Life Care (WSCLC), Woosuk University, Wanju, Chonbuk 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Woong Kang
- Research and Development Division, Korea Institute of Convergence Textile, Iksan, Chonbuk 54588, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Su Kuk
- Convergence Research Division, Korea Carbon Industry Promotion Agency (KCARBON), Jeonju, Chonbuk 54853, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Eun Hwang
- Research and Development Division, Korea Institute of Convergence Textile, Iksan, Chonbuk 54588, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Hoon Kwon
- Research and Development Division, Korea Institute of Convergence Textile, Iksan, Chonbuk 54588, Republic of Korea
| | - Bishweshwar Pant
- Carbon Composite Energy Nanomaterials Research Center, Woosuk University, Wanju-Gun, Chonbuk 55338, Republic of Korea
- Woosuk Institute of Smart Convergence Life Care (WSCLC), Woosuk University, Wanju, Chonbuk 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwan Acharya
- Carbon Composite Energy Nanomaterials Research Center, Woosuk University, Wanju-Gun, Chonbuk 55338, Republic of Korea
- Woosuk Institute of Smart Convergence Life Care (WSCLC), Woosuk University, Wanju, Chonbuk 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Wan Park
- Research and Development Division, Korea Institute of Convergence Textile, Iksan, Chonbuk 54588, Republic of Korea
| | - Mira Park
- Carbon Composite Energy Nanomaterials Research Center, Woosuk University, Wanju-Gun, Chonbuk 55338, Republic of Korea
- Woosuk Institute of Smart Convergence Life Care (WSCLC), Woosuk University, Wanju, Chonbuk 55338, Republic of Korea
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5
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Liu Y, Cui X, Niu R, Zhang S, Liao X, Moss SD, Finkel P, Garbrecht M, Ringer SP, Cairney JM. Giant room temperature compression and bending in ferroelectric oxide pillars. Nat Commun 2022; 13:335. [PMID: 35039489 PMCID: PMC8764079 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plastic deformation in ceramic materials is normally only observed in nanometre-sized samples. However, we have observed high levels of plasticity (>50% plastic strain) and excellent elasticity (6% elastic strain) in perovskite oxide Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3, under compression along <100>pc pillars up to 2.1 μm in diameter. The extent of this deformation is much higher than has previously been reported for ceramic materials, and the sample size at which plasticity is observed is almost an order of magnitude larger. Bending tests also revealed over 8% flexural strain. Plastic deformation occurred by slip along {110} <1[Formula: see text]0 > . Calculations indicate that the resulting strain gradients will give rise to giant flexoelectric polarization. First principles models predict that a high concentration of oxygen vacancies weaken the covalent/ionic bonds, giving rise to the unexpected plasticity. Mechanical testing on oxygen vacancies-rich Mn-doped Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 confirmed this prediction. These findings will facilitate the design of plastic ceramic materials and the development of flexoelectric-based nano-electromechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Xiangyuan Cui
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ranming Niu
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Shujun Zhang
- ISEM, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Xiaozhou Liao
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Scott D Moss
- Aerospace Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Melbourne, VIC, 3207, Australia
| | - Peter Finkel
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC, 20375, USA
| | - Magnus Garbrecht
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Simon P Ringer
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Julie M Cairney
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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6
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Lim B, Cui XY, Ringer SP. Strain-mediated bandgap engineering of straight and bent semiconductor nanowires. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:5407-5414. [PMID: 33646229 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00457c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Accurate simulation of semiconductor nanowires (NWs) under strain is challenging, especially for bent NWs. Here, we propose a simple yet efficient unit-cell model to simulate strain-mediated bandgap modulation in both straight and bent NWs. This is with consideration that uniaxlly bent NWs experience continuous compressive and tensile strains through their cross-sections. A systematic investigation of a series of III-V and II-VI semiconductors NWs in both wurtzite and zinc blende polytypes is performed using hybrid density functional theory methods. The results reveal three common trend in bandgap evolution upon application of strain. Existing experimental measurements corroborate with our predictions concerning bandgap evolution as well as direct-indirect bandgap transitions upon strain. By examining the variation of previous theoretical studies, our result further highlights the significance of geometrical relaxtion in NW simulation. This simplified model is expected to be applicable to investigations of the electronic, optoelectronic, and sensorial properties of all semiconductor NWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Lim
- The University of Sydney, School of Aeronautical, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering and Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - Xiang Yuan Cui
- The University of Sydney, School of Aeronautical, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering and Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - Simon P Ringer
- The University of Sydney, School of Aeronautical, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering and Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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7
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Pham T, Qamar A, Dinh T, Masud MK, Rais‐Zadeh M, Senesky DG, Yamauchi Y, Nguyen N, Phan H. Nanoarchitectonics for Wide Bandgap Semiconductor Nanowires: Toward the Next Generation of Nanoelectromechanical Systems for Environmental Monitoring. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001294. [PMID: 33173726 PMCID: PMC7640356 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires are widely considered as the building blocks that revolutionized many areas of nanosciences and nanotechnologies. The unique features in nanowires, including high electron transport, excellent mechanical robustness, large surface area, and capability to engineer their intrinsic properties, enable new classes of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Wide bandgap (WBG) semiconductors in the form of nanowires are a hot spot of research owing to the tremendous possibilities in NEMS, particularly for environmental monitoring and energy harvesting. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the recent progress on the growth, properties and applications of silicon carbide (SiC), group III-nitrides, and diamond nanowires as the materials of choice for NEMS. It begins with a snapshot on material developments and fabrication technologies, covering both bottom-up and top-down approaches. A discussion on the mechanical, electrical, optical, and thermal properties is provided detailing the fundamental physics of WBG nanowires along with their potential for NEMS. A series of sensing and electronic devices particularly for environmental monitoring is reviewed, which further extend the capability in industrial applications. The article concludes with the merits and shortcomings of environmental monitoring applications based on these classes of nanowires, providing a roadmap for future development in this fast-emerging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan‐Anh Pham
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology CentreGriffith UniversityNathanQLD4111Australia
| | - Afzaal Qamar
- Electrical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Toan Dinh
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology CentreGriffith UniversityNathanQLD4111Australia
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Southern QueenslandSpringfieldQLD4300Australia
| | - Mostafa Kamal Masud
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Mina Rais‐Zadeh
- Electrical Engineering DepartmentUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
- NASA JPLCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCA91109USA
| | - Debbie G. Senesky
- Department of Aeronautics and AstronauticsStanford UniversityStanfordCA94305USA
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute of Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQLD4072Australia
| | - Nam‐Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology CentreGriffith UniversityNathanQLD4111Australia
| | - Hoang‐Phuong Phan
- Queensland Micro and Nanotechnology CentreGriffith UniversityNathanQLD4111Australia
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8
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Zhang Z, Liu D, Huo F, Huang S, Cui J, Lu Y, Parkin IP, Guo D. Self-healing on mismatched fractured composite surfaces of SiC with a diameter of 180 nm. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19617-19627. [PMID: 32584359 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04127k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Self-healing on fractured surfaces of silicon carbide (SiC) is highly desirable, to avoid the catastrophic failure of high-performance devices working at extreme environments. Nevertheless, self-healing on a fractured surface of an amorphous and crystalline (AAC) composite structure of a brittle nanowire (NW) has not been demonstrated. In this study, self-healing is demonstrated on mismatched fractured surfaces of the AAC composite structure of a brittle solid for a SiC NW with a diameter of 187 nm. Fracture strength is 10.18 GPa for the AAC structure, recovering 11.7% after self-healing on its mismatched fractured surfaces. To the best of our knowledge, we firstly report the self-healing on mismatched fractured surfaces of the AAC structure for a brittle NW. This is a breakthrough of the previous prediction that self-healing could not be realized on a brittle NW with a diameter over 150 nm. A growth of 3 nm was found after self-healing on the gap induced by mismatched fractured surfaces, which is different from previous reports for pure amorphous and monocrystalline brittle NWs. To reduce the potential energy, coherent rebonding and debonding were performed to realize the atomic migration to fill the gap, resulting in the growth of gap of 3 nm to perform self-healing. Our findings shed light on the potential of self-healing for design and fabrication of next-generation high-performance SiC devices used in the vacuum and aerospace industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Dongdong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Fengwei Huo
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Yingkou Institute of Technology, Yingkou 115014, China
| | - Siling Huang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Junfeng Cui
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Dongming Guo
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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Wei B, Deng Q, Ji Y, Wang Z, Han X. Tunable Mechanical Property and Structural Transition of Silicon Nitride Nanowires Induced by Focused Ion Beam Irradiation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:32175-32181. [PMID: 32551486 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring mechanical properties of the nanowire (NW) with intricate composite structure helps to design nanodevices with novel functionalities. Here, we performed in situ tensile deformation electron microscopy for the evaluation of the mechanical properties of the focused ion beam (FIB) irradiated silicon nitride (Si3N4) nanowires (NWs). Young's modulus of the FIB-fabricated NWs was mediated between the range of 522 and 65 GPa by modifying the shell thickness of the core-shell structure. The ion-beam-induced amorphization is found to induce the structural transition from an utter crystalline state to a composite NW with an amorphous shell, which results in a brittle-to-ductile transition and an unexpected plastic deformation. These results have practical implications for optimizing nanostructures with the desired mechanical properties, which are of fundamental relevance in designing and fabricating nanomechanical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wei
- School of Materials, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, Braga 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Qingsong Deng
- Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yuan Ji
- Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zhongchang Wang
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenida Mestre José Veiga, Braga 4715-330, Portugal
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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10
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Zhang X, Wang J, Yang Z, Tang X, Yue Y. Strong structural occupation ratio effect on mechanical properties of silicon carbide nanowires. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11386. [PMID: 32647170 PMCID: PMC7347842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Materials' mechanical properties highly depend on their internal structures. Designing novel structure is an effective route to improve materials' performance. One-dimensional disordered (ODD) structure is a kind of particular structure in silicon carbide (SiC), which highly affects its mechanical properties. Herein, we show that SiC nanowires (NWs) containing ODD structure (with an occupation ratio of 32.6%) exhibit ultrahigh tensile strength and elastic strain, which are up to 13.7 GPa and 12% respectively, approaching the ideal theoretical limit. The ODD structural occupation ratio effect on mechanical properties of SiC NWs has been systematically studied and a saddle shaped tendency for the strength versus occupation ratio is firstly revealed. The strength increases with the increase of the ODD occupation ratio but decreases when the occupation ratio exceeds a critical value of ~ 32.6%, micro twins appear in the ODD region when the ODD segment increases and soften the ODD segment, finally results in a decrease of the strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuke Tang
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghai Yue
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Wang Y, Liang B, Xu S, Tian L, Minor AM, Shan Z. Tunable Anelasticity in Amorphous Si Nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:449-455. [PMID: 31804092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In situ bending tests of amorphous Si nanowires (a-Si NWs) found different elastic behavior depending on whether they were straight or curved to begin with. The axially straight NWs exhibit pure elastic deformation; however, the axially curved NWs exhibit obvious anelastic behavior when they are bent in the direction of original curvature. On the basis of STEM-EELS analysis, we propose that the underlying mechanism for this anelastic behavior is a bond-switching assisted redistribution of the nonuniform density (structure) in the curved NWs under the inhomogeneous stress field. This mechanism was further supported by the fact that the originally straight a-Si NWs also display similar anelasticity with the as-grown curved NWs after focused ion beam irradiation that can cause nonuniform structure distribution. As compared to what has been reported in other 1D materials, the anelasticity of a-Si NWs can be tuned by modifying their morphology, controlling the loading direction, or irradiating them via ion beam. Our findings suggest that a-Si NWs could be a promising material in the nanoscale damping systems, especially the semiconductor nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuecun Wang
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-NANO) and Hysitron Applied Research Center in China (HARCC), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , P. R. China
| | - Beiming Liang
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-NANO) and Hysitron Applied Research Center in China (HARCC), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , P. R. China
| | - Shuigang Xu
- Department of Physics , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Hong Kong , P.R. China
| | - Lin Tian
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-NANO) and Hysitron Applied Research Center in China (HARCC), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , P. R. China
- Institute of Materials Physics , University of Göttingen , Göttingen 37077 , Germany
| | - Andrew M Minor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Zhiwei Shan
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-NANO) and Hysitron Applied Research Center in China (HARCC), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , P. R. China
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12
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Maksud M, Barua M, Shikder MRA, Byles BW, Pomerantseva E, Subramanian A. Tunable nanomechanical performance regimes in ceramic nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:47LT02. [PMID: 31437822 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab3dcf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
At the macroscopic size regime, ceramic materials exhibit brittle fracture and catastrophic failure when they are subjected to mechanical loads that exceed their characteristic strength. In this report, we present recoverable plasticity in alpha-phase, potassium stabilized manganese dioxide nanowire (α-K0.13MnO2 NW) crystals when they are subjected to atomic force microscopy (AFM) based three-point bending tests at very low loading rates. The force-deflection curves and AFM scans obtained from these measurements reveal yielding and extended plasticity in the NWs during the loading process, while the large plastic deformation is recovered spontaneously during the unloading process. However, the same material system exhibits failure via fracture at substantially higher strengths when it is subjected to bending tests at nearly an order of magnitude higher loading rates. These results highlight an important new pathway to controllably tune the nanomechanical performance of these technologically important nanoceramics for application-specific needs: either achieve self-reversible and ultra-large plasticity, or achieve substantially higher fracture strengths that approach the intrinsic limits of the material system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahjabin Maksud
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago IL, United States of America
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13
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Liu Q, Zhan H, Zhu H, Liu H, Sun Z, Bell J, Bo A, Gu Y. In Situ Atomic-Scale Study on the Ultralarge Bending Behaviors of TiO 2-B/Anatase Dual-Phase Nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7742-7749. [PMID: 31613110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is challenging but important to understand the mechanical properties of one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials for their design and integration into nanodevices. Generally, brittle ceramic nanowires (NWs) cannot withstand a large bending strain. Herein, in situ bending deformation of titanium dioxide (TiO2) NWs with a bronze/anatase dual-phase was carried out inside a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) system. An ultralarge bending strain up to 20.3% was observed on individual NWs. Through an in situ atomic-scale study, the large bending behavior for a dual-phase TiO2 NW was found to be related to a continuous crystalline-structure evolution including phase transition, small deformation twinning, and dislocation nucleation and movements. Additionally, no amorphization or crack occurred in the dual-phase TiO2 NW even under an ultralarge bending strain. These results revealed that an individual ceramic NW can undergo a large bending strain with rich defect activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , GPO Box 2434, Brisbane , Queensland 4001 , Australia
| | - Haifei Zhan
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , GPO Box 2434, Brisbane , Queensland 4001 , Australia
| | - Huaiyong Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , GPO Box 2434, Brisbane , Queensland 4001 , Australia
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis and School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Ziqi Sun
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , GPO Box 2434, Brisbane , Queensland 4001 , Australia
| | - John Bell
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , GPO Box 2434, Brisbane , Queensland 4001 , Australia
| | - Arixin Bo
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , GPO Box 2434, Brisbane , Queensland 4001 , Australia
| | - Yuantong Gu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , GPO Box 2434, Brisbane , Queensland 4001 , Australia
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14
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Cui J, Zhang Z, Liu D, Zhang D, Hu W, Zou L, Lu Y, Zhang C, Lu H, Tang C, Jiang N, Parkin IP, Guo D. Unprecedented Piezoresistance Coefficient in Strained Silicon Carbide. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:6569-6576. [PMID: 31381357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Reports reveal that the piezoresistance coefficients of silicon carbide (SiC) nanowires (NWs) are 2 to 4 times smaller than those of their corresponding bulk counterparts. It is a challenge to eliminate contamination in adhering NWs onto substrates. In this study, a new setup was developed, in which NWs were manipulated and fixed by a goat hair and conductive silver epoxy in air, respectively, in the absence of any depositions. The goat hair was not consumed during manipulation of the NWs. The process took advantage of the stiffness and tapered tip of the goat hair, which is unlike the loss issue of beam sources in depositions. With the new fixing method, in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) electromechanical coupling measurements were performed on pristine SiC NWs. The piezoresistance coefficient and carrier mobility of SiC NW are -94.78 × 10-11 Pa-1 and 30.05 cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively, which are 82 and 527 times respectively greater than those of SiC NWs reported previously. We, for the first time, report that the piezoresistance coefficient of SiC NW is 17 times those of its bulk counterparts. These findings provide new insights to develop high performance SiC devices and to help avoid catastrophic failure when working in harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , China
| | | | - Dongdong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , China
| | - Danli Zhang
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano) & Hysitron Applied Research Center in China (HARCC), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | | | | | - Yao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences , Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS , U.K
| | - Chi Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Huanhuan Lu
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano) & Hysitron Applied Research Center in China (HARCC), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
| | - Chun Tang
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics , Jiangsu University , Zhenjiang 212013 , China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , China
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , U.K
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15
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Cui J, Zhang Z, Jiang H, Liu D, Zou L, Guo X, Lu Y, Parkin IP, Guo D. Ultrahigh Recovery of Fracture Strength on Mismatched Fractured Amorphous Surfaces of Silicon Carbide. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7483-7492. [PMID: 31184133 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanowires (NWs) have been envisioned as building blocks of nanotechnology and nanodevices. In this study, NWs were manipulated using a weasel hair and fixed by conductive silver epoxy, eliminating the contaminations and damages induced by conventional beam depositions. The fracture strength of the amorphous silicon carbide was found to be 8.8 GPa, which was measured by in situ transmission electron microscopy nanomechanical testing, approaching the theoretical fracture limit. Here, we report that self-healing of mismatched fractured amorphous surfaces of brittle NWs was discovered. The fracture strength was found to be 5.6 GPa on the mismatched fractured surfaces, recovering 63.6% of that of pristine NWs. This is an ultrahigh recovery, due to the limits of reconstruction of dangling bonds on the fractured amorphous surfaces and the mismatched areas. Simulation by molecular dynamics showed fracture strength recovery of 65.9% on the mismatched fractured amorphous surfaces, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. Healing on the mismatched fractured amorphous surfaces is by reorganization of Si-C bonds forming Si-C and Si-Si bonds. The potential energy increases 2.6 eV in the reorganized Si-C bonds and decreases by 3.2 and 1.9 eV, respectively, in the formed Si-C and Si-Si bonds. These findings provide insights for the reliability, design, and fabrication of high performance NW-based devices, to avoid catastrophic failure working in harsh and extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Cui
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Haiyue Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Dongdong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Li Zou
- School of Naval Architecture, State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Xiaoguang Guo
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences , Queen Mary University of London , London E1 4NS , U.K
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Materials Chemistry Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , University College London , 20 Gordon Street , London WC1H 0AJ , U.K
| | - Dongming Guo
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
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16
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Liu Q, Zhan H, Zhu H, Sun Z, Bell J, Bo A, Gu Y. Atomic-scale investigation on the ultra-large bending behaviours of layered sodium titanate nanowires. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:11847-11855. [PMID: 31184691 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02082a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A study on the mechanical properties of one-dimensional layered titanate nanomaterials is crucial since they demonstrate important applications in various fields. Here, we conducted ex situ and in situ atomic-scale investigation on the bending properties of a kind of ceramic-layered titanate (Na2Ti2O4(OH)2) nanowire using transmission electron microscopy. The nanowires showed flexibility along the 100 direction and could obtain a maximum bending strain of nearly 37%. By analysing the defect behaviours, the unique bending properties of this ceramic material were found to correlate with a novel arrangement of dislocations, an active dislocation nucleation and movement along the axial direction resulting from the weak electrostatic interaction between the TiO6 layers and the low b/a ratio. These results provide a pioneering and key understanding on the bending behaviours of layered titanate nanowire families and potentially other one-dimensional nanomaterials with layered crystalline structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Liu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, 4001, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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17
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Sinha M, Izadi A, Anthony R, Roccabianca S. A novel approach to finding mechanical properties of nanocrystal layers. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:7520-7526. [PMID: 30942804 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02213a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Flexible, bendable, stretchable devices represent the future of electronics for a wide range of real-world applications. Due to the fact that these technologies deviate significantly from traditional wafer technologies there is a need to understand and engineer material systems that allow large elastic deformations present in such devices, which requires knowledge about the mechanical properties of these material systems. Here we evaluate the mechanical properties of a bilayer polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/silicon nanocrystal system. By observing the formation of instabilities due to finite bending deformation and applying theoretical modeling, we estimated the neo-Hookean coefficient (analogous to shear modulus at low stress/strain) of the silicon nanocrystal film to be 345 ± 23 kPa. The method used here represents a novel approach to evaluating these properties and is widely applicable to many different combinations of systems of nanocrystals and elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Sinha
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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18
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Xu W, Dávila LP. Effects of crystal orientation and diameter on the mechanical properties of single-crystal MgAl 2O 4 spinel nanowires. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:055701. [PMID: 30499461 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaef11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The influence of crystal orientation (including [100], [110], and [111]) and diameter (ranging from 2 to 10 nm) on the tensile deformation behavior and mechanical properties of single-crystal spinel (MgAl2O4) nanowires is investigated using molecular dynamics simulations. Varied deformation characteristics and fracture modes are revealed when the tensile loading is applied in the differently oriented nanowires. Mechanical properties including elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength of spinel nanowires are distinctly dependent on size in each crystal orientation. This study advances the understanding of spinel nanomechanics which can help the development of high-strength spinel materials and their potential nanodevice applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Xu
- Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America
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19
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Amin Shikder MR, Maksud M, Vasudevamurthy G, Byles BW, Cullen DA, More KL, Pomerantseva E, Subramanian A. Brittle fracture to recoverable plasticity: polytypism-dependent nanomechanics in todorokite-like nanobelts. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:357-366. [PMID: 36132478 PMCID: PMC9473215 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00079d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) based nanomechanics experiments involving polytypic todorokite-like manganese dioxide nanobelts reveal varied nanomechanical performance regimes such as brittle fracture, near-brittle fracture, and plastic recovery within the same material system. These nanobelts are synthesized through a layer-to-tunnel material transformation pathway and contain one-dimensional tunnels, which run along their longitudinal axis and are enveloped by m × 3 MnO6 octahedral units along their walls. Depending on the extent of material transformation towards a tunneled microstructure, the nanobelts exhibit stacking disorders or polytypism where the value for m ranges from 3 to up to ∼20 within different cross-sectional regions of the same nanobelt. The observation of multiple nanomechanical performance regimes within a single material system is attributed to a combination of two factors: (a) the extent of stacking disorder or polytypism within the nanobelts, and (b) the loading (or strain) rate of the AFM nanomechanics experiment. Controllable engineering of recoverable plasticity is a particularly beneficial attribute for advancing the mechanical stability of these ceramic materials, which hold promise for insertion in multiple next-generation technological applications that range from electrical energy storage solutions to catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ruhul Amin Shikder
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | - Mahjabin Maksud
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60607 USA
| | | | - Bryan W Byles
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - David A Cullen
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Karren L More
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge TN 37831 USA
| | - Ekaterina Pomerantseva
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Arunkumar Subramanian
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago IL 60607 USA
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20
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Bo A, Chen K, Pickering E, Zhan H, Bell J, Du A, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhu H, Shan Z, Gu Y. Atypical Defect Motions in Brittle Layered Sodium Titanate Nanowires. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6052-6059. [PMID: 30222361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In situ tensile tests show atypical defect motions in the brittle Na2Ti3O7 (NTO) nanowire (NW) within the elastic deformation range. After brittle fracture, elastic recovery of the NTO NW is followed by reversible motion of the defects in a time-dependent manner. An in situ cyclic loading-unloading test shows that these mobile defects shift back and forth along the NW in accordance with the loading-unloading cycles and eventually restore their initial positions after the load is completely removed. The existence of the defects within the NTO NWs and their motions does not lead to plastic deformation of the NW. The atypical defect motion is speculated to be the result of the glidibility of the TiO6 layers, where weakly bonded cation layers are in between. Exploration of the above novel observation can establish new understandings of the deformation behavior of superlattice nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arixin Bo
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
| | - Kai Chen
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano) & Hysitron Applied Research Center in China (HARCC), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , China
| | - Edmund Pickering
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
| | - Haifei Zhan
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
| | - John Bell
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
| | - Aijun Du
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano) & Hysitron Applied Research Center in China (HARCC), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , China
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano) & Hysitron Applied Research Center in China (HARCC), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , China
| | - Huaiyong Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
| | - Zhiwei Shan
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano) & Hysitron Applied Research Center in China (HARCC), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710049 , China
| | - Yuantong Gu
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology , 2 George Street , Brisbane , Queensland 4000 , Australia
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21
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Adhikari S, Eswar NK, Sangita S, Sarkar D, Madras G. Investigation of nano Ag-decorated SiC particles for photoelectrocatalytic dye degradation and bacterial inactivation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Wang L, Kong D, Zhang Y, Xiao L, Lu Y, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Zou J, Zhu T, Han X. Mechanically Driven Grain Boundary Formation in Nickel Nanowires. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12500-12508. [PMID: 29131584 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanomaterials are widely used in micro/nanodevices. However, the mechanically driven microstructure evolution in these nanomaterials is not clearly understood, particularly when large stress and strain gradients are present. Here, we report the in situ bending experiment of Ni nanowires containing nanoscale twin lamellae using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. We found that the large, localized bending deformation of Ni nanowires initially resulted in the formation of a low-angle tilt grain boundary (GB), consisting of randomly distributed dislocations in a diffuse GB layer. Further bending intensified the local plastic deformation and thus led to the severe distortion and collapse of local lattice domains in the GB region, thereby transforming a low-angle GB to a high-angle GB. Atomistic simulations, coupled with in situ atomic-scale imaging, unravelled the roles of bending-induced strain gradients and associated geometrically necessary dislocations in GB formation. These results offer a valuable understanding of the mechanically driven microstructure changes in metallic nanomaterials through GB formation. The work also has implications for refining the grains in bulk nanocrystalline materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Material, Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124, China
- Materials Engineering, The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Deli Kong
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Material, Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Lirong Xiao
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Material, Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Material, Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- Materials Engineering, The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ze Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Material, Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124, China
- Department of Materials Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Jin Zou
- Materials Engineering, The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ting Zhu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Material, Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100124, China
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23
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Sun B, Sun Y, Wang C. Anisotropic electrical transport of flexible tungsten carbide nanostructures: towards nanoscale interconnects and electron emitters. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:445707. [PMID: 28832019 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa87c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the coexistence of metal- and ionic-bonds in a hexagonal tungsten carbide (WC) lattice, disparate electron behaviors were found in the basal plane and along the c-axial direction, which may create an interesting anisotropic mechanical and electrical performance. To demonstrate this, low-dimensional nanostructures such as nanowires and nanosheets are suitable for investigation because they usually grow in single crystals with special orientations. Herein, we report the experimental research regarding the anisotropic conductivity of [0001] grown WC nanowires and basal plane-expanded nanosheets, which resulted in a conductivity of 7.86 × 103 Ω-1 · m-1 and 7.68 × 104 Ω-1 · m-1 respectively. This conforms to the fact that the highly localized W d state aligns along the c direction, while there is little intraplanar directional bonding in the W planes. With advanced micro-manipulation technology, the conductivity of a nanowire was tested to be approximately constant, even under a considerable bending state. Moreover, the field electron emission of WC was evaluated based on large area emission and single nanowire (nanosheet) emission. A single nanowire exhibits a stable electron emission performance, which can output emission currents >3 uA before fusing. These results provide useful references to assess low-dimensional WC nanostructures as electronic materials in flexible devices, such as nanoscale interconnects and electron emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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24
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Shu X, Kong D, Lu Y, Long H, Sun S, Sha X, Zhou H, Chen Y, Mao S, Liu Y. Size effect on the deformation mechanisms of nanocrystalline platinum thin films. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13264. [PMID: 29038576 PMCID: PMC5643488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reports a study of time-resolved deformation process at the atomic scale of a nanocrystalline Pt thin film captured in situ under a transmission electron microscope. The main mechanism of plastic deformation was found to evolve from full dislocation activity-enabled plasticity in large grains (with grain size d > 10 nm), to partial dislocation plasticity in smaller grains (with grain size 10 nm < d < 6 nm), and grain boundary-mediated plasticity in the matrix with grain sizes d < 6 nm. The critical grain size for the transition from full dislocation activity to partial dislocation activity was estimated based on consideration of stacking fault energy. For grain boundary-mediated plasticity, the possible contributions to strain rate of grain creep, grain sliding and grain rotation to plastic deformation were estimated using established models. The contribution of grain creep is found to be negligible, the contribution of grain rotation is effective but limited in magnitude, and grain sliding is suggested to be the dominant deformation mechanism in nanocrystalline Pt thin films. This study provided the direct evidence of these deformation processes at the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Shu
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Deli Kong
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Haibo Long
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Shiduo Sun
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xuechao Sha
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Yanhui Chen
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Shengcheng Mao
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Yinong Liu
- School of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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25
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Wang L, Teng J, Sha X, Zou J, Zhang Z, Han X. Plastic Deformation through Dislocation Saturation in Ultrasmall Pt Nanocrystals and Its in Situ Atomistic Mechanisms. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:4733-4739. [PMID: 28715223 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The atomic-scale deformation dynamic behaviors of Pt nanocrystals with size of ∼18 nm were in situ investigated using our homemade device in a high-resolution transmission electron microscope. It was discovered that the plastic deformation of the nanosized single crystalline Pt commenced with dislocation "appreciation" first, then followed by a dislocation "saturation" phenomenon. The magnitude of strain plays a key role on dislocation behaviors. At the early to medium stage of deformation, the plastic deformation was controlled by the full dislocation activities accompanied by the formation of Lomer dislocation locks from reaction of full dislocations. When the strain increased to a significant level, stacking faults and extended dislocations as well as Lomer-Cottrell locks appeared. The Lomer-Cottrell locks can unlock through transferring into Lomer dislocation locks first, and then Lomer dislocation locks were destructed under high stresses. The very high density dislocations and the frequent dislocation reactions through Lomer dislocations and Lomer-Cottrell locks may lead to work hardening in nanosized Pt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jiao Teng
- Department of Material Physics and Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xuechao Sha
- Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing, 100124, China
| | | | - Ze Zhang
- Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing, 100124, China
- Department of Materials Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing, 100124, China
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Sun Y, Chen Y, Cui H, Wang J, Wang C. Ultralarge Bending Strain and Fracture-Resistance Investigation of Tungsten Carbide Nanowires. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1700389. [PMID: 28594463 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hard tungsten carbide (WC) with brittle behavior is frequently applied for mechanical purposes. Here, ultralarge elastic bending deformation is reported in defect-rare WC [0001] nanowires; the tested bending strain reaches a maximum of 20% ± 3.33%, which challenges the traditional understanding of this material. The lattice analysis indicates that the dislocations are confined to the inner part of the WC nanowires. First, the high Peierls-Nabarro barrier hinders the movement of the locally formed dislocations, which causes rapid dislocation aggregation and hinders long-range glide, resulting in a dense distribution of the dislocation network. In this case, the loading is dispersed along multiple points, which is then balanced by the complex internal mechanical field. In the compressive part, the possible dislocations predominantly emerge in the (0001) plane and mainly slip along the axial direction. The disordered shell first forms at the tensile side and prevents the generation of nanocracks at the surface. The novel lattice kinetics make WC nanowires capable of substantial bending strain resistance. Analytical results of the force-displacement (F-d) curves based on the double-clamped beam model exhibit an obvious nonlinear elastic characteristic, which originates fundamentally from the lattice anharmonicity under moderate stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yanmao Chen
- Department of Mechanics, Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Hao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Chengxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
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27
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Evolution of Phase, Microstructure and ZrC Lattice Parameter in Solid-solution-treated W-ZrC Composite. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6531. [PMID: 28747641 PMCID: PMC5529412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Zirconium carbide (ZrC) reinforced tungsten (W) composite was hot-pressed at 2200 °C for 1 h in vacuum, which was subsequently heat treated in the temperature range of 2200 to 2500 °C for 1.5 or 2 h. The relative ratios of ZrC phase were 21.0, 23.3 and 25.9 mol.% for the mixture of starting powders, composites sintered for 1 h and solid-solution treated at 2500 °C for 1.5 h, respectively. The solid solubility of W in ZrC increased with the increment in heat-treating temperature and time to a maximum value of 18.9 mol.% at 2500 °C for 1.5 h. The lattice parameter of cubic ZrC phase diminished from 0.4682 nm in the starting powder to 0.4642 nm in the solid-solution composite treated at 2500 °C for 1.5 h. This work demonstrated that the relationship between the solid solubility of W in ZrC and the lattice parameter of ZrC is linear, with a slope of −1.93 × 10−4 nm/at.%. Overall, more W atoms diffused into ZrC lattice after heat treatment, meanwhile, the previous precipitated nano-sized W dissolved in the supersaturated (Zr,W)C solid-solution, as detected by SEM and TEM.
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28
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Liu H, Gong Q, Yue Y, Guo L, Wang X. Sub-1 nm Nanowire Based Superlattice Showing High Strength and Low Modulus. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8579-8585. [PMID: 28602071 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymers possess special dimension-dependent processing flexibility which is always absent in inorganic materials. Traditional inorganic nanowires own similar dimensions to polymers, but usually lack near-molecular diameters and the related properties. Here we report that inorganic nanowires with sub1 nm diameter and microscale length can be electrospinningly processed into superstructures including smooth fibers and large-area mat by tuning the viscosity and surface tension of the colloidal nanowires solution. These superstructures have shown both flexible texture and excellent mechanical properties (712.5 MPa for tensile strength, 10.3 GPa for elastic modulus) while retaining properties arising from inorganic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Liu
- Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing, 100084, China.,Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, Tianjin University of Technology , Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Qihua Gong
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University , Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yonghai Yue
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University , Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lin Guo
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University , Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Lab of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University , Beijing, 100084, China
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29
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Song J, Wang X, Yan J, Yu J, Sun G, Ding B. Soft Zr-doped TiO 2 Nanofibrous Membranes with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity for Water Purification. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1636. [PMID: 28487571 PMCID: PMC5431652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-standing photocatalytic membranes constructed from TiO2 nanofibers hold great promise in environmental remediation; however, challenges still remained for the poor mechanical properties of polycrystalline TiO2 nanofibers. Herein, soft Zr-doped TiO2 (TZ) nanofibrous membranes with robust mechanical properties and enhanced photocatalytic activity were fabricated via electrospinning technique. The Zr4+ incorporation could effectively inhibit the grain growth and reduce the surface defects and breaking point of TiO2 nanofiber. The as-prepared TZ membranes were composed of well-interconnected nanofibers with a high aspect ratios, small grain size and pore size, which exhibited good tensile strength (1.32 MPa) and showed no obvious damage after 200 cycles of bending to a radius of 2 mm. A plausible bending deformation mechanism of the soft TZ membranes was proposed from microscopic single nanofiber to macroscopical membranes. Moreover, the resultant TZ membranes displayed better photocatalytic performance for methylene blue degradation compared to a commercial catalyst (P25), including high degradation degree of 95.4% within 30 min, good reusability in 5 cycles, and easiness of recycling. The successful preparation of such fascinating materials may open up new avenues for the design and development of soft TiO2-based membranes for various application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Song
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xueqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jianhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Nanofibers Research Center, Modern Textile Institute, Donghua University, Shanghai, 200051, China
| | - Jianyong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Nanofibers Research Center, Modern Textile Institute, Donghua University, Shanghai, 200051, China
| | - Gang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Bin Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China. .,Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China. .,Nanofibers Research Center, Modern Textile Institute, Donghua University, Shanghai, 200051, China.
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30
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Wang S, Shan Z, Huang H. The Mechanical Properties of Nanowires. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1600332. [PMID: 28435775 PMCID: PMC5396167 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Applications of nanowires into future generation nanodevices require a complete understanding of the mechanical properties of the nanowires. A great research effort has been made in the past two decades to understand the deformation physics and mechanical behaviors of nanowires, and to interpret the discrepancies between experimental measurements and theoretical predictions. This review focused on the characterization and understanding of the mechanical properties of nanowires, including elasticity, plasticity, anelasticity and strength. As the results from the previous literature in this area appear inconsistent, a critical evaluation of the characterization techniques and methodologies were presented. In particular, the size effects of nanowires on the mechanical properties and their deformation mechanisms were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Wang
- School of Mechanical and Mining EngineeringThe University of QueenslandAustralia
| | - Zhiwei Shan
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the NanoscaleXi'an Jiaotong UniversityChina
| | - Han Huang
- School of Mechanical and Mining EngineeringThe University of QueenslandAustralia
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31
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Wang X, Mao S, Zhang J, Li Z, Deng Q, Ning J, Yang X, Wang L, Ji Y, Li X, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Han X. MEMS Device for Quantitative In Situ Mechanical Testing in Electron Microscope. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6190302 DOI: 10.3390/mi8020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we designed a micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) device that allows simultaneous direct measurement of mechanical properties during deformation under external stress and characterization of the evolution of nanomaterial microstructure within a transmission electron microscope. This MEMS device makes it easy to establish the correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties of nanomaterials. The device uses piezoresistive sensors to measure the force and displacement of nanomaterials qualitatively, e.g., in wire and thin plate forms. The device has a theoretical displacement resolution of 0.19 nm and a force resolution of 2.1 μN. The device has a theoretical displacement range limit of 5.47 μm and a load range limit of 55.0 mN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.D.); (L.W.); (Y.J.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Chinese People’s Armed Police Force Academy, Langfang 065000, China
| | - Shengcheng Mao
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.D.); (L.W.); (Y.J.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (Y.L.); (X.H.); Tel.: +86-10-6739-6769 (S.M.); +61-8-6488-3132 (Y.L.); +86-10-6739-6087 (X.H.)
| | - Jianfei Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.D.); (L.W.); (Y.J.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.D.); (L.W.); (Y.J.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Qingsong Deng
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.D.); (L.W.); (Y.J.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jin Ning
- Research Center of Engineering for Semiconductor Integrated Technology, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Xudong Yang
- College of Electronic Information and Control Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China;
| | - Li Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.D.); (L.W.); (Y.J.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yuan Ji
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.D.); (L.W.); (Y.J.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Xiaochen Li
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.D.); (L.W.); (Y.J.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yinong Liu
- School of Mechanical and Chemical Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (Y.L.); (X.H.); Tel.: +86-10-6739-6769 (S.M.); +61-8-6488-3132 (Y.L.); +86-10-6739-6087 (X.H.)
| | - Ze Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.D.); (L.W.); (Y.J.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310008, China
| | - Xiaodong Han
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; (X.W.); (J.Z.); (Z.L.); (Q.D.); (L.W.); (Y.J.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (Y.L.); (X.H.); Tel.: +86-10-6739-6769 (S.M.); +61-8-6488-3132 (Y.L.); +86-10-6739-6087 (X.H.)
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32
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Strain Gradient Modulated Exciton Evolution and Emission in ZnO Fibers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40658. [PMID: 28084427 PMCID: PMC5234005 DOI: 10.1038/srep40658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One-dimensional semiconductor can undergo large deformation including stretching and bending. This homogeneous strain and strain gradient are an easy and effective way to tune the light emission properties and the performance of piezo-phototronic devices. Here, we report that with large strain gradients from 2.1–3.5% μm−1, free-exciton emission was intensified, and the free-exciton interaction (FXI) emission became a prominent FXI-band at the tensile side of the ZnO fiber. These led to an asymmetric variation in energy and intensity along the cross-section as well as a redshift of the total near-band-edge (NBE) emission. This evolution of the exciton emission was directly demonstrated using spatially resolved CL spectrometry combined with an in situ tensile-bending approach at liquid nitrogen temperature for individual fibers and nanowires. A distinctive mechanism of the evolution of exciton emission is proposed: the enhancement of the free-exciton-related emission is attributed to the aggregated free excitons and their interaction in the narrow bandgap in the presence of high bandgap gradients and a transverse piezoelectric field. These results might facilitate new approaches for energy conversion and sensing applications via strained nanowires and fibers.
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Abstract
Herein, electron beam-induced damage and recovery of a silicon thin film was investigatedin situ viatransmission electron microscopy (TEM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlin Qu
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Material
- Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
| | - Qingsong Deng
- Beijing Key Lab of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Material
- Institute of Microstructure and Property of Advanced Materials
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- China
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34
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Wang X, Li Z, Cao X, Wang Z, Li Z. Fabrication of a spontaneously bent ZnO nanowire with asymmetrical dots by UV irradiation. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06144g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A spontaneously bent ZnO nanowire which has asymmetrical dots on its edge was synthesised by UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)
- P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)
- P. R. China
| | - Xin Cao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)
- P. R. China
| | - Zhou Li
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST)
- P. R. China
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35
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Hu Y, Li J, Tian J, Xuan Y, Deng B, McNear KL, Lim DG, Chen Y, Yang C, Cheng GJ. Parallel Nanoshaping of Brittle Semiconductor Nanowires for Strained Electronics. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:7536-7544. [PMID: 27960457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires (SCNWs) provide a unique tunability of electro-optical property than their bulk counterparts (e.g., polycrystalline thin films) due to size effects. Nanoscale straining of SCNWs is desirable to enable new ways to tune the properties of SCNWs, such as electronic transport, band structure, and quantum properties. However, there are two bottlenecks to prevent the real applications of straining engineering of SCNWs: strainability and scalability. Unlike metallic nanowires which are highly flexible and mechanically robust for parallel shaping, SCNWs are brittle in nature and could easily break at strains slightly higher than their elastic limits. In addition, the ability to generate nanoshaping in large scale is limited with the current technologies, such as the straining of nanowires with sophisticated manipulators, nanocombing NWs with U-shaped trenches, or buckling NWs with prestretched elastic substrates, which are incompatible with semiconductor technology. Here we present a top-down fabrication methodology to achieve large scale nanoshaping of SCNWs in parallel with tunable elastic strains. This method utilizes nanosecond pulsed laser to generate shock pressure and conformably deform the SCNWs onto 3D-nanostructured silicon substrates in a scalable and ultrafast manner. A polymer dielectric nanolayer is integrated in the process for cushioning the high strain-rate deformation, suppressing the generation of dislocations or cracks, and providing self-preserving mechanism for elastic strain storage in SCNWs. The elastic strain limits have been studied as functions of laser intensity, dimensions of nanowires, and the geometry of nanomolds. As a result of 3D straining, the inhomogeneous elastic strains in GeNWs result in notable Raman peak shifts and broadening, which bring more tunability of the electrical-optical property in SCNWs than traditional strain engineering. We have achieved the first 3D nanostraining enhanced germanium field-effect transistors from GeNWs. Due to laser shock induced straining effect, a more than 2-fold hole mobility enhancement and a 120% transconductance enhancement are obtained from the fabricated back-gated field effect transistors. The presented nanoshaping of SCNWs provide new ways to manipulate nanomaterials with tunable electrical-optical properties and open up many opportunities for nanoelectronics, the nanoelectrical-mechanical system, and quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowu Hu
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ji Li
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jifa Tian
- Department of Physics, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yi Xuan
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Biwei Deng
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kelly L McNear
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Daw Gen Lim
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Physics, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Chen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Physics, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Gary J Cheng
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Structural Properties of Silicon Carbide Nano Structures Grown on Quartz Substrate Using CVD Method. THEOR EXP CHEM+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11237-016-9477-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yue Y, Zhang Q, Yang Z, Gong Q, Guo L. Study of the Mechanical Behavior of Radially Grown Fivefold Twinned Nanowires on the Atomic Scale. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:3503-3509. [PMID: 27231215 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In situ bending tests and dynamic modeling simulations are for the first time revealing the mechanical behavior of copper nanowires (NW) with radially grown fivefold twin structures on the atomic scale. Combining the simulations with the experimental results it is shown that both the twin boundaries (TBs) and the twin center act as dislocation sources. TB migration and L-locks are readily observed in these types of radially grown fivefold-twin structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghai Yue
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Institute of Solid Mechanics, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Qihua Gong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Lin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Energy Materials and Devices, School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
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38
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Han N, Yang ZX, Wang F, Yip S, Li D, Hung TF, Chen Y, Ho JC. Crystal Orientation Controlled Photovoltaic Properties of Multilayer GaAs Nanowire Arrays. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6283-90. [PMID: 27223050 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, despite significant progress in the synthesis, characterization, and integration of various nanowire (NW) material systems, crystal orientation controlled NW growth as well as real-time assessment of their growth-structure-property relationships still presents one of the major challenges in deploying NWs for practical large-scale applications. In this study, we propose, design, and develop a multilayer NW printing scheme for the determination of crystal orientation controlled photovoltaic properties of parallel GaAs NW arrays. By tuning the catalyst thickness and nucleation and growth temperatures in the two-step chemical vapor deposition, crystalline GaAs NWs with uniform, pure ⟨110⟩ and ⟨111⟩ orientations and other mixture ratios can be successfully prepared. Employing lift-off resists, three-layer NW parallel arrays can be easily attained for X-ray diffraction in order to evaluate their growth orientation along with the fabrication of NW parallel array based Schottky photovoltaic devices for the subsequent performance assessment. Notably, the open-circuit voltage of purely ⟨111⟩-oriented NW arrayed cells is far higher than that of ⟨110⟩-oriented NW arrayed counterparts, which can be interpreted by the different surface Fermi level pinning that exists on various NW crystal surface planes due to the different As dangling bond densities. All this indicates the profound effect of NW crystal orientation on physical and chemical properties of GaAs NWs, suggesting the careful NW design considerations for achieving optimal photovoltaic performances. The approach presented here could also serve as a versatile and powerful platform for in situ characterization of other NW materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Han
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zai-Xing Yang
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengyun Wang
- Cultivation Base for State Key Laboratory, Qingdao University , Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - SenPo Yip
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Dapan Li
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Tak Fu Hung
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfa Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Johnny C Ho
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong , Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China
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Wan N, Pan W, Lin T. Strain-induced growth of oriented graphene layers revealed by in situ transmission electron microscopy observation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16641-6. [PMID: 27150490 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01708h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We report on the observation of the strain-induced oriented alignment of graphene layers during the in situ 80 keV e-beam irradiation of an amorphous carbon structure using an aberration corrected (Cs-corrected) electron transmission microscope. E-beam irradiation promoted the amorphous-to-ordered structure transformation and contributed to the formation of small sized graphene flakes by local structure reconstruction. In the mean time, graphene flakes were driven to rotate and re-orient along the strain direction under the uni-axial stress conditions, which finally connected with each other and produced a high oriented structure. Our observations suggest that strain engineering could be an effective method in tuning the microstructure and properties especially in layer-structured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Wan
- SEU-FEI Nano Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronics Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Pan
- Laboratory of Condensed Matter Spectroscopy and Opto-Electronic Physics, and Key Laboratory of Artificial Structures and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Tao Lin
- School of Physical Science & Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory for Relativistic Astrophysics, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P. R. China
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Zhou Y, Marson RL, van Anders G, Zhu J, Ma G, Ercius P, Sun K, Yeom B, Glotzer SC, Kotov NA. Biomimetic Hierarchical Assembly of Helical Supraparticles from Chiral Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2016; 10:3248-56. [PMID: 26900920 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chiroptical materials found in butterflies, beetles, stomatopod crustaceans, and other creatures are attributed to biocomposites with helical motifs and multiscale hierarchical organization. These structurally sophisticated materials self-assemble from primitive nanoscale building blocks, a process that is simpler and more energy efficient than many top-down methods currently used to produce similarly sized three-dimensional materials. Here, we report that molecular-scale chirality of a CdTe nanoparticle surface can be translated to nanoscale helical assemblies, leading to chiroptical activity in the visible electromagnetic range. Chiral CdTe nanoparticles coated with cysteine self-organize around Te cores to produce helical supraparticles. D-/L-Form of the amino acid determines the dominant left/right helicity of the supraparticles. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations with a helical pair-potential confirm the assembly mechanism and the origin of its enantioselectivity, providing a framework for engineering three-dimensional chiral materials by self-assembly. The helical supraparticles further self-organize into lamellar crystals with liquid crystalline order, demonstrating the possibility of hierarchical organization and with multiple structural motifs and length scales determined by molecular-scale asymmetry of nanoparticle interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Zhou
- Wenzhou Institute of Biomaterials and Engineering, CNITECH.CAS-Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325011, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, the Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | - Bongjun Yeom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University , Yongin, Gyeonggido 17058, South Korea
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41
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Fu X, Liao ZM, Liu R, Lin F, Xu J, Zhu R, Zhong W, Liu Y, Guo W, Yu D. Strain Loading Mode Dependent Bandgap Deformation Potential in ZnO Micro/Nanowires. ACS NANO 2015; 9:11960-11967. [PMID: 26517647 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The electronic-mechanical coupling in semiconductor nanostructures under different strain loading modes can modulate their photoelectric properties in different manners. Here, we report the systematic investigation on the strain mode dependent bandgap deformation potential of ZnO micro/nanowires under both uniaxial tensile and bending strains at room temperature. Uniaxial stretching-photoluminescence results show that the deformation potential of the smaller ZnO nanowire (with diameter d = 260 nm) is -30.6 meV/%, and is close to the bulk value, whereas it deviates the bulk value and becomes to be -10.6 meV/% when the wire diameter is increased to d = 2 μm. This unconventional size dependence stems from surface effect induced inhomogeneous strain in the surface layer and the core of the ZnO micro/nanowires under uniaxial tension. For bending load mode, the in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscope analysis reveals that the local strain distributes linearly in the bending cross section. Further cathodoluminescence measurements on a bending ZnO microwire (d = 1.8 μm) demonstrate that the deformation potential is -27 meV/%, whose absolute value is much larger than that of the ZnO microwire under uniaxial tension. Further analysis reveals that the distinct deformation potentials originate from the different deforming modes in ZnO micro/nanowires under bending or uniaxial tensile strains. Our results should facilitate the design of flexible optoelectronic nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Min Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Ren Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Fang Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes for Optoelectric Information &Technology , Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yingkai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes for Optoelectric Information &Technology , Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Wanlin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures and Institute of Nano Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , 29 Yudao Street, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Dapeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Yunnan Higher Education Institutes for Optoelectric Information &Technology , Kunming 650500, P. R. China
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Chen Y, Gao Q, Wang Y, An X, Liao X, Mai YW, Tan HH, Zou J, Ringer SP, Jagadish C. Determination of Young's Modulus of Ultrathin Nanomaterials. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:5279-5283. [PMID: 26189461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the elastic modulus of nanostructures with sizes at several nm range is a challenge. In this study, we designed an experiment to measure the elastic modulus of amorphous Al2O3 films with thicknesses varying between 2 and 25 nm. The amorphous Al2O3 was in the form of a shell, wrapped around GaAs nanowires, thereby forming an effective core/shell structure. The GaAs core comprised a single crystal structure with a diameter of 100 nm. Combined in situ compression transmission electron microscopy and finite element analysis were used to evaluate the elastic modulus of the overall core/shell nanowires. A core/shell model was applied to deconvolute the elastic modulus of the Al2O3 shell from the core. The results indicate that the elastic modulus of amorphous Al2O3 increases significantly when the thickness of the layer is smaller than 5 nm. This novel nanoscale material can be attributed to the reconstruction of the bonding at the surface of the material, coupled with the increase of the surface-to-volume ratio with nanoscale dimensions. Moreover, the experimental technique and analysis methods presented in this study may be extended to measure the elastic modulus of other materials with dimensions of just several nanometers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang Gao
- ‡Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - H Hoe Tan
- ‡Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jin Zou
- §Materials Engineering and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Chennupati Jagadish
- ‡Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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43
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Xu T, Sun L. Dynamic In-Situ Experimentation on Nanomaterials at the Atomic Scale. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:3247-3262. [PMID: 25703228 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With the development of in situ techniques inside transmission electron microscopes (TEMs), external fields and probes can be applied to the specimen. This development transforms the TEM specimen chamber into a nanolab, in which reactions, structures, and properties can be activated or altered at the nanoscale, and all processes can be simultaneously recorded in real time with atomic resolution. Consequently, the capabilities of TEM are extended beyond static structural characterization to the dynamic observation of the changes in specimen structures or properties in response to environmental stimuli. This extension introduces new possibilities for understanding the relationships between structures, unique properties, and functions of nanomaterials at the atomic scale. Based on the idea of setting up a nanolab inside a TEM, tactics for design of in situ experiments inside the machine, as well as corresponding examples in nanomaterial research, including in situ growth, nanofabrication with atomic precision, in situ property characterization, and nanodevice construction are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
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44
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Andrievski RA. Nanostructured titanium, zirconium and hafnium diborides: the synthesis, properties, size effects and stability. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Hsin CL, Huang CW, Chen JY, Liao KC, Liu PL, Wu WW, Chen LJ. Direct Observation of Sublimation Behaviors in One-Dimensional In2Se3/In2O3 Nanoheterostructures. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5584-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Lun Hsin
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu
City, 300 Taiwan
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu
City, 30013 Taiwan
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City, 32001 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Huang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu
City, 300 Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yuan Chen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu
City, 300 Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Liao
- Graduate
Institute of Precision Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung
City, 402 Taiwan
| | - Po-Liang Liu
- Graduate
Institute of Precision Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung
City, 402 Taiwan
- Department
of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wen-Wei Wu
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu
City, 300 Taiwan
| | - Lih-Juann Chen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu
City, 30013 Taiwan
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46
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Wang S, Wu Y, Lin L, He Y, Huang H. Fracture strain of SiC nanowires and direct evidence of electron-beam induced amorphisation in the strained nanowires. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:1672-1676. [PMID: 25367627 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201402202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
SiC nanowires with diameters ranging from 29 to 270 nm exhibit an average strain of 5.5% with a maximum of up to 7.0%. The brittle fracture of the nano-wires being measured was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. This study demonstrates that amorphisation occurs in the stained SiC nanowires during normal TEM examination, which could be induced by electron irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliang Wang
- School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Physics and Electronics, State Key Laboratory for Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China
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47
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48
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Wei B, Ji Y, Han XD, Zhang Z, Zou J. Variation of exciton emissions of ZnO whiskers reversibly tuned by axial tensile strain. OPTICS EXPRESS 2014; 22:4000-4005. [PMID: 24663721 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.004000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Applying strain on semiconductors is a powerful method to modulate its electronic structures and optical properties. In this study, the behavior of liquid-nitrogen exciton emissions and the longitudinal optical phonon-exciton interactions of tensile strained [0001]-orientated ZnO whiskers were investigated using in situ cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. It has been found that, under the axial tensile strain, various exciton emissions shift to the long wavelength and their shifts have a linear relationship with the applied strain. This linear relationship and reversible shift suggest that the strain plays a dominating role in manipulating light emissions of axially strained ZnO whiskers.
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49
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50
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Chen B, Wang J, Gao Q, Chen Y, Liao X, Lu C, Tan HH, Mai YW, Zou J, Ringer SP, Gao H, Jagadish C. Strengthening brittle semiconductor nanowires through stacking faults: insights from in situ mechanical testing. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:4369-4373. [PMID: 23984872 DOI: 10.1021/nl402180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative mechanical testing of single-crystal GaAs nanowires was conducted using in situ deformation transmission electron microscopy. Both zinc-blende and wurtzite structured GaAs nanowires showed essentially elastic deformation until bending failure associated with buckling occurred. These nanowires fail at compressive stresses of ~5.4 GPa and 6.2 GPa, respectively, which are close to those values calculated by molecular dynamics simulations. Interestingly, wurtzite nanowires with a high density of stacking faults fail at a very high compressive stress of ~9.0 GPa, demonstrating that the nanowires can be strengthened through defect engineering. The reasons for the observed phenomenon are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney , Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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