1
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Shi J, Shen Y, Pan F, Sun W, Mangu A, Shi C, McKeown-Green A, Moradifar P, Bawendi MG, Moerner WE, Dionne JA, Liu F, Lindenberg AM. Solution-phase sample-averaged single-particle spectroscopy of quantum emitters with femtosecond resolution. NATURE MATERIALS 2024; 23:1063-1069. [PMID: 38589542 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-024-01855-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The development of many quantum optical technologies depends on the availability of single quantum emitters with near-perfect coherence. Systematic improvement is limited by a lack of understanding of the microscopic energy flow at the single-emitter level and ultrafast timescales. Here we utilize a combination of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and ultrafast spectroscopy to capture the sample-averaged dynamics of defects with single-particle sensitivity. We employ this approach to study heterogeneous emitters in two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride. From milliseconds to nanoseconds, the translational, shelving, rotational and antibunching features are disentangled in time, which quantifies the normalized two-photon emission quantum yield. Leveraging the femtosecond resolution of this technique, we visualize electron-phonon coupling and discover the acceleration of polaronic formation on multi-electron excitation. Corroborated with theory, this translates to the photon fidelity characterization of cascaded emission efficiency and decoherence time. Our work provides a framework for ultrafast spectroscopy in heterogeneous emitters, opening new avenues of extreme-scale characterization for quantum applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojian Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Yuejun Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Feng Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anudeep Mangu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Cindy Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Parivash Moradifar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - W E Moerner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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2
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Roy P, Pandey A. Engineering quantum dots for improved single photon emission statistics. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:204707. [PMID: 38785288 DOI: 10.1063/5.0205113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
High fidelity single photon sources are required for the implementation of quantum information processing and communications protocols. Although colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are single photon sources, their efficacy is limited by their tendency to show finite multiphoton emission at higher excitation powers. Here, we show that wave function engineering of CQDs enables the realization of emitters with significantly improved single photon emission performance. We study the ZnS/CdSe/CdS system. It is shown that this system offers significantly improved probabilities of single photon emission. While conventional CQDs such as CdSe/CdS exhibit a g2(0) > 0.5 ± 0.02 at ⟨N⟩ = 2.17, ZnS/CdSe/CdS show a greatly improved g2(0) ≈ 0.04 ± 0.01. Improved single photon emission performance encourages the use of colloidal materials as quantum light sources in emerging quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parna Roy
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Anshu Pandey
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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3
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Beavon J, Huang J, Harankahage D, Montemurri M, Cassidy J, Zamkov M. Quantum shells versus quantum dots: suppressing Auger recombination in colloidal semiconductors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11337-11348. [PMID: 37676487 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02091f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted a great deal of attention in recent decades. The quantum efficiency of many optoelectronic processes based on these nanomaterials, however, declines with increasing optical or electrical excitation intensity. This issue is caused by Auger recombination of multiple excitons, which converts the NC energy into excess heat, whereby reducing the efficiency and lifespan of NC-based devices, including lasers, photodetectors, X-ray scintillators, and high-brightness LEDs. Recently, semiconductor quantum shells (QSs) have emerged as a viable nanoscale architecture for the suppression of Auger decay. The spherical-shell geometry of these nanostructures leads to a significant reduction of Auger decay rates, while exhibiting a near unity photoluminescence quantum yield. Here, we compare the optoelectronic properties of quantum shells against other low-dimensional semiconductors and discuss their emerging opportunities in solid-state lighting and energy-harvesting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Beavon
- Department of Physics, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
| | - Jiamin Huang
- The Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA.
- Department of Physics, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
| | - Dulanjan Harankahage
- The Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
| | - Michael Montemurri
- Department of Physics, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
| | - James Cassidy
- The Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
| | - Mikhail Zamkov
- The Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA.
- Department of Physics, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
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4
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Ghosh S, Ross U, Chizhik AM, Kuo Y, Jeong BG, Bae WK, Park K, Li J, Oron D, Weiss S, Enderlein J, Chizhik AI. Excitation Intensity-Dependent Quantum Yield of Semiconductor Nanocrystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2702-2707. [PMID: 36892266 PMCID: PMC10026174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
One of the key phenomena that determine the fluorescence of nanocrystals is the nonradiative Auger-Meitner recombination of excitons. This nonradiative rate affects the nanocrystals' fluorescence intensity, excited state lifetime, and quantum yield. Whereas most of the above properties can be directly measured, the quantum yield is the most difficult to assess. Here we place semiconductor nanocrystals inside a tunable plasmonic nanocavity with subwavelength spacing and modulate their radiative de-excitation rate by changing the cavity size. This allows us to determine absolute values of their fluorescence quantum yield under specific excitation conditions. Moreover, as expected considering the enhanced Auger-Meitner rate for higher multiple excited states, increasing the excitation rate reduces the quantum yield of the nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhabrata Ghosh
- Third Institute
of Physics − Biophysics, Georg August
University Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ross
- IV. Physical
Institute - Solids and Nanostructures, Georg
August University Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna M. Chizhik
- Third Institute
of Physics − Biophysics, Georg August
University Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yung Kuo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Byeong Guk Jeong
- School of
Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Pusan
National University, Busan 46241, Republic
of Korea
| | - Wan Ki Bae
- SKKU Advanced
Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan
University, Suwon 16419, Republic
of Korea
| | - Kyoungwon Park
- Korea Electronics
Technology Institute, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13509, Republic of Korea
| | - Jack Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Dan Oron
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shimon Weiss
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Physiology, University of California
Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department
of Physics, Institute for Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Jörg Enderlein
- Third Institute
of Physics − Biophysics, Georg August
University Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Cluster
of Excellence “Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines
to Networks of Excitable Cells,” (MBExC), Georg August University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexey I. Chizhik
- Third Institute
of Physics − Biophysics, Georg August
University Göttingen, Friedrich-Hund Platz 1, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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5
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Cassidy J, Diroll BT, Mondal N, Berkinsky DB, Zhao K, Harankahage D, Porotnikov D, Gately R, Khon D, Proppe A, Bawendi MG, Schaller RD, Malko AV, Zamkov M. Quantum Shells Boost the Optical Gain of Lasing Media. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3017-3026. [PMID: 35129951 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Auger decay of multiple excitons represents a significant obstacle to photonic applications of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). This nonradiative process is particularly detrimental to the performance of QD-based electroluminescent and lasing devices. Here, we demonstrate that semiconductor quantum shells with an "inverted" QD geometry inhibit Auger recombination, allowing substantial improvements to their multiexciton characteristics. By promoting a spatial separation between multiple excitons, the quantum shell geometry leads to ultralong biexciton lifetimes (>10 ns) and a large biexciton quantum yield. Furthermore, the architecture of quantum shells induces an exciton-exciton repulsion, which splits exciton and biexciton optical transitions, giving rise to an Auger-inactive single-exciton gain mode. In this regime, quantum shells exhibit the longest optical gain lifetime reported for colloidal QDs to date (>6 ns), which makes this geometry an attractive candidate for the development of optically and electrically pumped gain media.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin T Diroll
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Navendu Mondal
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - David B Berkinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kehui Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | | | | | - Reagan Gately
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas 78228, United States
| | - Dmitriy Khon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas 78228, United States
| | - Andrew Proppe
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Anton V Malko
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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6
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Shi J, Sun W, Utzat H, Farahvash A, Gao FY, Zhang Z, Barotov U, Willard AP, Nelson KA, Bawendi MG. All-optical fluorescence blinking control in quantum dots with ultrafast mid-infrared pulses. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:1355-1361. [PMID: 34811550 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-01016-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photoluminescence intermittency is a ubiquitous phenomenon, reducing the temporal emission intensity stability of single colloidal quantum dots (QDs) and the emission quantum yield of their ensembles. Despite efforts to achieve blinking reduction by chemical engineering of the QD architecture and its environment, blinking still poses barriers to the application of QDs, particularly in single-particle tracking in biology or in single-photon sources. Here, we demonstrate a deterministic all-optical suppression of QD blinking using a compound technique of visible and mid-infrared excitation. We show that moderate-field ultrafast mid-infrared pulses (5.5 μm, 150 fs) can switch the emission from a charged, low quantum yield grey trion state to the bright exciton state in CdSe/CdS core-shell QDs, resulting in a significant reduction of the QD intensity flicker. Quantum-tunnelling simulations suggest that the mid-infrared fields remove the excess charge from trions with reduced emission quantum yield to restore higher brightness exciton emission. Our approach can be integrated with existing single-particle tracking or super-resolution microscopy techniques without any modification to the sample and translates to other emitters presenting charging-induced photoluminescence intermittencies, such as single-photon emissive defects in diamond and two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojian Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Weiwei Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ardavan Farahvash
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Frank Y Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhuquan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ulugbek Barotov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adam P Willard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Keith A Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Shulenberger KE, Coppieters 't Wallant SC, Klein MD, McIsaac AR, Goldzak T, Berkinsky DB, Utzat H, Barotov U, Van Voorhis T, Bawendi MG. Resolving the Triexciton Recombination Pathway in CdSe/CdS Nanocrystals through State-Specific Correlation Measurements. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7457-7464. [PMID: 34516138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c05109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As luminescence applications of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals push toward higher excitation flux conditions, there is an increased need to both understand and potentially control emission from multiexciton states. We develop a spectrally resolved correlation method to study the triply excited state that enables direct measurements of the recombination pathway for the triexciton, rather than relying on indirect extraction of rates. We demonstrate that, for core-shell CdSe-CdS nanocrystals, triexciton emission arises exclusively from the band-edge S-like state. Time-dependent density functional theory and extended particle-in-a-sphere calculations demonstrate that reduced carrier overlap induced by the core-shell heterostructure can account for the lack of emission observed from the P-like state. These results provide a potential avenue for the control of nanocrystal luminescence, where core-shell heterostructures can be leveraged to control carrier separation and therefore maintain emission color purity over a broader range of excitation fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Shulenberger
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Sophie C Coppieters 't Wallant
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Megan D Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexandra R McIsaac
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tamar Goldzak
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David B Berkinsky
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ulugbek Barotov
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Troy Van Voorhis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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8
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Vonk SW, Heemskerk BAJ, Keitel RC, Hinterding SOM, Geuchies JJ, Houtepen AJ, Rabouw FT. Biexciton Binding Energy and Line width of Single Quantum Dots at Room Temperature. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5760-5766. [PMID: 34133188 PMCID: PMC8283756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Broadening of multiexciton emission from colloidal quantum dots (QDs) at room temperature is important for their use in high-power applications, but an in-depth characterization has not been possible until now. We present and apply a novel spectroscopic method to quantify the biexciton line width and biexciton binding energy of single CdSe/CdS/ZnS colloidal QDs at room temperature. In our method, which we term "cascade spectroscopy", we select emission events from the biexciton cascade and reconstruct their spectrum. The biexciton has an average emission line width of 86 meV on the single-QD scale, similar to that of the exciton. Variations in the biexciton repulsion (Eb = 4.0 ± 3.1 meV; mean ± standard deviation of 15 QDs) are correlated with but are more narrowly distributed than variations in the exciton energy (10.0 meV standard deviation). Using a simple quantum-mechanical model, we conclude that inhomogeneous broadening in our sample is primarily due to variations in the CdS shell thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander
J. W. Vonk
- Debye
Institute, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart A. J. Heemskerk
- Debye
Institute, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert C. Keitel
- Optical
Materials Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zurich, Leonhardstrasse 21, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jaco J. Geuchies
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan J. Houtepen
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy T. Rabouw
- Debye
Institute, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Email for F.T.R.:
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Melnychuk
- James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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10
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Hou X, Li Y, Qin H, Peng X. Effects of interface-potential smoothness and wavefunction delocalization on Auger recombination in colloidal CdSe-based core/shell quantum dots. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:234703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5125940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Hou
- Center for Chemistry of Novel and High-Performance Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Center for Chemistry of Novel and High-Performance Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Industrial Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Qin
- Center for Chemistry of Novel and High-Performance Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaogang Peng
- Center for Chemistry of Novel and High-Performance Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Amgar D, Yang G, Tenne R, Oron D. Higher-Order Photon Correlation as a Tool To Study Exciton Dynamics in Quasi-2D Nanoplatelets. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8741-8748. [PMID: 31692360 PMCID: PMC7659036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal semiconductor nanoplatelets, in which carriers are strongly confined only along one dimension, present fundamentally different excitonic properties than quantum dots, which support strong confinement in all three dimensions. In particular, multiple excitons strongly confined in just one dimension are free to rearrange in the lateral plane, reducing the probability for multibody collisions. Thus, while simultaneous multiple photon emission is typically quenched in quantum dots, in nanoplatelets its probability can be tuned according to size and shape. Here, we focus on analyzing multiexciton dynamics in individual CdSe/CdS nanoplatelets of various sizes through the measurement of second-, third-, and fourth-order photon correlations. For the first time, we can directly probe the dynamics of the two, three, and four exciton states at the single nanocrystal level. Remarkably, although higher orders of correlation vary substantially among the synthesis' products, they strongly correlate with the value of second order antibunching. The scaling of the higher-order moments with the degree of antibunching presents a small yet clear deviation from the accepted model of Auger recombination through binary collisions. Such a deviation suggests that many-body contributions are present already at the level of triexcitons. These findings highlight the benefit of high-order photon correlation spectroscopy as a technique to study multiexciton dynamics in colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals.
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12
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Shulenberger KE, Ashner MN, Ha SK, Krieg F, Kovalenko MV, Tisdale WA, Bawendi MG. Setting an Upper Bound to the Biexciton Binding Energy in CsPbBr 3 Perovskite Nanocrystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5680-5686. [PMID: 31502848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b02015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals are promising emissive materials for a variety of optoelectronic applications. To fully realize the potential of these materials, we must understand the energetics and dynamics of multiexciton states which are populated under device relevant excitation conditions. We utilized time-resolved and spectrally-resolved photoluminescence studies to investigate the biexciton binding energy as well as a red-shifted emission feature previously reported under high-flux excitation conditions. We determine that this red-shifted emission feature can be ascribed to sample sintering induced by air-exposure and high-flux irradiation. Furthermore, we determine that the biexciton binding energy at room temperature is at most ±20 meV, providing a key insight toward understanding many-body interactions in the lead halide perovskite lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Shulenberger
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Matthew N Ashner
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Seung Kyun Ha
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Franziska Krieg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics , Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - Maksym V Kovalenko
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics , Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | - William A Tisdale
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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13
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Rabouw F, Antolinez FV, Brechbühler R, Norris DJ. Microsecond Blinking Events in the Fluorescence of Colloidal Quantum Dots Revealed by Correlation Analysis on Preselected Photons. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3732-3738. [PMID: 31204809 PMCID: PMC6614792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nearly all colloidal quantum dots, when measured at the single-emitter level, exhibit fluorescence "blinking". However, despite over 20 years of research on this phenomenon, its microscopic origins are still debated. One reason is a gap in available experimental information, specifically for dynamics at short (submillisecond) time scales. Here, we use photon-correlation analysis to investigate microsecond blinking events in individual quantum dots. While the strongly distributed kinetics of blinking normally makes such events difficult to study, we show that they can be analyzed by excluding photons emitted during long bright or dark periods. Moreover, we find that submillisecond blinking events are more common than one might expect from extrapolating the power-law blinking statistics observed on longer (millisecond) time scales. This result provides important experimental data for developing a microscopic understanding of blinking. More generally, our method offers a simple strategy for analyzing microsecond switching dynamics in the fluorescence of quantum emitters.
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14
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Shulenberger KE, Bischof TS, Caram JR, Utzat H, Coropceanu I, Nienhaus L, Bawendi MG. Multiexciton Lifetimes Reveal Triexciton Emission Pathway in CdSe Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5153-5158. [PMID: 30016109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Multiexcitons in emerging semiconducting nanomaterials play a critical role in potential optoelectronic and quantum computational devices. We describe photon resolved single molecule methods to directly probe the dynamics of biexcitons and triexcitons in colloidal CdSe quantum dots. We confirm that biexcitons emit from a spin-correlated state, consistent with statistical scaling. Contrary to current understanding, we find that triexciton emission is dominated by band-edge 1Se1S3/2 recombination rather than the higher energy 1Pe1P3/2 recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Shulenberger
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Thomas S Bischof
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Justin R Caram
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Igor Coropceanu
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Lea Nienhaus
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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15
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Seiler H, Palato S, Sonnichsen C, Baker H, Kambhampati P. Seeing Multiexcitons through Sample Inhomogeneity: Band-Edge Biexciton Structure in CdSe Nanocrystals Revealed by Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:2999-3006. [PMID: 29589448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The electronic structure of multiexcitons significantly impacts the performance of nanostructures in lasing and light-emitting applications. However, these multiexcitons remain poorly understood due to their complexity arising from many-body physics. Standard transient-absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopies are unable to unambiguously distinguish effects of sample inhomogeneity from exciton-biexciton interactions. Here, we exploit the energy and time resolution of two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy to access the electronic structure of the band-edge biexciton in colloidal CdSe quantum dots. By removing effects of inhomogeneities, we show that the band-edge biexciton structure must consist of a discrete manifold of electronic states. Furthermore, the biexciton states within the manifold feature distinctive binding energies. Our findings have direct implications for optical gain thresholds and efficiency droop in light-emitting devices and provide experimental measures of many-body physics in nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Seiler
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Samuel Palato
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Colin Sonnichsen
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Harry Baker
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0B8 , Canada
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16
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Utzat H, Shulenberger KE, Achorn OB, Nasilowski M, Sinclair TS, Bawendi MG. Probing Linewidths and Biexciton Quantum Yields of Single Cesium Lead Halide Nanocrystals in Solution. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:6838-6846. [PMID: 29039964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cesium lead halide (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) have recently become a promising material for optoelectronic applications due to their high emission quantum yields and facile band gap tunability via both halide composition and size. The spectroscopy of single PNCs enhances our understanding of the effect of confinement on excitations in PNCs in the absence of obfuscating ensemble averaging and can also inform synthetic efforts. However, single PNC studies have been hampered by poor PNC photostability under confocal excitation, precluding interrogation of all but the most stable PNCs, and leading to a lack of understanding of PNCs in the regime of high confinement. Here, we report the first comprehensive spectroscopic investigation of single PNC properties using solution-phase photon-correlation methods, including both highly confined and blue-emitting PNCs, previously inaccessible to single NC techniques. With minimally perturbative solution-phase photon-correlation Fourier spectroscopy (s-PCFS), we establish that the ensemble emission linewidth of PNCs of all sizes and compositions is predominantly determined by the intrinsic single PNC linewidth (homogeneous broadening). The single PNC linewidth, in turn, dramatically increases with increasing confinement, consistent with what has been found for II-VI semiconductor nanocrystals. With solution-phase photon antibunching measurements, we survey the biexciton-to-exciton quantum yield ratio (BX/X QY) in the absence of user-selection bias or photodegradation. Remarkably, the BX/X QY ratio depends both on the PNC size and halide composition, with values between ∼2% for highly confined bromide PNCs and ∼50% for intermediately confined iodide PNCs. Our results suggest a wide range of underlying Auger rates, likely due to transitory charge carrier separation in PNCs with relaxed confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Katherine E Shulenberger
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Odin B Achorn
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michel Nasilowski
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Timothy S Sinclair
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Moungi G Bawendi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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17
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Bischof TS, Caram JR, Beyler AP, Bawendi MG. Extracting the average single-molecule biexciton photoluminescence lifetime from a solution of chromophores. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:4823-4826. [PMID: 28005840 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.004823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for obtaining the average single-molecule biexciton lifetime from an ensemble of chromophores in solution. We apply this analysis to a series of core/shell CdSe/CdS quantum dot heterostructures with increasing shell thickness and find that the lifetime of the biexciton increases with increasing shell thickness, consistent with a simultaneous measurement of biexciton quantum yield.
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18
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Jain A, Voznyy O, Hoogland S, Korkusinski M, Hawrylak P, Sargent EH. Atomistic Design of CdSe/CdS Core-Shell Quantum Dots with Suppressed Auger Recombination. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6491-6496. [PMID: 27668685 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We design quasi-type-II CdSe/CdS core-shell colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) exhibiting a suppressed Auger recombination rate. We do so using fully atomistic tight-binding wave functions and microscopic Coulomb interactions. The recombination rate as a function of the core and shell size and shape is tested against experiments. Because of a higher density of deep hole states and stronger hole confinement, Auger recombination is found to be up to six times faster for positive trions compared to negative ones in 4 nm core/10 nm shell CQDs. Soft-confinement at the interface results in weak suppression of Auger recombination compared to same-bandgap sharp-interface CQDs. We find that the suppression is due to increased volume of the core resulting in delocalization of the wave functions, rather than due to soft-confinement itself. We show that our results are consistent with previous effective mass models with the same system parameters. Increasing the dot volume remains the most efficient way to suppress Auger recombination. We predict that a 4-fold suppression of Auger recombination can be achieved in 10 nm CQDs by increasing the core volume by using rodlike cores embedded in thick shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Jain
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Oleksandr Voznyy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Sjoerd Hoogland
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Marek Korkusinski
- National Research Council of Canada , Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Pawel Hawrylak
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
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19
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Rabouw FT, de Mello Donega C. Excited-State Dynamics in Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:58. [PMID: 27573500 PMCID: PMC5480409 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0060-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals have attracted continuous worldwide interest over the last three decades owing to their remarkable and unique size- and shape-, dependent properties. The colloidal nature of these nanomaterials allows one to take full advantage of nanoscale effects to tailor their optoelectronic and physical–chemical properties, yielding materials that combine size-, shape-, and composition-dependent properties with easy surface manipulation and solution processing. These features have turned the study of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals into a dynamic and multidisciplinary research field, with fascinating fundamental challenges and dazzling application prospects. This review focuses on the excited-state dynamics in these intriguing nanomaterials, covering a range of different relaxation mechanisms that span over 15 orders of magnitude, from a few femtoseconds to a few seconds after photoexcitation. In addition to reviewing the state of the art and highlighting the essential concepts in the field, we also discuss the relevance of the different relaxation processes to a number of potential applications, such as photovoltaics and LEDs. The fundamental physical and chemical principles needed to control and understand the properties of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy T Rabouw
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80000, 3508 TA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Soft Condensed Matter, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80000, 3508 TA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Celso de Mello Donega
- Condensed Matter and Interfaces, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80000, 3508 TA, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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20
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Nasilowski M, Spinicelli P, Patriarche G, Dubertret B. Gradient CdSe/CdS Quantum Dots with Room Temperature Biexciton Unity Quantum Yield. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:3953-8. [PMID: 25990468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Auger recombination is a major limitation for the fluorescent emission of quantum dots (QDs). It is the main source of QDs fluorescence blinking at the single-particle level. At high-power excitation, when several charge carriers are formed inside a QD, Auger becomes more efficient and severely decreases the quantum yield (QY) of multiexcitons. This limits the efficiency and the use of colloidal QDs in applications where intense light output is required. Here, we present a new generation of thick-shell CdSe/CdS QDs with dimensions >40 nm and a composition gradient between the core and the shell that exhibits 100% QY for the emission of both the monoexciton and the biexciton in air and at room temperature for all the QDs we have observed. The fluorescence emission of these QDs is perfectly Poissonian at the single-particle level at different excitation levels and temperatures, from 30 to 300 K. In these QDs, the emission of high-order (>2) multiexcitons is quite efficient, and we observe white light emission at the single-QD level when high excitation power is used. These gradient thick shell QDs confirm the suppression of Auger recombination in gradient core/shell structures and help further establish the colloidal QDs with a gradient shell as a very stable source of light even under high excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Nasilowski
- †Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux (LPEM), PSL Research University, ESPCI-ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 5, France
- ‡UMR 8213, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
- §UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Piernicola Spinicelli
- †Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux (LPEM), PSL Research University, ESPCI-ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 5, France
- ‡UMR 8213, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
- §UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Patriarche
- ⊥Laboratoire Photonique et Nanostructures, CNRS, 91460 Marcoussis, France
| | - Benoît Dubertret
- †Laboratoire de Physique et d'Etude des Matériaux (LPEM), PSL Research University, ESPCI-ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 5, France
- ‡UMR 8213, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
- §UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France
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21
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Bischof TS, Correa RE, Rosenberg D, Dauler EA, Bawendi MG. Measurement of emission lifetime dynamics and biexciton emission quantum yield of individual InAs colloidal nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:6787-91. [PMID: 25402837 DOI: 10.1021/nl502180w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Bischof
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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