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Shaik S, Kumar R, Chaudhary M, Kaur C, Khurana N, Singh G. Artificial viruses: A nanotechnology based approach. Daru 2024; 32:339-352. [PMID: 38105369 PMCID: PMC11087390 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-023-00496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main objective of this work was to review and summarise the detailed literature available on viral nanoparticle and the strategies utilised for their manufacture along with their applications as therapeutic agents. DATA ACQUISITION The reported literature related to development and application of virus nanoparticles have been collected from electronic data bases like ScienceDirect, google scholar, PubMed by using key words like "viral nanoparticles", "targeted drug delivery" and "vaccines" and related combinations. RESULT From the detailed literature survey, virus nanoparticles were identified as carriers for the targeted delivery. Due to the presence of nanostructures in virus nanoparticles, these protect the drugs from the degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and in case of the delivery of gene medicine, they carry the nucleic acids to the target/susceptible host cells. Thus, artificial viruses are utilised for targeted delivery to specific organ in biomedical and biotechnological areas. CONCLUSION Thus, virus nanoparticles can be considered as viable option as drug/gene carrier in various healthcare sectors especially drug delivery and vaccine and can be explored further in future for the development of better drug delivery techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareef Shaik
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Chaudhary
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Gurvinder Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India.
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2
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Arul SS, Balakrishnan B, Handanahal SS, Venkataraman S. Viral nanoparticles: Current advances in design and development. Biochimie 2024; 219:33-50. [PMID: 37573018 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are self-assembling, adaptable delivery systems for vaccines and other therapeutic agents used in a variety of biomedical applications. The potential of viruses to invade and infect various hosts and cells renders them suitable as potential nanocarriers, possessing distinct functional characteristics, immunogenic properties, and improved biocompatibility and biodegradability. VNPs are frequently produced through precise genetic or chemical engineering, which involves adding diverse sequences or functional payloads to the capsid protein (CP). Several spherical and helical plant viruses, bacteriophages, and animal viruses are currently being used as VNPs, or non-infectious virus-like particles (VLPs). In addition to their broad use in cancer therapy, vaccine technology, diagnostics, and molecular imaging, VNPs have made important strides in the realms of tissue engineering, biosensing, and antimicrobial prophylaxis. They are also being used in energy storage cells due to their binding and piezoelectric properties. The large-scale production of VNPs for research, preclinical testing, and clinical use is fraught with difficulties, such as those relating to cost-effectiveness, scalability, and purity. Consequently, many plants- and microorganism-based platforms are being developed, and newer viruses are being explored. The goal of the current review is to provide an overview of these advances.
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3
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Chen YL, Bao CJ, Duan JL, Xie Y, Lu WL. Overcoming biological barriers by virus-like drug particles for drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 203:115134. [PMID: 37926218 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) have natural structural antigens similar to those found in viruses, making them valuable in vaccine immunization. Furthermore, VLPs have demonstrated significant potential in drug delivery, and emerged as promising vectors for transporting chemical drug, genetic drug, peptide/protein, and even nanoparticle drug. With virus-like permeability and strong retention, they can effectively target specific organs, tissues or cells, facilitating efficient intracellular drug release. Further modifications allow VLPs to transfer across various physiological barriers, thus acting the purpose of efficient drug delivery and accurate therapy. This article provides an overview of VLPs, covering their structural classifications, deliverable drugs, potential physiological barriers in drug delivery, strategies for overcoming these barriers, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chun-Jie Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; School of Medicine & Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia-Lun Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Wan-Liang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery Systems, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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4
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Villanueva-Flores F, Pastor AR, Palomares LA, Huerta-Saquero A. A Novel Formulation of Asparaginase Encapsulated into Virus-like Particles of Brome Mosaic Virus: In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2260. [PMID: 37765229 PMCID: PMC10535207 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in plant-derived virus-like particles (pVLPs) for the design of a new generation of nanocarriers is based on their lack of infection for humans, their immunostimulatory properties to fight cancer cells, and their capability to contain and release cargo molecules. Asparaginase (ASNase) is an FDA-approved drug to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (LLA); however, it exhibits high immunogenicity which often leads to discontinuation of treatment. In previous work, we encapsulated ASNase into bacteriophage P22-based VLPs through genetic-directed design to form the ASNase-P22 nanobioreactors. In this work, a commercial ASNase was encapsulated into brome mosaic virus-like particles (BMV-VLPs) to form stable ASNase-BMV nanobioreactors. According to our results, we observed that ASNase-BMV nanobioreactors had similar cytotoxicity against MOLT-4 and Reh cells as the commercial drug. In vivo assays showed a higher specific anti-ASNase IgG response in BALB/c mice immunized with ASNase encapsulated into BMV-VLPs compared with those immunized with free ASNase. Nevertheless, we also detected a high and specific IgG response against BMV capsids on both ASNase-filled capsids (ASNase-BMV) and empty BMV capsids. Despite the fact that our in vivo studies showed that the BMV-VLPs stimulate the immune response either empty or with cargo proteins, the specific cytotoxicity against leukemic cells allows us to propose ASNase-BMV as a potential novel formulation for LLA treatment where in vitro and in vivo evidence of functionality is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Villanueva-Flores
- Departamento de Bionanotecnología, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada 22860, BC, Mexico
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, MO, Mexico
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida Heroico Colegio Militar 4700, Nombre de Dios, Chihuahua 31300, CH, Mexico
| | - Ana Ruth Pastor
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, MO, Mexico
| | - Laura A Palomares
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ave. Universidad 2001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca 62210, MO, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Huerta-Saquero
- Departamento de Bionanotecnología, Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 107 Carretera Tijuana-Ensenada, Ensenada 22860, BC, Mexico
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5
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Guliy OI, Evstigneeva SS, Khanadeev VA, Dykman LA. Antibody Phage Display Technology for Sensor-Based Virus Detection: Current Status and Future Prospects. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:640. [PMID: 37367005 DOI: 10.3390/bios13060640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are widespread in the environment, and many of them are major pathogens of serious plant, animal, and human diseases. The risk of pathogenicity, together with the capacity for constant mutation, emphasizes the need for measures to rapidly detect viruses. The need for highly sensitive bioanalytical methods to diagnose and monitor socially significant viral diseases has increased in the past few years. This is due, on the one hand, to the increased incidence of viral diseases in general (including the unprecedented spread of a new coronavirus infection, SARS-CoV-2), and, on the other hand, to the need to overcome the limitations of modern biomedical diagnostic methods. Phage display technology antibodies as nano-bio-engineered macromolecules can be used for sensor-based virus detection. This review analyzes the commonly used virus detection methods and approaches and shows the prospects for the use of antibodies prepared by phage display technology as sensing elements for sensor-based virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga I Guliy
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Subdivision of the Federal State Budgetary Research Institution Saratov Federal Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospect Entuziastov, Saratov 410049, Russia
| | - Stella S Evstigneeva
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Subdivision of the Federal State Budgetary Research Institution Saratov Federal Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospect Entuziastov, Saratov 410049, Russia
| | - Vitaly A Khanadeev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Subdivision of the Federal State Budgetary Research Institution Saratov Federal Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospect Entuziastov, Saratov 410049, Russia
| | - Lev A Dykman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Subdivision of the Federal State Budgetary Research Institution Saratov Federal Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPPM RAS), 13 Prospect Entuziastov, Saratov 410049, Russia
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6
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Kler S, Zalk R, Upcher A, Kopatz I. Packaging of DNA origami in viral capsids: towards synthetic viruses. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:11535-11542. [PMID: 35861608 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01316a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We report a new type of nanoparticle, consisting of a nucleic acid core (>7500 nt) folded into a 35 nm DNA origami sphere, encapsulated by a capsid composed of all three SV40 virus capsid proteins. Compared to the prototype reported previously, whose capsid consists of VP1 only, the new nanoparticle closely adopts the unique intracellular pathway of the native SV40, suggesting that the proteins of the synthetic capsid retain their native viral functionality. Some of the challenges in the design of such near-future composite drugs destined for gene delivery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ran Zalk
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel.
| | - Alexander Upcher
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science & Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel.
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7
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Li Y, Bao Q, Yang S, Yang M, Mao C. Bionanoparticles in cancer imaging, diagnosis, and treatment. VIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Institute of Applied Bioresource Research College of Animal Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Qing Bao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Shuxu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Mingying Yang
- Institute of Applied Bioresource Research College of Animal Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou Zhejiang China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Stephenson Life Science Research Center University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA
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8
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Abstract
Simple RNA viruses self-assemble spontaneously and encapsulate their genome into a shell called the capsid. This process is mainly driven by the attractive electrostatics interaction between the positive charges on capsid proteins and the negative charges on the genome. Despite its importance and many decades of intense research, how the virus selects and packages its native RNA inside the crowded environment of a host cell cytoplasm in the presence of an abundance of nonviral RNA and other anionic polymers has remained a mystery. In this paper, we perform a series of simulations to monitor the growth of viral shells and find the mechanism by which cargo-coat protein interactions can impact the structure and stability of the viral shells. We show that coat protein subunits can assemble around a globular nucleic acid core by forming nonicosahedral cages, which have been recently observed in assembly experiments involving small pieces of RNA. We find that the resulting cages are strained and can easily be split into fragments along stress lines. This suggests that such metastable nonicosahedral intermediates could be easily reassembled into the stable native icosahedral shells if the larger wild-type genome becomes available, despite the presence of a myriad of nonviral RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Panahandeh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Siyu Li
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Bogdan Dragnea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Roya Zandi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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9
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Lieu UT, Yoshinaga N. Inverse design of two-dimensional structure by self-assembly of patchy particles. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:054901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0072234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natsuhiko Yoshinaga
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University - Katahira Campus, Japan
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10
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Liu Q, Shaukat A, Kyllönen D, Kostiainen MA. Polyelectrolyte Encapsulation and Confinement within Protein Cage-Inspired Nanocompartments. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1551. [PMID: 34683843 PMCID: PMC8537137 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein cages are nanocompartments with a well-defined structure and monodisperse size. They are composed of several individual subunits and can be categorized as viral and non-viral protein cages. Native viral cages often exhibit a cationic interior, which binds the anionic nucleic acid genome through electrostatic interactions leading to efficient encapsulation. Non-viral cages can carry various cargo, ranging from small molecules to inorganic nanoparticles. Both cage types can be functionalized at targeted locations through genetic engineering or chemical modification to entrap materials through interactions that are inaccessible to wild-type cages. Moreover, the limited number of constitutional subunits ease the modification efforts, because a single modification on the subunit can lead to multiple functional sites on the cage surface. Increasing efforts have also been dedicated to the assembly of protein cage-mimicking structures or templated protein coatings. This review focuses on native and modified protein cages that have been used to encapsulate and package polyelectrolyte cargos and on the electrostatic interactions that are the driving force for the assembly of such structures. Selective encapsulation can protect the payload from the surroundings, shield the potential toxicity or even enhance the intended performance of the payload, which is appealing in drug or gene delivery and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland; (Q.L.); (A.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Ahmed Shaukat
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland; (Q.L.); (A.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Daniella Kyllönen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland; (Q.L.); (A.S.); (D.K.)
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland; (Q.L.); (A.S.); (D.K.)
- HYBER Center, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
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11
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Alvandi N, Rajabnejad M, Taghvaei Z, Esfandiari N. New generation of viral nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer therapy. J Drug Target 2021; 30:151-165. [PMID: 34210232 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1949600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale engineering is one of the novel methods to cure multitudes of diseases, such as types of cancers, neurological disorders, and infectious illnesses. Viruses can play a vital role in nanoscale engineering due to their specific properties like minuscule size, high stability in different body conditions, and large-scale production. Viral-like particles (VLPs) as specific nanoscale scaffolds can encapsulate a wide range of cargos, including nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, and drugs. The Exterior portion of VLPs can be changed by genetical or chemical conjugation as well as targeting ligands or peptides. The aforementioned features of VLPs can be used in several applications, such as drug delivery, bioimaging, tissue engineering, vaccine production, and disease detection. This review article attempts to investigate appearance characteristics, modification strategies, and manufacturing methods of VLPs. Additionally, drug delivery to cancer cells as one of the VLPs applications along with different cellular uptake mechanisms of VLPs by cancer cells are chosen for investigation. This review also tries to gather most of the recent studies of drug delivery to cancer cells by VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikta Alvandi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rajabnejad
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeynab Taghvaei
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Esfandiari
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Aljabali AAA, Al Zoubi MS, Al-Batayneh KM, Pardhi DM, Dua K, Pal K, Tambuwala MM. Innovative Applications of Plant Viruses in Drug Targeting and Molecular Imaging- A Review. Curr Med Imaging 2021; 17:491-506. [PMID: 33030133 DOI: 10.2174/1573405616666201007160243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nature had already engineered various types of nanoparticles (NPs), especially viruses, which can deliver their cargo to the host/targeted cells. The ability to selectively target specific cells offers a significant advantage over the conventional approach. Numerous organic NPs, including native protein cages, virus-like particles, polymeric saccharides, and liposomes, have been used for the preparation of nanoparticles. Such nanomaterials have demonstrated better performance as well as improved biocompatibility, devoid of side effects, and stable without any deterioration. OBJECTIVE This review discusses current clinical and scientific research on naturally occurring nanomaterials. It also illustrates and updates the tailor-made approaches for selective delivery and targeted medications that require a high-affinity interconnection to the targeted cells. METHODS A comprehensive search was performed using keywords for viral nanoparticles, viral particles for drug delivery, viral nanoparticles for molecular imaging, theranostics applications of viral nanoparticles and plant viruses in nanomedicine. We searched on Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer, Medline, and Elsevier from 2000 till date and by the bibliographic review of all identified articles. RESULTS The findings demonstrated that structures dependent on nanomaterials might have potential applications in diagnostics, cell marking, comparing agents (computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging), and antimicrobial drugs, as well as drug delivery structures. However, measures should be taken in order to prevent or mitigate, in pharmaceutical or medical applications, the toxic impact or incompatibility of nanoparticle-based structures with biological systems. CONCLUSION The review provided an overview of the latest advances in nanotechnology, outlining the difficulties and the advantages of in vivo and in vitro structures that are focused on a specific subset of the natural nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University - Faculty of Pharmacy, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mazhar S Al Zoubi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University - Faculty of Medicine, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Khalid M Al-Batayneh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Yarmouk University - Faculty of Science, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Dinesh M Pardhi
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, FL-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kaushik Pal
- Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitaria, Rio de Janeiro-RJ, 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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13
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Virus-Like Particles Produced Using the Brome Mosaic Virus Recombinant Capsid Protein Expressed in a Bacterial System. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063098. [PMID: 33803568 PMCID: PMC8003079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs), due to their nanoscale dimensions, presence of interior cavities, self-organization abilities and responsiveness to environmental changes, are of interest in the field of nanotechnology. Nevertheless, comprehensive knowledge of VLP self-assembly principles is incomplete. VLP formation is governed by two types of interactions: protein–cargo and protein–protein. These interactions can be modulated by the physicochemical properties of the surroundings. Here, we used brome mosaic virus (BMV) capsid protein produced in an E. coli expression system to study the impact of ionic strength, pH and encapsulated cargo on the assembly of VLPs and their features. We showed that empty VLP assembly strongly depends on pH whereas ionic strength of the buffer plays secondary but significant role. Comparison of VLPs containing tRNA and polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS) revealed that the structured tRNA profoundly increases VLPs stability. We also designed and produced mutated BMV capsid proteins that formed VLPs showing altered diameters and stability compared to VLPs composed of unmodified proteins. We also observed that VLPs containing unstructured polyelectrolyte (PSS) adopt compact but not necessarily more stable structures. Thus, our methodology of VLP production allows for obtaining different VLP variants and their adjustment to the incorporated cargo.
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14
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Akhuli A, Chakraborty D, Agrawal AK, Sarkar M. Probing the Interaction of Bovine Serum Albumin with Copper Nanoclusters: Realization of Binding Pathway Different from Protein Corona. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:1823-1837. [PMID: 33502208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
With an aim to understand the interaction mechanism of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with copper nanoclusters (CuNCs), three different types CuNCs having chemically different surface ligands, namely, tannic acid (TA), chitosan, and cysteine (Cys), have been fabricated, and investigations are carried out in the absence and presence of protein (BSA) at ensemble-averaged and single-molecule levels. The CuNCs, capped with different surface ligands, are consciously chosen so that the role of surface ligands in the overall protein-NCs interactions is clearly understood, but, more importantly, to find whether these CuNCs can interact with protein in a new pathway without forming the "protein corona", which otherwise has been observed in relatively larger nanoparticles when they are exposed to biological fluids. Analysis of the data obtained from fluorescence, ζ-potential, and ITC measurements has clearly indicated that the BSA protein in the presence of CuNCs does not attain the binding stoichiometry (BSA/CuNCs > 1) that is required for the formation of "protein corona". This conclusion is further substantiated by the outcome of the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) study. Further analysis of data and thermodynamic calculations have revealed that the surface ligands of the CuNCs play an important role in the protein-NCs binding events, and they can alter the mode and thermodynamics of the process. Specifically, the data have demonstrated that the binding of BSA with TA-CuNCs and Chitosan-CuNCs follows two types of binding modes; however, the same with Cys-CuNCs goes through only one type of binding mode. Circular dichroism (CD) measurements have indicated that the basic structure of BSA remains almost unaltered in the presence of CuNCs. The outcome of the present study is expected to encourage and enable better application of NCs in biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Akhuli
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khorda, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Debabrata Chakraborty
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khorda, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Aman Kumar Agrawal
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khorda, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
| | - Moloy Sarkar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni, Khorda, Bhubaneswar 752050, Odisha, India
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15
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Dickmeis C, Kauth L, Commandeur U. From infection to healing: The use of plant viruses in bioactive hydrogels. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 13:e1662. [PMID: 32677315 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses show great diversity in shape and size, but each species forms unique nucleoprotein particles that are symmetrical and monodisperse. The genetically programed structure of plant viruses allows them to be modified by genetic engineering, bioconjugation, or encapsulation to form virus nanoparticles (VNPs) that are suitable for a broad range of applications. Plant VNPs can be used to present foreign proteins or epitopes, to construct inorganic hybrid materials, or to carry molecular cargos, allowing their utilization as imaging reagents, immunomodulators, therapeutics, nanoreactors, and biosensors. The medical applications of plant viruses benefit from their inability to infect and replicate in human cells. The structural properties of plant viruses also make them useful as components of hydrogels for tissue engineering. Hydrogels are three-dimensional networks composed of hydrophilic polymers that can absorb large amounts of water. They are used as supports for tissue regeneration, as reservoirs for controlled drug release, and are found in contact lenses, many wound healing materials, and hygiene products. They are also useful in ecological applications such as wastewater treatment. Hydrogel-based matrices are structurally similar to the native extracellular matrix (ECM) and provide a scaffold for the attachment of cells. To fully replicate the functions of the ECM it is necessary to augment hydrogels with biological cues that regulate cellular interactions. This can be achieved by incorporating functionalized VNPs displaying ligands that influence the mechanical characteristics of hydrogels and their biological properties, promoting the survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of embedded cells. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dickmeis
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Louisa Kauth
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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16
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Li F, Wang D, Zhou J, Men D, Zhan XE. Design and biosynthesis of functional protein nanostructures. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 63:1142-1158. [PMID: 32253589 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1641-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteins are one of the major classes of biomolecules that execute biological functions for maintenance of life. Various kinds of nanostructures self-assembled from proteins have been created in nature over millions of years of evolution, including protein nanowires, layers and nanocages. These protein nanostructures can be reconstructed and equipped with desired new functions. Learning from and manipulating the self-assembly of protein nanostructures not only help to deepen our understanding of the nature of life but also offer new routes to fabricate novel nanomaterials for diverse applications. This review summarizes the recent research progress in this field, focusing on the characteristics, functionalization strategies, and applications of protein nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Dianbing Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Dong Men
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xian-En Zhan
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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17
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Panahandeh S, Li S, Marichal L, Leite Rubim R, Tresset G, Zandi R. How a Virus Circumvents Energy Barriers to Form Symmetric Shells. ACS NANO 2020; 14:3170-3180. [PMID: 32115940 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b08354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous self-assembly experiments on a model icosahedral plant virus have shown that, under physiological conditions, capsid proteins initially bind to the genome through an en masse mechanism and form nucleoprotein complexes in a disordered state, which raises the question as to how virions are assembled into a highly ordered structure in the host cell. Using small-angle X-ray scattering, we find out that a disorder-order transition occurs under physiological conditions upon an increase in capsid protein concentrations. Our cryo-transmission electron microscopy reveals closed spherical shells containing in vitro transcribed viral RNA even at pH 7.5, in marked contrast with the previous observations. We use Monte Carlo simulations to explain this disorder-order transition and find that, as the shell grows, the structures of disordered intermediates in which the distribution of pentamers does not belong to the icosahedral subgroups become energetically so unfavorable that the caps can easily dissociate and reassemble, overcoming the energy barriers for the formation of perfect icosahedral shells. In addition, we monitor the growth of capsids under the condition that the nucleation and growth is the dominant pathway and show that the key for the disorder-order transition in both en masse and nucleation and growth pathways lies in the strength of elastic energy compared to the other forces in the system including protein-protein interactions and the chemical potential of free subunits. Our findings explain, at least in part, why perfect virions with icosahedral order form under different conditions including physiological ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Panahandeh
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Siyu Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Laurent Marichal
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Rafael Leite Rubim
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Guillaume Tresset
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Roya Zandi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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18
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Hao L, Leng Y, Zeng L, Chen X, Chen J, Duan H, Huang X, Xiong Y, Chen X. Core-Shell-Heterostructured Magnetic-Plasmonic Nanoassemblies with Highly Retained Magnetic-Plasmonic Activities for Ultrasensitive Bioanalysis in Complex Matrix. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1902433. [PMID: 31993296 PMCID: PMC6974949 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a facile self-assembly strategy for coassembling oleic acid-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (OC-IONPs) with oleylamine-coated gold nanoparticles (OA-AuNPs) to form colloidal magnetic-plasmonic nanoassemblies (MPNAs) is reported. The resultant MPNAs exhibit a typical core-shell heterostructure comprising aggregated OA-AuNPs as a plasmonic core surrounded by an assembled magnetic shell of OC-IONPs. Owing to the high loading of OA-AuNPs and reasonable spatial distribution of OC-IONPs, the resultant MPNAs exhibit highly retained magnetic-plasmonic activities simultaneously. Using the intrinsic dual functionality of MPNAs as a magnetic separator and a plasmonic signal transducer, it is demonstrated that the assembled MPNAs can achieve the simultaneous magnetic manipulation and optical detection on the lateral flow immunoassay platform after surface functionalization with recognition molecules. In conclusion, the core-shell-heterostructured MPNAs can serve as a nanoanalytical platform for the separation and concentration of target compounds from complex biological samples using magnetic properties and simultaneous optical sensing using plasmonic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangwen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangxi Key Laboratory for Microscale Interdisciplinary StudyNanchang UniversityNanchang330047P. R. China
| | - Yuankui Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangxi Key Laboratory for Microscale Interdisciplinary StudyNanchang UniversityNanchang330047P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Zeng
- The People's Hospital in Jiangxi ProvinceNanchang330006P. R. China
| | - Xirui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangxi Key Laboratory for Microscale Interdisciplinary StudyNanchang UniversityNanchang330047P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangxi Key Laboratory for Microscale Interdisciplinary StudyNanchang UniversityNanchang330047P. R. China
| | - Hong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangxi Key Laboratory for Microscale Interdisciplinary StudyNanchang UniversityNanchang330047P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangxi Key Laboratory for Microscale Interdisciplinary StudyNanchang UniversityNanchang330047P. R. China
| | - Yonghua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and TechnologySchool of Food Science and TechnologyJiangxi Key Laboratory for Microscale Interdisciplinary StudyNanchang UniversityNanchang330047P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN)National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB)National Institutes of Health (NIH)BethesdaMD20892USA
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19
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Dehghani S, Hosseini M, Haghgoo S, Changizi V, Akbari Javar H, Khoobi M, Riahi Alam N. Multifunctional MIL-Cur@FC as a theranostic agent for magnetic resonance imaging and targeting drug delivery: in vitro and in vivo study. J Drug Target 2019; 28:668-680. [PMID: 31886726 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1710839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the importance of multifunctional theranostics as promising systems to overcome key problems of conventional cancer therapy, in this study a multifunctional metal-organic framework-based (MOF) theranostic system was prepared and applied as intelligent theranostic systems in cancer. Iron-based MOF, MIL-88B, in a multi-faceted shape was initially prepared. Curcumin (Cur) was then loaded into the pores of MIL and folic acid-chitosan conjugate (FC) was finally coated on the surface of the carrier to accomplish cancer-specific targeting properties. MTT assay revealed perfect cytocompatibility of the system and selective toxicity against cancerous cells. In vivo MRI images showed high tumour uptake for MIL-Cur@FC and high T1-T2 contrast effect. The growth inhibiting efficiencies of MIL-Cur@FC on M109 tumour bearing Balb/C mice without reducing their body weight showed maximum tumour eradication with no significant toxicities. Due to the outstanding features of the system achieved from in vitro and in vivo studies, we believe that this study will provide a novel approach for developing targeted theranostic agents in cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Dehghani
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Radiation Sciences Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Health Information Management Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Haghgoo
- Pharmaceutical Department, Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food and Drug Organization (FDO), Ministry of Health, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Changizi
- Radiation Sciences Department, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Health Information Management Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Akbari Javar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khoobi
- Biomaterials Group, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Riahi Alam
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Mandial D, Khullar P, Gupta V, Kumar H, Singh N, Ahluwalia GK, Bakshi MS. Role of Gluten in Surface Chemistry: Nanometallic Bioconjugation of Hard, Medium, and Soft Wheat Protein. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:7886-7897. [PMID: 31283218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hard, medium, and soft wheat proteins, based on gluten content, were studied for their important roles in nanometallic surface chemistry. In situ synthesis of Au nanoparticles (NPs) was followed to determine the surface adsorption behavior of wheat protein based on the gluten contents. A greater amount of gluten contents facilitated the nucleation to produce Au NPs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) surface analysis clearly showed the surface adsorption of protein on nanometallic surfaces which was almost equally prevalent for the hard, medium, and soft wheat proteins. Wheat protein conjugated NPs were highly susceptible to phase transfer from aqueous to organic phase that was entirely related to the amount of gluten contents. The presence of higher gluten content in hard wheat protein readily enabled the hard wheat protein conjugated NPs to move across the aqueous-organic interface followed by medium and soft wheat protein conjugated NPs. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS page) analysis allowed us to determine molar masses of nanometallic surface adsorbed protein fractions. Only two protein fractions of high molar masses (74 and 85 kDa) from SDS solubilized hard, medium, and soft wheat proteins preferred to adsorb on nanometallic surfaces out of more than 15 protein fractions of pure wheat protein. This made the surface adsorption of wheat protein highly selective and closely related to gluten content. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) solubilized wheat protein conjugated NPs demonstrated their strong antimicrobial activities against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria making them suitable for their applications in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Mandial
- Department of Chemistry , B.B.K. D.A.V. College for Women , Amritsar 143005 , Punjab , India
| | - Poonam Khullar
- Department of Chemistry , B.B.K. D.A.V. College for Women , Amritsar 143005 , Punjab , India
| | - Vikas Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology , DAV College , Amritsar 143005 , Punjab , India
| | - Harsh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology , Jalandhar 144011 , Punjab , India
| | - Narpinder Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology , Guru Nanak Dev University , Amritsar 143005 , Punjab , India
| | - Gurinder Kaur Ahluwalia
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory , College of North Atlantic , Labrador City , NL A2V 2K7 , Canada
| | - Mandeep Singh Bakshi
- Department of Chemistry, Natural and Applied Sciences , University of Wisconsin - Green Bay , 2420 Nicolet Drive , Green Bay , Wisconsin 54311-7001 , United States
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21
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Kopatz I, Zalk R, Levi-Kalisman Y, Zlotkin-Rivkin E, Frank GA, Kler S. Packaging of DNA origami in viral capsids. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10160-10166. [PMID: 30994643 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10113b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Here we show the encapsulation of 35 nm diameter, nearly-spherical, DNA origami by self-assembly of SV40-like (simian virus 40) particles. The self-assembly of this new type of nanoparticles is highly reproducible and efficient. The structure of these particles was determined by cryo-EM. The capsid forms a regular SV40 lattice of T = 7d icosahedral symmetry and the structural features of encapsulated DNA origami are fully visible. These particles are a promising biomaterial for use in various medical applications.
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22
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Role of metallic core for the stability of virus-like particles in strongly coupled electrostatics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3884. [PMID: 30846718 PMCID: PMC6405863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrostatic interactions play important roles in the formation and stability of viruses and virus-like particles (VLPs) through processes that often involve added, or naturally occurring, multivalent ions. Here, we investigate the electrostatic or osmotic pressure acting on the proteinaceous shell of a generic model of VLPs, comprising a charged outer shell and a metallic nanoparticle core, coated by a charged layer and bathed in an aqueous electrolyte solution. Motivated by the recent studies accentuating the role of multivalent ions for the stability of VLPs, we focus on the effects of multivalent cations and anions in an otherwise monovalent ionic solution. We perform extensive Monte-Carlo simulations based on appropriate Coulombic interactions that consistently take into account the effects of salt screening, the dielectric polarization of the metallic core, and the strong-coupling electrostatics due to multivalent ions. We specifically study the intricate roles these factors play in the electrostatic stability of the model VLPs. It is shown that while the insertion of a metallic nanoparticle by itself can produce negative, inward-directed, pressure on the outer shell, addition of only a small amount of multivalent counterions can robustly engender negative pressures, enhancing the VLP stability across a wide range of values for the system parameters.
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23
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Künzle M, Mangler J, Lach M, Beck T. Peptide-directed encapsulation of inorganic nanoparticles into protein containers. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:22917-22926. [PMID: 30499576 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06236f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecules can be combined with inorganic compounds to unite biological features with the chemical and physical properties of abiotic materials. In particular, protein containers, with their inherent ability to encapsulate cargo molecules, are perfect platforms for the generation of multifunctional assemblies. However, encapsulation of foreign cargo is immensely challenging due to the lack of specific interactions between cargo and container. Here, we demonstrate that the highly specific cargo-loading mechanism of the bacterial nanocompartment encapsulin can be employed for encapsulation of artificial cargo like inorganic nanoparticles. For this purpose, container-filling gold nanoparticles were decorated with a small number of encapsulin cargo-loading peptides. By lock-and-key interaction between the peptides and the peptide-binding pockets on the inner container surface, the nanoparticles are encapsulated into encapsulin with extremely high efficiency. Most notably, peptide binding is independent from external factors such as ionic strength. Cargo-loading peptides may serve as generally applicable tool for efficient and specific encapsulation of cargo molecules into a proteinaceous compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Künzle
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, JARA-SOFT (Researching Soft Matter), and I3TM, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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24
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Lázaro GR, Dragnea B, Hagan MF. Self-assembly of convex particles on spherocylindrical surfaces. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:5728-5740. [PMID: 29796568 PMCID: PMC6051892 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00129d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The precise control of assembly and packing of proteins and colloids on curved surfaces has fundamental implications in nanotechnology. In this paper, we describe dynamical simulations of the self-assembly of conical subunits around a spherocylindrical template, and a continuum theory for the bending energy of a triangular lattice with spontaneous curvature on a surface with arbitrary curvature. We find that assembly depends sensitively on mismatches between subunit spontaneous curvature and the mean curvature of the template, as well as anisotropic curvature of the template (mismatch between the two principal curvatures). Our simulations predict assembly morphologies that closely resemble those observed in experiments in which virus capsid proteins self-assemble around metal nanorods. Below a threshold curvature mismatch, our simulations identify a regime of optimal assembly leading to complete, symmetrical particles. Outside of this regime we observe defective particles, whose morphologies depend on the degree of curvature mismatch. To learn how assembly is affected by the nonuniform curvature of a spherocylinder, we also study the simpler cases of assembly around spherical and cylindrical cores. Our results show that both the intrinsic (Gaussian) and extrinsic (mean) curvatures of a template play significant roles in guiding the assembly of anisotropic subunits, providing a rich design space for the formation of nanoscale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo R Lázaro
- Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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25
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Salimi M, Sarkar S, Fathi S, Alizadeh AM, Saber R, Moradi F, Delavari H. Biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of dendrimer-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in BALB/c mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:1483-1493. [PMID: 29559777 PMCID: PMC5856291 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s157293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The possibility of using a specific nanoparticle in nanomedicine highly depends on its biodistribution profile and biocompatibility. Due to growing demand for iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and dendrimers in biomedical applications, this study was performed to assess the biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of dendrimer-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (G4@IONPs). Materials and methods IONPs were synthesized via co-precipitation and coated with the fourth generation (G4) of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer. To determine the biodistribution, 5 mg/mL G4@IONPs suspension was intraperitoneally injected into tumor-bearing BALB/c mice, and iron levels in blood and various organs, including the lung, liver, brain, heart, tumor, and kidney, were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h after injection. Also, to investigate the toxicity of G4@IONPs, different concentrations of G4@IONPs were injected into BALB/c mice, and blood, renal, and hepatic factors were measured. Furthermore, histopathological staining was performed to investigate the effect of G4@IONPs on the liver and kidney tissues. Results The results showed that the iron content was higher in the kidney, liver, and lung tissues 24 h after injection. Toxicity assessments revealed a significant increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and direct bilirubin at the concentration of 10 mg/kg. Also, in this concentration, histopathological abnormalities were detected in liver tissue. Conclusion Although more systematic studies are still required, our results encouraged the future investigations of G4@IONPs in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Salimi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center of Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Sarkar
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center of Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Fathi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Saber
- Research Center of Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Moradi
- Department of Medical Physiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Delavari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Li J, Tian B, Li T, Dai S, Weng Y, Lu J, Xu X, Jin Y, Pang R, Hua Y. Biosynthesis of Au, Ag and Au-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles using protein extracts of Deinococcus radiodurans and evaluation of their cytotoxicity. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:1411-1424. [PMID: 29563796 PMCID: PMC5849937 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s149079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biosynthesis of noble metallic nanoparticles (NPs) has attracted significant interest due to their environmental friendly and biocompatible properties. Methods In this study, we investigated syntheses of Au, Ag and Au–Ag bimetallic NPs using protein extracts of Deinococcus radiodurans, which demonstrated powerful metal-reducing ability. The obtained NPs were characterized and analyzed by various spectroscopy techniques. Results The D. radiodurans protein extract-mediated silver nanoparticles (Drp-AgNPs) were preferably monodispersed and stably distributed compared to D. radiodurans protein extract-mediated gold nanoparticles (Drp-AuNPs). Drp-AgNPs and Drp-AuNPs exhibited spherical morphology with average sizes of 37.13±5.97 nm and 51.72±7.38 nm and zeta potential values of −18.31±1.39 mV and −15.17±1.24 mV at pH 7, respectively. The release efficiencies of Drp-AuNPs and Drp-AgNPs measured at 24 h were 3.99% and 18.20%, respectively. During the synthesis process, Au(III) was reduced to Au(I) and further to Au(0) and Ag(I) was reduced to Ag(0) by interactions with the hydroxyl, amine, carboxyl, phospho or sulfhydryl groups of proteins and subsequently stabilized by these groups. Some characteristics of Drp-AuNPs were different from those of Drp-AgNPs, which could be attributed to the interaction of the NPs with different binding groups of proteins. The Drp-AgNPs could be further formed into Au–Ag bimetallic NPs via galvanic replacement reaction. Drp-AuNPs and Au–Ag bimetallic NPs showed low cytotoxicity against MCF-10A cells due to the lower level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation than that of Drp-AgNPs. Conclusions These results are crucial to understand the biosynthetic mechanism and properties of noble metallic NPs using the protein extracts of bacteria. The biocompatible Au or Au–Ag bimetallic NPs are applicable in biosensing, bioimaging and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiulong Li
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Tian
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Dai
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulan Weng
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjiang Lu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Jin
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjiang Pang
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuejin Hua
- Key Laboratory for Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences of Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, Institute of Nuclear-Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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27
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Aanei IL, Glasgow JE, Capehart SL, Francis MB. Encapsulation of Negatively Charged Cargo in MS2 Viral Capsids. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1776:303-317. [PMID: 29869251 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7808-3_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation into virus-like particles is an efficient way of loading cargo of interest for delivery applications. Here, we describe the encapsulation of proteins with tags comprising anionic amino acids or DNA and gold nanoparticles with negative surface charges inside MS2 bacteriophage capsids to obtain homogeneous nanoparticles with a diameter of 27 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana L Aanei
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeff E Glasgow
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Stacy L Capehart
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Matthew B Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratories, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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28
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Kiprono SJ, Ullah MW, Yang G. Surface engineering of microbial cells: Strategies and applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.30919/es.180330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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29
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Okesola BO, Mata A. Multicomponent self-assembly as a tool to harness new properties from peptides and proteins in material design. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:3721-3736. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00121a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nature is enriched with a wide variety of complex, synergistic and highly functional protein-based multicomponent assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde O. Okesola
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Institute of Bioengineering
- Queen Mary University of London
- UK
| | - Alvaro Mata
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Institute of Bioengineering
- Queen Mary University of London
- UK
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30
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Zhang W, Xu C, Yin GQ, Zhang XE, Wang Q, Li F. Encapsulation of Inorganic Nanomaterials inside Virus-Based Nanoparticles for Bioimaging. Nanotheranostics 2017; 1:358-368. [PMID: 29071199 PMCID: PMC5646737 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.21384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs) can serve as containers for inorganic nanomaterials with excellent physical and chemical properties. Incorporation of nanomaterials inside the inner cavity of VNPs has opened up lots of possibilities for imaging applications in the field of biology and medicine. Encapsulation of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) in VNPs can achieve the labeling of VNPs with nanoprobes and maintain the original outer surface features of VNPs at the same time. In return, VNPs enhance the stability and biocompatibility of the inorganic cargoes. This review briefly summarizes the current typical strategies to encapsulate inorganic nanomaterials in VNPs, i.e. mineralization and self-assembly, as well as the applications of these hybrid nanostructures in the field of bioimaging, including in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, and theranostics. Nanophotonic studies based on the VNP platform are also discussed. We anticipate that this field will continue to flourish, with new exciting opportunities stemming from advancements in the rational design of VNPs, the development of excellent inorganic nanomaterials, the integration of multiple functionalities, and the regulation of nano-bio interfacial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chengchen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Gen-Quan Yin
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Xian-En Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qiangbin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interfaces, Division of Nanobiomedicine and i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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31
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Loredo-Tovias M, Duran-Meza AL, Villagrana-Escareño MV, Vega-Acosta R, Reynaga-Hernández E, Flores-Tandy LM, Valdes-Resendiz OE, Cadena-Nava RD, Alvizo-Paez ER, Ruiz-Garcia J. Encapsidated ultrasmall nanolipospheres as novel nanocarriers for highly hydrophobic anticancer drugs. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:11625-11631. [PMID: 28770909 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02118f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The design and construction of novel nanocarriers that have controlled shape and size and are made of inherently biocompatible components represents a milestone in the field of nanomedicine. Here, we show the tailoring of nanoliposphere-like particles for use as biocompatible drug nanocarriers. They are made with the building block components present in human lipoproteins by means of microfluidization, which allows for good size and polydispersity control, mimicking the physical properties of natural low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). This new type of nanocarrier has a negative surface charge and a hydrophobic core that allow the stabilization and encapsulation of hydrophobic anticancer drugs such as camptothecin, resulting in anticancer drug-loaded nanolipospheres. However, we found that the nanoparticles are unstable since their size increases with time. These nanolipospheres were further encapsidated using the non-cytotoxic capsid protein of the plant virus CCMV, which renders the nanoparticles stable. In a more general application, this new virus-like particle confers a controlled microenvironment for the transport of any kind of hydrophobic drug that can bypass the cellular defense mechanisms and deliver its payload.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Loredo-Tovias
- Biological Physics Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Álvaro Obregón 64, San Luis Potosí, S. L. P. 78000, Mexico.
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32
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Li S, Erdemci-Tandogan G, Wagner J, van der Schoot P, Zandi R. Impact of a nonuniform charge distribution on virus assembly. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:022401. [PMID: 28950450 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.022401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Many spherical viruses encapsulate their genomes in protein shells with icosahedral symmetry. This process is spontaneous and driven by electrostatic interactions between positive domains on the virus coat proteins and the negative genomes. We model the effect of the nonuniform icosahedral charge distribution from the protein shell instead using a mean-field theory. We find that this nonuniform charge distribution strongly affects the optimal genome length and that it can explain the experimentally observed phenomenon of overcharging of virus and viruslike particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Gonca Erdemci-Tandogan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Jef Wagner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Paul van der Schoot
- Group Theory of Polymers and Soft Matter, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University, Leuvenlaan 4, 3584 CE Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roya Zandi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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33
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Bianchi E, van Oostrum PD, Likos CN, Kahl G. Inverse patchy colloids: Synthesis, modeling and self-organization. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Tagit O, de Ruiter M, Brasch M, Ma Y, Cornelissen JJLM. Quantum dot encapsulation in virus-like particles with tuneable structural properties and low toxicity. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06684h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dot encapsulation within cowpea chlorotic mottle virus-based capsid proteins to obtain size-tuneable, non-toxic, luminescent imaging probes is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Tagit
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Nanotechnology
- MESA + Institute of Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - M. V. de Ruiter
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Nanotechnology
- MESA + Institute of Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - M. Brasch
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Nanotechnology
- MESA + Institute of Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Y. Ma
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Nanotechnology
- MESA + Institute of Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - J. J. L. M. Cornelissen
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Nanotechnology
- MESA + Institute of Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- Enschede
- The Netherlands
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35
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Blanco MA, Shen VK. Effect of the surface charge distribution on the fluid phase behavior of charged colloids and proteins. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:155102. [PMID: 27782465 PMCID: PMC5158025 DOI: 10.1063/1.4964613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A generic but simple model is presented to evaluate the effect of the heterogeneous surface charge distribution of proteins and zwitterionic nanoparticles on their thermodynamic phase behavior. By considering surface charges as continuous "patches," the rich set of surface patterns that is embedded in proteins and charged patchy particles can readily be described. This model is used to study the fluid phase separation of charged particles where the screening length is of the same order of magnitude as the particle size. In particular, two types of charged particles are studied: dipolar fluids and protein-like fluids. The former represents the simplest case of zwitterionic particles, whose charge distribution can be described by their dipole moment. The latter system corresponds to molecules/particles with complex surface charge arrangements such as those found in biomolecules. The results for both systems suggest a relation between the critical region, the strength of the interparticle interactions, and the arrangement of charged patches, where the critical temperature is strongly correlated to the magnitude of the dipole moment. Additionally, competition between attractive and repulsive charge-charge interactions seems to be related to the formation of fluctuating clusters in the dilute phase of dipolar fluids, as well as to the broadening of the binodal curve in protein-like fluids. Finally, a variety of self-assembled architectures are detected for dipolar fluids upon small changes to the charge distribution, providing the groundwork for studying the self-assembly of charged patchy particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Blanco
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Vincent K. Shen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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36
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Paramelle D, Peng T, Free P, Fernig DG, Lim S, Tomczak N. Specific Internalisation of Gold Nanoparticles into Engineered Porous Protein Cages via Affinity Binding. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162848. [PMID: 27622533 PMCID: PMC5021291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porous protein cages are supramolecular protein self-assemblies presenting pores that allow the access of surrounding molecules and ions into their core in order to store and transport them in biological environments. Protein cages’ pores are attractive channels for the internalisation of inorganic nanoparticles and an alternative for the preparation of hybrid bioinspired nanoparticles. However, strategies based on nanoparticle transport through the pores are largely unexplored, due to the difficulty of tailoring nanoparticles that have diameters commensurate with the pores size and simultaneously displaying specific affinity to the cages’ core and low non-specific binding to the cages’ outer surface. We evaluated the specific internalisation of single small gold nanoparticles, 3.9 nm in diameter, into porous protein cages via affinity binding. The E2 protein cage derived from the Geobacillus stearothermophilus presents 12 pores, 6 nm in diameter, and an empty core of 13 nm in diameter. We engineered the E2 protein by site-directed mutagenesis with oligohistidine sequences exposing them into the cage’s core. Dynamic light scattering and electron microscopy analysis show that the structures of E2 protein cages mutated with bis- or penta-histidine sequences are well conserved. The surface of the gold nanoparticles was passivated with a self-assembled monolayer made of a mixture of short peptidols and thiolated alkane ethylene glycol ligands. Such monolayers are found to provide thin coatings preventing non-specific binding to proteins. Further functionalisation of the peptide coated gold nanoparticles with Ni2+ nitrilotriacetic moieties enabled the specific binding to oligohistidine tagged cages. The internalisation via affinity binding was evaluated by electron microscopy analysis. From the various mutations tested, only the penta-histidine mutated E2 protein cage showed repeatable and stable internalisation. The present work overcomes the limitations of currently available approaches and provides a new route to design tailored and well-controlled hybrid nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Paramelle
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (DP); (NT); (SL)
| | - Tao Peng
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul Free
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - David G. Fernig
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sierin Lim
- Division of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- NTU-Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine, Nanyang Technology University, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (DP); (NT); (SL)
| | - Nikodem Tomczak
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (DP); (NT); (SL)
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37
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Luo Q, Hou C, Bai Y, Wang R, Liu J. Protein Assembly: Versatile Approaches to Construct Highly Ordered Nanostructures. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13571-13632. [PMID: 27587089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nature endows life with a wide variety of sophisticated, synergistic, and highly functional protein assemblies. Following Nature's inspiration to assemble protein building blocks into exquisite nanostructures is emerging as a fascinating research field. Dictating protein assembly to obtain highly ordered nanostructures and sophisticated functions not only provides a powerful tool to understand the natural protein assembly process but also offers access to advanced biomaterials. Over the past couple of decades, the field of protein assembly has undergone unexpected and rapid developments, and various innovative strategies have been proposed. This Review outlines recent advances in the field of protein assembly and summarizes several strategies, including biotechnological strategies, chemical strategies, and combinations of these approaches, for manipulating proteins to self-assemble into desired nanostructures. The emergent applications of protein assemblies as versatile platforms to design a wide variety of attractive functional materials with improved performances have also been discussed. The goal of this Review is to highlight the importance of this highly interdisciplinary field and to promote its growth in a diverse variety of research fields ranging from nanoscience and material science to synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Chunxi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Yushi Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Ruibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Junqiu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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38
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Yang L, Liu A, Cao S, Putri RM, Jonkheijm P, Cornelissen JJLM. Self-Assembly of Proteins: Towards Supramolecular Materials. Chemistry 2016; 22:15570-15582. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liulin Yang
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Aijie Liu
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Shuqin Cao
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Rindia M. Putri
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Jonkheijm
- Molecular Nanofabrication Group; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J. L. M. Cornelissen
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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39
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan J. Dmochowski
- Department of Chemistry University of Pennsylvania 231 S. 34thSt. Philadelphia PA 19104
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40
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Wen AM, Steinmetz NF. Design of virus-based nanomaterials for medicine, biotechnology, and energy. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4074-126. [PMID: 27152673 PMCID: PMC5068136 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00287g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of recent developments in "chemical virology." Viruses, as materials, provide unique nanoscale scaffolds that have relevance in chemical biology and nanotechnology, with diverse areas of applications. Some fundamental advantages of viruses, compared to synthetically programmed materials, include the highly precise spatial arrangement of their subunits into a diverse array of shapes and sizes and many available avenues for easy and reproducible modification. Here, we will first survey the broad distribution of viruses and various methods for producing virus-based nanoparticles, as well as engineering principles used to impart new functionalities. We will then examine the broad range of applications and implications of virus-based materials, focusing on the medical, biotechnology, and energy sectors. We anticipate that this field will continue to evolve and grow, with exciting new possibilities stemming from advancements in the rational design of virus-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. and Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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41
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Liu A, Verwegen M, de Ruiter MV, Maassen SJ, Traulsen CHH, Cornelissen JJLM. Protein Cages as Containers for Gold Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:6352-7. [PMID: 27135176 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b03066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abundant and highly diverse, viruses offer new scaffolds in nanotechnology for the encapsulation, organization, or even synthesis of novel materials. In this work the coat protein of the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) is used to encapsulate gold nanoparticles with different sizes and stabilizing ligands yielding stable particles in buffered solutions at neutral pH. The sizes of the virus-like particles correspond to T = 1, 2, and 3 Caspar-Klug icosahedral triangulation numbers. We developed a simple one-step process enabling the encapsulation of commercially available gold nanoparticles without prior modification with up to 97% efficiency. The encapsulation efficiency is further increased using bis-p-(sufonatophenyl)phenyl phosphine surfactants up to 99%. Our work provides a simplified procedure for the preparation of metallic particles stabilized in CCMV protein cages. The presented results are expected to enable the preparation of a variety of similar virus-based colloids for current focus areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijie Liu
- Department of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verwegen
- Department of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Mark V de Ruiter
- Department of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Stan J Maassen
- Department of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph H-H Traulsen
- Department of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J L M Cornelissen
- Department of Biomolecular Nanotechnology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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42
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Abstract
Nanoscale engineering is revolutionizing the way we prevent, detect, and treat diseases. Viruses have played a special role in these developments because they can function as prefabricated nanoscaffolds that have unique properties and are easily modified. The interiors of virus particles can encapsulate and protect sensitive compounds, while the exteriors can be altered to display large and small molecules in precisely defined arrays. These properties of viruses, along with their innate biocompatibility, have led to their development as actively targeted drug delivery systems that expand on and improve current pharmaceutical options. Viruses are naturally immunogenic, and antigens displayed on their surface have been used to create vaccines against pathogens and to break self-tolerance to initiate an immune response to dysfunctional proteins. Densely and specifically aligned imaging agents on viruses have allowed for high-resolution and noninvasive visualization tools to detect and treat diseases earlier than previously possible. These and future applications of viruses have created an exciting new field within the disciplines of both nanotechnology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marianne Manchester
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Departments of 2Biomedical Engineering
- Radiology
- Materials Science and Engineering, and
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106;
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43
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Hill RJ, Li F, Doane TL, Burda C. Electrophoretic Interpretation of PEGylated NP Structure with and without Peripheral Charge. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:10246-10253. [PMID: 26332501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anchoring poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) permits control over NP properties for a variety of technological applications. However, the core-shell structure tremendously complicates the interpretation of the ubiquitous ζ-potential, as furnished by electrophoretic light-scattering, capillary electrophoresis or gel electrophoresis. To advance the ζ-potential-and the more fundamental electrophoretic mobility-as a quantitative diagnostic for PEGylated NPs, we synthesized and characterized Au NPs bearing terminally anchored 5 kDa PEG ligands with univalent carboxymethyl end groups. Using the electrophoretic mobilities, acquired over a wide range of ionic strengths, we developed a theoretical model for the distributions of polymer segments, charge, electrostatic potential, and osmotic pressure that envelop the core: knowledge that will help to improve the performance of soft NPs in fundamental research and technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reghan J Hill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University , 3610 University Street, Montreal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University , 3610 University Street, Montreal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Tennyson L Doane
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University , 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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44
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Stipsitz M, Kahl G, Bianchi E. Generalized inverse patchy colloid model. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:114905. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4930600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Stipsitz
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Technische Universität Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, A-1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Gerhard Kahl
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Center for Computational Materials Science (CMS), Technische Universität Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, A-1040 Wien, Austria
| | - Emanuela Bianchi
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Technische Universität Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, A-1040 Wien, Austria
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45
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Kalyuzhnyi YV, Vasilyev OA, Cummings PT. Inverse patchy colloids with two and three patches. Analytical and numerical study. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:044904. [PMID: 26233161 DOI: 10.1063/1.4927168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose an analytical solution of the multi-density Ornstein-Zernike equation supplemented by the associative Percus-Yevick closure relations specifically designed to describe the equilibrium properties of the novel class of patchy colloidal particles represented by the inverse patchy colloids with arbitrary number of patches. Using Baxter's factorization method, we reduce solution of the problem to the solution of one nonlinear algebraic equation for the fraction of the particles with one non-bonded patch. We present closed-form expressions for the structure (structure factor) and thermodynamic (internal energy) properties of the system in terms of this fraction (and parameters of the model). We perform computer simulation studies and compare theoretical and computer simulation predictions for the pair distribution function, internal energy, and number of single and double bonds formed in the system, for two versions of the model, each with two and three patches. We consider the models with formation of the double bonds blocked by the patch-patch repulsion and the models without patch-patch repulsion. In general very good agreement between theoretical and computer simulation results is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y V Kalyuzhnyi
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Svientsitskoho 1, 79011 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - O A Vasilyev
- Max-Planck-Institut für Intelligente Systeme, Heisenbergstraße 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany and IV. Institut für Theoretische Physik, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - P T Cummings
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235-1604, USA
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46
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Noya EG, Bianchi E. Phase behaviour of inverse patchy colloids: effect of the model parameters. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:234103. [PMID: 26010804 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/23/234103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The phase behaviour of inverse patchy colloid systems composed of spherical particles with two oppositely charged patches at the poles is investigated by simulation-based thermodynamic integration schemes. The interaction between the particles is derived via a coarse-grained model characterized by three system parameters: the charge imbalance between the bare colloid and the patches, the patch surface extension and the particle interaction range. Starting from a set of parameters for which a stacking of parallel layers is thermodynamically stable, the effect of each of these three parameters on the phase diagram is studied. Our results show that the region of stability of the layered solid phase can be expanded by increasing the charge imbalance and/or by reducing the interaction range. A larger patch size, on the other hand, stabilizes the layered structure with respect to the competing face centered cubic solid at high pressures but destabilizes it with respect to the fluid phase at low pressures. The location of the liquid-vapour critical point in the temperature versus density plane is also investigated: while the charge imbalance and the patch size affect mainly the critical density, a change of the interaction range has a substantial impact also on the critical temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva G Noya
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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Malyutin AG, Cheng H, Sanchez-Felix OR, Carlson K, Stein BD, Konarev PV, Svergun DI, Dragnea B, Bronstein LM. Coat Protein-Dependent Behavior of Poly(ethylene glycol) Tails in Iron Oxide Core Virus-like Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:12089-12098. [PMID: 25989427 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Here we explore the formation of virus-like nanoparticles (VNPs) utilizing 22-24 nm iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) as cores and proteins derived from viral capsids of brome mosaic virus (BMV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV) as shells. To accomplish that, hydrophobic FeO/Fe3O4 NPs prepared by thermal decomposition of iron oleate were coated with poly(maleic acid-alt-octadecene) modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) tails of different lengths and grafting densities. MRI studies show high r2/r1 relaxivity ratios of these NPs that are practically independent of the polymer coating type. The versatility and flexibility of the viral capsid protein are on display as they readily form shells that exceed their native size. The location of the long PEG tails upon shell formation was investigated by electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering. PEG tails were located differently in the BMV and HBV VNPs, with the BMV VNPs preferentially entrapping the tails in the interior and the HBV VNPs allowing the tails to extend through the capsid, which highlights the differences between intersubunit interactions in these two icosahedral viruses. The robustness of the assembly reaction and the protruding PEG tails, potentially useful in modulating the immune response, make the systems introduced here a promising platform for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G Malyutin
- †Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Hu Cheng
- §Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East Tenth Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47403, United States
| | - Olivia R Sanchez-Felix
- †Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kenneth Carlson
- †Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Barry D Stein
- ∥Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 East Third Street, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Petr V Konarev
- ‡EMBL, Hamburg Outstation, Notkestraße 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri I Svergun
- ‡EMBL, Hamburg Outstation, Notkestraße 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bogdan Dragnea
- †Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lyudmila M Bronstein
- †Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- #Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Setaro F, Brasch M, Hahn U, Koay MST, Cornelissen JJLM, de la Escosura A, Torres T. Generation-dependent templated self-assembly of biohybrid protein nanoparticles around photosensitizer dendrimers. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:1245-1251. [PMID: 25615286 DOI: 10.1021/nl5044055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we show the great potential of dendrimers for driving the self-assembly of biohybrid protein nanoparticles. Dendrimers are periodically branched macromolecules with a perfectly defined and monodisperse structure. Moreover, they allow the possibility to incorporate functional units at predetermined sites, either at their core, branches, or surface. On these bases, we have designed and synthesized negatively charged phthalocyanine (Pc) dendrimers that behave as photosensitizers for the activation of molecular oxygen into singlet oxygen, one of the main reactive species in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The number of surface negative charges depends on dendrimer generation, whereas Pc aggregation can be tuned through the appropriate choice of the Pc metal center and its availability for axial substitution. Remarkably, both parameters determine the outcome and efficiency of the templated self-assembly process by which a virus protein forms 18 nm virus-like particles around these dendritic chromophores. Protein-dendrimer biohybrid nanoparticles of potential interest for therapeutic delivery purposes are obtained in this way. Biohybrid assemblies of this kind will have a central role in future nanomedical and nanotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Setaro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica (C-I), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/IMDEA Nanociencia (TT) , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
I present a review of the theoretical and computational methodologies that have been used to model the assembly of viral capsids. I discuss the capabilities and limitations of approaches ranging from equilibrium continuum theories to molecular dynamics simulations, and I give an overview of some of the important conclusions about virus assembly that have resulted from these modeling efforts. Topics include the assembly of empty viral shells, assembly around single-stranded nucleic acids to form viral particles, and assembly around synthetic polymers or charged nanoparticles for nanotechnology or biomedical applications. I present some examples in which modeling efforts have promoted experimental breakthroughs, as well as directions in which the connection between modeling and experiment can be strengthened.
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Kusters R, Lin HK, Zandi R, Tsvetkova I, Dragnea B, van der Schoot P. Role of charge regulation and size polydispersity in nanoparticle encapsulation by viral coat proteins. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:1869-80. [PMID: 25562399 DOI: 10.1021/jp5108125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles can be encapsulated by virus coat proteins if their surfaces are functionalized to acquire a sufficiently large negative charge. A minimal surface charge is required to overcome (i) repulsive interactions between the positively charged RNA-binding domains on the proteins and (ii) the loss of mixing and translational entropy of RNA and capsid coat proteins. Here, we present a model describing the encapsulation of spherical particles bearing weakly acidic surface groups and investigate how charge regulation and size polydispersity impact upon the encapsulation efficiency of gold nanoparticles by model coat proteins. We show that the surface charge density of these particles cannot be assumed fixed, but that it adjusts itself to minimize electrostatic repulsion between the charges on them and maximize the attractive interaction with the RNA binding domains on the proteins. Charge regulation in combination with the natural variation of particle radii has a large effect on the encapsulation efficiency: it makes it much more gradual despite its inherently cooperative nature. Our calculations rationalize recent experimental observations on the coassembly of gold nanoparticles by brome mosaic virus coat proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remy Kusters
- Faculteit Technische Natuurkunde, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven , Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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