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Wang H, Meyer SM, Murphy CJ, Chen YS, Zhao Y. Visualizing ultrafast photothermal dynamics with decoupled optical force nanoscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7267. [PMID: 37949867 PMCID: PMC10638245 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The photothermal effect in nanomaterials, resulting from resonant optical absorption, finds wide applications in biomedicine, cancer therapy, and microscopy. Despite its prevalence, the photothermal effect in light-absorbing nanoparticles has typically been assessed using bulk measurements, neglecting near-field effects. Beyond standard imaging and therapeutic uses, nanosecond-transient photothermal effects have been harnessed for bacterial inactivation, neural stimulation, drug delivery, and chemical synthesis. While scanning probe microscopy and electron microscopy offer single-particle imaging of photothermal fields, their slow speed limits observations to milliseconds or seconds, preventing nanoscale dynamic investigations. Here, we introduce decoupled optical force nanoscopy (Dofn), enabling nanometer-scale mapping of photothermal forces by exploiting unique phase responses to temporal modulation. We employ the photothermal effect's back-action to distinguish various time frames within a modulation period. This allows us to capture the dynamic photothermal process of a single gold nanorod in the nanosecond range, providing insights into non-stationary thermal diffusion at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Nick Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sean M Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Catherine J Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yun-Sheng Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Nick Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Nick Holonyak Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute of Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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2
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Nam K, Kim H, Park W, Ahn JS, Choi S. Probing the optical near-field of plasmonic nano structure using scanning thermal microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 34:105202. [PMID: 36562519 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aca90f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) enables to obtain thermal characteristic information such as temperature and thermal conductivity from the signals obtained by scanning a thermometer probe over a sample surface. Particularly, the precise control of the thermometer probe makes it possible to study near-field radiative heat transfer by measuring the near-field thermal energy, which implies that when light is used as a local heat source, photothermal energy can be detected from the optical near-field by approaching the probe in the near-field region. In this study, SThM is applied to generate sub-wavelength near-field optical image in the plasmonic grating coupler. Herein, by controlling the surface plasmon polariton generation, we show that the dominant component of SThM signal is from the optical response rather than the thermal response. The obtained near-field optical images have a spatial resolution of 40 nm and signal to noise ratio of up to 19.8. In addition, field propagation images in theZ-direction can be visualised with the precise control of the distance between the thermometer probe and the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiin Nam
- Department of Physics, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuntae Kim
- Department of Physics, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Woongkyu Park
- Medical & Bio Photonics Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute, Gwangju 61007, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sung Ahn
- Medical & Bio Photonics Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute, Gwangju 61007, Republic of Korea
| | - Soobong Choi
- Department of Physics, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
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3
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Schwartz JJ, Pavlidis G, Centrone A. Understanding Cantilever Transduction Efficiency and Spatial Resolution in Nanoscale Infrared Microscopy. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13126-13135. [PMID: 36099442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal induced resonance (PTIR), also known as AFM-IR, enables nanoscale infrared (IR) imaging and spectroscopy by using the tip of an atomic force microscope to transduce the local photothermal expansion and contraction of a sample. The signal transduction efficiency and spatial resolution of PTIR depend on a multitude of sample, cantilever, and illumination source parameters in ways that are not yet well understood. Here, we elucidate and separate the effects of laser pulse length, pulse shape, sample thermalization time (τ), interfacial thermal conductance, and cantilever detection frequency by devising analytical and numerical models that link a sample's photothermal excitations to the cantilever dynamics over a broad bandwidth (10 MHz). The models indicate that shorter laser pulses excite probe oscillations over broader bandwidths and should be preferred for measuring samples with shorter thermalization times. Furthermore, we show that the spatial resolution critically depends on the interfacial thermal conductance between dissimilar materials and improves monotonically, but not linearly, with increasing cantilever detection frequencies. The resolution can be enhanced for samples that do not fully thermalize between pulses (i.e., laser repetition rates ≳ 1/3τ) as the probed depth becomes smaller than the film thickness. We believe that the insights presented here will accelerate the adoption and impact of PTIR analyses across a wide range of applications by informing experimental designs and measurement strategies as well as by guiding future technical advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Schwartz
- Laboratory for Physical Sciences, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States.,Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Georges Pavlidis
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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4
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Schwartz JJ, Jakob DS, Centrone A. A guide to nanoscale IR spectroscopy: resonance enhanced transduction in contact and tapping mode AFM-IR. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5248-5267. [PMID: 35616225 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00095d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is a broadly applicable, composition sensitive analytical technique. By leveraging the high spatial resolution of atomic force microscopy (AFM), the photothermal effect, and wavelength-tunable lasers, AFM-IR enables IR spectroscopy and imaging with nanoscale (< 10 nm) resolution. The transduction of a sample's photothermal expansion by an AFM probe tip ensures the proportionality between the AFM-IR signal and the sample absorption coefficient, producing images and spectra that are comparable to far-field IR databases and easily interpreted. This convergence of characteristics has spurred robust research efforts to extend AFM-IR capabilities and, in parallel, has enabled AFM-IR to impact numerous fields. In this tutorial review, we present the latest technical breakthroughs in AFM-IR spectroscopy and imaging and discuss its working principles, distinctive characteristics, and best practices for different AFM-IR measurement paradigms. Central to this review, appealing to both expert practitioners and novices alike, is the meticulous understanding of AFM-IR signal transduction, which is essential to take full advantage of AFM-IR capabilities. Here, we critically compile key information and discuss instructive experiments detailing AFM-IR signal transduction and provide guidelines linking experimental parameters to the measurement sensitivity, lateral resolution, and probed depth. Additionally, we provide in-depth tutorials on the most employed AFM-IR variants (resonance-enhanced and tapping mode AFM-IR), discussing technical details and representative applications. Finally, we briefly review recently developed AFM-IR modalities (peak force tapping IR and surface sensitivity mode) and provide insights on the next exciting opportunities and prospects for this fast-growing and evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Schwartz
- Laboratory for Physical Sciences, College Park, MD 20740, USA.,Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
| | - Devon S Jakob
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA. .,Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, 3700 O St., NW Washington D.C., 20057, USA
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
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5
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Zeng Q, Huang Q, Wang H, Li C, Fan Z, Chen D, Cheng Y, Zeng K. Breaking the Fundamental Limitations of Nanoscale Ferroelectric Characterization: Non-Contact Heterodyne Electrostrain Force Microscopy. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100639. [PMID: 34927968 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Perceiving nanoscale ferroelectric phenomena from real space is of great importance for elucidating underlying ferroelectric physics. During the past decades, nanoscale ferroelectric characterization has mainly relied on the Piezoresponse Force Microscopy (PFM) invented in 1992, however, the fundamental limitations of PFM have made the nanoscale ferroelectric studies encounter significant bottlenecks. In this study, a high-resolution non-contact ferroelectric measurement, named Non-Contact Heterodyne Electrostrain Force Microscopy (NC-HEsFM), is introduced. It is demonstrated that NC-HEsFM can operate on multiple eigenmodes to perform ideal high-resolution ferroelectric domain mapping, standard ferroelectric hysteresis loop measurement, and controllable domain manipulation. By using a quartz tuning fork (QTF) sensor, multi-frequency operation, and heterodyne detection schemes, NC-HEsFM achieves a real non-contact yet non-destructive ferroelectric characterization with negligible electrostatic force effect and hence breaks the fundamental limitations of the conventional PFM. It is believed that NC-HEsFM can be extensively used in various ferroelectric or piezoelectric studies with providing substantially improved characterization performance. Meanwhile, the QTF-based force detection makes NC-HEsFM highly compatible for high-vacuum and low-temperature environments, providing ideal conditions for investigating the intrinsic ferroelectric phenomena with the possibility of achieving an atomically resolved ferroelectric characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Zeng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
| | - Qicheng Huang
- Institute for Advanced Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- The Key Lab of Guangdong for Modern Surface Engineering Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Materials Surface Engineering Technology, Institute of New Materials, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
| | - Caiwen Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhen Fan
- Institute for Advanced Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Deyang Chen
- Institute for Advanced Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Institute of High-Performance Computing, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, 138632, Singapore
- Monash Suzhou Research Institute, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Kaiyang Zeng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- NUS (Suzhou) Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou, 215123, China
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Pavlidis G, Schwartz JJ, Matson J, Folland T, Liu S, Edgar JH, Caldwell JD, Centrone A. Experimental confirmation of long hyperbolic polariton lifetimes in monoisotopic ( 10B) hexagonal boron nitride at room temperature. APL MATERIALS 2021; 9:10.1063/5.0061941. [PMID: 37720466 PMCID: PMC10502608 DOI: 10.1063/5.0061941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) enable strong confinements, low losses, and intrinsic beam steering capabilities determined by the refractive index anisotropy-providing opportunities from hyperlensing to flat optics and other applications. Here, two scanning-probe techniques, photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) and scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM), are used to map infrared ( 6.4 - 7.4 μ m ) HPhPs in large (up to 120 × 250 μ m 2 near-monoisotopic > 99 % B 10 ) hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) flakes. Wide ( ≈ 40 μ m ) PTIR and s-SNOM scans on such large flakes avoid interference from polaritons launched from different asperities (edges, folds, surface defects, etc.) and together with Fourier analyses 0.05 μ m - 1 resolution) enable precise measurements of HPhP lifetimes (up to ≈ 4.2 p s and propagation lengths (up to ≈ 25 and ≈ 17 μ m for the first- and second-order branches, respectively). With respect to naturally abundant hBN, we report an eightfold improved, record-high (for hBN) propagating figure of merit (i.e., with both high confinement and long lifetime) in ≈ 99 % B 10 hBN, achieving, finally, theoretically predicted values. We show that wide near-field scans critically enable accurate estimates of the polaritons' lifetimes and propagation lengths and that the incidence angle of light, with respect to both the sample plane and the flake edge, needs to be considered to extract correctly the dispersion relation from the near-field polaritons maps. Overall, the measurements and data analyses employed here elucidate details pertaining to polaritons' propagation in isotopically enriched hBN and pave the way for developing high-performance HPhP-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Pavlidis
- Nanoscale Spectroscopy Group, Physical Measurement Laboratory, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Schwartz
- Nanoscale Spectroscopy Group, Physical Measurement Laboratory, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Joseph Matson
- Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Thomas Folland
- Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Song Liu
- Tim Taylor Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - James H. Edgar
- Tim Taylor Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Josh D. Caldwell
- Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Nanoscale Spectroscopy Group, Physical Measurement Laboratory, NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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7
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Schwartz JJ, Le ST, Krylyuk S, Richter CA, Davydov AV, Centrone A. Substrate-mediated hyperbolic phonon polaritons in MoO 3. NANOPHOTONICS 2021; 10:10.1515/nanoph-2020-0640. [PMID: 36451975 PMCID: PMC9706547 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2020-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) are hybrid excitations of light and coherent lattice vibrations that exist in strongly optically anisotropic media, including two-dimensional materials (e.g., MoO3). These polaritons propagate through the material's volume with long lifetimes, enabling novel mid-infrared nanophotonic applications by compressing light to sub-diffractional dimensions. Here, the dispersion relations and HPhP lifetimes (up to ≈12 ps) in single-crystalline α-MoO3 are determined by Fourier analysis of real-space, nanoscale-resolution polariton images obtained with the photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) technique. Measurements of MoO3 crystals deposited on periodic gratings show longer HPhPs propagation lengths and lifetimes (≈2×), and lower optical compressions, in suspended regions compared with regions in direct contact with the substrate. Additionally, PTIR data reveal MoO3 subsurface defects, which have a negligible effect on HPhP propagation, as well as polymeric contaminants localized under parts of the MoO3 crystals, which are derived from sample preparation. This work highlights the ability to engineer substrate-defined nanophotonic structures from layered anisotropic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Schwartz
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Son T. Le
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Theiss Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sergiy Krylyuk
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Curt A. Richter
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Albert V. Davydov
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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Yin H, Li N, Si Y, Zhang H, Yang B, Wang J. Gold nanonails for surface-enhanced infrared absorption. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:1200-1212. [PMID: 32578657 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00244e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) can dramatically enhance the vibrational signals of analyte molecules owing to the interaction between plasmons and molecular vibrations. It has huge potential for applications in various detection and diagnostic fields. High-aspect-ratio rod-like metal nanostructures have been the most widely studied nanomaterials for SEIRA. However, nearly all of the rod-like nanostructures reported previously are fabricated using physical methods. They suffer from damping and low areal number densities. In this work, high-aspect-ratio Au nanorods are synthesized, and Au nanonails are prepared through Au overgrowth on the as-prepared Au nanorods. The aspect ratios of the Au nanorods and nanonails can be varied in the range of ∼10 to ∼60, and their longitudinal dipolar plasmon resonance wavelengths can be correspondingly tailored from ∼1.6 to ∼8.3 μm. The Au nanonails exhibit superior SEIRA performance with 4-aminothiophenol used as the probe molecules. They are further used to detect the common biomolecule l-cysteine. Numerical simulations are further performed to understand the experimental results. They match well with the experimental observations, revealing the mechanism of the SEIRA enhancement. Our study demonstrates that colloidal high-aspect-ratio Au nanonails and nanorods can function as SEIRA nanoantennas for highly sensitive molecular detection in various situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yin
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanocomposites and Applications, Institute of Nanostructured Functional Materials, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, Henan 450006, China.
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9
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Gallacher K, Millar RW, Paul DJ, Frigerio J, Ballabio A, Isella G, Rusconi F, Biagioni P, Giliberti V, Sorgi A, Baldassarre L, Ortolani M. Characterization of integrated waveguides by atomic-force-microscopy-assisted mid-infrared imaging and spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:22186-22199. [PMID: 32752485 DOI: 10.1364/oe.393748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel spectroscopy technique to enable the rapid characterization of discrete mid-infrared integrated photonic waveguides is demonstrated. The technique utilizes lithography patterned polymer blocks that absorb light strongly within the molecular fingerprint region. These act as integrated waveguide detectors when combined with an atomic force microscope that measures the photothermal expansion when infrared light is guided to the block. As a proof of concept, the technique is used to experimentally characterize propagation loss and grating coupler response of Ge-on-Si waveguides at wavelengths from 6 to 10 µm. In addition, when the microscope is operated in scanning mode at fixed wavelength, the guided mode exiting the output facet is imaged with a lateral resolution better than 500 nm i.e. below the diffraction limit. The characterization technique can be applied to any mid-infrared waveguide platform and can provide non-destructive in-situ testing of discrete waveguide components.
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Kurouski D, Dazzi A, Zenobi R, Centrone A. Infrared and Raman chemical imaging and spectroscopy at the nanoscale. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:3315-3347. [PMID: 32424384 PMCID: PMC7675782 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00916c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The advent of nanotechnology, and the need to understand the chemical composition at the nanoscale, has stimulated the convergence of IR and Raman spectroscopy with scanning probe methods, resulting in new nanospectroscopy paradigms. Here we review two such methods, namely photothermal induced resonance (PTIR), also known as AFM-IR and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS). AFM-IR and TERS fundamentals will be reviewed in detail together with their recent crucial advances. The most recent applications, now spanning across materials science, nanotechnology, biology, medicine, geology, optics, catalysis, art conservation and other fields are also discussed. Even though AFM-IR and TERS have developed independently and have initially targeted different applications, rapid innovation in the last 5 years has pushed the performance of these, in principle spectroscopically complimentary, techniques well beyond initial expectations, thus opening new opportunities for their convergence. Therefore, subtle differences and complementarity will be highlighted together with emerging trends and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Kurouski
- Department Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 2128 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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11
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Far-field midinfrared superresolution imaging and spectroscopy of single high aspect ratio gold nanowires. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2288-2293. [PMID: 31964821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916433117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited approaches exist for imaging and recording spectra of individual nanostructures in the midinfrared region. Here we use infrared photothermal heterodyne imaging (IR-PHI) to interrogate single, high aspect ratio Au nanowires (NWs). Spectra recorded between 2,800 and 4,000 cm-1 for 2.5-3.9-μm-long NWs reveal a series of resonances due to the Fabry-Pérot modes of the NWs. Crucially, IR-PHI images show structure that reflects the spatial distribution of the NW absorption, and allow the resonances to be assigned to the m = 3 and m = 4 Fabry-Pérot modes. This far-field optical measurement has been used to image the mode structure of plasmon resonances in metal nanostructures, and is made possible by the superresolution capabilities of IR-PHI. The linewidths in the NW spectra range from 35 to 75 meV and, in several cases, are significantly below the limiting values predicted by the bulk Au Drude damping parameter. These linewidths imply long dephasing times, and are attributed to reduction in both radiation damping and resistive heating effects in the NWs. Compared to previous imaging studies of NW Fabry-Pérot modes using electron microscopy or near-field optical scanning techniques, IR-PHI experiments are performed under ambient conditions, enabling detailed studies of how the environment affects mid-IR plasmons.
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12
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Ramer G, Tuteja M, Matson JR, Davanco M, Folland TG, Kretinin A, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Novoselov KS, Caldwell JD, Centrone A. High- Q dark hyperbolic phonon-polaritons in hexagonal boron nitride nanostructures. NANOPHOTONICS 2020; 9:10.1515/nanoph-2020-0048. [PMID: 33365225 PMCID: PMC7754710 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2020-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The anisotropy of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) gives rise to hyperbolic phonon-polaritons (HPhPs), notable for their volumetric frequency-dependent propagation and strong confinement. For frustum (truncated nanocone) structures, theory predicts five, high-order HPhPs, sets, but only one set was observed previously with far-field reflectance and scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy. In contrast, the photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) technique has recently permitted sampling of the full HPhP dispersion and observing such elusive predicted modes; however, the mechanism underlying PTIR sensitivity to these weakly-scattering modes, while critical to their understanding, has not yet been clarified. Here, by comparing conventional contact- and newly developed tapping-mode PTIR, we show that the PTIR sensitivity to those weakly-scattering, high-Q (up to ≈280) modes is, contrary to a previous hypothesis, unrelated to the probe operation (contact or tapping) and is instead linked to PTIR ability to detect tip-launched dark, volumetrically-confined polaritons, rather than nanostructure-launched HPhPs modes observed by other techniques. Furthermore, we show that in contrast with plasmons and surface phonon-polaritons, whose Q-factors and optical cross-sections are typically degraded by the proximity of other nanostructures, the high-Q HPhP resonances are preserved even in high-density hBN frustum arrays, which is useful in sensing and quantum emission applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Ramer
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA; Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Mohit Tuteja
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA; Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Joseph R. Matson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 101 Olin Hall, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Marcelo Davanco
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Thomas G. Folland
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 101 Olin Hall, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Andrey Kretinin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Maniki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Maniki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kostya S. Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK; Chongqing 2D Materials Institute, Liangjiang New Area, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Joshua D. Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 101 Olin Hall, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
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13
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Kazuma E, Kim Y. Scanning probe microscopy for real-space observations of local chemical reactions induced by a localized surface plasmon. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:19720-19731. [PMID: 31332407 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02100k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Localised surface plasmon (LSP) resonance has attracted considerable attention in recent years as an efficient driving force for chemical reactions. The chemical reactions induced by LSP are classified into two types, namely, redox reactions based on plasmon-induced charge separation (PICS) and chemical reactions induced by the direct interaction between LSP and molecules (plasmon-induced chemical reactions). Although both types of reactions have been extensively studied, the mechanisms of PICS and plasmon-induced chemical reactions remain unexplained and controversial because conventional macroscopic methods can hardly grasp the local chemical reactions induced by LSP. In order to obtain mechanistic insights, nanoscale observations and investigations are necessary. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a powerful experimental tool to investigate not only the surface morphology but also the physical and chemical properties of samples at a high spatial resolution. In this perspective review, we first explain SPM combined with optical excitation, and then, review the recent studies using SPM techniques for real-space observations of the chemical reactions induced by LSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Kazuma
- Surface and Interface Science Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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14
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Chen X, Hu D, Mescall R, You G, Basov DN, Dai Q, Liu M. Modern Scattering-Type Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy for Advanced Material Research. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1804774. [PMID: 30932221 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Infrared and optical spectroscopy represents one of the most informative methods in advanced materials research. As an important branch of modern optical techniques that has blossomed in the past decade, scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) promises deterministic characterization of optical properties over a broad spectral range at the nanoscale. It allows ultrabroadband optical (0.5-3000 µm) nanoimaging, and nanospectroscopy with fine spatial (<10 nm), spectral (<1 cm-1 ), and temporal (<10 fs) resolution. The history of s-SNOM is briefly introduced and recent advances which broaden the horizons of this technique in novel material research are summarized. In particular, this includes the pioneering efforts to study the nanoscale electrodynamic properties of plasmonic metamaterials, strongly correlated quantum materials, and polaritonic systems at room or cryogenic temperatures. Technical details, theoretical modeling, and new experimental methods are also discussed extensively, aiming to identify clear technology trends and unsolved challenges in this exciting field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhong Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Debo Hu
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ryan Mescall
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Guanjun You
- Shanghai Key Lab of Modern Optical Systems and Engineering Research Center of Optical Instrument and System, Ministry of Education, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Qing Dai
- Division of Nanophotonics, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
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15
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Wieland K, Ramer G, Weiss VU, Allmaier G, Lendl B, Centrone A. Nanoscale Chemical Imaging of Individual, Chemotherapeutic Cytarabine-loaded Liposomal Nanocarriers. NANO RESEARCH 2019; 12:10.1007/s12274-018-2202-x. [PMID: 31275527 PMCID: PMC6604632 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-018-2202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dosage of chemotherapeutic drugs is a tradeoff between efficacy and side-effects. Liposomes are nanocarriers that increase therapy efficacy and minimize side-effects by delivering otherwise difficult to administer therapeutics with improved efficiency and selectivity. Still, variabilities in liposome preparation require assessing drug encapsulation efficiency at the single liposome level, an information that, for non-fluorescent therapeutic cargos, is inaccessible due to the minute drug load per liposome. Photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) provides nanoscale compositional specificity, up to now, by leveraging an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip contacting the sample to transduce the sample's photothermal expansion. However, on soft samples (e.g. liposomes) PTIR effectiveness is reduced due to the likelihood of tip-induced sample damage and inefficient AFM transduction. Here, individual liposomes loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug cytarabine are deposited intact from suspension via nES-GEMMA (nano-electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis) collection and characterized at the nanoscale with the chemically-sensitive PTIR method. A new tapping-mode PTIR imaging paradigm based on heterodyne detection is shown to be better adapted to measure soft samples, yielding cytarabine distribution in individual liposomes and enabling classification of empty and drug-loaded liposomes. The measurements highlight PTIR capability to detect ≈ 103 cytarabine molecules (≈ 1.7 zmol) label-free and non-destructively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Wieland
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics. Research Division Environmental, Process Analytics and Sensors, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Georg Ramer
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics. Research Division Instrumental and Imaging Analytical Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Guenter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics. Research Division Instrumental and Imaging Analytical Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics. Research Division Environmental, Process Analytics and Sensors, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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16
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Li C, Krachmalnicoff V, Bouchon P, Jaeck J, Bardou N, Haïdar R, De Wilde Y. Near-Field and Far-Field Thermal Emission of an Individual Patch Nanoantenna. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:243901. [PMID: 30608759 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.243901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The far-field spectral and near-field spatial responses of an individual metal-insulator-metal nanoantenna are reported, using thermal fluctuations as an internal source of the electromagnetic field. The far-field spectra, obtained by combining Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with spatial modulation based on a light falloff effect in a confocal geometry, have revealed two distinct emission peaks attributed to the excitation of the fundamental mode of the nanoantenna at two distinct wavelengths. Superresolved near-field images of the thermally excited mode have been obtained by thermal radiation scanning tunneling microscopy. Experimental results are supported by numerical simulations showing that it is possible to excite the same mode at different wavelengths near a resonance of the insulating dielectric material forming the antenna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Li
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 1 rue Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
- DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91123 Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Patrick Bouchon
- DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91123 Palaiseau, France
| | - Julien Jaeck
- DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91123 Palaiseau, France
| | - Nathalie Bardou
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Vauve, F-91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Riad Haïdar
- DOTA, ONERA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91123 Palaiseau, France
| | - Yannick De Wilde
- Institut Langevin, ESPCI Paris, PSL University, CNRS, 1 rue Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France
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17
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Tuteja M, Kang M, Leal C, Centrone A. Nanoscale partitioning of paclitaxel in hybrid lipid-polymer membranes. Analyst 2018; 143:3808-3813. [PMID: 29878001 PMCID: PMC6215448 DOI: 10.1039/c8an00838h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Paclitaxel is a powerful drug against restenosis and many forms of cancer. However, its clinical application hinges on the ability to achieve suitable stabilized drug concentrations in an aqueous suspension while hindering drug crystallization. To engineer such formulations, it is imperative to understand paclitaxel's partitioning and crystallization within the carrier matrix. Lipid-polymer hybrid films have been recently shown to accommodate large paclitaxel loads and suppress crystallization. Additionally, such hybrid materials promote synergistic drug release compared to the pure constituents. Here, we leverage the composition sensitive photo-thermal induced resonance (PTIR) technique to study paclitaxel partitioning within hybrid films at the nanoscale. PTIR data reveal that paclitaxel nano-crystals segregate from lipid-only films but are well dispersed in polymer-only films. Remarkably, lipid-polymer hybrid films show enhanced partitioning of paclitaxel at the lipid-polymer phase boundaries, but still stifle crystallization, thus paving the way towards compositional and microstructural engineering of small-drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Tuteja
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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18
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Ramer G, Ruggeri FS, Levin A, Knowles TPJ, Centrone A. Determination of Polypeptide Conformation with Nanoscale Resolution in Water. ACS NANO 2018; 12:6612-6619. [PMID: 29932670 PMCID: PMC11404133 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The folding and acquisition of proteins native structure is central to all biological processes of life. By contrast, protein misfolding can lead to toxic amyloid aggregates formation, linked to the onset of neurodegenerative disorders. To shed light on the molecular basis of protein function and malfunction, it is crucial to access structural information on single protein assemblies and aggregates under native conditions. Yet, current conformation-sensitive spectroscopic methods lack the spatial resolution and sensitivity necessary for characterizing heterogeneous protein aggregates in solution. To overcome this limitation, here we use photothermal-induced resonance to demonstrate that it is possible to acquire nanoscale infrared spectra in water with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Using this approach, we probe supramolecular aggregates of diphenylalanine, the core recognition module of the Alzheimer's β-amyloid peptide, and its derivative Boc-diphenylalanine. We achieve nanoscale resolved IR spectra and maps in air and water with comparable SNR and lateral resolution, thus enabling accurate identification of the chemical and structural state of morphologically similar networks at the single aggregate ( i. e., fibril) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Ramer
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | | | - Aviad Levin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics , University of Cambridge , J J Thomson Avenue , Cambridge CB3 0HE , United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
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19
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Hinrichs K, Shaykhutdinov T. Polarization-Dependent Atomic Force Microscopy-Infrared Spectroscopy (AFM-IR): Infrared Nanopolarimetric Analysis of Structure and Anisotropy of Thin Films and Surfaces. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 72:817-832. [PMID: 29652171 DOI: 10.1177/0003702818763604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Infrared techniques enable nondestructive and label-free studies of thin films with high chemical and structural contrast. In this work, we review recent progress and perspectives in the nanoscale analysis of anisotropic materials using an extended version of the atomic force microscopy-infrared (AFM-IR) technique. This advanced photothermal technique, includes polarization control of the incoming light and bridges the gap in IR spectroscopic analysis of local anisotropic material properties. Such local anisotropy occurs in a wide range of materials during molecular nucleation, aggregation, and crystallization processes. However, analysis of the anisotropy in morphology and structure can be experimentally and theoretically demanding as it is related to order and disorder processes in ranges from nanoscopic to macroscopic length scales, depending on preparation and environmental conditions. In this context IR techniques can significantly assist as IR spectra can be interpreted in the framework of optical models and numerical calculations with respect to both, the present chemical conditions as well as the micro- and nanostructure. With these extraordinary analytic possibilities, the advanced AFM-IR approach is an essential puzzle piece in direction to connect nanoscale and macroscale anisotropic thin film properties experimentally. In this review, we highlight the analytic possibilities of AFM-IR for studies on nanoscale anisotropy with a set of examples for polymer, plasmonic, and polaritonic films, as well as aggregates of large molecules and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Hinrichs
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS e.V., Berlin, Germany
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20
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Tumkur T, Yang X, Zhang C, Yang J, Zhang Y, Naik GV, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Wavelength-Dependent Optical Force Imaging of Bimetallic Al-Au Heterodimers. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:2040-2046. [PMID: 29436231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many important applications of nanometer-scale metallic complexes arise from the light-induced, near-field interactions between their component structures. Here we examine the near-field interactions in bimetallic Al-Au plasmonic nanodisk heterodimers, where the coupling between the primitive plasmons of nanostructures composed of two different metals is studied. Understanding the correlations between nanoparticle morphology and near-field optical properties, particularly for nanostructures composed of two different metals, requires spectrally resolved near-field spatial information. An ideal tool for such investigations is the recently developed photoinduced force microscopy, where the electromagnetic forces between an optically excited plasmonic nanostructure and an adjacent scanning nanoscale tip are measured. Using this approach, we visualize the wavelength-dependent near-field interactions in these bimetallic heterodimers. This system provides a prime example of the diabatic, antenna-reactor picture of plasmon coupling where for a given wavelength the more resonant primitive "driving" plasmon induces a response, the "forced" plasmon, in the off-resonant component. We critically examine spectrally resolved tip-nanostructure forces, comparing experiment with theory, for tips and nanoscale structures of realistic dimensions relative to frequently used approximations for tip geometries. The contrasting effects of dielectric versus metallic tips on acquired spectral force profiles are also examined.
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21
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Brown LV, Davanco M, Sun Z, Kretinin A, Chen Y, Matson JR, Vurgaftman I, Sharac N, Giles A, Fogler MM, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Novoselov KS, Maier SA, Centrone A, Caldwell JD. Nanoscale Mapping and Spectroscopy of Nonradiative Hyperbolic Modes in Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanostructures. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1628-1636. [PMID: 29451802 PMCID: PMC6140337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b04476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The inherent crystal anisotropy of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) provides the ability to support hyperbolic phonon polaritons, that is, polaritons that can propagate with very large wave vectors within the material volume, thereby enabling optical confinement to exceedingly small dimensions. Indeed, previous research has shown that nanometer-scale truncated nanocone hBN cavities, with deep subdiffractional dimensions, support three-dimensionally confined optical modes in the mid-infrared. Because of optical selection rules, only a few of the many theoretically predicted modes have been observed experimentally via far-field reflection and scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM). The photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) technique probes optical and vibrational resonances overcoming weak far-field emission by leveraging an atomic force microscope (AFM) probe to transduce local sample expansion caused by light absorption. Here we show that PTIR enables the direct observation of previously unobserved, dark hyperbolic modes of hBN nanostructures. Leveraging these optical modes and their wide range of angular and radial momenta could provide a new degree of control over the electromagnetic near-field concentration, polarization in nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa V. Brown
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Marcelo Davanco
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- Dept. Physics, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Andrey Kretinin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Yiguo Chen
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576
| | - Joseph R. Matson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 101 Olin Hall, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
| | - Igor Vurgaftman
- US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave S.W., Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | | | - Alexander Giles
- US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave S.W., Washington, DC 20375 USA
| | - Michael M. Fogler
- Dept. Physics, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Maniki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Maniki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Kostya S. Novoselov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Stefan A. Maier
- The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Fakultät für Physik, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität München, 80799 München, Germany
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - Joshua D. Caldwell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 101 Olin Hall, Nashville, TN 37212 USA
- US Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave S.W., Washington, DC 20375 USA
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22
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Perez-Guaita D, Kochan K, Batty M, Doerig C, Garcia-Bustos J, Espinoza S, McNaughton D, Heraud P, Wood BR. Multispectral Atomic Force Microscopy-Infrared Nano-Imaging of Malaria Infected Red Blood Cells. Anal Chem 2018; 90:3140-3148. [PMID: 29327915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy-infrared (AFM-IR) spectroscopy is a powerful new technique that can be applied to study molecular composition of cells and tissues at the nanoscale. AFM-IR maps are acquired using a single wavenumber value: they show either the absorbance plotted against a single wavenumber value or a ratio of two absorbance values. Here, we implement multivariate image analysis to generate multivariate AFM-IR maps and use this approach to resolve subcellular structural information in red blood cells infected with Plasmodium falciparum at different stages of development. This was achieved by converting the discrete spectral points into a multispectral line spectrum prior to multivariate image reconstruction. The approach was used to generate compositional maps of subcellular structures in the parasites, including the food vacuole, lipid inclusions, and the nucleus, on the basis of the intensity of hemozoin, hemoglobin, lipid, and DNA IR marker bands, respectively. Confocal Raman spectroscopy was used to validate the presence of hemozoin in the regions identified by the AFM-IR technique. The high spatial resolution of AFM-IR combined with hyperspectral modeling enables the direct detection of subcellular components, without the need for cell sectioning or immunological/biochemical staining. Multispectral-AFM-IR thus has the capacity to probe the phenotype of the malaria parasite during its intraerythrocytic development. This enables novel approaches to studying the mode of action of antimalarial drugs and the phenotypes of drug-resistant parasites, thus contributing to the development of diagnostic and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Perez-Guaita
- Centre for Biospectroscopy , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Kamila Kochan
- Centre for Biospectroscopy , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Mitchell Batty
- Department of Microbiology and Infection & Immunity, Program Monash, Biomedicine Discovery Institute , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Christian Doerig
- Department of Microbiology and Infection & Immunity, Program Monash, Biomedicine Discovery Institute , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Jose Garcia-Bustos
- Department of Microbiology and Infection & Immunity, Program Monash, Biomedicine Discovery Institute , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Shirly Espinoza
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics , Czech Academy of Science , Na Slovance 2 , 18221 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Don McNaughton
- Centre for Biospectroscopy , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Phil Heraud
- Centre for Biospectroscopy , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Infection & Immunity, Program Monash, Biomedicine Discovery Institute , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
| | - Bayden R Wood
- Centre for Biospectroscopy , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria 3800 , Australia
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23
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Ramer G, Aksyuk VA, Centrone A. Quantitative Chemical Analysis at the Nanoscale Using the Photothermal Induced Resonance Technique. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13524-13531. [PMID: 29165992 PMCID: PMC5841475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photothermal induced resonance (PTIR), also known as AFM-IR, is a scanning probe technique that provides sample composition information with a lateral resolution down to 20 nm. Interest in PTIR stems from its ability to identify unknown samples at the nanoscale thanks, in first approximation, to the direct comparability of PTIR spectra with far-field infrared databases. The development of rapidly tuning quantum cascade lasers has increased the PTIR throughput considerably, making nanoscale hyperspectral imaging within a reasonable time frame possible. Consequently, a better understanding of PTIR signal generation and of the fine details of PTIR analysis has become of paramount importance for extending complex IR analysis methods developed in the far-field, e.g., for classification and hyperspectral imaging, to nanoscale PTIR spectra. Here we calculate PTIR spectra via thin-film optics, to identify subtle changes (band shifts, deviation from linear approximation, etc.) for common sample parameters in the case of PTIR with total internal reflection illumination. Results show signal intensity linearity and small band shifts as long as the sample is prepared correctly, with band shifts typically smaller than macroscale attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy. Finally, a generally applicable algorithm to retrieve the pure imaginary component of the refractive index (i.e., the chemically specific information) is provided to overcome the PTIR spectra nonlinearity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Ramer
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Vladimir A. Aksyuk
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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24
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Rosenberger MR, Wang MC, Xie X, Rogers JA, Nam S, King WP. Measuring individual carbon nanotubes and single graphene sheets using atomic force microscope infrared spectroscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:355707. [PMID: 28656907 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa7c23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Rosenberger
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W. Green St., Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America
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25
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Ramer G, Reisenbauer F, Steindl B, Tomischko W, Lendl B. Implementation of Resonance Tracking for Assuring Reliability in Resonance Enhanced Photothermal Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:2013-2020. [PMID: 28756704 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817695290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal-induced resonance (PTIR) is a method for optical spectroscopy that allows for infrared (IR) chemical imaging at spatial resolution below the limit of diffraction. By using the mechanical resonance of the cantilever for amplification the technique has been shown to allow sensitivity down to single monolayers. In this work, we discuss the challenges that must be overcome for performing stable resonant PTIR measurements and how imprecise experimental procedures can lead to irreproducible or even erroneous results. We also present a controller design that continuously readjusts the excitation frequency of a PTIR setup back to the resonance frequency in order to allow for accurate resonance-enhanced PTIR measurements. This controller can be used together with a broad range of atomic force microscopes. Schematics and program code for the controller are made freely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Ramer
- 1 Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- 2 Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- 3 Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Florian Reisenbauer
- 1 Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Steindl
- 1 Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Tomischko
- 1 Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- 1 Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Technical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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26
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Jin M, Lu F, Belkin MA. High-sensitivity infrared vibrational nanospectroscopy in water. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e17096. [PMID: 30167276 PMCID: PMC6062223 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhou Jin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, TX 78758, USA
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, TX 78758, USA
| | - Mikhail A Belkin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, 10100 Burnet Road, Austin, TX 78758, USA
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27
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Yoon Y, Chae J, Katzenmeyer AM, Yoon HP, Schumacher J, An S, Centrone A, Zhitenev N. Nanoscale imaging and spectroscopy of band gap and defects in polycrystalline photovoltaic devices. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7771-7780. [PMID: 28426088 PMCID: PMC5584056 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01480e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Improving the power conversion efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) devices is challenging because the generation, separation and collection of electron-hole pairs are strongly dependent on details of the nanoscale chemical composition and defects which are often poorly known. In this work, two novel scanning probe nano-spectroscopy techniques, direct-transmission near-field scanning optical microscopy (dt-NSOM) and photothermal induced resonance (PTIR), are implemented to probe the distribution of defects and the bandgap variation in thin lamellae extracted from polycrystalline CdTe PV devices. dt-NSOM provides high-contrast spatially-resolved maps of light transmitted through the sample at selected wavelengths. PTIR provides absorption maps and spectra over a broad spectral range, from visible to mid-infrared. Results show variation of the bandgap through the CdTe thickness and from grain to grain that is spatially uncorrelated with the distributions of shallow and deep defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Yoon
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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28
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Amendola V, Pilot R, Frasconi M, Maragò OM, Iatì MA. Surface plasmon resonance in gold nanoparticles: a review. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:203002. [PMID: 28426435 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa60f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the last two decades, plasmon resonance in gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) has been the subject of intense research efforts. Plasmon physics is intriguing and its precise modelling proved to be challenging. In fact, plasmons are highly responsive to a multitude of factors, either intrinsic to the Au NPs or from the environment, and recently the need emerged for the correction of standard electromagnetic approaches with quantum effects. Applications related to plasmon absorption and scattering in Au NPs are impressively numerous, ranging from sensing to photothermal effects to cell imaging. Also, plasmon-enhanced phenomena are highly interesting for multiple purposes, including, for instance, Raman spectroscopy of nearby analytes, catalysis, or sunlight energy conversion. In addition, plasmon excitation is involved in a series of advanced physical processes such as non-linear optics, optical trapping, magneto-plasmonics, and optical activity. Here, we provide the general overview of the field and the background for appropriate modelling of the physical phenomena. Then, we report on the current state of the art and most recent applications of plasmon resonance in Au NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Amendola
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy. Consorzio INSTM, UdR Padova, Italy
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29
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Neubrech F, Huck C, Weber K, Pucci A, Giessen H. Surface-Enhanced Infrared Spectroscopy Using Resonant Nanoantennas. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5110-5145. [PMID: 28358482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy is a powerful tool widely used in research and industry for a label-free and unambiguous identification of molecular species. Inconveniently, its application to spectroscopic analysis of minute amounts of materials, for example, in sensing applications, is hampered by the low infrared absorption cross-sections. Surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy using resonant metal nanoantennas, or short "resonant SEIRA", overcomes this limitation. Resonantly excited, such metal nanostructures feature collective oscillations of electrons (plasmons), providing huge electromagnetic fields on the nanometer scale. Infrared vibrations of molecules located in these fields are enhanced by orders of magnitude enabling a spectroscopic characterization with unprecedented sensitivity. In this Review, we introduce the concept of resonant SEIRA and discuss the underlying physics, particularly, the resonant coupling between molecular and antenna excitations as well as the spatial extent of the enhancement and its scaling with frequency. On the basis of these fundamentals, different routes to maximize the SEIRA enhancement are reviewed including the choice of nanostructures geometries, arrangements, and materials. Furthermore, first applications such as the detection of proteins, the monitoring of dynamic processes, and hyperspectral infrared chemical imaging are discussed, demonstrating the sensitivity and broad applicability of resonant SEIRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Neubrech
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart 70569, Germany.,Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Christian Huck
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Ksenia Weber
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Annemarie Pucci
- Kirchhoff Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
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30
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Mbomson IG, Tabor S, Lahiri B, Sharp G, McMeekin SG, De La Rue RM, Johnson NP. Asymmetric split H-shape nanoantennas for molecular sensing. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:395-406. [PMID: 28101426 PMCID: PMC5231308 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.000395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we report on a very sensitive biosensor based on gold asymmetric nanoantennas that are capable of enhancing the molecular resonances of C-H bonds. The nanoantennas are arranged as arrays of asymmetric-split H-shape (ASH) structures, tuned to produce plasmonic resonances with reflectance double peaks within the mid-infrared vibrational resonances of C-H bonds for the assay of deposited films of the molecule 17β-estradiol (E2), used as an analyte. Measurements and numerical simulations of the reflectance spectra have enabled an estimated enhancement factor on the order of 105 to be obtained for a thin film of E2 on the ASH array. A high sensitivity value of 2335 nm/RIU was achieved, together with a figure of merit of approximately 8. Our experimental results were corroborated using numerical simulations for the C-H stretch vibrational resonances from the analyte, superimposed on the plasmonic resonances of the ASH nanoantennas.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. G. Mbomson
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - S. Tabor
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - B. Lahiri
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - G. Sharp
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - S. G. McMeekin
- School of Computing and Engineering, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, G4 0BA, UK
| | - R. M. De La Rue
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
| | - N. P. Johnson
- School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8LT, UK
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31
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Fei Z, Foley JJ, Gannett W, Liu MK, Dai S, Ni GX, Zettl A, Fogler MM, Wiederrecht GP, Gray SK, Basov DN. Ultraconfined Plasmonic Hotspots Inside Graphene Nanobubbles. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:7842-7848. [PMID: 27960518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on a nanoinfrared (IR) imaging study of ultraconfined plasmonic hotspots inside graphene nanobubbles formed in graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) heterostructures. The volume of these plasmonic hotspots is more than one-million-times smaller than what could be achieved by free-space IR photons, and their real-space distributions are controlled by the sizes and shapes of the nanobubbles. Theoretical analysis indicates that the observed plasmonic hotspots are formed due to a significant increase of the local plasmon wavelength in the nanobubble regions. Such an increase is attributed to the high sensitivity of graphene plasmons to its dielectric environment. Our work presents a novel scheme for plasmonic hotspot formation and sheds light on future applications of graphene nanobubbles for plasmon-enhanced IR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Fei
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - J J Foley
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, William Paterson University , Wayne, New Jersey 07470, United States
| | - W Gannett
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - M K Liu
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - S Dai
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - G X Ni
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - A Zettl
- Department of Physics, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - M M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - G P Wiederrecht
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - S K Gray
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Physics, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
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32
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Dazzi A, Prater CB. AFM-IR: Technology and Applications in Nanoscale Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemical Imaging. Chem Rev 2016; 117:5146-5173. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dazzi
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Craig B. Prater
- Anasys Instruments, 325 Chapala
St., Santa Barbara, California 93101, United States
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33
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Balke N, Jesse S, Yu P, Kalinin SV, Tselev A. Quantification of surface displacements and electromechanical phenomena via dynamic atomic force microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:425707. [PMID: 27631885 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/42/425707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Detection of dynamic surface displacements associated with local changes in material strain provides access to a number of phenomena and material properties. Contact resonance-enhanced methods of atomic force microscopy (AFM) have been shown capable of detecting ∼1-3 pm-level surface displacements, an approach used in techniques such as piezoresponse force microscopy, atomic force acoustic microscopy, and ultrasonic force microscopy. Here, based on an analytical model of AFM cantilever vibrations, we demonstrate a guideline to quantify surface displacements with high accuracy by taking into account the cantilever shape at the first resonant contact mode, depending on the tip-sample contact stiffness. The approach has been experimentally verified and further developed for piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) using well-defined ferroelectric materials. These results open up a way to accurate and precise measurements of surface displacement as well as piezoelectric constants at the pm-scale with nanometer spatial resolution and will allow avoiding erroneous data interpretations and measurement artifacts. This analysis is directly applicable to all cantilever-resonance-based scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Balke
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
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34
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Experimental demonstration of the microscopic origin of circular dichroism in two-dimensional metamaterials. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12045. [PMID: 27329108 PMCID: PMC4917967 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical activity and circular dichroism are fascinating physical phenomena originating from the interaction of light with chiral molecules or other nano objects lacking mirror symmetries in three-dimensional (3D) space. While chiral optical properties are weak in most of naturally occurring materials, they can be engineered and significantly enhanced in synthetic optical media known as chiral metamaterials, where the spatial symmetry of their building blocks is broken on a nanoscale. Although originally discovered in 3D structures, circular dichroism can also emerge in a two-dimensional (2D) metasurface. The origin of the resulting circular dichroism is rather subtle, and is related to non-radiative (Ohmic) dissipation of the constituent metamolecules. Because such dissipation occurs on a nanoscale, this effect has never been experimentally probed and visualized. Using a suite of recently developed nanoscale-measurement tools, we establish that the circular dichroism in a nanostructured metasurface occurs due to handedness-dependent Ohmic heating. The effect of Ohmic dissipation in two-dimensional chiral materials has never been experimentally verified. Here, Khanikaev et al. demonstrate that the circular dichroism in a nanostructured metasurface occurs due to handedness-dependent Ohmic heating.
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35
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Chae J, Lahiri B, Centrone A. Engineering Near-Field SEIRA Enhancements in Plasmonic Resonators. ACS PHOTONICS 2016; 3:87-95. [PMID: 27182532 PMCID: PMC4864996 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.5b00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of the optical resonances in plasmonic resonators arrays is achieved by virtue of the intrinsic properties to the constituent structures such as composition, size and shape and by controlling the inter-resonator interactions by of virtue the array geometrical arrangement. The nanoscale confinement of the plasmonic field enhances light-matter interactions enabling, for instance, the surface enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) effect. However, the subwavelength confinement also poses an experimental challenge for discriminating the response stemming from the individual resonators and from the collective response in densely packed arrays. In this work, the photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) technique is leveraged to obtain nanoscale images and spectra of near-field SEIRA hot spots observed in isolated plasmonic resonators of different shapes and in selected resonators within closely packed plasmonic arrays informing on whether the interactions with neighboring resonators are beneficial or otherwise. Results are correlated with far-field spectra and theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungseok Chae
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Basudev Lahiri
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Correspond to:
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36
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Liang Z, Yin Z, Yang H, Xiao Y, Hang W, Li J. Nanoscale surface analysis that combines scanning probe microscopy and mass spectrometry: A critical review. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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37
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Chae J, Dong Q, Huang J, Centrone A. Chloride Incorporation Process in CH₃NH₃PbI(3-x)Cl(x) Perovskites via Nanoscale Bandgap Maps. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:8114-21. [PMID: 26528710 PMCID: PMC4746708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b03556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
CH3NH3PbI(3-x)Cl(x) perovskites enable fabrication of highly efficient solar cells. Chloride ions benefit the morphology, carrier diffusion length, and stability of perovskite films; however, whether those benefits stem from the presence of Cl(-) in the precursor solution or from their incorporation in annealed films is debated. In this work, the photothermal-induced resonance, an in situ technique with nanoscale resolution, is leveraged to measure the bandgap of CH3NH3PbI(3-x)Cl(x) films obtained by a multicycle coating process that produces high efficiency (∼16%) solar cells. Because chloride ions modify the perovskite lattice, thereby widening the bandgap, measuring the bandgap locally yields the local chloride content. After a mild annealing (60 min, 60 °C) the films consist of Cl-rich (x < 0.3) and Cl-poor phases that upon further annealing (110 °C) evolve into a homogeneous Cl-poorer (x < 0.06) phase, suggesting that methylammonium-chrloride is progressively expelled from the film. Despite the small chloride content, CH3NH3PbI(3-x)Cl(x) films show better thermal stability up to 140 °C with respect CH3NH3PbI3 films fabricated with the same methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungseok Chae
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Qingfeng Dong
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0656, USA
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0656, USA
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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38
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Malerba M, Alabastri A, Miele E, Zilio P, Patrini M, Bajoni D, Messina GC, Dipalo M, Toma A, Proietti Zaccaria R, De Angelis F. 3D vertical nanostructures for enhanced infrared plasmonics. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16436. [PMID: 26552340 PMCID: PMC4639734 DOI: 10.1038/srep16436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of surface plasmon polaritons has been mostly limited to the visible and near infrared range, due to the low frequency limit for coherent plasmon excitation and the reduction of confinement on the metal surface for lower energies. In this work we show that 3D--out of plane--nanostructures can considerably increase the intrinsic quality of the optical output, light confinement and electric field enhancement factors, also in the near and mid-infrared. We suggest that the physical principle relies on the combination of far field and near field interactions between neighboring antennas, promoted by the 3D out-of-plane geometry. We first analyze the changes in the optical behavior, which occur when passing from a single on-plane nanostructure to a 3D out-of-plane configuration. Then we show that by arranging the nanostructures in periodic arrays, 3D architectures can provide, in the mid-IR, a much stronger plasmonic response, compared to that achievable with the use of 2D configurations, leading to higher energy harvesting properties and improved Q-factors, with bright perspective up to the terahertz range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Malerba
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia - Via Morego, 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Ermanno Miele
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia - Via Morego, 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | - Maddalena Patrini
- University of Pavia, Physics Department - Via Bassi, 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Daniele Bajoni
- University of Pavia, Department of Industrial and Information Engineering - Via Ferrata, 1, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Michele Dipalo
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia - Via Morego, 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Andrea Toma
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia - Via Morego, 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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39
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Chae J, Lahiri B, Kohoutek J, Holland G, Lezec H, Centrone A. Metal-dielectric-metal resonators with deep subwavelength dielectric layers increase the near-field SEIRA enhancement. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:25912-25922. [PMID: 26480106 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.025912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanostructures presenting either structural asymmetry or metal-dielectric-metal (M-D-M) architecture are commonly used structures to increase the quality factor and the near-field confinement in plasmonic materials. This characteristic can be leveraged for example to increase the sensitivity of IR spectroscopy, via the surface enhanced IR absorption (SEIRA) effect. In this work, we combine structural asymmetry with the M-D-M architecture to realize Ag-Ag(2)O-Ag asymmetric ring resonators where two Ag layers sandwich a native silver oxide (Ag(2)O) layer. Their IR response is compared with the one of fully metallic (Ag) resonators of the same size and shape. The photothermal induced resonance technique (PTIR) is used to obtain near-field SEIRA absorption maps and spectra with nanoscale resolution. Although the native Ag(2)O layer is only 1 nm to 2 nm thick, it increases the quality factor of the resonators' dark-mode by ≈27% and the SEIRA enhancement by ≈44% with respect to entirely Ag structures.
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40
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Amendola V, Saija R, Maragò OM, Iatì MA. Superior plasmon absorption in iron-doped gold nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:8782-92. [PMID: 25906477 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00823a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Although the excitation of localized surface plasmons is associated with enhanced scattering and absorption of incoming photons, only the latter is relevant for the efficient conversion of light into heat. Here we show that the absorption cross section of gold nanoparticles is sensibly increased when iron is included in the lattice as a substitutional dopant, i.e. in a gold-iron nanoalloy. Such an increase is size and shape dependent, with the best performance observed in nanoshells where a 90-190% improvement is found in a size range that is crucial for practical applications. Our findings are unexpected according to the common belief and previous experimental observations that alloys of Au with transition metals show a depressed plasmonic response. These results are promising for the design of efficient plasmonic converters of light into heat and pave the way to more in-depth investigations of the plasmonic properties in noble metal nanoalloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Amendola
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
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41
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Aksyuk V, Lahiri B, Holland G, Centrone A. Near-field asymmetries in plasmonic resonators. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:3634-3644. [PMID: 25636125 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06755j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy exploits the locally enhanced field surrounding plasmonic metamaterials to increase the sensitivity of infrared spectroscopy. The light polarization and incidence angle are important factors for exciting plasmonic nanostructures; however, such angle dependence is often ignored in SEIRA experiments, typically carried out with Cassegrain objectives. Here, the photothermal induced resonance technique and numerical simulations are used to map the distribution and intensity of SEIRA hot-spots surrounding gold asymmetric split ring resonators (ASRRs) as a function of light polarization and incidence angle. The results show asymmetric near-field SEIRA enhancements as a function of the incident illumination direction which, in analogy with the symmetry-breaking occurring in asymmetric transmission, we refer to as symmetry-breaking absorption. Numerical calculations reveal that the symmetry-breaking absorption in ASRRs originates in the angle-dependent interference between the electric and magnetic excitation channels of the resonators' dark-mode. Consequently, to maximize the SEIRA intensity, ASRRs should be illuminated from the dielectric side at an angle that maximizes the constructive interference of the two excitation channels, (35° for the structures studied here), in place of the Cassegrain objectives. These results can be generalized to all structures characterized by plasmonic excitations that give rise to a surface-normal magnetic moment and that possess an electric dipole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Aksyuk
- NIST, Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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42
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Katzenmeyer AM, Holland G, Kjoller K, Centrone A. Absorption Spectroscopy and Imaging from the Visible through Mid-Infrared with 20 nm Resolution. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3154-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504672t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M. Katzenmeyer
- Center
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Glenn Holland
- Center
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kevin Kjoller
- Anasys Instruments,
Inc., 325 Chapala Street, Santa Barbara, California 93101, United States
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center
for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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43
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Centrone A. Infrared Imaging and Spectroscopy Beyond the Diffraction Limit. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2015; 8:101-26. [PMID: 26001952 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Progress in nanotechnology is enabled by and dependent on the availability of measurement methods with spatial resolution commensurate with nanomaterials' length scales. Chemical imaging techniques, such as scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and photothermal-induced resonance (PTIR), have provided scientists with means of extracting rich chemical and structural information with nanoscale resolution. This review presents some basics of infrared spectroscopy and microscopy, followed by detailed descriptions of s-SNOM and PTIR working principles. Nanoscale spectra are compared with far-field macroscale spectra, which are widely used for chemical identification. Selected examples illustrate either technical aspects of the measurements or applications in materials science. Central to this review is the ability to record nanoscale infrared spectra because, although chemical maps enable immediate visualization, the spectra provide information to interpret the images and characterize the sample. The growing breadth of nanomaterials and biological applications suggest rapid growth for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899;
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Katzenmeyer AM, Canivet J, Holland G, Farrusseng D, Centrone A. Assessing chemical heterogeneity at the nanoscale in mixed-ligand metal-organic frameworks with the PTIR technique. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2852-6. [PMID: 24615798 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the use of mixtures of organic-building-block linkers has given chemists an additional degree of freedom for engineering metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with specific properties; however, the poor characterization of the chemical complexity of such MixMOF structures by conventional techniques hinders the verification of rational design. Herein, we describe the application of a technique known as photothermal induced resonance to individual MixMOF microcrystals to elucidate their chemical composition with nanoscale resolution. Results show that MixMOFs isoreticular to In-MIL-68, obtained either directly from solution or by postsynthetic linker exchange, are homogeneous down to approximately 100 nm. Additionally, we report a novel in situ process that enables the engineering of anisotropic domains in MOF crystals with submicron linker-concentration gradients.
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Hickstein DD, Dollar F, Ellis JL, Schnitzenbaumer KJ, Keister KE, Petrov GM, Ding C, Palm BB, Gaffney JA, Foord ME, Libby SB, Dukovic G, Jimenez JL, Kapteyn HC, Murnane MM, Xiong W. Mapping nanoscale absorption of femtosecond laser pulses using plasma explosion imaging. ACS NANO 2014; 8:8810-8. [PMID: 25100104 DOI: 10.1021/nn503199v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We make direct observations of localized light absorption in a single nanostructure irradiated by a strong femtosecond laser field, by developing and applying a technique that we refer to as plasma explosion imaging. By imaging the photoion momentum distribution resulting from plasma formation in a laser-irradiated nanostructure, we map the spatial location of the highly localized plasma and thereby image the nanoscale light absorption. Our method probes individual, isolated nanoparticles in vacuum, which allows us to observe how small variations in the composition, shape, and orientation of the nanostructures lead to vastly different light absorption. Here, we study four different nanoparticle samples with overall dimensions of ∼100 nm and find that each sample exhibits distinct light absorption mechanisms despite their similar size. Specifically, we observe subwavelength focusing in single NaCl crystals, symmetric absorption in TiO2 aggregates, surface enhancement in dielectric particles containing a single gold nanoparticle, and interparticle hot spots in dielectric particles containing multiple smaller gold nanoparticles. These observations demonstrate how plasma explosion imaging directly reveals the diverse ways in which nanoparticles respond to strong laser fields, a process that is notoriously challenging to model because of the rapid evolution of materials properties that takes place on the femtosecond time scale as a solid nanostructure is transformed into a dense plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Hickstein
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Schmid S, Wu K, Larsen PE, Rindzevicius T, Boisen A. Low-power photothermal probing of single plasmonic nanostructures with nanomechanical string resonators. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:2318-21. [PMID: 24697597 DOI: 10.1021/nl4046679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the direct photothermal probing and mapping of single plasmonic nanostructures via the temperature-induced detuning of nanomechanical string resonators. Single Au nanoslits and nanorods are illuminated with a partially polarized focused laser beam (λ = 633 nm) with irradiances in the range of 0.26-38 μW/μm(2). Photothermal heating maps with a resolution of ∼375 nm are obtained by scanning the laser over the nanostructures. Based on the string sensitivities, absorption efficiencies of 2.3 ± 0.3 and 1.1 ± 0.7 are extracted for a single nanoslit (53 nm × 1 μm) and nanorod (75 nm × 185 nm). Our results show that nanomechanical resonators are a unique and robust analysis tool for the low-power investigation of thermoplasmonic effects in plasmonic hot spots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvan Schmid
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech , DK-2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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Katzenmeyer AM, Canivet J, Holland G, Farrusseng D, Centrone A. Assessing Chemical Heterogeneity at the Nanoscale in Mixed-Ligand Metal-Organic Frameworks with the PTIR Technique. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201309295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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