1
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Fang Y, Xu B, Wang S, Liu H, Wang J, Si M. Highly stable localized surface plasmon resonance of Cu nanoparticles obtained via oxygen plasma irradiation. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:9748-9753. [PMID: 38686891 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06277e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) possess strong localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) in visible light. However, CuNPs are not chemically stable in air, which has seriously hindered the applications based on the LSPR of CuNPs. We developed an artificial method to passivate CuNPs as Al naturally does in air, preventing the oxidation of CuNPs through swift oxidation of the surface atoms via oxygen plasma irradiation. A hemispheric core-shell structure of CuNPs uniformly covered by a dense CuO shell (CuNPs@d-CuO) was constructed. The 4 nm d-CuO shell can prevent CuNPs from further oxidation. As a result, the LSPR of the CuNPs is stable in air over 180 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingcui Fang
- Department of Vacuum Science and Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Vacuum Science and Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Vacuum Science and Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Hongjun Liu
- Department of Vacuum Science and Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Vacuum Science and Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Mengting Si
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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2
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Okamoto S, Kusada K, Nomura Y, Takeda E, Inada Y, Hisada K, Anada S, Yamamoto K, Hirasawa T, Kitagawa H. Facilely Fabricated Zero-Bias Silicon-Based Plasmonic Photodetector in the Near-Infrared Region with a Schottky Barrier Properly Controlled by Nanoalloys. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:8984-8992. [PMID: 38326087 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Plasmonic Schottky devices have attracted considerable attention for use in practical applications based on photoelectric conversion, because they enable light to be harvested below the bandgap of semiconductors. In particular, silicon-based (Si) plasmonic Schottky devices have great potential for useful photodetection in the near-infrared region. However, the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) values of previously reported devices are low because the Schottky barrier is excessively high. Here, we are the first to develop AuAg nanoalloy-n-type Si plasmonic Schottky devices by cathodic arc plasma deposition. Interestingly, it is found that a novel nanostructure, which leads to the improvement of responsivities, is formed. Moreover, these plasmonic nanostructures can be fabricated in only ∼1 min. The fabricated AuAg nanoparticle-film structure enables proper control of the Schottky barrier height and increases the area of the Schottky interface for electron transfer. As a result, the considerably enhanced IQE of our device at a telecommunication wavelength of 1310 nm (1550 nm) without external bias is 4.6 (6.5) times higher than those in previous reports, and these responsivities are a record high. This approach can be applied to realize efficient photodetection in the NIR region and extend the use of light below the bandgap of semiconductors. This paves the way for future application advancements in a variety of fields, including photodetection, imaging, photovoltaics, and photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Okamoto
- Technology Division, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, 3-1-1 Yagumo-naka-machi, Moriguchi City, Osaka 570-8501, Japan
| | - Kohei Kusada
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yuki Nomura
- Technology Division, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, 3-1-1 Yagumo-naka-machi, Moriguchi City, Osaka 570-8501, Japan
| | - Eiji Takeda
- Technology Division, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, 3-1-1 Yagumo-naka-machi, Moriguchi City, Osaka 570-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Inada
- Technology Division, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, 3-1-1 Yagumo-naka-machi, Moriguchi City, Osaka 570-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuya Hisada
- Technology Division, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, 3-1-1 Yagumo-naka-machi, Moriguchi City, Osaka 570-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Anada
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Centre, 2-4-1 Mutsuno, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 456-8587, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yamamoto
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Centre, 2-4-1 Mutsuno, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 456-8587, Japan
| | - Taku Hirasawa
- Technology Division, Panasonic Holdings Corporation, 3-1-1 Yagumo-naka-machi, Moriguchi City, Osaka 570-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kitagawa
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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3
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Zhu J, Dai J, Xu Y, Liu X, Wang Z, Liu H, Li G. Photo-enhanced dehydrogenation of formic acid on Pd-based hybrid plasmonic nanostructures. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:6819-6829. [PMID: 38059022 PMCID: PMC10696931 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00663h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Coupling visible light with Pd-based hybrid plasmonic nanostructures has effectively enhanced formic acid (FA) dehydrogenation at room temperature. Unlike conventional heating to achieve higher product yield, the plasmonic effect supplies a unique surface environment through the local electromagnetic field and hot charge carriers, avoiding unfavorable energy consumption and attenuated selectivity. In this minireview, we summarized the latest advances in plasmon-enhanced FA dehydrogenation, including geometry/size-dependent dehydrogenation activities, and further catalytic enhancement by coupling local surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) with Fermi level engineering or alloying effect. Furthermore, some representative cases were taken to interpret the mechanisms of hot charge carriers and the local electromagnetic field on molecular adsorption/activation. Finally, a summary of current limitations and future directions was outlined from the perspectives of mechanism and materials design for the field of plasmon-enhanced FA decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 PR China
| | - Jiawei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 PR China
| | - You Xu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 PR China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 PR China
| | - Zhengyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 PR China
| | - Hongfang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 PR China
| | - Guangfang Li
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 PR China
- Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute Shenzhen 518000 PR China
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4
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Murray CP, Mamyraimov D, Ali M, Downing C, Povey IM, McCloskey D, O’Regan DD, Donegan JF. Monolayer Capping Provides Close to Optimal Resistance to Laser Dewetting of Au Films. ACS APPLIED ELECTRONIC MATERIALS 2023; 5:4080-4093. [PMID: 37637971 PMCID: PMC10448724 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.3c00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) relies on fast, localized heating of the magnetic medium during the write process. Au plasmonic near-field transducers are an attractive solution to this challenge, but increased thermal stability of Au films is required to improve long-term reliability. This work compares the effect of nanoscale Al, AlOx, and Ta capping films on Au thin films with Ti or Ta adhesion layers for use in HAMR and other high-temperature plasmonic applications. Thermal stability is investigated using a bespoke laser dewetting system, and SEM and AFM are extensively used to interrogate the resulting dewet areas. The most effective capping layers are found to be 0.5-1 nm of Al or AlOx, which can eliminate dewetting under certain conditions. Even one monolayer of AlOx is shown to be highly effective in reducing dewetting. In the case of thicker capping layers of Ta and AlOx, the Au film can easily dewet underneath, leaving an intact capping layer. It is concluded that thinner capping layers are most effective against dewetting as the Au cannot dewet without breaking them and pulling them apart during the dewetting process. A simple model based on energetics considerations is developed, which explains how thinner capping layers can more effectively protect the metal from pore or fissure creation. The model provides some convenient guidelines for choosing both the substrate and capping layer, for a given metal, to maximize the resistance to laser-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P. Murray
- School
of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College
Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Daniyar Mamyraimov
- School
of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College
Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mugahid Ali
- School
of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College
Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Clive Downing
- School
of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College
Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Ian M. Povey
- Tyndall
National Institute, Lee Maltings,
Prospect Row, Cork T12 R5CP, Ireland
| | - David McCloskey
- School
of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College
Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David D. O’Regan
- School
of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College
Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - John F. Donegan
- School
of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College
Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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5
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Han JH, Kim D, Kim J, Kim G, Fischer P, Jeong HH. Plasmonic Nanostructure Engineering with Shadow Growth. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2107917. [PMID: 35332960 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Physical shadow growth is a vacuum deposition technique that permits a wide variety of 3D-shaped nanoparticles and structures to be fabricated from a large library of materials. Recent advances in the control of the shadow effect at the nanoscale expand the scope of nanomaterials from spherical nanoparticles to complex 3D shaped hybrid nanoparticles and structures. In particular, plasmonically active nanomaterials can be engineered in their shape and material composition so that they exhibit unique physical and chemical properties. Here, the recent progress in the development of shadow growth techniques to realize hybrid plasmonic nanomaterials is discussed. The review describes how fabrication permits the material response to be engineered and highlights novel functions. Potential fields of application with a focus on photonic devices, biomedical, and chiral spectroscopic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Hwan Han
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Doeun Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhwan Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyurin Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Peer Fischer
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Hyeon-Ho Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
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6
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Okada K, Mashita R, Fukatsu A, Takahashi M. Polarization-dependent plasmonic heating in epitaxially grown multilayered metal-organic framework thin films embedded with Ag nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1795-1801. [PMID: 36926578 PMCID: PMC10012874 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00882c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of metal-organic framework (MOF) thin films with various functionalities has paved the way for research into a wide variety of applications. MOF-oriented thin films can exhibit anisotropic functionality in the not only out-of-plane but also in-plane directions, making it possible to utilize MOF thin films for more sophisticated applications. However, the functionality of oriented MOF thin films has not been fully exploited, and finding novel anisotropic functionality in oriented MOF thin films should be cultivated. In the present study, we report the first demonstration of polarization-dependent plasmonic heating in a MOF oriented film embedded with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs), pioneering an anisotropic optical functionality in MOF thin films. Spherical AgNPs exhibit polarization-dependent plasmon-resonance absorption (anisotropic plasmon damping) when incorporated into an anisotropic lattice of MOFs. The anisotropic plasmon resonance results in a polarization-dependent plasmonic heating behavior; the highest elevated temperature was observed in case the polarization of incident light is parallel to the crystallographic axis of the host MOF lattice favorable for the larger plasmon resonance, resulting in polarization-controlled temperature regulation. Such spatially and polarization selective plasmonic heating offered by the use of oriented MOF thin films as a host can pave the way for applications such as efficient reactivation in MOF thin film sensors, partial catalytic reactions in MOF thin film devices, and soft microrobotics in composites with thermo-responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Okada
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
- JST, PRESTO 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi Saitama 332-0012 Japan
| | - Risa Mashita
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Arisa Fukatsu
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Metropolitan University Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
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7
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Hwang Y, Koo DJ, Ferhan AR, Sut TN, Yoon BK, Cho NJ, Jackman JA. Optimizing Plasmonic Gold Nanorod Deposition on Glass Surfaces for High-Sensitivity Refractometric Biosensing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3432. [PMID: 36234560 PMCID: PMC9565783 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Owing to high surface sensitivity, gold nanorods (AuNRs) are widely used to construct surface-based nanoplasmonic biosensing platforms for label-free molecular diagnostic applications. A key fabrication step involves controlling AuNR deposition onto the target surface, which requires maximizing surface density while minimizing inter-particle aggregation, and is often achieved by surface functionalization with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) prior to AuNR deposition. To date, existing studies have typically used a fixed concentration of SAM-forming organic molecules (0.2-10% v/v) while understanding how SAM density affects AuNR deposition and resulting sensing performance would be advantageous. Herein, we systematically investigated how controlling the (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) concentration (1-30% v/v) during SAM preparation affects the fabrication of AuNR-coated glass surfaces for nanoplasmonic biosensing applications. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-visible spectroscopy, we identified an intermediate APTES concentration range that yielded the highest density of individually deposited AuNRs with minimal aggregation and also the highest peak wavelength in aqueous solution. Bulk refractive index sensitivity measurements indicated that the AuNR configuration had a strong effect on the sensing performance, and the corresponding wavelength-shift responses ranged from 125 to 290 nm per refractive index unit (RIU) depending on the APTES concentration used. Biosensing experiments involving protein detection and antigen-antibody interactions further demonstrated the high surface sensitivity of the optimized AuNR platform, especially in the low protein concentration range where the measurement shift was ~8-fold higher than that obtained with previously used sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngkyu Hwang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Translational Nanobioscience Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Dong Jun Koo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Translational Nanobioscience Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Abdul Rahim Ferhan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Tun Naw Sut
- School of Chemical Engineering and Translational Nanobioscience Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Bo Kyeong Yoon
- School of Healthcare and Biomedical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea
| | - Nam-Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Joshua A. Jackman
- School of Chemical Engineering and Translational Nanobioscience Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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8
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Cai YY, Tauzin LJ, Ostovar B, Lee S, Link S. Light emission from plasmonic nanostructures. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:060901. [PMID: 34391373 DOI: 10.1063/5.0053320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of light emission from metallic nanoparticles has been a subject of debate in recent years. Photoluminescence and electronic Raman scattering mechanisms have both been proposed to explain the observed emission from plasmonic nanostructures. Recent results from Stokes and anti-Stokes emission spectroscopy of single gold nanorods using continuous wave laser excitation carried out in our laboratory are summarized here. We show that varying excitation wavelength and power change the energy distribution of hot carriers and impact the emission spectral lineshape. We then examine the role of interband and intraband transitions in the emission lineshape by varying the particle size. We establish a relationship between the single particle emission quantum yield and its corresponding plasmonic resonance quality factor, which we also tune through nanorod crystallinity. Finally, based on anti-Stokes emission, we extract electron temperatures that further suggest a hot carrier based mechanism. The central role of hot carriers in our systematic study on gold nanorods as a model system supports a Purcell effect enhanced hot carrier photoluminescence mechanism. We end with a discussion on the impact of understanding the light emission mechanism on fields utilizing hot carrier distributions, such as photocatalysis and nanothermometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Yu Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Lawrence J Tauzin
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Behnaz Ostovar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Stephen Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Stephan Link
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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9
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Cui L, Zhu Y, Nordlander P, Di Ventra M, Natelson D. Thousand-fold Increase in Plasmonic Light Emission via Combined Electronic and Optical Excitations. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2658-2665. [PMID: 33710898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon enhanced processes and hot-carrier dynamics in plasmonic nanostructures are of great fundamental interest to reveal light-matter interactions at the nanoscale. Using plasmonic tunnel junctions as a platform supporting both electrically and optically excited localized surface plasmons, we report a much greater (over 1000× ) plasmonic light emission at upconverted photon energies under combined electro-optical excitation, compared with electrical or optical excitation separately. Two mechanisms compatible with the form of the observed spectra are interactions of plasmon-induced hot carriers and electronic anti-Stokes Raman scattering. Our measurement results are in excellent agreement with a theoretical model combining electro-optical generation of hot carriers through nonradiative plasmon excitation and hot-carrier relaxation. We also discuss the challenge of distinguishing relative contributions of hot carrier emission and the anti-Stokes electronic Raman process. This observed increase in above-threshold emission in plasmonic systems may open avenues in on-chip nanophotonic switching and hot-carrier photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longji Cui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yunxuan Zhu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Massimiliano Di Ventra
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Douglas Natelson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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10
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Shalem G, Erez-Cohen O, Mahalu D, Bar-Joseph I. Light Emission in Metal-Semiconductor Tunnel Junctions: Direct Evidence for Electron Heating by Plasmon Decay. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:1282-1287. [PMID: 33497237 PMCID: PMC7883388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We study metal-insulator-semiconductor tunnel junctions where the metal electrode is a patterned gold layer, the insulator is a thin layer of Al2O3, and the semiconductor is p-type silicon. We observe light emission due to plasmon-assisted inelastic tunneling from the metal to the silicon valence band. The emission cutoff shifts to higher energies with increasing voltage, a clear signature of electrically driven plasmons. The cutoff energy exceeds the applied voltage, and a large fraction of the emission is above the threshold, ℏω > eV. We find that the emission spectrum manifests the Fermi-Dirac distribution of the electrons in the gold electrode. This distribution can be used to determine the effective electron temperature, Te, which is shown to have a linear dependence on the applied voltage. The strong correlation of Te with the plasmon energy serves as evidence that the mechanism for heating the electrons is plasmon decay at the source metal electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Shalem
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Omer Erez-Cohen
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Diana Mahalu
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Israel Bar-Joseph
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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11
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Zhu Y, Natelson D, Cui L. Probing energy dissipation in molecular-scale junctions via surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy: vibrational pumping and hot carrier enhanced light emission. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:134001. [PMID: 33429369 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abda7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Experimentally resolving the microscopic energy dissipation and redistribution pathways in a molecular-scale junction, the smallest possible nanoelectronic device, is of great current interest. Here we report measurements of the vibrational pumping and light emission processes in current-carrying molecular junctions using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. We show that the heating of vibrational modes exhibits distinct features when the molecular junctions are driven by electrical bias or optical power. We further discuss the hot carrier origin of the broadband continuum emission observed in the Raman scattering spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxuan Zhu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Douglas Natelson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Longji Cui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
- Paul M Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America
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12
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Bitton O, Gupta SN, Cao Y, Vaskevich A, Houben L, Yelin T, Haran G. Improving the quality factors of plasmonic silver cavities for strong coupling with quantum emitters. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:014703. [PMID: 33412871 DOI: 10.1063/5.0034739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic cavities (PCs) made of metallic nanostructures can concentrate electromagnetic radiation into an ultrasmall volume, where it might strongly interact with quantum emitters. In recent years, there has been much interest in studying such a strong coupling in the limit of single emitters. However, the lossy nature of PCs, reflected in their broad spectra, limits their quality factors and hence their performance as cavities. Here, we study the effect of the adhesion layer used in the fabrication of metal nanostructures on the spectral linewidths of bowtie-structured PCs. Using dark-field microspectroscopy, as well as electron energy loss spectroscopy, it is found that a reduction in the thickness of the chromium adhesion layer we use from 3 nm to 0.1 nm decreases the linewidths of both bright and dark plasmonic modes. We further show that it is possible to fabricate bowtie PCs without any adhesion layer, in which case the linewidth may be narrowed by as much as a factor of 2. Linewidth reduction increases the quality factor of these PCs accordingly, and it is shown to facilitate reaching the strong-coupling regime with semiconductor quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ora Bitton
- Chemical Research Support Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Satyendra Nath Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alexander Vaskevich
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lothar Houben
- Chemical Research Support Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tamar Yelin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Gilad Haran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, P.O. Box 26, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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13
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Badilescu S, Raju D, Bathini S, Packirisamy M. Gold Nano-Island Platforms for Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing: A Short Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204661. [PMID: 33066088 PMCID: PMC7587393 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano-islands are entities (droplets or other shapes) that are formed by spontaneous dewetting (agglomeration, in the early literature) of thin and very thin metallic (especially gold) films on a substrate, done by post-deposition heating or by using other sources of energy. In addition to thermally generated nano-islands, more recently, nanoparticle films have also been dewetted, in order to form nano-islands. The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) band of gold nano-islands was found to be sensitive to changes in the surrounding environment, making it a suitable platform for sensing and biosensing applications. In this review, we revisit the development of the concept of nano-island(s), the thermodynamics of dewetting of thin metal films, and the effect of the substrate on the morphology and optical properties of nano-islands. A special emphasis is made on nanoparticle films and their applications to biosensing, with ample examples from the authors’ work.
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14
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Im SW, Ahn HY, Kim RM, Cho NH, Kim H, Lim YC, Lee HE, Nam KT. Chiral Surface and Geometry of Metal Nanocrystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905758. [PMID: 31834668 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chirality is a basic property of nature and has great importance in photonics, biochemistry, medicine, and catalysis. This importance has led to the emergence of the chiral inorganic nanostructure field in the last two decades, providing opportunities to control the chirality of light and biochemical reactions. While the facile production of 3D nanostructures has remained a major challenge, recent advances in nanocrystal synthesis have provided a new pathway for efficient control of chirality at the nanoscale by transferring molecular chirality to the geometry of nanocrystals. Interestingly, this discovery stems from a purely crystallographic outcome: chirality can be generated on high-Miller-index surfaces, even for highly symmetric metal crystals. This is the starting point herein, with an overview of the scientific history and a summary of the crystallographic definition. With the advance of nanomaterial synthesis technology, high-Miller-index planes can be selectively exposed on metallic nanoparticles. The enantioselective interaction of chiral molecules and high-Miller-index facets can break the mirror symmetry of the metal nanocrystals. Herein, the fundamental principle of chirality evolution is emphasized and it is shown how chiral surfaces can be directly correlated with chiral morphologies, thus serving as a guide for researchers in chiral catalysts, chiral plasmonics, chiral metamaterials, and photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Won Im
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Yong Ahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Ryeong Myeong Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Nam Heon Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hyeohn Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Yae-Chan Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Ki Tae Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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15
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Bhattarai JK, Neupane D, Nepal B, Alharthi MD, Demchenko AV, Stine KJ. Adhesion layer-free attachment of gold on silicon wafer and its application in localized surface plasmon resonance-based biosensing. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. A, PHYSICAL 2020; 312:112155. [PMID: 32647405 PMCID: PMC7347289 DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2020.112155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of a metallic adhesion layer between plasmonic-active nanostructures and a solid supported is known to dampen the plasmonic response. To overcome this problem, organic adhesion layers have been introduced, which in turn can undermine the stability of the film. Moreover, both types of layers limit the regeneration of the nanostructures for multiple uses. Here we report a quick and simple approach to prepare intermediate adhesion layer-free binding of nanostructured films of gold on silicon wafers. The approach involves scratching and etching of the silicon wafer before sputter coating with a thin layer of Au. The plasmonic-active nanostructures were then prepared on this thin Au film using electrochemical deposition. As-prepared plasmonic-active nanostructured thin films of gold (PANTF-Au) are easy to handle, physically robust, and can be regenerated. The bulk refractive index sensitivity of PANTF-Au is 150 nm/RIU with the figure of merit 1.4, and with a plasmonic field-decay length of 27 nm. We further used these thin films to study interactions between lectin and glycoprotein inside a flow cell as well as on a microplate made of PANTF-Au. The PANTF-Au can be easily integrated with electrochemical devices and microfluidics, which can help to pave the way toward the development of ideal optical-electrochemical point-of-care biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay K. Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Dharmendra Neupane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Bishal Nepal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | | | - Alexei V. Demchenko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Keith J. Stine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63121, USA
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16
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Wallentine S, Bandaranayake S, Biswas S, Baker LR. Plasmon-Resonant Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation of Electrochemical Interfaces: Direct Observation of Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction on Gold. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8057-8064. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Spencer Wallentine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Savini Bandaranayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Somnath Biswas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - L. Robert Baker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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17
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Cui L, Zhu Y, Abbasi M, Ahmadivand A, Gerislioglu B, Nordlander P, Natelson D. Electrically Driven Hot-Carrier Generation and Above-Threshold Light Emission in Plasmonic Tunnel Junctions. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6067-6075. [PMID: 32568541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Above-threshold light emission from plasmonic tunnel junctions, when emitted photons have energies significantly higher than the energy scale of incident electrons, has attracted much recent interest in nano-optics, while the underlying physics remains elusive. We examine above-threshold light emission in electromigrated tunnel junctions. Our measurements over a large ensemble of devices demonstrate a giant (∼104) material-dependent photon yield (emitted photons per incident electrons). This dramatic effect cannot be explained only by the radiative field enhancement due to localized plasmons in the tunneling gap. Emission is well described by a Boltzmann spectrum with an effective temperature exceeding 2000 K, coupled to a plasmon-modified photonic density of states. The effective temperature is approximately linear in the applied bias, consistent with a suggested theoretical model describing hot-carrier dynamics driven by nonradiative decay of electrically excited localized plasmons. Electrically generated hot carriers and nontraditional light emission could open avenues for active photochemistry, optoelectronics, and quantum optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longji Cui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yunxuan Zhu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Mahdiyeh Abbasi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Arash Ahmadivand
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Burak Gerislioglu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Douglas Natelson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Nanoengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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18
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Chuntonov L, Rubtsov IV. Surface-enhanced ultrafast two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy with engineered plasmonic nano-antennas. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:050902. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0013956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lev Chuntonov
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Solid State Institute, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Igor V. Rubtsov
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA
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19
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Xu G, Li Y. Metal‐microstructure based flexible transparent electrodes and their applications in electronic devices. NANO SELECT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Xu
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic MaterialsCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yaowen Li
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic MaterialsCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 China
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20
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Horák M, Šikola T. Influence of experimental conditions on localized surface plasmon resonances measurement by electron energy loss spectroscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 216:113044. [PMID: 32535410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) combined with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) has become a standard technique to map localized surface plasmon resonances with a nanometer spatial and a sufficient energy resolution over the last 15 years. However, no experimental work discussing the influence of experimental conditions during the measurement has been published up to now. We present an experimental study of the influence of the primary beam energy and the collection semi-angle on the plasmon resonances measurement by STEM-EELS. To explore the influence of these two experimental parameters we study a series of gold rods and gold bow-tie and diabolo antennas. We discuss the impact on experimental characteristics which are important for successful detection of the plasmon peak in EELS, namely: the intensity of plasmonic signal, the signal to background ratio, and the signal to zero-loss peak ratio. We found that the primary beam energy should be high enough to suppress the scattering in the sample and at the same time should be low enough to avoid the appearance of relativistic effects. Consequently, the best results are obtained using a medium primary beam energy, in our case 120 keV, and an arbitrary collection semi-angle, as it is not a critical parameter at this primary beam energy. Our instructive overview will help microscopists in the field of plasmonics to arrange their experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Horák
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno 612 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Šikola
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno 612 00, Czech Republic; Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, Brno 616 69, Czech Republic
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21
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Tesema TE, Kookhaee H, Habteyes TG. Extracting Electronic Transition Bands of Adsorbates from Molecule-Plasmon Excitation Coupling. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:3507-3514. [PMID: 32303128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between molecular electronic and particle plasmon excitations can result in various intriguing outcomes depending on how strongly or weakly the excitations couple to compete with their respective decay rates. In this work, using methylene blue and thionine dyes as model systems, we show that the electronic absorption band of resonant adsorbates can be determined with submonolayer sensitivity from the weak molecule-plasmon excitation coupling that results in the attenuation on the plasmonic absorption band. The extracted spectra are strongly similar to the absorption spectra of the corresponding molecules in solution, apart from the expected spectral red-shift and broadening. Interestingly, the adsorption isotherms determined on the basis of the magnitude of the attenuation correlate linearly with that determined from the adsorbate-induced plasmon resonance red-shift. The results demonstrate that in the weak coupling regimes the plasmon modes can be considered as an environment that supplies energy to and takes energy from the adsorbates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tefera E Tesema
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for High Technology Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Hamed Kookhaee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for High Technology Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Terefe G Habteyes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Center for High Technology Materials, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
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22
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Abbott WM, Murray CP, Ní Lochlainn S, Bello F, Zhong C, Smith C, McCarthy EK, Downing C, Daly D, Petford-Long AK, McGuinness C, Chunin II, Donegan JF, McCloskey D. Comparison of Metal Adhesion Layers for Au Films in Thermoplasmonic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:13503-13509. [PMID: 32096978 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
If thermoplasmonic applications such as heat-assisted magnetic recording are to be commercially viable, it is necessary to optimize both thermal stability and plasmonic performance of the devices involved. In this work, a variety of different adhesion layers were investigated for their ability to reduce dewetting of sputtered 50 nm Au films on SiO2 substrates. Traditional adhesion layer metals Ti and Cr were compared with alternative materials of Al, Ta, and W. Film dewetting was shown to increase when the adhesion material diffuses through the Au layer. An adhesion layer thickness of 0.5 nm resulted in superior thermomechanical stability for all adhesion metals, with an enhancement factor of up to 200× over 5 nm thick analogues. The metals were ranked by their effectiveness in inhibiting dewetting, starting with the most effective, in the order Ta > Ti > W > Cr > Al. Finally, the Au surface-plasmon polariton response was compared for each adhesion layer, and it was found that 0.5 nm adhesion layers produced the best response, with W being the optimal adhesion layer material for plasmonic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Abbott
- School of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Sorcha Ní Lochlainn
- School of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Frank Bello
- School of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Chuan Zhong
- School of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Christopher Smith
- School of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Eoin K McCarthy
- Advanced Microscopy Laboratory & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Clive Downing
- Advanced Microscopy Laboratory & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dermot Daly
- Advanced Microscopy Laboratory & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Amanda K Petford-Long
- Material Science Division. Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Cormac McGuinness
- School of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - John F Donegan
- School of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David McCloskey
- School of Physics, CRANN and AMBER, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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23
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Hail CU, Schnoering G, Damak M, Poulikakos D, Eghlidi H. A Plasmonic Painter's Method of Color Mixing for a Continuous Red-Green-Blue Palette. ACS NANO 2020; 14:1783-1791. [PMID: 32003976 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of mixing colors with remarkable results had long been exclusive to the talents of master painters. By finely combining colors in different amounts on the palette, intuitively, they obtain smooth gradients with any given color. Creating such smooth color variations through scattering by the structural patterning of a surface, as opposed to color pigments, has long remained a challenge. Here, we borrow from the painter's approach and demonstrate color mixing generated by an optical metasurface. We propose a single-layer plasmonic color pixel and a method for nanophotonic structural color mixing based on the additive red-green-blue (RGB) color model. The color pixels consist of plasmonic nanorod arrays that generate vivid primary colors and enable independent control of color brightness without affecting chromaticity by simply varying geometric in-plane parameters. By interleaving different nanorod arrays, we combine up to three primary colors on a single pixel. Based on this, two- and three-color mixing is demonstrated, enabling the continuous coverage of a plasmonic RGB color gamut and yielding a palette with a virtually unlimited number of colors. With this multiresonant color pixel, we show the photorealistic printing of color and monochrome images at the nanoscale, with ultrasmooth transitions in color and brightness. Our color-mixing approach can be applied to a broad range of scatterer designs and materials and has the potential to be used for multiwavelength color filters and dynamic photorealistic displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio U Hail
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies , ETH Zürich , Sonneggstrasse 3 , CH-8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Schnoering
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies , ETH Zürich , Sonneggstrasse 3 , CH-8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Mehdi Damak
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies , ETH Zürich , Sonneggstrasse 3 , CH-8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies , ETH Zürich , Sonneggstrasse 3 , CH-8092 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Hadi Eghlidi
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies , ETH Zürich , Sonneggstrasse 3 , CH-8092 Zürich , Switzerland
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24
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Abstract
Plasmonic-active nanomaterials are of high interest to scientists because of their expanding applications in the field for medicine and energy. Chemical and biological sensors based on plasmonic nanomaterials are well-established and commercially available, but the role of plasmonic nanomaterials on photothermal therapeutics, solar cells, super-resolution imaging, organic synthesis, etc. is still emerging. The effectiveness of the plasmonic materials on these technologies depends on their stability and sensitivity. Preparing plasmonics-active nanostructured thin films (PANTFs) on a solid substrate improves their physical stability. More importantly, the surface plasmons of thin film and that of nanostructures can couple in PANTFs enhancing the sensitivity. A PANTF can be used as a transducer for any of the three plasmonic-based sensing techniques, namely, the propagating surface plasmon, localized surface plasmon resonance, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based sensing techniques. Additionally, continuous nanostructured metal films have an advantage for implementing electrical controls such as simultaneous sensing using both plasmonic and electrochemical techniques. Although research and development on PANTFs have been rapidly advancing, very few reviews on synthetic methods have been published. In this review, we provide some fundamental and practical aspects of plasmonics along with the recent advances in PANTFs synthesis, focusing on the advantages and shortcomings of the fabrication techniques. We also provide an overview of different types of PANTFs and their sensitivity for biosensing.
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25
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Gellé A, Jin T, de la Garza L, Price GD, Besteiro LV, Moores A. Applications of Plasmon-Enhanced Nanocatalysis to Organic Transformations. Chem Rev 2019; 120:986-1041. [PMID: 31725267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Gellé
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Tony Jin
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Luis de la Garza
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Gareth D. Price
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Lucas V. Besteiro
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Centre Énergie Matériaux et Télécommunications, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet, Varennes, Quebec J3X 1S2, Canada
| | - Audrey Moores
- Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
- Department of Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C5, Canada
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26
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Al-Baiaty Z, Cumming BP, Gan X, Gu M. Optomagnetic plasmonic nanocircuits. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:3131-3138. [PMID: 36133616 PMCID: PMC9418874 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00351g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The coupling between solid-state quantum emitters and nanoplasmonic waveguides is essential for the realization of integrated circuits for various quantum information processing protocols, communication, and sensing. Such applications benefit from a feasible, scalable and low loss fabrication method as well as efficient coupling to nanoscale waveguides. Here, we demonstrate optomagnetic plasmonic nanocircuitry for guiding, routing and processing the readout of electron spins of nitrogen vacancy centres. This optimized method for the realization of highly efficient and ultracompact plasmonic circuitry is based on enhancing the plasmon propagation length and improving the coupling efficiency. Our results show 5 times enhancement in the plasmon propagation length using (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and 5.2 times improvement in the coupling efficiency by introducing a grating coupler, and these enable the design of more complicated nanoplasmonic circuitries for quantum information processing. The integration of efficient plasmonic circuitry with the excellent spin properties of nitrogen vacancy centres can potentially be utilized to extend the applications of nanodiamonds and yield a great platform for the realization of on-chip quantum information networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Al-Baiaty
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria 3122 Australia
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University Melbourne 3001 Australia
- Department of Laser and Opto-Electronic Engineering, University of Technology Baghdad 10011 Iraq
| | - Benjamin P Cumming
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University Melbourne 3001 Australia
| | - Xiaosong Gan
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria 3122 Australia
| | - Min Gu
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University Melbourne 3001 Australia
- Centre for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 China
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27
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Pan S, Liu Z, Wang M, Jiang Y, Luo Y, Wan C, Qi D, Wang C, Ge X, Chen X. Mechanocombinatorially Screening Sensitivity of Stretchable Strain Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1903130. [PMID: 31259453 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable strain sensors have aroused great interest for their application in human activity recognition, health monitoring, and soft robotics. For various scenarios involving the application of different strain ranges, specific sensitivities need to be developed, due to a trade-off between sensor sensitivity and stretchability. Traditional stretchable strain sensors are developed based on conductive sensing materials and still lack the function of customizable sensitivity. A novel strategy of mechanocombinatorics is proposed to screen the sensor sensitivity based on mechanically heterogeneous substrates. Strain redistribution over substrates is optimized by mechanics and structure parameters, which gives rise to customizable sensitivity. As a proof of concept, a local illumination method is used to fabricate heterogeneous substrates with customizable mechanics and structure parameters. A library of mechanocombinatorial strain sensors is created for extracting the specific sensitivity. Thus, not only is an effective strategy for screening of sensor sensitivity demonstrated, but a contribution to the mechanocombinatorial strategy for personalized stretchable electronics is also made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowu Pan
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming Wang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Jiang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yifei Luo
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Changjin Wan
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Changxian Wang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiang Ge
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
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28
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Sukham J, Takayama O, Mahmoodi M, Sychev S, Bogdanov A, Tavassoli SH, Lavrinenko AV, Malureanu R. Investigation of effective media applicability for ultrathin multilayer structures. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:12582-12588. [PMID: 31231735 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02471a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) are highly anisotropic media consisting of alternating metal and dielectric layers with their electromagnetic properties defined by the effective medium approximation (EMA). EMA is generally applied for a large number of subwavelength unit cells or periods of a multilayer HMM. However, in practice, the number of periods is limited. To the best of our knowledge, a comparison between rigorous theory, EMA and experiments to investigate the minimum number of layers that allow for the low error of EMA results has not yet been investigated. In this article, we compared the reflectance response of the effective anisotropic HMMs predicted by the scattering matrix method (SMM) and EMA with optical characterization data, having the unit cell twenty times smaller than the vacuum wavelength in the visible range. The fabricated HMM structures consist of up to ten periods of alternating 10 nm thick Au and Al2O3 layers deposited by sputtering and atomic layer deposition, respectively. The two deposition techniques enable us to achieve a high quality HMM with low roughness: the root mean square (RMS) is less than 1 nm. We showed that the multilayer structure behaves like an effective medium from the fourth period onwards as the EMA calculation and experimental results agree well having below 4% mean square standard deviation of reflectance (MSDR) for the wavelength range from 500 to 1750 nm with a wide incident angle range. These results could have an impact on the design and development of active metamaterials and their applications ranging from imaging to nonlinear optics and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johneph Sukham
- Technical University of Denmark, Dept. of Photonics Engineering, Ørsteds plads, bldg. 345 V, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Osamu Takayama
- Technical University of Denmark, Dept. of Photonics Engineering, Ørsteds plads, bldg. 345 V, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Maryam Mahmoodi
- Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Stanislav Sychev
- Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, 197101, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey Bogdanov
- Saint Petersburg National Research University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics, 197101, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | | | - Andrei V Lavrinenko
- Technical University of Denmark, Dept. of Photonics Engineering, Ørsteds plads, bldg. 345 V, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Radu Malureanu
- Technical University of Denmark, Dept. of Photonics Engineering, Ørsteds plads, bldg. 345 V, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark.
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29
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Fernandez-Cuesta I, West MM, Montinaro E, Schwartzberg A, Cabrini S. A nanochannel through a plasmonic antenna gap: an integrated device for single particle counting. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2394-2403. [PMID: 31204419 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00186g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoantennas are ideal for single molecule detection since they nano-focus the light beyond diffraction and enhance the optical fields by several orders of magnitude. But delivering the molecules into these nanometric hot-spots is a real challenge. Here, we present a dynamic sensor, with label-free real-time detection capabilities, which can detect and count molecules and particles one by one in their native environment independently of their concentration. To this end, we have integrated a 35 nm gap plasmonic bowtie antenna with a 30 nm × 30 nm nanochannel. The channel runs through the antenna gap, and delivers the analyte directly into the hot spot. We show how the antenna probes into zeptoliter volumes inside the nanochannel by observing the dark field resonance shift during the filling process of a non-fluorescent liquid. Moreover, we detect and count single quantum dots, one by one, at ultra-high concentrations of up to 25 mg mL-1. The nano-focusing of light, reduces the observation volume in five orders of magnitude compared to the diffraction limited spot, beating the diffraction limit. These results prove the unique sensitivity of the device and in the future can be extended to detection of a variety of molecules for biomedical applications.
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30
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Le-The H, Lozeman JJA, Lafuente M, Muñoz P, Bomer JG, Duy-Tong H, Berenschot E, van den Berg A, Tas NR, Odijk M, Eijkel JCT. Wafer-scale fabrication of high-quality tunable gold nanogap arrays for surface-enhanced Raman scattering. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:12152-12160. [PMID: 31194202 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02215e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a robust and high-yield fabrication method for wafer-scale patterning of high-quality arrays of dense gold nanogaps, combining displacement Talbot lithography based shrink-etching with dry etching, wet etching, and thin film deposition techniques. By using the self-sharpening of <111>-oriented silicon crystal planes during the wet etching process, silicon structures with extremely smooth nanogaps are obtained. Subsequent conformal deposition of a silicon nitride layer and a gold layer results in dense arrays of narrow gold nanogaps. Using this method, we successfully fabricate high-quality Au nanogaps down to 10 nm over full wafer areas. Moreover, the gap spacing can be tuned by changing the thickness of deposited Au layers. Since the roughness of the template is minimized by the crystallographic etching of silicon, the roughness of the gold nanogaps depends almost exclusively on the roughness of the sputtered gold layers. Additionally, our fabricated Au nanogaps show a significant enhancement of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals of benzenethiol molecules chemisorbed on the structure surface, at an average enhancement factor up to 1.5 × 106.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Le-The
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Jasper J A Lozeman
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Marta Lafuente
- Nanoscience Institute of Aragon, Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pablo Muñoz
- Optical Sciences Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G Bomer
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Hien Duy-Tong
- Faculty of Engineering, Vietnamese German University, Thu Dau Mot City, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Erwin Berenschot
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Niels R Tas
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan C T Eijkel
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, Max Planck Center for Complex Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
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31
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Le-The H, Tiggelaar RM, Berenschot E, van den Berg A, Tas N, Eijkel JCT. Postdeposition UV-Ozone Treatment: An Enabling Technique to Enhance the Direct Adhesion of Gold Thin Films to Oxidized Silicon. ACS NANO 2019; 13:6782-6789. [PMID: 31189059 PMCID: PMC6595434 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b01403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We found that continuous films of gold (Au) on oxidized silicon (SiO2) substrates, upon treatment with ultraviolet (UV)-ozone, exhibit strong adhesion to the SiO2 support. Importantly, the enhancement is independent of micro- or nanostructuring of such nanometer-thick films. Deposition of a second Au layer on top of the pretreated Au layer makes the adhesion stable for at least 5 months in environmental air. Using this treatment method enables us to large-scale fabricate various SiO2-supported Au structures at various thicknesses with dimensions spanning from a few hundreds of nanometers to a few micrometers, without the use of additional adhesion layers. We explain the observed adhesion improvement as polarization-induced increased strength of Auδ-Siδ+ bonds at the Au-SiO2 interface due to the formation of a gold oxide monolayer on the Au surface by the UV-ozone treatment. Our simple and enabling method thus provides opportunities for patterning Au micro/nanostructures on SiO2 substrates without an intermediate metallic adhesion layer, which is critical for biosensing and nanophotonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Le-The
- BIOS
Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute & Max Planck Center for Complex
Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M. Tiggelaar
- NanoLab
Cleanroom, MESA+ Institute, University of
Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Berenschot
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS
Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute & Max Planck Center for Complex
Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Tas
- Mesoscale
Chemical Systems Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C. T. Eijkel
- BIOS
Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Institute & Max Planck Center for Complex
Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
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32
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Ikigaki K, Okada K, Tokudome Y, Toyao T, Falcaro P, Doonan CJ, Takahashi M. MOF‐on‐MOF: Oriented Growth of Multiple Layered Thin Films of Metal–Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6886-6890. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Ikigaki
- Department of Materials ScienceOsaka Prefecture University Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Kenji Okada
- Department of Materials ScienceOsaka Prefecture University Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Yasuaki Tokudome
- Department of Materials ScienceOsaka Prefecture University Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Takashi Toyao
- Institute for CatalysisHokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
| | - Paolo Falcaro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryGraz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/Z2 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Christian J. Doonan
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Materials ScienceOsaka Prefecture University Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
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33
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Ikigaki K, Okada K, Tokudome Y, Toyao T, Falcaro P, Doonan CJ, Takahashi M. MOF‐on‐MOF: Oriented Growth of Multiple Layered Thin Films of Metal–Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Ikigaki
- Department of Materials ScienceOsaka Prefecture University Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Kenji Okada
- Department of Materials ScienceOsaka Prefecture University Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Yasuaki Tokudome
- Department of Materials ScienceOsaka Prefecture University Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
| | - Takashi Toyao
- Institute for CatalysisHokkaido University Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0021 Japan
| | - Paolo Falcaro
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryGraz University of Technology Stremayrgasse 9/Z2 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Christian J. Doonan
- Department of ChemistryThe University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia 5005 Australia
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Materials ScienceOsaka Prefecture University Sakai Osaka 599-8531 Japan
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34
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Abbott WM, Murray CP, Zhong C, Smith C, McGuinness C, Rezvani E, Downing C, Daly D, Petford-Long AK, Bello F, McCloskey D, Donegan JF. Less is More: Improved Thermal Stability and Plasmonic Response in Au Films via the Use of SubNanometer Ti Adhesion Layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:7607-7614. [PMID: 30682242 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of a metallic adhesion layer is known to increase the thermo-mechanical stability of Au thin films against solid-state dewetting, but in turn results in damping of the plasmonic response, reducing their utility in applications such as heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR). In this work, 50 nm Au films with Ti adhesion layers ranging in thickness from 0 to 5 nm were fabricated, and their thermal stability, electrical resistivity, and plasmonic response were measured. Subnanometer adhesion layers are demonstrated to significantly increase the stability of the thin films against dewetting at elevated temperatures (>200 °C), compared to more commonly used adhesion layer thicknesses that are in the range of 2-5 nm. For adhesion layers thicker than 1 nm, the diffusion of excess Ti through Au grain boundaries and subsequent oxidation was determined to result in degradation of the film. This mechanism was confirmed using transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on annealed 0.5 and 5 nm adhesion layer samples. The superiority of subnanometer adhesion layers was further demonstrated through measurements of the surface-plasmon polariton resonance; those with thinner adhesion layers possessed both a stronger and spectrally sharper resonance. These results have relevance beyond HAMR to all Ti/Au systems operating at elevated temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Abbott
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | | | - Chuan Zhong
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Christopher Smith
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Cormac McGuinness
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Ehsan Rezvani
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Clive Downing
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Dermot Daly
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Amanda K Petford-Long
- Materials Science Division , Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Frank Bello
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - David McCloskey
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - John F Donegan
- School of Physics , CRANN, & AMBER, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2 , Ireland
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35
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Jeong HH, Choi E, Ellis E, Lee TC. Recent advances in gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications: from hybrid structures to multi-functionality. J Mater Chem B 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb00557a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications are reviewed in the context of a novel classification framework and illustrated by recent examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Ho Jeong
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
- Cavendish Laboratory
- University of Cambridge
| | - Eunjin Choi
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems
- 70569 Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - Elizabeth Ellis
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London (UCL)
- WC1H 0AJ London
- UK
- Institute for Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)
| | - Tung-Chun Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- University College London (UCL)
- WC1H 0AJ London
- UK
- Institute for Materials Discovery
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36
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Hulkkonen H, Sah A, Niemi T. All-Metal Broadband Optical Absorbers Based on Block Copolymer Nanolithography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:42941-42947. [PMID: 30421602 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in solar energy during recent years has spurred on the development of high-efficiency optical absorbers using emerging concepts in plasmonics and metamaterials. Most absorber designs require patterning on a subwavelength scale, making large-scale fabrication expensive or impractical. This study presents an all-metal metasurface with tightly packed, sub-80 nm nanodomes fabricated by template-stripping thin gold films from reusable silicon templates. Subwavelength patterning was achieved via molecular self-assembly of block copolymers, which enables large-area, periodic patterning with nanometer precision. The proposed nanodome surface acts as an optical absorber capable of absorbing 97% of incident light in the visible range 320-650 nm, and still more than 90% at high incidence angles. We demonstrate both experimentally and theoretically that the absorption behavior of the thin film can be controlled by changing the size of the nanodomes, namely, the gap between the structures. The enhanced absorption of light is attributed to localized particle plasmon and gap plasmon resonances. This research provides a straightforward and cost-effective strategy to design and fabricate thin, large-area, light-absorbing coatings that can be transferred onto nearly any rigid or flexible substrate. The all-metal metasurfaces are a promising candidate for plasmon-induced hot electron generation for efficient solar energy conversion in photovoltaic and photocatalytic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Hulkkonen
- Laboratory of Photonics , Tampere University of Technology , P. O. Box 692, 33101 Tampere , Finland
| | - Aashish Sah
- Laboratory of Photonics , Tampere University of Technology , P. O. Box 692, 33101 Tampere , Finland
| | - Tapio Niemi
- Laboratory of Photonics , Tampere University of Technology , P. O. Box 692, 33101 Tampere , Finland
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37
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Medeghini F, Crut A, Gandolfi M, Rossella F, Maioli P, Vallée F, Banfi F, Del Fatti N. Controlling the Quality Factor of a Single Acoustic Nanoresonator by Tuning its Morphology. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5159-5166. [PMID: 29989822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical vibrations of individual gold nanodisks nanopatterned on a sapphire substrate are investigated using ultrafast time-resolved optical spectroscopy. The number and characteristics of the detected acoustic modes are found to vary with nanodisk geometry. In particular, their quality factors strongly depend on nanodisk aspect ratio (i.e., diameter over height ratio), reaching a maximal value of ≈70, higher than those previously measured for substrate-supported nano-objects. The peculiarities of the detected acoustic vibrations are confirmed by finite-element simulations, and interpreted as the result of substrate-induced hybridization between the vibrational modes of a nanodisk. The present findings demonstrate novel possibilities for engineering the vibrational modes of nano-objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Medeghini
- FemtoNanoOptics Group , Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière , F-69622 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Aurélien Crut
- FemtoNanoOptics Group , Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière , F-69622 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Marco Gandolfi
- Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (I-LAMP) , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Brescia I-25121 , Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Brescia I-25121 , Italy
- Laboratory of Soft Matter and Biophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200D , B-3001 Heverlee, Leuven , Belgium
| | - Francesco Rossella
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR , Piazza S. Silvestro 12 , I-56124 Pisa , Italy
| | - Paolo Maioli
- FemtoNanoOptics Group , Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière , F-69622 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Fabrice Vallée
- FemtoNanoOptics Group , Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière , F-69622 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Francesco Banfi
- Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (I-LAMP) , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , Brescia I-25121 , Italy
| | - Natalia Del Fatti
- FemtoNanoOptics Group , Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière , F-69622 Villeurbanne , France
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38
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Conde-Rubio A, Rodríguez AF, Borrisé X, Perez-Murano F, Batlle X, Labarta A. Geometric frustration in a hexagonal lattice of plasmonic nanoelements. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:20211-20224. [PMID: 30119347 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We introduce the concept of geometric frustration in plasmonic arrays of nanoelements. In particular, we present the case of a hexagonal lattice of Au nanoasterisks arranged so that the gaps between neighboring elements are small and lead to a strong near-field dipolar coupling. Besides, far-field interactions yield higher-order collective modes around the visible region that follow the translational symmetry of the lattice. However, dipolar excitations of the gaps in the hexagonal array are geometrically frustrated for interactions beyond nearest neighbors, yielding the destabilization of the low energy modes in the near infrared. This in turn results in a slow dynamics of the optical response and a complex interplay between localized and collective modes, a behavior that shares features with geometrically frustrated magnetic systems.
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39
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Wu Q, Si M, Zhang B, Zhang K, Li H, Mi L, Jiang Y, Rong Y, Chen J, Fang Y. Strong damping of the localized surface plasmon resonance of Ag nanoparticles by Ag 2O. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:295702. [PMID: 29697064 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
By studying oxidation of AgNPs (Ag nanoparticles) and decomposition of the produced silver oxide, we demonstrate that the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of AgNPs was damped by Ag2O produced during oxygen plasma irradiation (OPI). The AgNPs were fabricated by evaporation of high pure silver under high vacuum. The oxidation was conducted in oxygen plasma generated by radio frequency glow discharging in vacuum, and the decomposition was performed by annealing the silver oxide in nitrogen ambient at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 450 °C. Samples were characterized by color, absorption spectra, surface enhanced Raman scattering, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The bandgap of the silver oxide was calculated. We propose that AgNPs are only partially oxidized into silver oxide during OPI, and the LSPR of the AgNPs left without being oxidation is strongly damped by the produced silver oxide. This LSPR damping is responsible for the transparency of the sample after OPI for 2 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmen Wu
- Department of Vacuum Science and Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, People's Republic of China
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40
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Gao L, Chen L, Wei H, Xu H. Lithographically fabricated gold nanowire waveguides for plasmonic routers and logic gates. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:11923-11929. [PMID: 29901054 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01827h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fabricating plasmonic nanowire waveguides and circuits by lithographic fabrication methods is highly desired for nanophotonic circuitry applications. Here we report an approach for fabricating metal nanowire networks by using electron beam lithography and metal film deposition techniques. The gold nanowire structures are fabricated on quartz substrates without using any adhesion layer but coated with a thin layer of Al2O3 film for immobilization. The thermal annealing during the Al2O3 deposition process decreases the surface plasmon loss. In a Y-shaped gold nanowire network, the surface plasmons can be routed to different branches by controlling the polarization of the excitation light, and the routing behavior is dependent on the length of the main nanowire. Simulated electric field distributions show that the zigzag distribution of the electric field in the nanowire network determines the surface plasmon routing. By using two laser beams to excite surface plasmons in a Y-shaped nanowire network, the output intensity can be modulated by the interference of surface plasmons, which can be used to design Boolean logic gates. We experimentally demonstrate that AND, OR, XOR and NOT gates can be realized in three-terminal nanowire networks, and NAND, NOR and XNOR gates can be realized in four-terminal nanowire networks. This work takes a step toward the fabrication of on-chip integrated plasmonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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41
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Horák M, Bukvišová K, Švarc V, Jaskowiec J, Křápek V, Šikola T. Comparative study of plasmonic antennas fabricated by electron beam and focused ion beam lithography. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9640. [PMID: 29941880 PMCID: PMC6018609 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a comparative study of plasmonic antennas fabricated by electron beam lithography and direct focused ion beam milling. We have investigated optical and structural properties and chemical composition of gold disc-shaped plasmonic antennas on a silicon nitride membrane fabricated by both methods to identify their advantages and disadvantages. Plasmonic antennas were characterized using transmission electron microscopy including electron energy loss spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. We have found stronger plasmonic response with better field confinement in the antennas fabricated by electron beam lithography, which is attributed to their better structural quality, homogeneous thickness, and only moderate contamination mostly of organic nature. Plasmonic antennas fabricated by focused ion beam lithography feature weaker plasmonic response, lower structural quality with pronounced thickness fluctuations, and strong contamination, both organic and inorganic, including implanted ions from the focused beam. While both techniques are suitable for the fabrication of plasmonic antennas, electron beam lithography shall be prioritized over focused ion beam lithography due to better quality and performance of its products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Horák
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kristýna Bukvišová
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Švarc
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Jaskowiec
- Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Křápek
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Šikola
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Physical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
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Morphological Characteristics of Au Films Deposited on Ti: A Combined SEM-AFM Study. COATINGS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings8040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deposited Au films and coatings are, nowadays, routinely used as active or passive elements in several innovative electronic, optoelectronic, sensing, and energy devices. In these devices, the physical properties of the Au films are strongly determined by the films nanoscale structure. In addition, in these devices, often, a layer of Ti is employed to promote adhesion and, so, influencing the nanoscale structure of the deposited Au film. In this work, we present experimental analysis on the nanoscale cross-section and surface morphology of Au films deposited on Ti. In particular, we sputter-deposited thick (>100 nm thickness) Au films on Ti foils and we used Scanning Electron Microscopy to analyze the films cross-sectional and surface morphology as a function of the Au film thickness and deposition angle. In addition, we analyzed the Au films surface morphology by Atomic Force Microscopy which allowed quantifying the films surface roughness versus the film thickness and deposition angle. The results establish a relation between the Au films cross-sectional and surface morphologies and surface roughness to the film thickness and deposition angle. These results allow setting a general working framework to obtain Au films on Ti with specific morphological and topographic properties for desired applications in which the Ti adhesion layer is needed for Au.
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Jackman JA, Rahim Ferhan A, Cho NJ. Nanoplasmonic sensors for biointerfacial science. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:3615-3660. [PMID: 28383083 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00494f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, nanoplasmonic sensors have become widely used for the label-free detection of biomolecules across medical, biotechnology, and environmental science applications. To date, many nanoplasmonic sensing strategies have been developed with outstanding measurement capabilities, enabling detection down to the single-molecule level. One of the most promising directions has been surface-based nanoplasmonic sensors, and the potential of such technologies is still emerging. Going beyond detection, surface-based nanoplasmonic sensors open the door to enhanced, quantitative measurement capabilities across the biointerfacial sciences by taking advantage of high surface sensitivity that pairs well with the size of medically important biomacromolecules and biological particulates such as viruses and exosomes. The goal of this review is to introduce the latest advances in nanoplasmonic sensors for the biointerfacial sciences, including ongoing development of nanoparticle and nanohole arrays for exploring different classes of biomacromolecules interacting at solid-liquid interfaces. The measurement principles for nanoplasmonic sensors based on utilizing the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) phenomena are first introduced. The following sections are then categorized around different themes within the biointerfacial sciences, specifically protein binding and conformational changes, lipid membrane fabrication, membrane-protein interactions, exosome and virus detection and analysis, and probing nucleic acid conformations and binding interactions. Across these themes, we discuss the growing trend to utilize nanoplasmonic sensors for advanced measurement capabilities, including positional sensing, biomacromolecular conformation analysis, and real-time kinetic monitoring of complex biological interactions. Altogether, these advances highlight the rich potential of nanoplasmonic sensors and the future growth prospects of the community as a whole. With ongoing development of commercial nanoplasmonic sensors and analytical models to interpret corresponding measurement data in the context of biologically relevant interactions, there is significant opportunity to utilize nanoplasmonic sensing strategies for not only fundamental biointerfacial science, but also translational science applications related to clinical medicine and pharmaceutical drug development among countless possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Jackman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
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Todeschini M, Bastos da Silva Fanta A, Jensen F, Wagner JB, Han A. Influence of Ti and Cr Adhesion Layers on Ultrathin Au Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:37374-37385. [PMID: 28967257 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Efficient adhesion of gold thin films on dielectric or semiconductor substrates is essential in applications and research within plasmonics, metamaterials, 2D materials, and nanoelectronics. As a consequence of the relentless downscaling in nanoscience and technology, the thicknesses of adhesion layer and overlayer have reached tens of nanometers, and it is unclear if our current understanding is sufficient. In this report, we investigated how Cr and Ti adhesion layers influence the nanostructure of 2-20 nm thin Au films by means of high-resolution electron microscopy, complemented with atomic force microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Pure Au films were compared to Ti/Au and Cr/Au bilayer systems. Both Ti and Cr had a striking impact on grain size and crystal orientation of the Au overlayer, which we interpret as the adhesion layer-enhanced wetting of Au and the formation of chemical bonds between the layers. Ti formed a uniform layer under the Au overlayer. Cr interdiffused with the Au layer forming a Cr-Au alloy. The crystal orientation of the Au layers was mainly [111] for all thin-film systems. The results showed that both adhesion layers were partially oxidized, and oxidation sources were scrutinized and found. A difference in bilayer electrical resistivity between Ti/Au and Cr/Au systems was measured and compared. On the basis of these results, a revised and more detailed adhesion layer model for both Ti/Au and Cr/Au systems was proposed. Finally, the implications of the results were analyzed, and recommendations for the selection of adhesion layers for nano-optics and nanoelectronics applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Todeschini
- DTU Danchip/Cen, Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads, Building 347, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Flemming Jensen
- DTU Danchip/Cen, Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads, Building 347, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jakob Birkedal Wagner
- DTU Danchip/Cen, Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads, Building 347, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anpan Han
- DTU Danchip/Cen, Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads, Building 347, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Sukham J, Takayama O, Lavrinenko AV, Malureanu R. High-Quality Ultrathin Gold Layers with an APTMS Adhesion for Optimal Performance of Surface Plasmon Polariton-Based Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:25049-25056. [PMID: 28682054 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b07181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A low-absorption adhesion layer plays a crucial role for both localized and propagating surface plasmons when ultrathin gold is used. To date, the most popular adhesion layers are metallic, namely, Cr and Ti. However, to the best of our knowledge, the influence of these adhesion layers on the behavior of propagating plasmon modes has not been thoroughly investigated nor reported in the literature. It is therefore important to study the effect of these few- to several-nanometers-thick adhesion layers on the propagating plasmons because it may affect the performance of plasmonic devices, in particular, when the Au layer is not much thicker than the adhesion layers. We experimentally compared the performances of the ultrathin gold films to show the pivotal influence of adhesion layers on highly confined propagating plasmonic modes, using Cr and 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APTMS) adhesion layers and without any adhesion layer. We show that the gold films with the APTMS adhesion layer have the lowest surface roughness and the short-range surface plasmon polaritons supported on the Au surface exhibit properties close to the theoretical calculations, considering an ideal gold film.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sukham
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads, Building 345V, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - O Takayama
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads, Building 345V, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A V Lavrinenko
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads, Building 345V, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - R Malureanu
- Department of Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads, Building 345V, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- National Centre for Micro- and Nano-Fabrication, Technical University of Denmark , Ørsteds Plads, Building 347, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Drevinskas R, Rakickas T, Selskis A, Rosa L, Valiokas RN. Cup-Shaped Nanoantenna Arrays for Zeptoliter Volume Biochemistry and Plasmonic Sensing in the Visible Wavelength Range. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:19082-19091. [PMID: 28523911 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although three-dimensional shaping of metallic nanostructures is an important strategy for control and manipulation of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), its implementation in high-throughput, on-chip fabrication of plasmonic devices remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate nanocontact-based large-area fabrication of a novel, LSPR-active Au architecture consisting of periodic arrays of reduced-symmetry nanoantennas having sub-50 nm, out-of-plane features. Namely, by combining nanosphere and molecular self-assembly processes, we have patterned evaporated polycrystalline Au films for chemical etching of nanocups with controlled aspect ratios (outer diameter d = 100 nm and void volumes = 18 or 39 zL). The resulting nanoantennas were highly ordered, forming a hexagonal lattice structure over centimeter-sized glass substrates, and they displayed characteristic LSPR absorption in the visible/near-infrared spectral range. Theoretical simulations indicated electric field confinement and enhancement patterns located not only around the rims but also inside the nanocups. We also explored how these patterns and the overall spectral characteristics depended on the nanocup aspect ratio as well as on electric field coupling in the arrays. We have successfully tested the fabricated architecture for detection of stepwise immobilization and interactions of proteins, thus demonstrating its potential for both nanoscopic scaffolding and sensing of biomolecular assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lorenzo Rosa
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 181/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Applied Plasmonics Laboratory, Centre for Micro-Photonics, Swinburne University of Technology , P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
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Ciappina MF, Pérez-Hernández JA, Landsman AS, Okell WA, Zherebtsov S, Förg B, Schötz J, Seiffert L, Fennel T, Shaaran T, Zimmermann T, Chacón A, Guichard R, Zaïr A, Tisch JWG, Marangos JP, Witting T, Braun A, Maier SA, Roso L, Krüger M, Hommelhoff P, Kling MF, Krausz F, Lewenstein M. Attosecond physics at the nanoscale. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:054401. [PMID: 28059773 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa574e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently two emerging areas of research, attosecond and nanoscale physics, have started to come together. Attosecond physics deals with phenomena occurring when ultrashort laser pulses, with duration on the femto- and sub-femtosecond time scales, interact with atoms, molecules or solids. The laser-induced electron dynamics occurs natively on a timescale down to a few hundred or even tens of attoseconds (1 attosecond = 1 as = 10-18 s), which is comparable with the optical field. For comparison, the revolution of an electron on a 1s orbital of a hydrogen atom is ∼152 as. On the other hand, the second branch involves the manipulation and engineering of mesoscopic systems, such as solids, metals and dielectrics, with nanometric precision. Although nano-engineering is a vast and well-established research field on its own, the merger with intense laser physics is relatively recent. In this report on progress we present a comprehensive experimental and theoretical overview of physics that takes place when short and intense laser pulses interact with nanosystems, such as metallic and dielectric nanostructures. In particular we elucidate how the spatially inhomogeneous laser induced fields at a nanometer scale modify the laser-driven electron dynamics. Consequently, this has important impact on pivotal processes such as above-threshold ionization and high-order harmonic generation. The deep understanding of the coupled dynamics between these spatially inhomogeneous fields and matter configures a promising way to new avenues of research and applications. Thanks to the maturity that attosecond physics has reached, together with the tremendous advance in material engineering and manipulation techniques, the age of atto-nanophysics has begun, but it is in the initial stage. We present thus some of the open questions, challenges and prospects for experimental confirmation of theoretical predictions, as well as experiments aimed at characterizing the induced fields and the unique electron dynamics initiated by them with high temporal and spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Ciappina
- Max-Planck-Institut für Quantenoptik, Hans-Kopfermann-Str. 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Institute of Physics of the ASCR, ELI-Beamlines project, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
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48
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Zhang C, Kinsey N, Chen L, Ji C, Xu M, Ferrera M, Pan X, Shalaev VM, Boltasseva A, Guo LJ. High-Performance Doped Silver Films: Overcoming Fundamental Material Limits for Nanophotonic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1605177. [PMID: 28318121 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The field of nanophotonics has ushered in a new paradigm of light manipulation by enabling deep subdiffraction confinement assisted by metallic nanostructures. However, a key limitation which has stunted a full development of high-performance nanophotonic devices is the typical large losses associated with the constituent metals. Although silver has long been known as the highest quality plasmonic material for visible and near infrared applications, its usage has been limited due to practical issues of continuous thin film formation, stability, adhesion, and surface roughness. Recently, a solution is proposed to the above issues by doping a proper amount of aluminum during silver deposition. In this work, the potential of doped silver for nanophotonic applications is presented by demonstrating several high-performance key nanophotonic devices. First, long-range surface plasmon polariton waveguides show propagation distances of a few centimeters. Second, hyperbolic metamaterials consisting of ultrathin Al-doped Ag films are attained having a homogeneous and low-loss response, and supporting a broad range of high-k modes. Finally, transparent conductors based on Al-doped Ag possess both a high and flat transmittance over the visible and near-IR range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nathaniel Kinsey
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Chengang Ji
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mingjie Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Marcello Ferrera
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, SUPA, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Xiaoqing Pan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Alexandra Boltasseva
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - L Jay Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Crut A, Maioli P, Vallée F, Del Fatti N. Linear and ultrafast nonlinear plasmonics of single nano-objects. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:123002. [PMID: 28094243 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa59cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Single-particle optical investigations have greatly improved our understanding of the fundamental properties of nano-objects, avoiding the spurious inhomogeneous effects that affect ensemble experiments. Correlation with high-resolution imaging techniques providing morphological information (e.g. electron microscopy) allows a quantitative interpretation of the optical measurements by means of analytical models and numerical simulations. In this topical review, we first briefly recall the principles underlying some of the most commonly used single-particle optical techniques: near-field, dark-field, spatial modulation and photothermal microscopies/spectroscopies. We then focus on the quantitative investigation of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of metallic nano-objects using linear and ultrafast optical techniques. While measured SPR positions and spectral areas are found in good agreement with predictions based on Maxwell's equations, SPR widths are strongly influenced by quantum confinement (or, from a classical standpoint, surface-induced electron scattering) and, for small nano-objects, cannot be reproduced using the dielectric functions of bulk materials. Linear measurements on single nano-objects (silver nanospheres and gold nanorods) allow a quantification of the size and geometry dependences of these effects in confined metals. Addressing the ultrafast response of an individual nano-object is also a powerful tool to elucidate the physical mechanisms at the origin of their optical nonlinearities, and their electronic, vibrational and thermal relaxation processes. Experimental investigations of the dynamical response of gold nanorods are shown to be quantitatively modeled in terms of modifications of the metal dielectric function enhanced by plasmonic effects. Ultrafast spectroscopy can also be exploited to unveil hidden physical properties of more complex nanosystems. In this context, two-color femtosecond pump-probe experiments performed on individual bimetallic heterodimers are discussed in the last part of the review, demonstrating the existence of Fano interferences in the optical absorption of a gold nanoparticle under the influence of a nearby silver one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Crut
- FemtoNanoOptics group, Institut Lumière Matière UMR5306, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
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Min K, Umar M, Ryu S, Lee S, Kim S. Silk protein as a new optically transparent adhesion layer for an ultra-smooth sub-10 nm gold layer. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:115201. [PMID: 28102832 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa5aaa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-thin and ultra-smooth gold (Au) films are appealing for photonic applications including surface plasmon resonances and transparent contacts. However, poor adhesion at the Au-dielectric interface prohibits the formation of a mechanically stable, ultra-thin, and ultra-smooth Au film. A conventional solution is to use a metallic adhesion layer, such as titanium and chromium, however such layers cause the optical properties of pure Au to deteriorate. Here we report the use of silk protein to enhance the adhesion at the Au-dielectric interface, thus obtaining ultra-smooth sub-10 nm Au films. The Au films that were deposited onto the silk layer exhibited superior surface roughness to those deposited on SiO2, Si, and poly(methyl methacrylate), along with improved adhesion, electrical conductivity, and optical transparency. Additionally, we confirm that a metal-insulator-metal optical resonator can be successfully generated using a silk insulating layer without the use of a metallic adhesion layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungtaek Min
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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