1
|
Li D, Liu Y, Luo H, Jing G. Anisotropic Diffusion of Elongated Particles in Active Coherent Flows. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:199. [PMID: 38398928 PMCID: PMC10893016 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The study of particle diffusion, a classical conundrum in scientific inquiry, holds manifold implications for various real-world applications. Particularly within the domain of active flows, where the motion of self-propelled particles instigates fluid movement, extensive research has been dedicated to unraveling the dynamics of passive spherical particles. This scrutiny has unearthed intriguing phenomena, such as superdiffusion at brief temporal scales and conventional diffusion at longer intervals. In contrast to the spherical counterparts, anisotropic particles, which manifest directional variations, are prevalent in nature. Although anisotropic behavior in passive fluids has been subject to exploration, enigmatic aspects persist in comprehending the interplay of anisotropic particles within active flows. This research delves into the intricacies of anisotropic passive particle diffusion, exposing a notable escalation in translational and rotational diffusion coefficients, as well as the superdiffusion index, contingent upon bacterial concentration. Through a detailed examination of particle coordinates, the directional preference of particle diffusion is not solely dependent on the particle length, but rather determined by the ratio of the particle length to the associated length scale of the background flow field. These revelations accentuate the paramount importance of unraveling the nuances of anisotropic particle diffusion within the context of active flows. Such insights not only contribute to the fundamental understanding of particle dynamics, but also have potential implications for a spectrum of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanan Liu
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | | | - Guangyin Jing
- School of Physics, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Umezaki U, Smith McWillams AD, Tang Z, He ZMS, Siqueira IR, Corr SJ, Ryu H, Kolomeisky AB, Pasquali M, Martí AA. Brownian Diffusion of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanosheets and Graphene in Two Dimensions. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2446-2454. [PMID: 38207242 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have numerous interesting chemical and physical properties that make them desirable building blocks for the manufacture of macroscopic materials. Liquid-phase processing is a common method for forming macroscopic materials from these building blocks including wet-spinning and vacuum filtration. As such, assembling 2D nanomaterials into ordered functional materials requires an understanding of their solution dynamics. Yet, there are few experimental studies investigating the hydrodynamics of disk-like materials. Herein, we report the lateral diffusion of hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets (h-BN and graphene) in aqueous solution when confined in 2-dimensions. This was done by imaging fluorescent surfactant-tagged nanosheets and visualizing them by using fluorescence microscopy. Spectroscopic studies were conducted to characterize the interactions between h-BN and the fluorescent surfactant, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) was conducted to characterize the quality of the dispersion. The diffusion data under different gap sizes and viscosities displayed a good correlation with Kramers' theory. We propose that the yielded activation energies by Kramers' equation express the magnitude of the interaction between fluorescent surfactant tagged h-BN and glass because the energies remain constant with changing viscosity and decrease with increasing confinement size. The diffusion of graphene presented a similar trend with similar activation energy as the h-BN. This relationship suggests that Kramers' theory can also be applied to simulate the diffusion of other 2D nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Utana Umezaki
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | | | - Zhao Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Zhi Mei Sonia He
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ivan R Siqueira
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Stuart J Corr
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Hijun Ryu
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | | | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Angel A Martí
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tognato R, Bronte Ciriza D, Maragò OM, Jones PH. Modelling red blood cell optical trapping by machine learning improved geometrical optics calculations. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3748-3762. [PMID: 37497516 PMCID: PMC10368044 DOI: 10.1364/boe.488931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Optically trapping red blood cells allows for the exploration of their biophysical properties, which are affected in many diseases. However, because of their nonspherical shape, the numerical calculation of the optical forces is slow, limiting the range of situations that can be explored. Here we train a neural network that improves both the accuracy and the speed of the calculation and we employ it to simulate the motion of a red blood cell under different beam configurations. We found that by fixing two beams and controlling the position of a third, it is possible to control the tilting of the cell. We anticipate this work to be a promising approach to study the trapping of complex shaped and inhomogeneous biological materials, where the possible photodamage imposes restrictions in the beam power.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Tognato
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - D. Bronte Ciriza
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Messina, I- 98158, Italy
| | - O. M. Maragò
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Messina, I- 98158, Italy
| | - P. H. Jones
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang N, Feng W, Wen H, Feng N, Sheng H, Huang Z, Wang J. Physical Mechanism of Nonlinear Spectra in Triangene. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093744. [PMID: 37175153 PMCID: PMC10180230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we theoretically investigate the linear and nonlinear optical absorption properties of open triangulene spin chains and cyclic triangulene spin chains in relation to their lengths and shapes. The physical mechanism of local excitation within the triangular alkene unit and the weak charge transfer between the units are discussed. The uniformly distributed electrostatic potential allows the system to have a small permanent dipole moment that blocks the electronic transition in the light excitation such that the electronic transition can only be carried out between adjacent carbon atoms. The one-photon absorption (OPA) spectra and two-photon absorption (TPA) spectra are red-shifted with the addition of triangulene units compared to N = 3TSCs (triangulene spin chains, TSCs). Here, TPA is mainly caused by the first step of the transition. The length of the spin chain has a significant adjustment effect on the photon cross-section. TSCs of different lengths and shapes can control chirality by adjusting the distribution of the electric dipole moment and transition magnetic dipole moment. These analyses reveal the photophysical properties of triangulene and provide a theoretical basis for studying the photophysical properties of triangulene and its derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Micro-Nano Functional Materials, College of Science, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, China
| | - Weijian Feng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Micro-Nano Functional Materials, College of Science, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, China
| | - Hanbo Wen
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Micro-Nano Functional Materials, College of Science, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, China
| | - Naixing Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu'an 230601, China
- The Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- The Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environmental Sensing of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Hao Sheng
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Micro-Nano Functional Materials, College of Science, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, China
| | - Zhixiang Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu'an 230601, China
- The Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
- The Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Environmental Sensing of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Jingang Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Micro-Nano Functional Materials, College of Science, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Paul NK, Gomez-Diaz JS. Tunable optical traps over nonreciprocal surfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:46344-46356. [PMID: 36558591 DOI: 10.1364/oe.476269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We propose engineering optical traps over plasmonic surfaces and precisely controlling the trap position with an external bias by inducing in-plane nonreciprocity on the surface. The platform employs an incident Gaussian beam to polarize targeted nanoparticles, and exploits the interplay between nonreciprocal and spin-orbit lateral recoil forces to construct stable optical traps and manipulate their position within the surface. To model this process, we develop a theoretical framework based on the Lorentz force combined with nonreciprocal Green's functions and apply it to calculate the trapping potential. Rooted on this formalism, we explore the exciting possibilities offered by graphene to engineer stable optical traps using low-power laser beams in the mid-IR and to manipulate the trap position in a continuous manner by applying a longitudinal drift bias. Nonreciprocal metasurfaces may open new possibilities to trap, assemble and manipulate nanoparticles and overcome many challenges faced by conventional optical tweezers while dealing with nanoscale objects.
Collapse
|
6
|
Brehm W, Marangon V, Panda J, Thorat SB, del Rio Castillo AE, Bonaccorso F, Pellegrini V, Hassoun J. A Lithium-Sulfur Battery Using Binder-Free Graphene-Coated Aluminum Current Collector. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2022; 36:9321-9328. [PMID: 36016761 PMCID: PMC9394755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c02086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur battery of practical interest requires thin-layer support to achieve acceptable volumetric energy density. However, the typical aluminum current collector of Li-ion battery cannot be efficiently used in the Li/S system due to the insulating nature of sulfur and a reaction mechanism involving electrodeposition of dissolved polysulfides. We study the electrochemical behavior of a Li/S battery using a carbon-coated Al current collector in which the low thickness, the high electronic conductivity, and, at the same time, the host ability for the reaction products are allowed by a binder-free few-layer graphene (FLG) substrate. The FLG enables a sulfur electrode having a thickness below 100 μm, fast kinetics, low impedance, and an initial capacity of 1000 mAh gS -1 with over 70% retention after 300 cycles. The Li/S cell using FLG shows volumetric and gravimetric energy densities of 300 Wh L-1 and 500 Wh kg-1, respectively, which are values well competing with commercially available Li-ion batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Brehm
- BeDimensional
S.p.A., Lungotorrente
Secca 30r, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Vittorio Marangon
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Jaya Panda
- BeDimensional
S.p.A., Lungotorrente
Secca 30r, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sanjay B. Thorat
- BeDimensional
S.p.A., Lungotorrente
Secca 30r, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Jusef Hassoun
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bianca G, Trovatello C, Zilli A, Zappia MI, Bellani S, Curreli N, Conticello I, Buha J, Piccinni M, Ghini M, Celebrano M, Finazzi M, Kriegel I, Antonatos N, Sofer Z, Bonaccorso F. Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Bismuth Telluride Iodide (BiTeI): Structural and Optical Properties of Single-/Few-Layer Flakes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:34963-34974. [PMID: 35876692 PMCID: PMC9354013 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth telluride halides (BiTeX) are Rashba-type crystals with several potential applications ranging from spintronics and nonlinear optics to energy. Their layered structures and low cleavage energies allow their production in a two-dimensional form, opening the path to miniaturized device concepts. The possibility to exfoliate bulk BiTeX crystals in the liquid represents a useful tool to formulate a large variety of functional inks for large-scale and cost-effective device manufacturing. Nevertheless, the exfoliation of BiTeI by means of mechanical and electrochemical exfoliation proved to be challenging. In this work, we report the first ultrasonication-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) of BiTeI crystals. By screening solvents with different surface tension and Hildebrandt parameters, we maximize the exfoliation efficiency by minimizing the Gibbs free energy of the mixture solvent/BiTeI crystal. The most effective solvents for the BiTeI exfoliation have a surface tension close to 28 mN m-1 and a Hildebrandt parameter between 19 and 25 MPa0.5. The morphological, structural, and chemical properties of the LPE-produced single-/few-layer BiTeI flakes (average thickness of ∼3 nm) are evaluated through microscopic and optical characterizations, confirming their crystallinity. Second-harmonic generation measurements confirm the non-centrosymmetric structure of both bulk and exfoliated materials, revealing a large nonlinear optical response of BiTeI flakes due to the presence of strong quantum confinement effects and the absence of typical phase-matching requirements encountered in bulk nonlinear crystals. We estimated a second-order nonlinearity at 0.8 eV of |χ(2)| ∼ 1 nm V-1, which is 10 times larger than in bulk BiTeI crystals and is of the same order of magnitude as in other semiconducting monolayers (e.g., MoS2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Bianca
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
degli Studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Trovatello
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Attilio Zilli
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marilena Isabella Zappia
- BeDimensional
S.p.A., via Lungotorrente
Secca 30R, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Physics, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci cubo 31/C Rende, Cosenza 87036, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Curreli
- Functional
Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Irene Conticello
- BeDimensional
S.p.A., via Lungotorrente
Secca 30R, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Joka Buha
- Nanochemistry
Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Marco Piccinni
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
degli Studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Ghini
- Functional
Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Michele Celebrano
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Finazzi
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Ilka Kriegel
- Functional
Nanosystems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego, 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Nikolas Antonatos
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry
and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- BeDimensional
S.p.A., via Lungotorrente
Secca 30R, 16163 Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Islam MH, Islam MR, Dulal M, Afroj S, Karim N. The effect of surface treatments and graphene-based modifications on mechanical properties of natural jute fiber composites: A review. iScience 2022; 25:103597. [PMID: 35005544 PMCID: PMC8718976 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural fiber reinforced composites (FRC) are of great interests, because of their biodegradability, recyclability, and environmental benefits over synthetic FRC. Natural jute FRC could provide an environmentally sustainable, light weight, and cost-effective alternative to synthetic FRC. However, the application of natural jute FRC is limited because of their poor mechanical and interfacial properties. Graphene and its derivatives could potentially be applied to modify jute fiber surface for manufacturing natural FRC with excellent mechanical properties, and lower environmental impacts. Here, we review the physical and chemical treatments, and graphene-based modifications of jute fibers, and their effect on mechanical properties of jute FRC. We introduce jute fiber structure, chemical compositions, and their potential applications first. We then provide an overview of various surface treatments used to improve mechanical properties of jute FRC. We discuss and compare various graphene derivative-based surface modifications of jute fibers, and their impact on the performance of FRC. Finally, we provide our future perspective on graphene-based jute fibers research to enable next generation strong and sustainable FRC for high performance engineering applications without conferring environmental problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hamidul Islam
- Centre for Print Research (CFPR), The University of West of England, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Md Rashedul Islam
- Centre for Print Research (CFPR), The University of West of England, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Marzia Dulal
- Centre for Print Research (CFPR), The University of West of England, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Shaila Afroj
- Centre for Print Research (CFPR), The University of West of England, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Nazmul Karim
- Centre for Print Research (CFPR), The University of West of England, Frenchay, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Few-Layers Graphene-Based Cement Mortars: Production Process and Mechanical Properties. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14020784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cement is the most-used construction material worldwide. Research for sustainable cement production has focused on including nanomaterials as additives to enhance cement performance (strength and durability) in recent decades. In this concern, graphene is considered one of the most promising additives for cement composites. Here, we propose a novel technique for producing few-layer graphene (FLG) that can fulfil the material demand for the construction industry. We produced specimens with different FLG loadings (from 0.05% to 1% by weight of cement) and curing processes (water and saturated air). The addition of FLG at 0.10% by weight of cement improved the flexural strength by 24% compared to the reference (bare) sample. Similarly, a 0.15% FLG loading by weight of cement led to an improvement in compressive strength of 29% compared to the reference specimen. The FLG flakes produced by our proposed methodology can open the door to their full exploitation in several cement mortar applications, such as cementitious composites with high durability, mechanical performance and high electrical conductivity for electrothermal applications.
Collapse
|
10
|
Light-Responsive Soft Actuators: Mechanism, Materials, Fabrication, and Applications. ACTUATORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/act10110298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Soft robots are those that can move like living organisms and adapt to the surrounding environment. Compared with traditional rigid robots, the advantages of soft robots, in terms of material flexibility, human–computer interaction, and biological adaptability, have received extensive attention. Flexible actuators based on light response are one of the most promising ways to promote the field of cordless soft robots, and they have attracted the attention of scientists in bionic design, actuation implementation, and application. First, the three working principles and the commonly used light-responsive materials for light-responsive actuators are introduced. Then, the characteristics of light-responsive soft actuators are sequentially presented, emphasizing the structure strategy, actuation performance, and emerging applications. Finally, this review is concluded with a perspective on the existing challenges and future opportunities in this nascent research frontier.
Collapse
|
11
|
Bellani S, Bartolotta A, Agresti A, Calogero G, Grancini G, Di Carlo A, Kymakis E, Bonaccorso F. Solution-processed two-dimensional materials for next-generation photovoltaics. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11870-11965. [PMID: 34494631 PMCID: PMC8559907 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00106j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the ever-increasing energy demand scenario, the development of novel photovoltaic (PV) technologies is considered to be one of the key solutions to fulfil the energy request. In this context, graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials (GRMs), including nonlayered 2D materials and 2D perovskites, as well as their hybrid systems, are emerging as promising candidates to drive innovation in PV technologies. The mechanical, thermal, and optoelectronic properties of GRMs can be exploited in different active components of solar cells to design next-generation devices. These components include front (transparent) and back conductive electrodes, charge transporting layers, and interconnecting/recombination layers, as well as photoactive layers. The production and processing of GRMs in the liquid phase, coupled with the ability to "on-demand" tune their optoelectronic properties exploiting wet-chemical functionalization, enable their effective integration in advanced PV devices through scalable, reliable, and inexpensive printing/coating processes. Herein, we review the progresses in the use of solution-processed 2D materials in organic solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, perovskite solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, and organic-inorganic hybrid solar cells, as well as in tandem systems. We first provide a brief introduction on the properties of 2D materials and their production methods by solution-processing routes. Then, we discuss the functionality of 2D materials for electrodes, photoactive layer components/additives, charge transporting layers, and interconnecting layers through figures of merit, which allow the performance of solar cells to be determined and compared with the state-of-the-art values. We finally outline the roadmap for the further exploitation of solution-processed 2D materials to boost the performance of PV devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Bellani
- BeDimensional S.p.A., Via Lungotorrente Secca 30R, 16163 Genova, Italy.
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Labs, via Moreogo 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonino Bartolotta
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Via F. Stagno D'alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Agresti
- CHOSE - Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Calogero
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Via F. Stagno D'alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Giulia Grancini
- University of Pavia and INSTM, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Aldo Di Carlo
- CHOSE - Centre for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
- L.A.S.E. - Laboratory for Advanced Solar Energy, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", 119049 Leninskiy Prosect 6, Moscow, Russia
| | - Emmanuel Kymakis
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos 71410 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- BeDimensional S.p.A., Via Lungotorrente Secca 30R, 16163 Genova, Italy.
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Labs, via Moreogo 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Najafi L, Bellani S, Oropesa-Nuñez R, Brescia R, Prato M, Pasquale L, Demirci C, Drago F, Martín-García B, Luxa J, Manna L, Sofer Z, Bonaccorso F. Microwave-Induced Structural Engineering and Pt Trapping in 6R-TaS 2 for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003372. [PMID: 33225597 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The nanoengineering of the structure of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is widely pursued to develop viable catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) alternative to the precious metallic ones. Metallic group-5 TMDs have been demonstrated to be effective catalysts for the HER in acidic media, making affordable real proton exchange membrane water electrolysers. Their key-plus relies on the fact that both their basal planes and edges are catalytically active for the HER. In this work, the 6R phase of TaS2 is "rediscovered" and engineered. A liquid-phase microwave treatment is used to modify the structural properties of the 6R-TaS2 nanoflakes produced by liquid-phase exfoliation. The fragmentation of the nanoflakes and their evolution from monocrystalline to partly polycrystalline structures improve the HER-activity, lowering the overpotential at cathodic current of 10 mA cm-2 from 0.377 to 0.119 V. Furthermore, 6R-TaS2 nanoflakes act as ideal support to firmly trap Pt species, which achieve a mass activity (MA) up 10 000 A gPt -1 at overpotential of 50 mV (20 000 A gPt -1 at overpotentials of 72 mV), representing a 20-fold increase of the MA of Pt measured for the Pt/C reference, and approaching the state-of-the-art of the Pt mass activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Najafi
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
- BeDimensional Spa., via Albisola 121, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Bellani
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
- BeDimensional Spa., via Albisola 121, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Reinier Oropesa-Nuñez
- BeDimensional Spa., via Albisola 121, Genova, 16163, Italy
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Solid State Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, 75103, Sweden
| | - Rosaria Brescia
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Lea Pasquale
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Cansunur Demirci
- NanoChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Filippo Drago
- NanoChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | | | - Jan Luxa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Liberato Manna
- NanoChemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
- BeDimensional Spa., via Albisola 121, Genova, 16163, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jurewicz I, King AAK, Shanker R, Large MJ, Smith RJ, Maspero R, Ogilvie SP, Scheerder J, Han J, Backes C, Razal JM, Florescu M, Keddie JL, Coleman JN, Dalton AB. Mechanochromic and Thermochromic Sensors Based on Graphene Infused Polymer Opals. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2002473. [PMID: 32774202 PMCID: PMC7406018 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202002473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
High quality opal-like photonic crystals containing graphene are fabricated using evaporation-driven self-assembly of soft polymer colloids. A miniscule amount of pristine graphene within a colloidal crystal lattice results in the formation of colloidal crystals with a strong angle-dependent structural color and a stop band that can be reversibly shifted across the visible spectrum. The crystals can be mechanically deformed or can reversibly change color as a function of their temperature, hence their sensitive mechanochromic and thermochromic response make them attractive candidates for a wide range of visual sensing applications. In particular, it is shown that the crystals are excellent candidates for visual strain sensors or integrated time-temperature indicators which act over large temperature windows. Given the versatility of these crystals, this method represents a simple, inexpensive, and scalable approach to produce multifunctional graphene infused synthetic opals and opens up exciting applications for novel solution-processable nanomaterial based photonics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Jurewicz
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Engineering & Physical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordGU2 7XHUK
| | | | - Ravi Shanker
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Engineering & Physical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordGU2 7XHUK
- Laboratory of Nano‐Optics and Organic ElectronicsDepartment of Science and TechnologyLinköping UniversityNorrköpingSE‐601 74Sweden
| | | | - Ronan J. Smith
- School of PhysicsCRANN and AMBERTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Ross Maspero
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Engineering & Physical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordGU2 7XHUK
- Advanced Technology InstituteUniversity of SurreyGuildfordGU2 7XHUK
| | | | | | - Jun Han
- Chinese Academy of SciencesCN‐36220 QuanzhouCN CN‐36220QuanzhChina
| | - Claudia Backes
- Applied Physical ChemistryUniversity of HeidelbergHeidelberg69120Germany
| | - Joselito M. Razal
- Institute for Frontier MaterialsDeakin UniversityGeelongVIC3216Australia
| | - Marian Florescu
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Engineering & Physical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordGU2 7XHUK
- Advanced Technology InstituteUniversity of SurreyGuildfordGU2 7XHUK
| | - Joseph L. Keddie
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Engineering & Physical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordGU2 7XHUK
| | | | - Alan B. Dalton
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of SussexBrightonBN1 9RHUK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gentiluomo S, Thorat SB, Del Río Castillo AE, Toth PS, Panda JK, Pellegrini V, Bonaccorso F. Poly(methyl methacrylate)-Assisted Exfoliation of Graphite and Its Use in Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Composites. Chemistry 2020; 26:6715-6725. [PMID: 32216144 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
One of the applications of graphene in which its scalable production is of utmost importance is the development of polymer composites. Among the techniques used to produce graphene flakes, the liquid-phase exfoliation (LPE) of graphite stands out due to its versatility and scalability. However, solvents suitable for the LPE process are generally toxic and have a high boiling point, making the processing challenging. The use of low boiling point solvents could be convenient for the processing, due to the easiness of their removal. In this study, the use of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as a stabilizing agent is proposed for the production of graphene flakes in a low boiling point solvent, that is, acetone. The graphene dispersions produced in the mixture acetone-PMMA have higher concentration, +175 %, and contain a higher percentage of few-layer graphene flakes (<5 layers), that is, +60 %, compared to the dispersions prepared in acetone. The as-produced graphene dispersions are used to develop graphene/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene composites. The mechanical properties of the pristine polymer are improved, that is, +22 % in the Young's modulus, by adding 0.01 wt. % of graphene flakes. Moreover, a decrease of ≈20 % in the oxygen permeability is obtained by using 0.1 wt. % of graphene flakes filler, compared to the unloaded matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gentiluomo
- Graphene Labs, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genoa, 16163, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, Genoa, 16146, Italy
| | | | | | - Peter S Toth
- Graphene Labs, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genoa, 16163, Italy.,Department of Physical Chemistry & Material Science, University of Szeged, Rerrich Sq 1, 6720, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jaya Kumar Panda
- Graphene Labs, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genoa, 16163, Italy
| | - Vittorio Pellegrini
- Graphene Labs, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genoa, 16163, Italy.,BeDimensional SpA, Via Albisola 121, Genoa, 16163, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene Labs, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genoa, 16163, Italy.,BeDimensional SpA, Via Albisola 121, Genoa, 16163, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang L, Chen S, Shu T, Hu X. Functional Inks for Printable Energy Storage Applications based on 2 D Materials. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:1330-1353. [PMID: 31373172 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitous portable electronics and the ever-growing internet-of-things have necessitated the emergence of high-end miniaturized devices as well as associated sophisticated printing technologies. With excellent solution processability and tunable electronic properties, 2 D materials stand as a promising candidate for functional inks that are readily printable for energy-storage devices. In this Review, we outline the significance, status, and challenges that we are facing of the developments of 2 D materials-based functional inks. Then, general ink formulation and basic knowledge of printing techniques together with their rheological requirements and enabled applications in energy storage are introduced, providing guidelines for developing inks that match well with the present printing techniques. Last, but not least, we also propose the perspectives on the development of 2 D materials-based inks for energy-storage applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Shi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Ting Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Xianluo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Najafi L, Bellani S, Oropesa-Nuñez R, Martín-García B, Prato M, Pasquale L, Panda JK, Marvan P, Sofer Z, Bonaccorso F. TaS 2, TaSe 2, and Their Heterogeneous Films as Catalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. ACS Catal 2020; 10:3313-3325. [PMID: 33815892 PMCID: PMC8016161 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Metallic
two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs)
of the group 5 metals are emerging as catalysts for an efficient
hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The HER activity of the group 5
TMDs originates from the unsaturated chalcogen edges and the highly
active surface basal planes, whereas the HER activity of the widely
studied group 6 TMDs originates solely from the chalcogen- or metal-unsaturated
edges. However, the batch production of such nanomaterials and their
scalable processing into high-performance electrocatalysts is still
challenging. Herein, we report the liquid-phase exfoliation of the
2H-TaS2 crystals by using 2-propanol to produce single/few-layer
(1H/2H) flakes, which are afterward deposited as catalytic films.
A thermal treatment-aided texturization of the catalytic films is
used to increase their porosity, promoting the ion access to the basal
planes of the flakes, as well as the number of catalytic edges of
the flakes. The hybridization of the H-TaS2 flakes and
H-TaSe2 flakes tunes the Gibbs free energy of the adsorbed
atomic hydrogen onto the H-TaS2 basal planes to the optimal
thermo-neutral value. In 0.5 M H2SO4, the heterogeneous
catalysts exhibit a low overpotential (versus RHE, reversible hydrogen
electrode) at the cathodic current of 10 mA cm–2 (η10) of 120 mV and high mass activity of 314 A
g–1 at an overpotential of 200 mV. In 1 M KOH, they
show a η10 of 230 mV and a mass activity of 220 A
g–1 at an overpotential of 300 mV. Our results provide
new insight into the usage of the metallic group 5 TMDs for the HER
through scalable material preparation and electrode processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Najafi
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Bellani
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | | | | | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Lea Pasquale
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Jaya-Kumar Panda
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Petr Marvan
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- BeDimensional Spa, via Albisola 121, 16163 Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rissanou AN, Bačová P, Harmandaris V. Investigation of the properties of nanographene in polymer nanocomposites through molecular simulations: dynamics and anisotropic Brownian motion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:23843-23854. [PMID: 31369014 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02074h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The dynamical behavior of nanographene sheets dispersed in polymer matrices is investigated through united-atom molecular dynamics simulations. The Brownian motion of the sheet and the anisotropy in its translational and orientational diffusion are the topics of the current study. Different polymer matrices and pristine and functionalized graphene constitute various nanocomposite systems. Interactions between the nanographene flake and the matrix determine the dynamics of the systems. The dynamics is reduced in polyethylene oxide compared to polyethylene matrix, whereas carboxylated sheets move considerably slower than the pristine nanographene in any matrix. Diffusion is anisotropic for short times, while it becomes isotropic in the long time limit. The in-plane motion of the nanographene sheet is faster than the out-of-plane component, in agreement with the diffusion of perfectly oblate ellipsoids. In functionalized graphene, the anisotropy is suppressed. By exploring the temperature effect on both the nanographene sheet and polymer close to the surface, indications for coupling in the motion of the two components are revealed. The strong effect of edge functional groups on the dynamics can be used as a way to control the Brownian motion of nanographene sheets in polymer nanocomposites and consequently tailor the properties of the materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastassia N Rissanou
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics (IACM), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Petra Bačová
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics (IACM), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece.
| | - Vagelis Harmandaris
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics (IACM), Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas (FORTH), GR-71110 Heraklion, Greece. and Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Crete, GR-71409, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gillibert R, Balakrishnan G, Deshoules Q, Tardivel M, Magazzù A, Donato MG, Maragò OM, Lamy de La Chapelle M, Colas F, Lagarde F, Gucciardi PG. Raman Tweezers for Small Microplastics and Nanoplastics Identification in Seawater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9003-9013. [PMID: 31259538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the fate and distribution of micro- and nano- plastics in the marine environment is limited by the intrinsic difficulties of the techniques currently used for the detection, quantification, and chemical identification of small particles in liquid (light scattering, vibrational spectroscopies, and optical and electron microscopies). Here we introduce Raman Tweezers (RTs), namely optical tweezers combined with Raman spectroscopy, as an analytical tool for the study of micro- and nanoplastics in seawater. We show optical trapping and chemical identification of sub-20 μm plastics, down to the 50 nm range. Analysis at the single particle level allows us to unambiguously discriminate plastics from organic matter and mineral sediments, overcoming the capacities of standard Raman spectroscopy in liquid, intrinsically limited to ensemble measurements. Being a microscopy technique, RTs also permits one to assess the size and shapes of particles (beads, fragments, and fibers), with spatial resolution only limited by diffraction. Applications are shown on both model particles and naturally aged environmental samples, made of common plastic pollutants, including polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, and polystyrene, also in the presence of a thin eco-corona. Coupled to suitable extraction and concentration protocols, RTs have the potential to strongly impact future research on micro and nanoplastics environmental pollution, and enable the understanding of the fragmentation processes on a multiscale level of aged polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Gillibert
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 27 , I- 98158 Messina , Italy
| | - Gireeshkumar Balakrishnan
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans , UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Université , 72085 Le Mans , France
| | | | - Morgan Tardivel
- Ifremer LDCM , Centre Bretagne, CS 10070 , 29280 Plouzané , France
| | - Alessandro Magazzù
- Department of Physics , University of Gothenburg , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Maria Grazia Donato
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 27 , I- 98158 Messina , Italy
| | - Onofrio M Maragò
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 27 , I- 98158 Messina , Italy
| | - Marc Lamy de La Chapelle
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans , UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Université , 72085 Le Mans , France
| | - Florent Colas
- Ifremer LDCM , Centre Bretagne, CS 10070 , 29280 Plouzané , France
| | - Fabienne Lagarde
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans , UMR 6283 CNRS, Le Mans Université , 72085 Le Mans , France
| | - Pietro G Gucciardi
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 27 , I- 98158 Messina , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yu Y, Xiao TH, Li YX, Zeng QG, Li BQ, Li AZY. Tunable optical assembly of subwavelength particles by a microfiber cavity. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:255201. [PMID: 30836343 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab0cc9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Optical assembly as a multiple optical trapping technique enables patterned arrangements of matter ranging from atoms to microparticles for diverse applications in biophysics, quantum physics, surface chemistry, and cell biology. Optical potential energy landscapes based on evanescent fields are conventionally employed for optical assembly of subwavelength particles, but are typically limited to predefined patterns and lacking in tunability. Here we present a microfiber photonic crystal cavity applicable for tunable optical assembly of subwavelength particles along a flexible path. This is enabled by excellent mechanical flexibility of the microfiber cavity as well as its broadband photonic crystal reflectors. By virtue of the broadband reflectors, the lattice constant of the assembled particles is precisely tunable via altering the wavelength of input light. Three-dimensional optical assembly is also realized by making use of the high-order transverse mode of the microfiber cavity. Moreover, the optical assembly process is detectable by simply monitoring the reflection/transmission spectrum of the microfiber cavity. The design of the microfiber cavity heralds a new way for tunable optical assembly of subwavelength particles, potentially applicable for development of tunable photonic crystals, metamaterials, and sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- School of Applied Physics and Materials, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Najafi L, Bellani S, Oropesa-Nuñez R, Prato M, Martín-García B, Brescia R, Bonaccorso F. Carbon Nanotube-Supported MoSe 2 Holey Flake:Mo 2C Ball Hybrids for Bifunctional pH-Universal Water Splitting. ACS NANO 2019; 13:3162-3176. [PMID: 30835996 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The design of cost-effective and efficient electrocatalysts for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is pivotal for the molecular hydrogen (H2) production from electrochemical water splitting as a future energy source. Herein, we show that the hybridization between multiple HER- and OER-active components is effective for the design and realization of bifunctional electrocatalysts for universal water splitting, i.e., in both acidic and alkaline media. Our strategy relies on the production and characterization of MoSe2 holey flake:Mo2C ball hybrids supported by single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) electrocatalysts. Flakes of MoSe2 are produced through hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-aided liquid phase exfoliation (LPE), which promotes both the exfoliation of the materials and the formation of nanopores in the flakes via chemical etching. The amount of H2O2 in the solvent used for the exfoliation process is optimized to obtain ideal high ratio between edge and basal sites ratio, i.e., high-number of electrocatalytic sites. The hybridization of MoSe2 flakes with commercial ball-like shaped Mo2C crystals facilitates the Volmer reaction, which works in both acidic and alkaline media. In addition, the electrochemical coupling between SWCNTs (as support) and MoSe2:Mo2C hybrids synergistically enhances both HER- and OER-activity of the native components, reaching high η10 in acidic and alkaline media (0.049 and 0.089 V for HER in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 1 M KOH, respectively; 0.197 and 0.241 V for OER in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 1 M KOH, respectively). The exploitation of the synergistic effects occurring between multicomponent electrocatalysts, coupled with the production of the electrocatalysts themselves through scalable and cost-effective solution-processed manufacturing techniques, is promising to scale-up the production of H2 via efficient water splitting for the future energy portfolio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Najafi
- Graphene Labs , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Sebastiano Bellani
- Graphene Labs , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Reinier Oropesa-Nuñez
- Graphene Labs , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
- BeDimensional Spa , via Albisola 121 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization Facility , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Beatriz Martín-García
- Graphene Labs , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Rosaria Brescia
- Electron Microscopy Facility , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene Labs , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
- BeDimensional Spa , via Albisola 121 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bertolazzi S, Bondavalli P, Roche S, San T, Choi SY, Colombo L, Bonaccorso F, Samorì P. Nonvolatile Memories Based on Graphene and Related 2D Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806663. [PMID: 30663121 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The pervasiveness of information technologies is generating an impressive amount of data, which need to be accessed very quickly. Nonvolatile memories (NVMs) are making inroads into high-capacity storage to replace hard disk drives, fuelling the expansion of the global storage memory market. As silicon-based flash memories are approaching their fundamental limit, vertical stacking of multiple memory cell layers, innovative device concepts, and novel materials are being investigated. In this context, emerging 2D materials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and black phosphorous, offer a host of physical and chemical properties, which could both improve existing memory technologies and enable the next generation of low-cost, flexible, and wearable storage devices. Herein, an overview of graphene and related 2D materials (GRMs) in different types of NVM cells is provided, including resistive random-access, flash, magnetic and phase-change memories. The physical and chemical mechanisms underlying the switching of GRM-based memory devices studied in the last decade are discussed. Although at this stage most of the proof-of-concept devices investigated do not compete with state-of-the-art devices, a number of promising technological advancements have emerged. Here, the most relevant material properties and device structures are analyzed, emphasizing opportunities and challenges toward the realization of practical NVM devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bertolazzi
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Paolo Bondavalli
- Chemical and Multifunctional Materials Lab, Thales Research and Technology, 91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - Stephan Roche
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08070, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tamer San
- Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX, 75243, USA
| | - Sung-Yool Choi
- School of Electrical Engineering, Graphene/2D Materials Research Center, KAIST, 34141, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Luigi Colombo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Labs, Via Morego 30, I-16163, Genova, Italy
- BeDimensional Spa, Via Albisola 121, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bellani S, Antognazza MR, Bonaccorso F. Carbon-Based Photocathode Materials for Solar Hydrogen Production. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1801446. [PMID: 30221413 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen is considered a promising environmentally friendly energy carrier for replacing traditional fossil fuels. In this context, photoelectrochemical cells effectively convert solar energy directly to H2 fuel by water photoelectrolysis, thereby monolitically combining the functions of both light harvesting and electrolysis. In such devices, photocathodes and photoanodes carry out the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively. Here, the focus is on photocathodes for HER, traditionally based on metal oxides, III-V group and II-VI group semiconductors, silicon, and copper-based chalcogenides as photoactive material. Recently, carbon-based materials have emerged as reliable alternatives to the aforementioned materials. A perspective on carbon-based photocathodes is provided here, critically analyzing recent research progress and outlining the major guidelines for the development of efficient and stable photocathode architectures. In particular, the functional role of charge-selective and protective layers, which enhance both the efficiency and the durability of the photocathodes, is discussed. An in-depth evaluation of the state-of-the-art fabrication of photocathodes through scalable, high-troughput, cost-effective methods is presented. The major aspects on the development of light-trapping nanostructured architectures are also addressed. Finally, the key challenges on future research directions in terms of potential performance and manufacturability of photocathodes are analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Bellani
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
- BeDimensional Srl, via Albisola 121, 16163, Genova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kastner J, Gnatiuk I, Wagner M, Holzinger D, Rudelstorfer V, Hesser G, Fuchsbauer A, Hild S. Grinding of nano-graphite inkjet inks for application in organic solar cells. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:045601. [PMID: 30465544 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aae67a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The production of printable graphene flakes is not easy to scale up when produced by ultrasonication and purified by centrifugation. In this work, natural graphite flakes were exfoliated by wet ball milling in water supported by the addition of sodium deoxycholate as a surfactant and the dispersion was formulated for inkjet printing. By subsequent dilution and filtration of the milling paste, more than 45 l of a stable dispersion of nano-graphite particles in one batch process was obtained. The dispersion was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and UV-vis spectroscopy to determine concentration, and experiments to measure long-term stability were conducted. The nano-graphite particles were analyzed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, revealing 300-400 nm sized particles. The dispersion was formulated into an inkjet ink and tested as interfacial hole transport layer between the anode and the photo-active bulk-heterojunction layer of an organic solar cell with inverted structure. The nano-graphite flakes are inkjet printable and conductive and therefore show potential as a low-cost alternative to polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kastner
- Functional Surfaces and Nanostructures, Profactor GmbH, 4407 Steyr-Gleink, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Donato MG, Brzobohatý O, Simpson SH, Irrera A, Leonardi AA, Lo Faro MJ, Svak V, Maragò OM, Zemánek P. Optical Trapping, Optical Binding, and Rotational Dynamics of Silicon Nanowires in Counter-Propagating Beams. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:342-352. [PMID: 30525673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanowires are held and manipulated in controlled optical traps based on counter-propagating beams focused by low numerical aperture lenses. The double-beam configuration compensates light scattering forces enabling an in-depth investigation of the rich dynamics of trapped nanowires that are prone to both optical and hydrodynamic interactions. Several polarization configurations are used, allowing the observation of optical binding with different stable structure as well as the transfer of spin and orbital momentum of light to the trapped silicon nanowires. Accurate modeling based on Brownian dynamics simulations with appropriate optical and hydrodynamic coupling confirms that this rich scenario is crucially dependent on the non-spherical shape of the nanowires. Such an increased level of optical control of multiparticle structure and dynamics open perspectives for nanofluidics and multi-component light-driven nanomachines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Donato
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , I-98158 Messina , Italy
| | - Oto Brzobohatý
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , I-98158 Messina , Italy
| | - Stephen H Simpson
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS , Kralovopolska 147 , 61264 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Alessia Irrera
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , I-98158 Messina , Italy
| | - Antonio A Leonardi
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , I-98158 Messina , Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia , Università di Catania , I-95123 Catania , Italy
| | - Maria J Lo Faro
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , I-98158 Messina , Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia , Università di Catania , I-95123 Catania , Italy
| | - Vojtěch Svak
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS , Kralovopolska 147 , 61264 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Onofrio M Maragò
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , I-98158 Messina , Italy
| | - Pavel Zemánek
- Institute of Scientific Instruments of the CAS , Kralovopolska 147 , 61264 Brno , Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Petroni E, Lago E, Bellani S, Boukhvalov DW, Politano A, Gürbulak B, Duman S, Prato M, Gentiluomo S, Oropesa-Nuñez R, Panda JK, Toth PS, Del Rio Castillo AE, Pellegrini V, Bonaccorso F. Liquid-Phase Exfoliated Indium-Selenide Flakes and Their Application in Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1800749. [PMID: 29845748 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201800749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Single- and few-layered InSe flakes are produced by the liquid-phase exfoliation of β-InSe single crystals in 2-propanol, obtaining stable dispersions with a concentration as high as 0.11 g L-1 . Ultracentrifugation is used to tune the morphology, i.e., the lateral size and thickness of the as-produced InSe flakes. It is demonstrated that the obtained InSe flakes have maximum lateral sizes ranging from 30 nm to a few micrometers, and thicknesses ranging from 1 to 20 nm, with a maximum population centered at ≈5 nm, corresponding to 4 Se-In-In-Se quaternary layers. It is also shown that no formation of further InSe-based compounds (such as In2 Se3 ) or oxides occurs during the exfoliation process. The potential of these exfoliated-InSe few-layer flakes as a catalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is tested in hybrid single-walled carbon nanotubes/InSe heterostructures. The dependence of the InSe flakes' morphologies, i.e., surface area and thickness, on the HER performances is highlighted, achieving the best efficiencies with small flakes offering predominant edge effects. The theoretical model unveils the origin of the catalytic efficiency of InSe flakes, and correlates the catalytic activity to the Se vacancies at the edge of the flakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Petroni
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuele Lago
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Bellani
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Danil W Boukhvalov
- Department of Chemistry, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
- Department of Theoretical Physics and Applied Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Mira Street 19, 620002, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Antonio Politano
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Bekir Gürbulak
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Songül Duman
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Erzurum Technical University, 25050, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Gentiluomo
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Jaya-Kumar Panda
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Peter S Toth
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Pellegrini
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Donato MG, Messina E, Foti A, Smart TJ, Jones PH, Iatì MA, Saija R, Gucciardi PG, Maragò OM. Optical trapping and optical force positioning of two-dimensional materials. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:1245-1255. [PMID: 29292452 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06465a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, considerable effort has been devoted to the synthesis and characterization of two-dimensional materials. Liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) represents a simple, large-scale method to exfoliate layered materials down to mono- and few-layer flakes. In this context, the contactless trapping, characterization, and manipulation of individual nanosheets hold perspectives for increased accuracy in flake metrology and the assembly of novel functional materials. Here, we use optical forces for high-resolution structural characterization and precise mechanical positioning of nanosheets of hexagonal boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, and tungsten disulfide obtained by LPE. Weakly optically absorbing nanosheets of boron nitride are trapped in optical tweezers. The analysis of the thermal fluctuations allows a direct measurement of optical forces and the mean flake size in a liquid environment. Measured optical trapping constants are compared with T-matrix light scattering calculations to show a quadratic size scaling for small size, as expected for a bidimensional system. In contrast, strongly absorbing nanosheets of molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide are not stably trapped due to the dominance of radiation pressure over the optical trapping force. Thus, optical forces are used to pattern a substrate by selectively depositing nanosheets in short times (minutes) and without any preparation of the surface. This study will be useful for improving ink-jet printing and for a better engineering of optoelectronic devices based on two-dimensional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M G Donato
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, I-98158, Messina, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Buzio R, Gerbi A, Uttiya S, Bernini C, Del Rio Castillo AE, Palazon F, Siri AS, Pellegrini V, Pellegrino L, Bonaccorso F. Ultralow friction of ink-jet printed graphene flakes. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:7612-7624. [PMID: 28540370 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00625j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the frictional response of few-layer graphene (FLG) flakes obtained by the liquid phase exfoliation (LPE) of pristine graphite. To this end, we inkjet print FLG on bare and hexamethyldisilazane-terminated SiO2 substrates, producing micrometric patterns with nanoscopic roughness that are investigated by atomic force microscopy. Normal force spectroscopy and atomically-resolved morphologies indicate reduced surface contamination by solvents after a vacuum annealing process. Notably, the printed FLG flakes show ultralow friction comparable to that of micromechanically exfoliated graphene flakes. Lubricity is retained on flakes with a lateral size of a few tens of nanometres, and with a thickness as small as ∼2 nm, confirming the high crystalline quality and low defects density in the FLG basal plane. Surface exposed step edges exhibit the highest friction values, representing the preferential sites for the origin of the secondary dissipative processes related to edge straining, wear or lateral displacement of the flakes. Our work demonstrates that LPE enables fundamental studies on graphene friction to the single-flake level. The capability to deliver ultralow-friction-graphene over technologically relevant substrates, using a scalable production route and a high-throughput, large-area printing technique, may also open up new opportunities in the lubrication of micro- and nano-electromechanical systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Buzio
- CNR-SPIN Institute for Superconductors, Innovative Materials and Devices, C.so Perrone 24, I-16152 Genova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kakavelakis G, Del Rio Castillo AE, Pellegrini V, Ansaldo A, Tzourmpakis P, Brescia R, Prato M, Stratakis E, Kymakis E, Bonaccorso F. Size-Tuning of WSe 2 Flakes for High Efficiency Inverted Organic Solar Cells. ACS NANO 2017; 11:3517-3531. [PMID: 28240547 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of large-scale production methods of two-dimensional (2D) crystals, with on-demand control of the area and thickness, is mandatory to fulfill the potential applications of such materials for photovoltaics. Inverted bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cell (OSC), which exploits a polymer-fullerene binary blend as the active material, is one potentially important application area for 2D crystals. A large ongoing effort is indeed currently devoted to the introduction of 2D crystals in the binary blend to improve the charge transport properties. While it is expected that the nanoscale domains size of the different components of the blend will significantly impact the performance of the OSC, to date, there is no evidence of quantitative information on the interplay between 2D crystals and fullerene domains size. Here, we demonstrate that by matching the size of WSe2 few-layer 2D crystals, produced by liquid-phase exfoliation, with that of the PC71BM fullerene domain in BHJ OSCs, we obtain power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of ∼9.3%, reaching a 15% improvement with respect to standard binary devices (PCE = 8.10%), i.e., without the addition of WSe2 flakes. This is the highest ever reported PCE for 2D material-based OSCs, obtained thanks to the enhanced exciton generation and exciton dissociation at the WSe2-fullerene interface and also electron extraction to the back metal contact as a consequence of a balanced charge carriers mobility. These results push forward the implementation of transition-metal dichalcogenides to boost the performance of BHJ OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Kakavelakis
- Center of Materials Technology and Photonics and Electrical Engineering Department, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Crete , Heraklion 71004, Crete, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Pavlos Tzourmpakis
- Center of Materials Technology and Photonics and Electrical Engineering Department, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Crete , Heraklion 71004, Crete, Greece
| | | | | | - Emmanuel Stratakis
- Foundation of Research and Technology (FORTH), Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) , Heraklion 71110, Crete, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Kymakis
- Center of Materials Technology and Photonics and Electrical Engineering Department, Technological Educational Institute (TEI) of Crete , Heraklion 71004, Crete, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wu MY, Ling DX, Ling L, Li W, Li YQ. Stable optical trapping and sensitive characterization of nanostructures using standing-wave Raman tweezers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42930. [PMID: 28211526 PMCID: PMC5314326 DOI: 10.1038/srep42930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical manipulation and label-free characterization of nanoscale structures open up new possibilities for assembly and control of nanodevices and biomolecules. Optical tweezers integrated with Raman spectroscopy allows analyzing a single trapped particle, but is generally less effective for individual nanoparticles. The main challenge is the weak gradient force on nanoparticles that is insufficient to overcome the destabilizing effect of scattering force and Brownian motion. Here, we present standing-wave Raman tweezers for stable trapping and sensitive characterization of single isolated nanostructures with a low laser power by combining a standing-wave optical trap with confocal Raman spectroscopy. This scheme has stronger intensity gradients and balanced scattering forces, and thus can be used to analyze many nanoparticles that cannot be measured with single-beam Raman tweezers, including individual single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), graphene flakes, biological particles, SERS-active metal nanoparticles, and high-refractive semiconductor nanoparticles. This would enable sorting and characterization of specific SWCNTs and other nanoparticles based on their increased Raman fingerprints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Ying Wu
- School of Electronic Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Dong-Xiong Ling
- School of Electronic Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Lin Ling
- Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858-4353, USA
| | - William Li
- Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858-4353, USA
| | - Yong-Qing Li
- School of Electronic Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, Guangdong, P.R. China.,Department of Physics, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858-4353, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Eredia M, Ciesielski A, Samorì P. Graphene via Molecule-Assisted Ultrasound-Induced Liquid-Phase Exfoliation: A Supramolecular Approach. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2016-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Graphene is a two-dimensional (2D) material holding unique optical, mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. The combination of these exceptional characteristics makes graphene an ideal model system for fundamental physical and chemical studies as well as technologically ground breaking material for a large range of applications. Graphene can be produced either following a bottom-up or top-down method. The former is based on the formation of covalent networks suitably engineered molecular building blocks undergoing chemical reaction. The latter takes place through the exfoliation of bulk graphite into individual graphene sheets. Among them, ultrasound-induced liquid-phase exfoliation (UILPE) is an appealing method, being very versatile and applicable to different environments and on various substrate types. In this chapter, we describe the recently reported methods to produce graphene via molecule-assisted UILPE of graphite, aiming at the generation of high-quality graphene. In particular, we will focus on the supramolecular approach, which consists in the use of suitably designed organic molecules during the UILPE of graphite. These molecules act as graphene dispersion-stabilizing agents during the exfoliation. This method relying on the joint effect of a solvent and ad hoc molecules to foster the exfoliation of graphite into graphene in liquid environment represents a promising and modular method toward the improvement of the process of UILPE in terms of the concentration and quality of the exfoliated material. Furthermore, exfoliations in aqueous and organic solutions are presented and discussed separately.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ciesielski A, Haar S, Aliprandi A, El Garah M, Tregnago G, Cotella GF, El Gemayel M, Richard F, Sun H, Cacialli F, Bonaccorso F, Samorì P. Modifying the Size of Ultrasound-Induced Liquid-Phase Exfoliated Graphene: From Nanosheets to Nanodots. ACS NANO 2016; 10:10768-10777. [PMID: 28024344 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound-induced liquid-phase exfoliation (UILPE) is an established method to produce single- (SLG) and few-layer (FLG) graphene nanosheets starting from graphite as a precursor. In this paper we investigate the effect of the ultrasonication power in the UILPE process carried out in either N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) or ortho-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB). Our experimental results reveal that while the SLGs/FLGs concentration of the NMP dispersions is independent of the power of the ultrasonic bath during the UILPE process, in o-DCB it decreases as the ultrasonication power increases. Moreover, the ultrasonication power has a strong influence on the lateral size of the exfoliated SLGs/FLGs nanosheets in o-DCB. In particular, when UILPE is carried out at ∼600 W, we obtain dispersions composed of graphene nanosheets with a lateral size of 180 nm, whereas at higher power (∼1000 W) we produce graphene nanodots (GNDs) with an average diameter of ∼17 nm. The latter nanostructures exhibit a strong and almost excitation-independent photoluminescence emission in the UV/deep-blue region of the electromagnetic spectrum arising from the GNDs' intrinsic states and a less intense (and strongly excitation wavelength dependent) emission in the green/red region attributed to defect states. Notably, we also observe visible emission with near-infrared excitation at 850 and 900 nm, a fingerprint of the presence of up-conversion processes. Overall, our results highlight the crucial importance of the solvent choice for the UILPE process, which under controlled experimental conditions allows the fine-tuning of the morphological properties, such as lateral size and thickness, of the graphene nanosheets toward the realization of luminescent GNDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Ciesielski
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Sébastien Haar
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mohamed El Garah
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Giulia Tregnago
- Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni F Cotella
- Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Mirella El Gemayel
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fanny Richard
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Franco Cacialli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy (CMMP Group) and London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London , Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Graphene Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) and International Center for Frontier Research in Chemistry (icFRC), Université de Strasbourg and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wang L, Duan G, Zhu J, Chen SM, Liu X. High capacity supercapacitor material based on reduced graphene oxide loading mesoporpus murdochite-type Ni 6 MnO 8 nanospheres. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
33
|
Messina E, Leone N, Foti A, Di Marco G, Riccucci C, Di Carlo G, Di Maggio F, Cassata A, Gargano L, D'Andrea C, Fazio B, Maragò OM, Robba B, Vasi C, Ingo GM, Gucciardi PG. Double-Wall Nanotubes and Graphene Nanoplatelets for Hybrid Conductive Adhesives with Enhanced Thermal and Electrical Conductivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:23244-23259. [PMID: 27538099 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Improving the electrical and thermal properties of conductive adhesives is essential for the fabrication of compact microelectronic and optoelectronic power devices. Here we report on the addition of a commercially available conductive resin with double-wall carbon nanotubes and graphene nanoplatelets that yields simultaneously improved thermal and electrical conductivity. Using isopropanol as a common solvent for the debundling of nanotubes, exfoliation of graphene, and dispersion of the carbon nanostructures in the epoxy resin, we obtain a nanostructured conducting adhesive with thermal conductivity of ∼12 W/mK and resistivity down to 30 μΩ cm at very small loadings (1% w/w for nanotubes and 0.01% w/w for graphene). The low filler content allows one to keep almost unchanged the glass-transition temperature, the viscosity, and the curing parameters. Die shear measurements show that the nanostructured resins fulfill the MIL-STD-883 requirements when bonding gold-metalized SMD components, even after repeated thermal cycling. The same procedure has been validated on a high-conductivity resin characterized by a higher viscosity, on which we have doubled the thermal conductivity and quadrupled the electrical conductivity. Graphene yields better performances with respect to nanotubes in terms of conductivity and filler quantity needed to improve the resin. We have finally applied the nanostructured resins to bond GaN-based high-electron-mobility transistors in power-amplifier circuits. We observe a decrease of the GaN peak and average temperatures of, respectively, ∼30 °C and ∼10 °C, with respect to the pristine resin. The obtained results are important for the fabrication of advanced packaging materials in power electronic and microwave applications and fit the technological roadmap for CNTs, graphene, and hybrid systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Messina
- CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Nancy Leone
- CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Foti
- CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Gaetano Di Marco
- CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Riccucci
- CNR-ISMN, Area della Ricerca RM1-Montelibretti, Monterotondo Scalo, I-00016 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Carlo
- CNR-ISMN, Area della Ricerca RM1-Montelibretti, Monterotondo Scalo, I-00016 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Cristiano D'Andrea
- CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Barbara Fazio
- CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Onofrio Maria Maragò
- CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | | | - Cirino Vasi
- CNR-Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici , Viale F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriel Maria Ingo
- CNR-ISMN, Area della Ricerca RM1-Montelibretti, Monterotondo Scalo, I-00016 Rome, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bonaccorso F, Bartolotta A, Coleman JN, Backes C. 2D-Crystal-Based Functional Inks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6136-66. [PMID: 27273554 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201506410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The possibility to produce and process graphene, related 2D crystals, and heterostructures in the liquid phase makes them promising materials for an ever-growing class of applications as composite materials, sensors, in flexible optoelectronics, and energy storage and conversion. In particular, the ability to formulate functional inks with on-demand rheological and morphological properties, i.e., lateral size and thickness of the dispersed 2D crystals, is a step forward toward the development of industrial-scale, reliable, inexpensive printing/coating processes, a boost for the full exploitation of such nanomaterials. Here, the exfoliation strategies of graphite and other layered crystals are reviewed, along with the advances in the sorting of lateral size and thickness of the exfoliated sheets together with the formulation of functional inks and the current development of printing/coating processes of interest for the realization of 2D-crystal-based devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bonaccorso
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Labs, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Antonino Bartolotta
- CNR-IPCF, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Via F. Stagno D'Alcontres 37, Messina, 98158, Italy
| | - Jonathan N Coleman
- School of Physics and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, Pearse St, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Claudia Backes
- Applied Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ciesielski A, Samorì P. Supramolecular Approaches to Graphene: From Self-Assembly to Molecule-Assisted Liquid-Phase Exfoliation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:6030-51. [PMID: 26928750 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, a one-atom thick two-dimensional (2D) material, is at the core of an ever-growing research effort due to its combination of unique mechanical, thermal, optical and electrical properties. Two strategies are being pursued for the graphene production: the bottom-up and the top-down. The former relies on the use of covalent chemistry approaches on properly designed molecular building blocks undergoing chemical reaction to form 2D covalent networks. The latter occurs via exfoliation of bulk graphite into individual graphene sheets. Amongst the various types of exfoliations exploited so far, ultrasound-induced liquid-phase exfoliation (UILPE) is an attractive strategy, being extremely versatile, up-scalable and applicable to a variety of environments. In this review, we highlight the recent developments that have led to successful non-covalent functionalization of graphene and how the latter can be exploited to promote the process of molecule-assisted UILPE of graphite. The functionalization of graphene with non-covalently interacting molecules, both in dispersions as well as in dry films, represents a promising and modular approach to tune various physical and chemical properties of graphene, eventually conferring to such a 2D system a multifunctional nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Ciesielski
- Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Nanochemistry Laboratory, ISIS & icFRC, Université de Strasbourg & CNRS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xu Y, Pospisil MJ, Green MJ. The effect of bending stiffness on scaling laws for the size of colloidal nanosheets. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:235702. [PMID: 27124893 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/23/235702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using coarse-grained Brownian dynamics simulations, we study the relationship between hydrodynamic radius ([Formula: see text] and the lateral size ([Formula: see text] of dispersed nanosheets. Our simulation results show that the bending modulus of the nanosheets has a significant impact on the exponent of this power-law relationship between the radius of gyration (and thus [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] The exponent can vary from 0.17 to 1. This sheds light on the interpretation of dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements, such that DLS data can capture both nanosheet lateral size and modulus (which is, in turn, affected by nanosheet thickness).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueyi Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Guidetti G, Cantelli A, Mazzaro R, Ortolani L, Morandi V, Montalti M. Tracking graphene by fluorescence imaging: a tool for detecting multiple populations of graphene in solution. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:8505-11. [PMID: 27064427 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr02193j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Most methods used for the characterization of graphene produced by liquid phase exfoliation require the deposition of the liquid sample on a substrate and subsequent drying. Because of this or other post-synthetic treatments, the reliability of the data in describing the actual features of the graphene particles in the pristine solution becomes questionable. Hence there is a need for new methods that permit the study of graphene directly in solution. Fluorescence imaging is at present the most convenient and sensitive method to visualize nanosized objects in solution. Here we report the development of a new method for visualizing and tracking exfoliated graphene directly in solution using a conventional set-up for fluorescence microscopy. We functionalized a fluorescent surfactant typically used for exfoliating graphite in aqueous phase (Pluronic P123) with two different fluorophores, in order to make graphene detectable by fluorescence microscopy. The photophysical interactions between the fluorescent surfactant and graphene were investigated at the bulk level. Finally, fluorescence microscopy allowed us to track the carbon particles produced and to identify two different populations of particles with sizes of 265 ± 25 and 1100 ± 200 nm respectively. The correlation of these results with TEM and DLS data is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Guidetti
- Department of Chemistry 'Giacomo Ciamician', University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Light-enhanced liquid-phase exfoliation and current photoswitching in graphene-azobenzene composites. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11090. [PMID: 27052205 PMCID: PMC4829665 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifunctional materials can be engineered by combining multiple chemical components, each conferring a well-defined function to the ensemble. Graphene is at the centre of an ever-growing research effort due to its combination of unique properties. Here we show that the large conformational change associated with the trans-cis photochemical isomerization of alkyl-substituted azobenzenes can be used to improve the efficiency of liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite, with the photochromic molecules acting as dispersion-stabilizing agents. We also demonstrate reversible photo-modulated current in two-terminal devices based on graphene-azobenzene composites. We assign this tuneable electrical characteristics to the intercalation of the azobenzene between adjacent graphene layers and the resulting increase in the interlayer distance on (photo)switching from the linear trans-form to the bulky cis-form of the photochromes. These findings pave the way to the development of new optically controlled memories for light-assisted programming and high-sensitive photosensors.
Collapse
|
39
|
Casaluci S, Gemmi M, Pellegrini V, Di Carlo A, Bonaccorso F. Graphene-based large area dye-sensitized solar cell modules. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:5368-78. [PMID: 26883743 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07971c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate spray coating of graphene ink as a viable method for large-area fabrication of graphene-based dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) modules. A graphene-based ink produced by liquid phase exfoliation of graphite is spray coated onto a transparent conductive oxide substrate to realize a large area (>90 cm(2)) semi-transparent (transmittance 44%) counter-electrode (CE) replacing platinum, the standard CE material. The graphene-based CE is successfully integrated in a large-area (43.2 cm(2) active area) DSSC module achieving a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The approach demonstrated here paves the way to all-printed, flexible, and transparent graphene-based large-area and cost-effective photovoltaic devices on arbitrary substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Casaluci
- CHOSE - Center for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Dept. Electr. Eng. University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Gemmi
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vittorio Pellegrini
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Labs, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Aldo Di Carlo
- CHOSE - Center for Hybrid and Organic Solar Energy, Dept. Electr. Eng. University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Labs, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Integration of conductive reduced graphene oxide into microstructured optical fibres for optoelectronics applications. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21682. [PMID: 26899468 PMCID: PMC4761940 DOI: 10.1038/srep21682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of conductive materials into optical fibres can largely expand functions of fibre devices including surface plasmon resonator/metamaterial, modulators/detectors, or biosensors. Some early attempts have been made to incorporate metals such as tin into fibres during the fibre drawing process. Due to the restricted range of materials that have compatible melting temperatures with that of silica glass, the methods to incorporate metals along the length of the fibres are very challenging. Moreover, metals are nontransparent with strong light absorption, which causes high fibre loss. This article demonstrates a novel but simple method for creating transparent conductive reduced graphene oxide film onto microstructured silica fibres for potential optoelectronic applications. The strongly confined evanescent field of the suspended core fibres with only 2 μW average power was creatively used to transform graphene oxide into reduced graphene oxide with negligible additional loss. Existence of reduced graphene oxide was confirmed by their characteristic Raman signals, shifting of their fluorescence peaks as well as largely decreased resistance of the bulk GO film after laser beam exposure.
Collapse
|
41
|
Fabbro A, Scaini D, León V, Vázquez E, Cellot G, Privitera G, Lombardi L, Torrisi F, Tomarchio F, Bonaccorso F, Bosi S, Ferrari AC, Ballerini L, Prato M. Graphene-Based Interfaces Do Not Alter Target Nerve Cells. ACS NANO 2016; 10:615-623. [PMID: 26700626 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b05647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Neural-interfaces rely on the ability of electrodes to transduce stimuli into electrical patterns delivered to the brain. In addition to sensitivity to the stimuli, stability in the operating conditions and efficient charge transfer to neurons, the electrodes should not alter the physiological properties of the target tissue. Graphene is emerging as a promising material for neuro-interfacing applications, given its outstanding physico-chemical properties. Here, we use graphene-based substrates (GBSs) to interface neuronal growth. We test our GBSs on brain cell cultures by measuring functional and synaptic integrity of the emerging neuronal networks. We show that GBSs are permissive interfaces, even when uncoated by cell adhesion layers, retaining unaltered neuronal signaling properties, thus being suitable for carbon-based neural prosthetic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fabbro
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS) , Trieste 34136, Italy
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste , Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Denis Scaini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS) , Trieste 34136, Italy
- Life Science Department, University of Trieste , Trieste 34127, Italy
- NanoInnovation Laboratory, ELETTRA Synchrotron Light Source , Trieste 34149, Italy
| | - Verónica León
- Department of Organic Chemisty, University of Castilla-La Mancha , Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Department of Organic Chemisty, University of Castilla-La Mancha , Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - Giada Cellot
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS) , Trieste 34136, Italy
| | - Giulia Privitera
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Lombardi
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Felice Torrisi
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Flavia Tomarchio
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Bonaccorso
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Graphene Labs , Genova 16163, Italy
| | - Susanna Bosi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste , Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Andrea C Ferrari
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Ballerini
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA/ISAS) , Trieste 34136, Italy
- Life Science Department, University of Trieste , Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste , Trieste 34127, Italy
- Carbon Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE , Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque , Bilbao 48013, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ayhan IA, Li Q, Meduri P, Oh H, Bhimanapati GR, Yang G, Robinson JA, Wang Q. Effect of Mn3O4 nanoparticle composition and distribution on graphene as a potential hybrid anode material for lithium-ion batteries. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes can be enhanced by optimized inter-particle distance based on composition change.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Alperen Ayhan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
| | - Praveen Meduri
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
- Sangareddy
- India
| | - Hyukkeun Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
| | - Ganesh R. Bhimanapati
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
| | - Joshua A. Robinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- The Pennsylvania State University
- University Park
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lago E, Toth PS, Pugliese G, Pellegrini V, Bonaccorso F. Solution blending preparation of polycarbonate/graphene composite: boosting the mechanical and electrical properties. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21962d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of polycarbonate-based graphene composites is reported. The loading of single- and few-layer graphene flakes improves the mechanical and thermal properties, as well as the electrical conductivity of the polymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Lago
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- Graphene Labs
- Genoa
- Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
| | - Peter S. Toth
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- Graphene Labs
- Genoa
- Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chen Y, Sun J, Gao J, Du F, Han Q, Nie Y, Chen Z, Bachmatiuk A, Priydarshi MK, Ma D, Song X, Wu X, Xiong C, Rümmeli MH, Ding F, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Growing Uniform Graphene Disks and Films on Molten Glass for Heating Devices and Cell Culture. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:7839-7846. [PMID: 26485212 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201504229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The direct growth of uniform graphene disks and their continuous film is achieved by exploiting the molten state of glass. The use of molten glass enables highly uniform nucleation and an enhanced growth rate (tenfold) of graphene, as compared to those scenarios on commonly used insulating solids. The obtained graphene glasses show promising application potentials in daily-life scenarios such as smart heating devices and biocompatible cell-culture mediums.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yubin Chen
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Sun
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Gao
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Feng Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Qi Han
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Nie
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhaolong Chen
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Alicja Bachmatiuk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze, 41-819, Poland
| | - Manish Kr Priydarshi
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Donglin Ma
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xiuju Song
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Xiaosong Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Xiong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Mark H Rümmeli
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Curie-Sklodowskiej 34, Zabrze, 41-819, Poland
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Feng Ding
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry (CNC), Beijing Science and Engineering Center for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Wei Y, Sun Z. Liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite for mass production of pristine few-layer graphene. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
46
|
Abstract
We demonstrate an optical tweezers using a laser beam on which is imprinted a focusing phase profile generated by a Devil's staircase fractal structure (Cantor set). We show that a beam shaped in this way is capable of stably trapping a variety of micron- and submicron-sized particles and calibrate the optical trap as a function of the control parameters of the fractal structure, and explain the observed variation as arising from radiation pressure exerted by unfocused parts of the beam in the region of the optical trap. Experimental results are complemented by calculation of the structure of the focus in the regime of high numerical aperture.
Collapse
|
47
|
Messina E, Donato MG, Zimbone M, Saija R, Iatì MA, Calcagno L, Fragalà ME, Compagnini G, D'Andrea C, Foti A, Gucciardi PG, Maragò OM. Optical trapping of silver nanoplatelets. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:8720-8730. [PMID: 25968710 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.008720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Optical trapping of silver nanoplatelets obtained with a simple room temperature chemical synthesis technique is reported. Trap spring constants are measured for platelets with different diameters to investigate the size-scaling behaviour. Experimental data are compared with models of optical forces based on the dipole approximation and on electromagnetic scattering within a T-matrix framework. Finally, we discuss applications of these nanoplatelets for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
Collapse
|
48
|
Ferrari AC, Bonaccorso F, Fal'ko V, Novoselov KS, Roche S, Bøggild P, Borini S, Koppens FHL, Palermo V, Pugno N, Garrido JA, Sordan R, Bianco A, Ballerini L, Prato M, Lidorikis E, Kivioja J, Marinelli C, Ryhänen T, Morpurgo A, Coleman JN, Nicolosi V, Colombo L, Fert A, Garcia-Hernandez M, Bachtold A, Schneider GF, Guinea F, Dekker C, Barbone M, Sun Z, Galiotis C, Grigorenko AN, Konstantatos G, Kis A, Katsnelson M, Vandersypen L, Loiseau A, Morandi V, Neumaier D, Treossi E, Pellegrini V, Polini M, Tredicucci A, Williams GM, Hong BH, Ahn JH, Kim JM, Zirath H, van Wees BJ, van der Zant H, Occhipinti L, Di Matteo A, Kinloch IA, Seyller T, Quesnel E, Feng X, Teo K, Rupesinghe N, Hakonen P, Neil SRT, Tannock Q, Löfwander T, Kinaret J. Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:4598-810. [PMID: 25707682 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr01600a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 991] [Impact Index Per Article: 110.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Ferrari
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Xiao S, Lv B, Wu L, Zhu M, He J, Tao S. Dynamic self-diffraction in MoS(2) nanoflake solutions. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:5875-5887. [PMID: 25836814 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.005875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We observe dynamic self-diffraction in MoS(2) supernatant solutions with laser for the first time, and conduct dynamic data simulation and analysis. Observation results indicate that self-diffraction can be divided in three stages: in the first stage, laser changes from Gauss beam to symmetric diffraction rings because of the force from laser. In the second stage, diffraction rings become asymmetric vertically because of gravity. In the third stage, diffraction rings become asymmetric horizontally, as a result of fine structure of laser. We obtain the dynamic distribution of MoS(2) nanoflake in solution under the effect of laser by dynamic diffraction image simulation.
Collapse
|
50
|
Magazzú A, Spadaro D, Donato MG, Sayed R, Messina E, D’Andrea C, Foti A, Fazio B, Iatí MA, Irrera A, Saija R, Gucciardi PG, Maragó OM. Optical tweezers: a non-destructive tool for soft and biomaterial investigations. RENDICONTI LINCEI-SCIENZE FISICHE E NATURALI 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12210-015-0395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|