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Xue Z, Ning D, Jia K, Liu H, Xiang Y, Cao J, Chen J, Zhong Y, Wang X, Zhang Z. Mechanism study of Dual-Emission ratiometric fluorescent pH-Sensitive carbon quantum dots and its application on mornitoring enzymatic catalysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 325:125048. [PMID: 39217959 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.125048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 08/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CQD) have received significant attention as a novel ratiometric fluorescent pH nanoprobe, owing to their favorable optical properties and excellent biocompatibility. Despite their appealing features, the precise mechanism behind the pH-sensitive photoluminescence of CQDs remains to be fully understood. This study endeavors to unravel the mechanism underlying the pH-responsive ratiometric fluorescence in dual-emission CQDs, synthesized through a one-step hydrothermal method using o-phenylenediamine and oxalic acid as precursors. The resultant CQDs exhibit inherent dual-emission at wavelengths of 383 nm and 566 nm, with the ratiometric fluorescence response tailored by the ratio of precursors, providing a robust tool for pH sensing across a range of 2 to 6. Detailed characterizations, including chemical, morphological, and optical analyses, alongside theoretical insights from time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT), elucidate the mechanism underlying the pH-dependent luminescence, attributed to the electron cloud transmission between amide and adjacent carboxyl groups on the CQD surface. The superior performance of these CQDs in real-time pH monitoring is demonstrated through their application in glucose oxidase-catalyzed reactions, showcasing their potential as efficient, reliable nanoprobes for biomedical research and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Xue
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - De Ning
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Kaihong Jia
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Hao Liu
- BOE Technology Group Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Yong Xiang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China; Frontier Center of Energy Distribution and Integration, Tianfu Jiangxi Lab, Chengdu 641419, China
| | - Jinlong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610017, China
| | - Junxian Chen
- Key Laboratory of General Chemistry of the National Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Chemistry and Environment, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610093, China
| | - Yeshuang Zhong
- Department of Physics, School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 550031, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Trauma Medical Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Roy S, Aastha, Deo KA, Dey K, Gaharwar AK, Jaiswal A. Nanobio Interface Between Proteins and 2D Nanomaterials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:35753-35787. [PMID: 37487195 PMCID: PMC10866197 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have significantly contributed to recent advances in material sciences and nanotechnology, owing to their layered structure. Despite their potential as multifunctional theranostic agents, the biomedical translation of these materials is limited due to a lack of knowledge and control over their interaction with complex biological systems. In a biological microenvironment, the high surface energy of nanomaterials leads to diverse interactions with biological moieties such as proteins, which play a crucial role in unique physiological processes. These interactions can alter the size, surface charge, shape, and interfacial composition of the nanomaterial, ultimately affecting its biological activity and identity. This review critically discusses the possible interactions between proteins and 2D nanomaterials, along with a wide spectrum of analytical techniques that can be used to study and characterize such interplay. A better understanding of these interactions would help circumvent potential risks and provide guidance toward the safer design of 2D nanomaterials as a platform technology for various biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shounak Roy
- School
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology, Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Aastha
- School
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology, Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Kaivalya A. Deo
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kashmira Dey
- School
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology, Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Akhilesh K. Gaharwar
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Interdisciplinary
Graduate Program in Genetics and Genomics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Amit Jaiswal
- School
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology, Mandi, Kamand, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
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3
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Xie X, Feng Y, Zhang H, Su Q, Song T, Yang G, Li N, Wei X, Li T, Qin X, Li S, Wu C, Zhang X, Wang G, Liu Y, Yang H. Remodeling tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment via a novel bioactive nanovaccines potentiates the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Bioact Mater 2022; 16:107-119. [PMID: 35386322 PMCID: PMC8958467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical outcomes of cancer nanovaccine have been largely impeded owing to the low antigen-specific T cell response rate and acquired resistance caused by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Here, we reported a tumor acidity-responsive nanovaccine to remodel the immunosuppressive TME and expand the recruitment of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) using hybrid micelles (HM), which encapsulated colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1-R) inhibitor BLZ-945 and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor NLG-919 in its core and displayed a model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) on its surface (denoted as BN@HM-OVA). The bioactive nanovaccine is coated with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) shell for extending nanoparticle circulation. The shell can be shed in response to the weakly acidic tumor microenvironment. The decrease in size and the increase in positive charge may cause the deep tumor penetration of drugs. We demonstrated that the bioactive nanovaccine dramatically enhance antigen presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) and drugs transportation into M1-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor cells via size reduction and increasing positive charge caused by the weakly acidic TME. Such bioactive nanovaccine could remodel the immunosuppressive TME into an effector T cells favorable environment, leading to tumor growth inhibition in prophylactic and therapeutic E.G7-OVA tumor models. Furthermore, combining the bioactive nanovaccine with simultaneous anti-PD-1 antibody treatment leads to a long-term tumor inhibition, based on the optimal timing and sequence of PD-1 blockade against T cell receptor. This research provides a new strategy for the development of efficient cancer immunotherapy. A bioactive nanovaccine (BN@HM-OVA) was adopted for synergistic immunotherapy of E.G7-OVA tumors. BN@HM-OVA exhibited superior ability to induce DCs maturation and robust antigen-specific T cell responses. BN@HM-OVA contributed to a homeostasis in the tumor microenvironment ideal for antitumor vaccination. The combination treatment of BN@HM-OVA and αPD-1 achieved maximum therapeutic benefits.
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Yu Q, Ren K, You M. Genetically encoded RNA nanodevices for cellular imaging and regulation. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:7988-8003. [PMID: 33885099 PMCID: PMC8122502 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08301a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based nanodevices have been widely used in the fields of biosensing and nanomedicine. Traditionally, the majority of these nanodevices were first constructed in vitro using synthetic DNA or RNA oligonucleotides and then delivered into cells. Nowadays, the emergence of genetically encoded RNA nanodevices has provided a promising alternative approach for intracellular analysis and regulation. These genetically encoded RNA-based nanodevices can be directly transcribed and continuously produced inside living cells. A variety of highly precise and programmable nanodevices have been constructed in this way during the last decade. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances in the design and function of these artificial genetically encoded RNA nanodevices. In particular, we will focus on their applications in regulating cellular gene expression, imaging, logic operation, structural biology, and optogenetics. We believe these versatile RNA-based nanodevices will be broadly used in the near future to probe and program cells and other biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qikun Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Kewei Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
| | - Mingxu You
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA.
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Theerasilp M, Crespy D. Halochromic Polymer Nanosensors for Simple Visual Detection of Local pH in Coatings. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:3604-3610. [PMID: 33818088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Replacing metallic structures before critical damage is beneficial for safety and for saving energy and resources. One simple approach consists in visually monitoring the early stage of corrosion, and related change of pH, of coated metals. We prepare smart nanoparticle additives for coatings which act as a pH sensor. The nanoparticles are formed with a terpolymer containing two dyes as side chains, acting as donor and acceptor for a FRET process. Real time monitoring of the extent of localized corrosion on metallic structures is then carried out with a smartphone camera. Colored pH mapping can be then manually retrieved by an operator or automatically recorded by a surveillance camera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Theerasilp
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Daniel Crespy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
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Steinegger A, Wolfbeis OS, Borisov SM. Optical Sensing and Imaging of pH Values: Spectroscopies, Materials, and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:12357-12489. [PMID: 33147405 PMCID: PMC7705895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This is the first comprehensive review on methods and materials for use in optical sensing of pH values and on applications of such sensors. The Review starts with an introduction that contains subsections on the definition of the pH value, a brief look back on optical methods for sensing of pH, on the effects of ionic strength on pH values and pKa values, on the selectivity, sensitivity, precision, dynamic ranges, and temperature dependence of such sensors. Commonly used optical sensing schemes are covered in a next main chapter, with subsections on methods based on absorptiometry, reflectometry, luminescence, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance, photonic crystals, turbidity, mechanical displacement, interferometry, and solvatochromism. This is followed by sections on absorptiometric and luminescent molecular probes for use pH in sensors. Further large sections cover polymeric hosts and supports, and methods for immobilization of indicator dyes. Further and more specific sections summarize the state of the art in materials with dual functionality (indicator and host), nanomaterials, sensors based on upconversion and 2-photon absorption, multiparameter sensors, imaging, and sensors for extreme pH values. A chapter on the many sensing formats has subsections on planar, fiber optic, evanescent wave, refractive index, surface plasmon resonance and holography based sensor designs, and on distributed sensing. Another section summarizes selected applications in areas, such as medicine, biology, oceanography, bioprocess monitoring, corrosion studies, on the use of pH sensors as transducers in biosensors and chemical sensors, and their integration into flow-injection analyzers, microfluidic devices, and lab-on-a-chip systems. An extra section is devoted to current challenges, with subsections on challenges of general nature and those of specific nature. A concluding section gives an outlook on potential future trends and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Steinegger
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Otto S. Wolfbeis
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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Zhu M, Lu D, Lian Q, Wu S, Wang W, Lyon LA, Wang W, Bártolo P, Dickinson M, Saunders BR. Highly swelling pH-responsive microgels for dual mode near infra-red fluorescence reporting and imaging. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:4261-4271. [PMID: 36132786 PMCID: PMC9419105 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00581a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Near infra-red (NIR) fluorescence is a desirable property for probe particles because such deeply penetrating light enables remote reporting of the local environment in complex surroundings and imaging. Here, two NIR non-radiative energy transfer (NRET) fluorophores (Cy5 and Cy5.5) are coupled to preformed pH-responsive poly(ethylacrylate-methacrylic acid-divinylbenzene) microgel particles (PEA-MAA-5/5.5 MGs) to obtain new NIR fluorescent probes that are cytocompatible and swell strongly. NIR ratiometric photoluminescence (PL) intensity analysis enables reporting of pH-triggered PEA-MAA-5/5.5 MG particle swelling ratios over a very wide range (from 1-90). The dispersions have greatly improved colloidal stability compared to a reference temperature-responsive NIR MG based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNP-5/5.5). We also show that the wavelength of maximum PL intensity (λ max) is a second PL parameter that enables remote reporting of swelling for both PEA-MAA-5/5.5 and PNP-5/5.5 MGs. After internalization the PEA-MAA-5/5.5 MGs are successfully imaged in stem cells using NIR light. They are also imaged after subcutaneous injection into model tissue using NIR light. The new NIR PEA-MAA-5/5.5 MGs have excellent potential for reporting their swelling states (and any changes) within physiological settings as well as very high ionic strength environments (e.g., waste water).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingning Zhu
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Dongdong Lu
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Qing Lian
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Shanglin Wu
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Wenkai Wang
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - L Andrew Lyon
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University Orange CA 92866 USA
- Fowler School of Engineering, Chapman University Orange CA 92866 USA
| | - Weiguang Wang
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Paulo Bártolo
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Mark Dickinson
- Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Brian R Saunders
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower Manchester M13 9PL UK
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Neema P, Tomy AM, Cyriac J. Chemical sensor platforms based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and 2D materials. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.115797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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9
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Urstöger G, Steinegger A, Schennach R, Hirn U. Spectroscopic Investigation of DCCH and FTSC as a potential pair for Förster Resonance Energy Transfer in different solvents. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228543. [PMID: 32045426 PMCID: PMC7012416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two molecules, 7-(diethylamino)coumarin-3-carbohydrazide (DCCH) and fluorescein-5-thiosemicarbazide (FTSC) were investigated in different solvents, under varying pH conditions regarding their spectroscopic properties for the usage as a Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) pair to study the molecular interaction between cellulosic surfaces. All the relevant spectroscopic properties to determine the Förster distance were measured and the performance as a FRET system was checked. From the results, it is clear that the environmental conditions need to be accurately controlled as both, but especially the FTSC dyes are sensitive to changes. For high enough concentrations positive FRET systems were observed in DMF, DMSO, H2O, THF and alkaline DMF. However due to the low quantum yield of the unmodified DCCH throughout the investigated parameter range and the strong environmental dependency of FTSC, both dyes are not preferable for being used in a FRET system for studying interaction between cellulosic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Urstöger
- Institute for Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- CD-Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Steinegger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Robert Schennach
- CD-Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrich Hirn
- Institute for Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- CD-Laboratory for Fiber Swelling and Paper Performance, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Qiao B, Pang Q, Yuan P, Luo Y, Ma L. Smart wound dressing for infection monitoring and NIR-triggered antibacterial treatment. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:1649-1657. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm02060h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based wound dressings can monitor infection via pH-responsive FRET changes and provide on-demand antibacterial treatment via NIR-triggered antibiotic release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianbian Qiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Qian Pang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Peiqi Yuan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Yilun Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Lie Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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11
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Construction of FRET biosensor for off-on detection of lead ions based on carbon dots and gold nanorods. Talanta 2019; 201:90-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Yang X, Qin X, Zhu F, Shi W. A through-bond energy transfer-based ratiometric fluorescent pH probe: For extreme acidity and extreme alkaline detection with large emission shifts. Talanta 2019; 200:350-356. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Shamsipur M, Barati A, Nematifar Z. Fluorescent pH nanosensors: Design strategies and applications. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ma T, Zhang P, Hou Y, Ning H, Wang Z, Huang J, Gao M. "Smart" Nanoprobes for Visualization of Tumor Microenvironments. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800391. [PMID: 29999250 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Physiological parameters in tumor microenvironments, including hypoxia, low extracellular pH, enzymes, reducing conditions, and so on, are closely associated with the proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis of cancer, and impact the therapeutic administrations. Therefore, monitoring the tumor microenvironment is significant for diagnosing tumors, predicting the invasion potential, evaluating therapeutic efficacy, planning the treatment, and cancer prognostics. Noninvasive molecular imaging technologies combined with novel "smart" nanoparticle-based activatable probes provide a feasible approach to visualize tumor-associated microenvironment factors. This review summarizes recent achievements in the designs of "smart" molecular imaging nanoprobes responding to the tumor microenvironment-related features, and highlights the state of the art in tumor heterogeneity imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiancong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Colloid; Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Bei Yi Jie 2 Zhong Guan Cun Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Peisen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid; Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Bei Yi Jie 2 Zhong Guan Cun Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yi Hou
- Key Laboratory of Colloid; Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Bei Yi Jie 2 Zhong Guan Cun Beijing 100190 China
| | - Haoran Ning
- Key Laboratory of Colloid; Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Bei Yi Jie 2 Zhong Guan Cun Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Zihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid; Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Bei Yi Jie 2 Zhong Guan Cun Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jiayi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Colloid; Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Bei Yi Jie 2 Zhong Guan Cun Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid; Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics; CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Bei Yi Jie 2 Zhong Guan Cun Beijing 100190 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
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15
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Huang X, Song J, Yung BC, Huang X, Xiong Y, Chen X. Ratiometric optical nanoprobes enable accurate molecular detection and imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:2873-2920. [PMID: 29568836 PMCID: PMC5926823 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00612h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 450] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Exploring and understanding biological and pathological changes are of great significance for early diagnosis and therapy of diseases. Optical sensing and imaging approaches have experienced major progress in this field. Particularly, an emergence of various functional optical nanoprobes has provided enhanced sensitivity, specificity, targeting ability, as well as multiplexing and multimodal capabilities due to improvements in their intrinsic physicochemical and optical properties. However, one of the biggest challenges of conventional optical nanoprobes is their absolute intensity-dependent signal readout, which causes inaccurate sensing and imaging results due to the presence of various analyte-independent factors that can cause fluctuations in their absolute signal intensity. Ratiometric measurements provide built-in self-calibration for signal correction, enabling more sensitive and reliable detection. Optimizing nanoprobe designs with ratiometric strategies can surmount many of the limitations encountered by traditional optical nanoprobes. This review first elaborates upon existing optical nanoprobes that exploit ratiometric measurements for improved sensing and imaging, including fluorescence, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and photoacoustic nanoprobes. Next, a thorough discussion is provided on design strategies for these nanoprobes, and their potential biomedical applications for targeting specific biomolecule populations (e.g. cancer biomarkers and small molecules with physiological relevance), for imaging the tumor microenvironment (e.g. pH, reactive oxygen species, hypoxia, enzyme and metal ions), as well as for intraoperative image guidance of tumor-resection procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China. and Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | - Jibin Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA. and MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Bryant C Yung
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Memphis, 213 Smith Chemistry Bldg., Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Yonghua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine (LOMIN), National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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16
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He Z, Chou Y, Zhou H, Zhang H, Cheng T, Liu G. A nitroreductase and acidity detecting dual functional ratiometric fluorescent probe for selectively imaging tumor cells. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:3266-3272. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob00670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A dual functional ratiometric fluorescent probe can obviously distinguish acidity, nitroreductase, and nitroreductase in an acidic environment. Confocal fluorescence imaging of A549 cells indicates the probe can detect acidity and expressed nitroreductase in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshuai He
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200234
| | - Yajie Chou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200234
| | - Hanxin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200234
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200234
| | - Tanyu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200234
| | - Guohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Shanghai Normal University
- Shanghai 200234
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17
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Song W, Duan W, Liu Y, Ye Z, Chen Y, Chen H, Qi S, Wu J, Liu D, Xiao L, Ren C, Chen X. Ratiometric Detection of Intracellular Lysine and pH with One-Pot Synthesized Dual Emissive Carbon Dots. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13626-13633. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Song
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxiu Duan
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongju Ye
- College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonglei Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongli Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengda Qi
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Liu
- School
of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lehui Xiao
- College
of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuiling Ren
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingguo Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Nonferrous
Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Yu H, Chen C, Cao X, Liu Y, Zhou S, Wang P. Ratiometric fluorescent pH nanoprobes based on in situ assembling of fluorescence resonance energy transfer between fluorescent proteins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:5073-5080. [PMID: 28687887 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
pH-dependent protein adsorption on mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) was examined as a unique means for pH monitoring. Assuming that the degree of protein adsorption determines the distance separating protein molecules, we examined the feasibility of nanoscale pH probes based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between two fluorescent proteins (mTurquoise2 and mNeonGreen, as donor and acceptor, respectively). Since protein adsorption on MSN is pH-sensitive, both fluorescent proteins were modified to make their isoelectric points (pIs) identical, thus achieving comparable adsorption between the proteins and enhancing FRET signals. The adsorption behaviors of such modified fluorescent proteins were examined along with ratiometric FRET signal generation. Results demonstrated that the pH probes could be manipulated to show feasible sensitivity and selectivity for pH changes in hosting solutions, with a good linearity observed in the pH range of 5.5-8.0. In a demonstration test, the pH probes were successfully applied to monitor progress of enzymatic reactions. Such an "in situ-assembling" pH sensor demonstrates a promising strategy in developing nanoscale fluorescent protein probes. Graphical abstract Working principle of the developed pH sensor TNS; and FRET Ratio (I528/I460) as a function of pH under different protein feed ratios (mNeonGreen to mTurquoise2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiaodan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yueling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shengmin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
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19
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Xue Z, Zhao H, Liu J, Han J, Han S. Imaging Lysosomal pH Alteration in Stressed Cells with a Sensitive Ratiometric Fluorescence Sensor. ACS Sens 2017; 2:436-442. [PMID: 28723201 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The organelle-specific pH is crucial for cell homeostasis. Aberrant pH of lysosomes has been manifested in myriad diseases. To probe lysosome responses to cell stress, we herein report the detection of lysosomal pH changes with a dual colored probe (CM-ROX), featuring a coumarin domain with "always-on" blue fluorescence and a rhodamine-lactam domain activatable to lysosomal acidity to give red fluorescence. With sensitive ratiometric signals upon subtle pH changes, CM-ROX enables discernment of lysosomal pH changes in cells undergoing autophagy, cell death, and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Xue
- Department of Chemical Biology, ‡College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, §State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, ∥The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, ⊥The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, ¶Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, ▽State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, and ■School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of Chemical Biology, ‡College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, §State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, ∥The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, ⊥The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, ¶Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, ▽State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, and ■School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, ‡College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, §State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, ∥The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, ⊥The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, ¶Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, ▽State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, and ■School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jiahuai Han
- Department of Chemical Biology, ‡College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, §State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, ∥The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, ⊥The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, ¶Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, ▽State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, and ■School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Shoufa Han
- Department of Chemical Biology, ‡College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, §State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, ∥The Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, ⊥The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, ¶Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, ▽State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, and ■School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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20
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Yang J, Zhang R, Radford DC, Kopeček J. FRET-trackable biodegradable HPMA copolymer-epirubicin conjugates for ovarian carcinoma therapy. J Control Release 2015; 218:36-44. [PMID: 26410808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To develop a biodegradable polymeric drug delivery system for the treatment of ovarian cancer with the capacity for non-invasive fate monitoring, we designed and synthesized N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer-epirubicin (EPI) conjugates. The polymer backbone was labeled with acceptor fluorophore Cy5, while donor fluorophores (Cy3 or EPI) were attached to HPMA copolymer side chains via an enzyme-cleavable GFLG linker. This design allows elucidating separately the fate of the drug and of the polymer backbone using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The degradable diblock conjugate (2P-EPI) was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using a bifunctional chain transfer agent (Peptide2CTA). The pharmacokinetics (PK) and therapeutic effect of 2P-EPI (Mw ~100 kDa) were determined in mice bearing human ovarian carcinoma A2780 xenografts. Compared to 1st generation conjugate (P-EPI, Mw <50 kDa), 2P-EPI demonstrated remarkably improved PK such as fourfold terminal half-life (33.22 ± 3.18 h for 2P-EPI vs. 7.55 ± 3.18 h for P-EPI), which is primarily attributed to the increased molecular weight of the polymer carrier. Notably, complete tumor remission and long-term inhibition of tumorigenesis (100 days) were achieved in mice (n=5) treated with 2P-EPI. Moreover, in vitro cell uptake and intracellular drug release were determined via FRET intensity changes. The results establish a solid foundation for future in vivo tracking of drug delivery and chain scission of polymeric conjugates by FRET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | - Jindřich Kopeček
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry/CCCD, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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21
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Schäferling M. Nanoparticle-based luminescent probes for intracellular sensing and imaging of pH. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 8:378-413. [PMID: 26395962 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence imaging microscopy is an essential tool in biomedical research. Meanwhile, various fluorescent probes are available for the staining of cells, cell membranes, and organelles. Though, to monitor intracellular processes and dysfunctions, probes that respond to ubiquitous chemical parameters determining the cellular function such as pH, pO2 , and Ca(2+) are required. This review is focused on the progress in the design, fabrication, and application of photoluminescent nanoprobes for sensing and imaging of pH in living cells. The advantages of using nanoprobes carrying fluorescent pH indicators compared to single molecule probes are discussed as well as their limitations due to the mostly lysosomal uptake by cells. Particular attention is paid to ratiometric dual wavelength nanosensors that enable intrinsic referenced measurements. Referencing and proper calibration procedures are basic prerequisites to carry out reliable quantitative pH determinations in complex samples such as living cells. A variety of examples will be presented that highlight the diverseness of nanocarrier materials (polymers, micelles, silica, quantum dots, carbon dots, gold, photon upconversion nanocrystals, or bacteriophages), fluorescent pH indicators for the weak acidic range, and referenced sensing mechanisms, that have been applied intracellularly up to now. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:378-413. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1366 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schäferling
- Division 1.10 Biophotonics, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Zhou T, Xu W, Yao Q, Zhao T, Chen X. Highly fluorescent copper nanoclusters as a probe for the determination of pH. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2015; 3:044002. [DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/3/4/044002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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Huang J, Ying L, Yang X, Yang Y, Quan K, Wang H, Xie N, Ou M, Zhou Q, Wang K. Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensing of pH Values in Living Cells by Dual-Fluorophore-Labeled i-Motif Nanoprobes. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8724-31. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key
Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan
Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Le Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key
Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan
Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key
Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan
Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key
Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan
Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key
Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan
Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key
Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan
Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nuli Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key
Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan
Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key
Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan
Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qifeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key
Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan
Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kemin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing
and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key
Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan
Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People’s Republic of China
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24
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Chen Y, Zhu C, Cen J, Bai Y, He W, Guo Z. Ratiometric detection of pH fluctuation in mitochondria with a new fluorescein/cyanine hybrid sensor. Chem Sci 2015; 6:3187-3194. [PMID: 28706690 PMCID: PMC5490428 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc04021j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of mitochondrial pH (pHm) is crucial in cell physiology. Developing small-molecular fluorescent sensors for the ratiometric detection of pHm fluctuation is highly demanded yet challenging. A ratiometric pH sensor, Mito-pH, was constructed by integrating a pH-sensitive FITC fluorophore with a pH-insensitive hemicyanine group. The hemicyanine group also acts as the mitochondria targeting group due to its lipophilic cationic nature. Besides its ability to target mitochondria, this sensor provides two ratiometric pH sensing modes, the dual excitation/dual emission mode (Dex/Dem) and dual excitation (Dex) mode, and its linear and reversible ratiometric response range from pH 6.15 to 8.38 makes this sensor suitable for the practical tracking of pHm fluctuation in live cells. With this sensor, stimulated pHm fluctuation has been successfully tracked in a ratiometric manner via both fluorescence imaging and flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry , Coordination Chemistry Institute , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Hankou Road No.22 , Nanjing 210093 , PR China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-25-83597066
| | - Chengcheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry , Coordination Chemistry Institute , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Hankou Road No.22 , Nanjing 210093 , PR China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-25-83597066
| | - Jiajie Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry , Coordination Chemistry Institute , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Hankou Road No.22 , Nanjing 210093 , PR China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-25-83597066
| | - Yang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry , Coordination Chemistry Institute , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Hankou Road No.22 , Nanjing 210093 , PR China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-25-83597066
| | - Weijiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry , Coordination Chemistry Institute , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Hankou Road No.22 , Nanjing 210093 , PR China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-25-83597066
| | - Zijian Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry , Coordination Chemistry Institute , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Hankou Road No.22 , Nanjing 210093 , PR China . ; ; ; Tel: +86-25-83597066
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25
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Chiang WL, Hu YC, Liu HY, Hsiao CW, Sureshbabu R, Yang CM, Chung MF, Chia WT, Sung HW. Injectable microbeads with a thermo-responsive shell and a pH-responsive core as a dual-switch-controlled release system. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:4100-4105. [PMID: 24976002 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201400842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Treating inflammation with a dual-switch-controlled release system: The release of a drug from the developed microbead system occurs only in response to both an increase in local temperature and an acidic environmental pH. This dual-switch-controlled release system has the advantages of distinguishing between inflamed and healthy tissues to improve treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30013, ROC; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, 30013, ROC
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26
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Lu KY, Lin CW, Hsu CH, Ho YC, Chuang EY, Sung HW, Mi FL. FRET-based dual-emission and pH-responsive nanocarriers for enhanced delivery of protein across intestinal epithelial cell barrier. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:18275-18289. [PMID: 25260022 DOI: 10.1021/am505441p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The oral route is a convenient and commonly employed way for drug delivery. However, therapeutic proteins have poor bioavailability upon oral administration due to the impermeable barrier from intestinal epithelial tight junction (TJ). Moreover, the pH of the small intestine varies among different regions of the intestinal tract where digestion and absorption occur at different levels. In this study, a tunable dual-emitting and pH-responsive nanocarrier that can alter the fluorescent color and emission intensity in response to pH changes and can trigger the opening of intestinal epithelial TJ at different levels were developed from chitosan-N-arginine and poly(γ-glutamic acid)-taurine conjugates. As pH increased from 6.0 to 8.0, the binding affinity of the oppositely charged polyions decreased, whereas the ratio of the intensity of the donor-to-acceptor emission intensity (ID/IA) increased by 27-fold. The fluorescent and pH-responsive nanocarrier was able to monitor the pH change of intestinal environment and to control the release of an anti-angiogenic protein in response to the pH gradient. The nanocarrier triggered the opening of intestinal epithelial TJ and consequently enhanced the permeation of the released protein through the intestinal epithelial barrier model (Caco-2 cell monolayer) to inhibit tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ying Lu
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National Taipei University of Technology , Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
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27
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Gonil P, Sajomsang W, Ruktanonchai UR, Na Ubol P, Treetong A, Opanasopit P, Puttipipatkhachorn S. Synthesis and fluorescence properties of N-substituted 1-cyanobenz[f]isoindole chitosan polymers and nanoparticles for live cell imaging. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:2879-88. [PMID: 24956200 DOI: 10.1021/bm5004459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Highly fluorescent N-substituted 1-cyanobenz[f]isoindole chitosans (CBI-CSs) with various degrees of N-substitution (DS) were synthesized by reacting chitosan (CS) with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) in the presence of cyanide under mild acidic conditions. Introduction of 1-cyanobenz[f]isoindole moieties into the CS backbone resulted in lowering of polymer thermal stability and crystallinity. The fluorescence quantum yield (Φf) of CBI-CS was found to be DS- and molecular-weight-dependent, with Φf decreasing as DS and molecular weight were increased. At similar DS values, CBI-CS exhibited 26 times higher Φf in comparison with fluorescein isothiocyanate-substituted chitosan (FITC-CS). CBI-CS/TPP nanoparticles were fabricated using an ionotropic gelation method in which pentasodium triphosphate (TPP) acted as a cross-linking agent. CS and CBI-CS exhibited low cytotoxicity to normal skin fibroblast cells over a concentration range of 0.1-1000 μg/mL, while an increased cytotoxicity level was evident in CBI-CS/TPP nanoparticles at concentrations greater than 100 μg/mL. In contrast with CBI-CS polymers, the CBI-CS/TPP nanoparticles exhibited lower fluorescence; however, confocal microscopy results showed that living normal skin fibroblast cells became fluorescent on nanoparticle uptake. These results suggest that CBI-CS and fabricated nanoparticles thereof may be promising fluorescence probes for live cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarapond Gonil
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) , 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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28
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Pu HL, Chiang WL, Maiti B, Liao ZX, Ho YC, Shim MS, Chuang EY, Xia Y, Sung HW. Nanoparticles with dual responses to oxidative stress and reduced ph for drug release and anti-inflammatory applications. ACS NANO 2014; 8:1213-21. [PMID: 24386907 DOI: 10.1021/nn4058787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and reduced pH are involved in many inflammatory diseases. This study describes a nanoparticle-based system that is responsive to both oxidative stress and reduced pH in an inflammatory environment to effectively release its encapsulated curcumin, an immune-modulatory agent with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities. Because of the presence of Förster resonance energy transfer between curcumin and the carrier, this system also allowed us to monitor the intracellular release behavior. The curcumin released upon triggering could efficiently reduce the excess oxidants produced by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. The feasibility of using the curcumin-loaded nanoparticles for anti-inflammatory applications was further validated in a mouse model with ankle inflammation induced by LPS. The results of these studies demonstrate that the proposed nanoparticle system is promising for treating oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Lan Pu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan (ROC)
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29
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Yang Z, Cao J, He Y, Yang JH, Kim T, Peng X, Kim JS. Macro-/micro-environment-sensitive chemosensing and biological imaging. Chem Soc Rev 2014; 43:4563-601. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00051j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have summarized the research progress on fluorescent sensors responsive to environmental factors, including local viscosity, polarity, temperature, hypoxia and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701, Korea
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
| | - Jianfang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yanxia He
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701, Korea
- Key Laboratory of Sensor Analysis of Tumor Marker Ministry of Education
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
| | - Jung Ho Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Taeyoung Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701, Korea
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Korea University
- Seoul 136-701, Korea
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Rana DK, Dhar S, Bhattacharya SC. An intriguing pH-triggered FRET-based biosensor emission of a pyrazoline–doxorubicin couple and its application in living cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:5933-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54527j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Gao H, Chen S, Rao X, Shang S, Song Z. A new dehydroabietic acid-based arylamine fluorescent probe: Synthesis, structure analysis and in vitro biodiagnose function. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2254-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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32
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Ke CJ, Chiang WL, Liao ZX, Chen HL, Lai PS, Sun JS, Sung HW. Real-time visualization of pH-responsive PLGA hollow particles containing a gas-generating agent targeted for acidic organelles for overcoming multi-drug resistance. Biomaterials 2013; 34:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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33
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Hsu LW, Ho YC, Chuang EY, Chen CT, Juang JH, Su FY, Hwang SM, Sung HW. Effects of pH on molecular mechanisms of chitosan–integrin interactions and resulting tight-junction disruptions. Biomaterials 2013; 34:784-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.09.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Multilayered, core/shell nanoprobes based on magnetic ferric oxide particles and quantum dots for multimodality imaging of breast cancer tumors. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8486-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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35
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Wang S, Li N, Pan W, Tang B. Advances in functional fluorescent and luminescent probes for imaging intracellular small-molecule reactive species. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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36
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Marín MJ, Galindo F, Thomas P, Russell DA. Localized intracellular pH measurement using a ratiometric photoinduced electron-transfer-based nanosensor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:9657-61. [PMID: 22907743 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María J Marín
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK
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37
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Marín MJ, Galindo F, Thomas P, Russell DA. Localized Intracellular pH Measurement Using a Ratiometric Photoinduced Electron-Transfer-Based Nanosensor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Ghosh BC, Deb N, Becuwe M, Fourmentin S, Mukherjee AK. Excited state proton transfer assisted fluorescence resonance energy transfer in an inclusion complex of a β-CD derivative. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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39
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De Luca A, Ferrie M, Ravaine S, La Deda M, Infusino M, Rashed AR, Veltri A, Aradian A, Scaramuzza N, Strangi G. Gain functionalized core–shell nanoparticles: the way to selectively compensate absorptive losses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm30341h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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40
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Atchison JS, Schauer CL. Fabrication and characterization of electrospun semiconductor nanoparticle-polyelectrolyte ultra-fine fiber composites for sensing applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2011; 11:10372-87. [PMID: 22346647 PMCID: PMC3274289 DOI: 10.3390/s111110372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent composite fibrous assembles of nanoparticle-polyelectrolyte fibers are useful multifunctional materials, utilized in filtration, sensing and tissue engineering applications, with the added benefits of improved mechanical, electrical or structural characteristics over the individual components. Composite fibrous mats were prepared by electrospinning aqueous solutions of 6 wt% poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) loaded with 0.15 and 0.20% v/v, carboxyl functionalized CdSe/ZnS nanoparticles (SNPs). The resulting fluorescent composite fibrous mats exhibits recoverable quenching when exposed to high humidity. The sensor response is sensitive to water concentration and is attributed to the change in the local charges around the SNPs due to deprotonation of the carboxylic acids on the SNPs and the surrounding polymer matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Atchison
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Caroline L. Schauer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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41
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Shiraishi Y, Ichimura C, Sumiya S, Hirai T. Multicolor Fluorescence of a Styrylquinoline Dye Tuned by Metal Cations. Chemistry 2011; 17:8324-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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42
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Lee NS, Sun G, Lin LY, Neumann WL, Freskos JN, Karwa A, Shieh JJ, Dorshow RB, Wooley KL. Tunable dual-emitting shell-crosslinked nano-objects as single-component ratiometric pH-sensing materials. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY 2011; 21:14193-14202. [PMID: 25506129 PMCID: PMC4262927 DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11854d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dual-emitting photonic nano-objects that can sense changes in the environmental pH are designed based on shell-crosslinked micelles assembled from amphiphilic block copolymers and crosslinked with pH-insensitive chromophores. The chromophoric crosslinkers are tetra-functionalized pyrazine molecules that bear a set of terminal aliphatic amine groups and a set of anilino amine groups, which demonstrate morphology-dependent reactivities towards the poly(acrylic acid) shell domain of the nano-objects. The extent to which the anilino amine groups react with the nano-object shell is shown to affect the hypsochromic shift (blue-shift). The ratio of fluorescence intensity at 496 nm over that of 560 nm is dependent upon the solution pH. We report, herein, observations on the pH-sensitive dual-emission photophysical properties of rod-shaped or spherical nano-objects, whose shell domains offer two distinct platforms for amidation reactions to occur-through formation of activated esters upon addition of carbodiimide or pre-installation of activated ester groups. We demonstrate that physical manipulations (changes in morphology or particle dimensions) or chemical manipulations of the crosslinking reaction (the order of installation of activated esters) lead to fine tuning of dual-emission over ca. 60 nm in a physiologically relevant pH range. Rod-shaped shell-crosslinked nanostructures with poly(p-hydroxystyrene) core show blue-shift as a function of increasing pH while spherical shell-crosslinked nanostructures with polystyrene core and poly(ethylene oxide) corona exhibit blue-shift as a function of decreasing pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam S. Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77842, USA. Fax: +1 979-862-1137; Tel: +1 979-845-4077
| | - Guorong Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77842, USA. Fax: +1 979-862-1137; Tel: +1 979-845-4077
| | - Lily Yun Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77842, USA. Fax: +1 979-862-1137; Tel: +1 979-845-4077
| | - William L. Neumann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville School of Pharmacy, Edwardsville, IL, 62026, USA; Fax: +1 618-650-5145; Tel: +1 618-650-5088
| | - John N. Freskos
- Covidien Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hazelwood, MO, 63042, USA; Fax: +1 314-654-8900; Tel: +1 314-654-3396
| | - Amolkumar Karwa
- Covidien Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hazelwood, MO, 63042, USA; Fax: +1 314-654-8900; Tel: +1 314-654-3396
| | - Jeng J. Shieh
- Covidien Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hazelwood, MO, 63042, USA; Fax: +1 314-654-8900; Tel: +1 314-654-3396
| | - Richard B. Dorshow
- Covidien Pharmaceuticals R&D, Hazelwood, MO, 63042, USA; Fax: +1 314-654-8900; Tel: +1 314-654-3396
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77842, USA. Fax: +1 979-862-1137; Tel: +1 979-845-4077
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43
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Wang L, Li C. pH responsive fluorescence nanoprobe imaging of tumors by sensing the acidic microenvironment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm12072g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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