1
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He Z, Wang G, Yu R, Jiang Y, Huang M, Xiong F, Tan S, De Volder MFL, An Q, Mai L. Enhancing Proton Co-Intercalation in Iron Ion Batteries Cathodes for Increased Capacity. ACS NANO 2024; 18:17304-17313. [PMID: 38904507 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c05561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Recently, aqueous iron ion batteries (AIIBs) using iron metal anodes have gained traction in the battery community as low-cost and sustainable solutions for green energy storage. However, the development of AIIBs is significantly hindered by the limited capacity of existing cathode materials and the poor intercalation kinetic of Fe2+. Herein, we propose a H+ and Fe2+ co-intercalation electrochemistry in AIIBs to boost the capacity and rate capability of cathode materials such as iron hexacyanoferrate (FeHCF) and Na4Fe3(PO4)2(P2O7) (NFPP). This is achieved through an electrochemical activation step during which a FeOOH nanowire layer is formed in situ on the cathode. This layer facilitates H+ co-intercalation in AIIBs, resulting in a high specific capacity of 151 mAh g-1 and 93% capacity retention over 500 cycles for activated FeHCF cathodes. We found that this activation process can also be applied to other cathode chemistries, such as NFPP, where we found that the cathode capacity is doubled as a result of this process. Overall, the proposed H+/Fe2+ co-insertion electrochemistry expands the range of applications for AIBBs, in particular as a sustainable solution for storing renewable energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze He
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Institute for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K
| | - Gao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ruohan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yalong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Meng Huang
- Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park of Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Fangyu Xiong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Shuangshuang Tan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Michael F L De Volder
- Institute for Manufacturing, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K
| | - Qinyou An
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang Demonstration Zone, Wuhan University of Technology, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
| | - Liqiang Mai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Longzhong Laboratory, Xiangyang Demonstration Zone, Wuhan University of Technology, Xiangyang 441000, Hubei, China
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2
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Liu X, Pan Y, Zhao J, Wang Y, Ge M, Qian L, Zhang L, Gu L, Zhou D, Su D. Atomically Resolved Transition Pathways of Iron Redox. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17487-17494. [PMID: 38865676 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The redox transition between iron and its oxides is of the utmost importance in heterogeneous catalysis, biological metabolism, and geological evolution. The structural characteristics of this reaction may vary based on surrounding environmental conditions, giving rise to diverse physical scenarios. In this study, we explore the atomic-scale transformation of nanosized Fe3O4 under ambient-pressure H2 gas using in-situ environmental transmission electron microscopy. Our results reveal that the internal solid-state reactions dominated by iron diffusion are coupled with the surface reactions involving gaseous O or H species. During reduction, we observe two competitive reduction pathways, namely Fe3O4 → FeO → Fe and Fe3O4 → Fe. An intermediate phase with vacancy ordering is observed during the disproportionation reaction of Fe2+ → Fe0 + Fe3+, which potentially alleviates stress and facilitates ion migration. As the temperature decreases, an oxidation process occurs in the presence of environmental H2O and trace amounts of O2. A direct oxidation of Fe to Fe3O4 occurs in the absence of the FeO phase, likely corresponding to a change in the water vapor content in the atmosphere. This work elucidates a full dynamical scenario of iron redox under realistic conditions, which is critical for unraveling the intricate mechanisms governing the solid-solid and solid-gas reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhi Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yue Pan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianxiong Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengshu Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lixiang Qian
- Center for Combustion Energy, School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Center for Combustion Energy, School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Center for Electron Microscopy and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- DENSsolutions B.V., Delft 2628 ZD, The Netherlands
| | - Dong Su
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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3
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Yun B, Maulana AY, Lee D, Song J, Futalan CM, Moon D, Kim J. The Effect of Ni Doping on FeOF Cathode Material for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308011. [PMID: 38152965 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage systems due to the abundance and low price of sodium. Until recently, the low theoretical capacities of intercalation-type cathodes less than 250 mAh g-1 have limited the energy density of SIBs. On the other hand, iron oxyfluoride (FeOF) has a high theoretical capacity of ≈885 mAh g-1 as a conversion-type cathode material for SIBs. However, FeOF suffers from poor cycling stability, rate capability, and low initial Coulombic efficiency caused by its low electrical conductivity and slow ionic diffusion kinetics. To solve these problems, doping aliovalent Ni2+ on FeOF electrodes is attempted to improve the electronic conductivity without using a carbon matrix. The ionic conductivity of FeOF is also enhanced due to the formation of oxygen defects in the FeOF crystal structure. The FeOF-Ni1 electrode shows an excellent cycling performance with a reversible discharge capacity of 450.4 mAh g-1 at 100 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles with a fading rate of 0.20% per cycle. In addition, the FeOF-Ni1//hard carbon full cell exhibited a high energy density of 876.9 Wh kg-1 cathode with a good cycling stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boram Yun
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Graduate Program), Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea
| | | | - Dawon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Graduate Program), Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea
| | - Jungwook Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Graduate Program), Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea
| | - Cybelle M Futalan
- Institute of Civil Engineering, University of the Philippines, Diliman, 1127, Philippines
| | - Dohyun Moon
- Beamline Department, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jongsik Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering (BK21 FOUR Graduate Program), Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Dong-A University, Busan, 49315, South Korea
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4
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Wang Y, Yang X, Meng Y, Wen Z, Han R, Hu X, Sun B, Kang F, Li B, Zhou D, Wang C, Wang G. Fluorine Chemistry in Rechargeable Batteries: Challenges, Progress, and Perspectives. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3494-3589. [PMID: 38478597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The renewable energy industry demands rechargeable batteries that can be manufactured at low cost using abundant resources while offering high energy density, good safety, wide operating temperature windows, and long lifespans. Utilizing fluorine chemistry to redesign battery configurations/components is considered a critical strategy to fulfill these requirements due to the natural abundance, robust bond strength, and extraordinary electronegativity of fluorine and the high free energy of fluoride formation, which enables the fluorinated components with cost effectiveness, nonflammability, and intrinsic stability. In particular, fluorinated materials and electrode|electrolyte interphases have been demonstrated to significantly affect reaction reversibility/kinetics, safety, and temperature tolerance of rechargeable batteries. However, the underlining principles governing material design and the mechanistic insights of interphases at the atomic level have been largely overlooked. This review covers a wide range of topics from the exploration of fluorine-containing electrodes, fluorinated electrolyte constituents, and other fluorinated battery components for metal-ion shuttle batteries to constructing fluoride-ion batteries, dual-ion batteries, and other new chemistries. In doing so, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure-property interactions, the features of fluorinated interphases, and cutting-edge techniques for elucidating the role of fluorine chemistry in rechargeable batteries. Further, we present current challenges and promising strategies for employing fluorine chemistry, aiming to advance the electrochemical performance, wide temperature operation, and safety attributes of rechargeable batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xu Yang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Yuefeng Meng
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zuxin Wen
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ran Han
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xia Hu
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Bing Sun
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Baohua Li
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Dong Zhou
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Guoxiu Wang
- Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
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5
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Lu J, Zhang Z, Zheng Y, Gao Y. In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy for Sodium-Ion Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300359. [PMID: 36917652 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted tremendous attentions in recent years due to the abundance and wide distribution of Na resource on the earth. However, SIBs still face the critical issues of low energy density and unsatisfactory cyclic stability at present. The enhancement of electrochemical performance of SIBs depends on comprehensive and precise understanding of the underlying sodium storage mechanism. Although extensive transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations have been performed to reveal the sodium storage property and mechanism of SIBs, a dedicated review on the in situ TEM investigations of SIBs has not been reported. In this review, recent progress in the in situ TEM investigations on the morphological, structural, and chemical evolutions of cathode materials, anode materials, and solid-electrolyte interface during the sodium storage of SIBs is comprehensively summarized. The detailed relationship between structure/composition of electrode materials and electrochemical performance of SIBs has been clarified. This review aims to provide insights into the effective selection and rational design of advanced electrode materials for high-performance SIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Lu
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zheng
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yihua Gao
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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6
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Foley E, Wu VC, Jin W, Cui W, Yoshida E, Manche A, Clément RJ. Polymorphism in Weberite Na 2Fe 2F 7 and its Effects on Electrochemical Properties as a Na-Ion Cathode. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:3614-3627. [PMID: 37181671 PMCID: PMC10174150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Weberite-type sodium transition metal fluorides (Na2M2+M'3+F7) have emerged as potential high-performance sodium intercalation cathodes, with predicted energy densities in the 600-800 W h/kg range and fast Na-ion transport. One of the few weberites that have been electrochemically tested is Na2Fe2F7, yet inconsistencies in its reported structure and electrochemical properties have hampered the establishment of clear structure-property relationships. In this study, we reconcile structural characteristics and electrochemical behavior using a combined experimental-computational approach. First-principles calculations reveal the inherent metastability of weberite-type phases, the close energetics of several Na2Fe2F7 weberite polymorphs, and their predicted (de)intercalation behavior. We find that the as-prepared Na2Fe2F7 samples inevitably contain a mixture of polymorphs, with local probes such as solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Mössbauer spectroscopy providing unique insights into the distribution of Na and Fe local environments. Polymorphic Na2Fe2F7 exhibits a respectable initial capacity yet steady capacity fade, a consequence of the transformation of the Na2Fe2F7 weberite phases to the more stable perovskite-type NaFeF3 phase upon cycling, as revealed by ex situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and solid-state NMR. Overall, these findings highlight the need for greater control over weberite polymorphism and phase stability through compositional tuning and synthesis optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily
E. Foley
- Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Vincent C. Wu
- Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Wen Jin
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Chemical
Engineering Department, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Wei Cui
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Physics
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Eric Yoshida
- Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Alexis Manche
- Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Raphaële J. Clément
- Materials
Department, University of California Santa
Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials
Research Laboratory, University of California
Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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7
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Su L, Ren J, Lu T, Chen K, Ouyang J, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Wang L, Min H, Luo W, Sun Z, Zhang Q, Wu Y, Sun L, Mai L, Xu F. Deciphering Structural Origins of Highly Reversible Lithium Storage in High Entropy Oxides with In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2205751. [PMID: 36921344 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202205751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Configurational entropy-stabilized single-phase high-entropy oxides (HEOs) have been considered revolutionary electrode materials with both reversible lithium storage and high specific capacity that are difficult to fulfill simultaneously by conventional electrodes. However, precise understanding of lithium storage mechanisms in such HEOs remains controversial due to complex multi-cationic oxide systems. Here, distinct reaction dynamics and structural evolutions in rocksalt-type HEOs upon cycling are carefully studied by in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) including imaging, electron diffraction, and electron energy loss spectroscopy at atomic scale. The mechanisms of composition-dependent conversion/alloying reaction kinetics along with spatiotemporal variations of valence states upon lithiation are revealed, characterized by disappearance of the original rocksalt phase. Unexpectedly, it is found from the first visualization evidence that the post-lithiation polyphase state can be recovered to the original rocksalt-structured HEOs via reversible and symmetrical delithiation reactions, which is unavailable for monometallic oxide systems. Rigorous electrochemical tests coupled with postmortem ex situ TEM and bulk-level phase analyses further validate the crucial role of structural recovery capability in ensuring the reversible high-capacity Li-storage in HEOs. These findings can provide valuable guidelines to design compositionally engineer HEOs for almighty electrodes of next-generation long-life energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Su
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Jingke Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Kexuan Chen
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Ouyang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Zhu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Luyang Wang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Huihua Min
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Wen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Zhefei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Qiaobao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
| | - Liqiang Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
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8
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Sun L, Li Y, Feng W. Metal Fluoride Cathode Materials for Lithium Rechargeable Batteries: Focus on Iron Fluorides. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201152. [PMID: 36564355 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Exploring prospective rechargeable batteries with high energy densities is urgently needed on a worldwide scale to address the needs of the large-scale electric vehicle market. Conversion-type metal fluorides (MFs) are attractive cathodes for next-generation rechargeable batteries because of their high theoretical potential and capacities and provide new perspectives for developing novel battery systems that satisfy energy density requirements. However, some critical issues, such as high voltage hysteresis and poor cycling stability must be solved to further enhance MF cathode materials. In this review, the recent advances in mechanisms focused on FeF3 cathodes under lithiation/delithiation processes are discussed in detail. Then, the classifications and advantages of various synthesis methods to prepare MF-based materials are first minutely discussed. Moreover, the performance attenuation mechanisms of MFs and the effort in the development of mitigation strategies are comprehensively reviewed. Finally, prospects for the current obstacles and possible research directions, with the aim to provide some inspiration for the development of MF cathode-based batteries are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidong Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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9
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Lemoine K, Hémon-Ribaud A, Leblanc M, Lhoste J, Tarascon JM, Maisonneuve V. Fluorinated Materials as Positive Electrodes for Li- and Na-Ion Batteries. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14405-14439. [PMID: 35969894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine is known to be a key element for various components of batteries since current electrolytes rely on Li-ion salts having fluorinated ions and electrode binders are mainly based on fluorinated polymers. Metal fluorides or mixed anion metal fluorides (mainly oxyfluorides) have also gained a substantial interest as active materials for the electrode redox reactions. In this review, metal fluorides for cathodes are considered; they are listed according to the dimensionality of the metal fluoride subnetwork. The synthesis conditions and the crystal structures are described; the electrochemical properties are briefly indicated, and the nature of the electron transport agent is noted. We stress the crucial importance of the elaboration processes to induce the presence of cation disorders, of anion substitutions (mainly F-/O2- or F-/OH-) or vacancies. Finally, we show that an accurate structural characterization is a key step to enable enhanced material performances to overcome several lasting roadblocks, namely the large irreversible capacity and poor energy efficiency that are frequently encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Lemoine
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM) - UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, Cedex 9, France
| | - Annie Hémon-Ribaud
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM) - UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, Cedex 9, France
| | - Marc Leblanc
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM) - UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, Cedex 9, France
| | - Jérôme Lhoste
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM) - UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Marie Tarascon
- Collège de France, Chaire de Chimie du Solide et de l'Energie, UMR 8260 CNRS, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris, France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Vincent Maisonneuve
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM) - UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, Cedex 9, France
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10
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Lin C, Lan D, Wang J, Li Q, Li Q. Disclosing the Origin of Irreversible Sodiation-Desodiation of a Cu 4SnP 10 Nanowire Anode by Ex Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:22095-22103. [PMID: 35506460 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cu4SnP10, a promising phosphide material for sodium-ion battery anode applications, suffers from poor cycling stability, and its mechanism remains unclear. This is largely due to the amorphous nature of the active materials upon cycling and its possible structural change at a small length scale (e.g., nanometers), making it difficult to access the phase/structural evolution of the electrode. In the present work, we show that the phase/structural change of the Cu4SnP10 nanowire electrode can be systematically investigated using a comprehensive set of ex situ transmission electron microscopy-based techniques, which are ideal for decay mechanism analysis of electrode materials of amorphous nature and with nanoscale structural evolution. The compositional elements of Cu4SnP10 nanowires are found to be spatially redistributed at a nanometer scale upon the initial sodiation, and this is partially reversible in the following desodiation process. Damage accumulates until a critical size of phase separation/segregation is reached, when the active material loss takes place, leading to fast deterioration of the entire Cu4SnP10 nanowire structure and thus its electrochemical performance. The phase segregation driven-active material loss is found to dominate the cycle-dependent capacity decay of the Cu4SnP10 nanowire electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Lin
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territory, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Danni Lan
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territory, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jiangpeng Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territory, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Qidong Li
- Engineering Lab for Next Generation Power & Energy Storage Batteries, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduation School, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Lab Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Quan Li
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territory, Hong Kong 999077, China
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11
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12
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Foley EE, Wong A, Vincent RC, Manche A, Zaveri A, Gonzalez-Correa E, Ménard G, Clément RJ. Probing reaction processes and reversibility in Earth-abundant Na 3FeF 6 for Na-ion batteries. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:20052-20064. [PMID: 34231590 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02763h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sodium (Na)-ion batteries are the most explored 'beyond-Li' battery systems, yet their energy densities are still largely limited by the positive electrode material. Na3FeF6 is a promising Earth-abundant containing electrode and operates through a conversion-type charge-discharge reaction associated with a high theoretical capacity (336 mA h g-1). In practice, however, only a third of this capacity is achieved during electrochemical cycling. In this study, we demonstrate a new rapid and environmentally-friendly assisted-microwave method for the preparation of Na3FeF6. A comprehensive understanding of charge-discharge processes and of the reactivity of the cycled electrode samples is achieved using a combination of electrochemical tests, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, magnetometry, and 23Na/19F solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) complemented with first principles calculations of NMR properties. We find that the primary performance limitation of the Na3FeF6 electrode is the sluggish kinetics of the conversion reaction, while the methods employed for materials synthesis and electrode preparation do not have a significant impact on the conversion efficiency and reversibility. Our work confirms that Na3FeF6 undergoes conversion into NaF and Fe(s) nanoparticles. The latter are found to be prone to oxidation prior to ex situ measurements, thus necessitating a robust analysis of the stable phases (here, NaF) formed upon conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily E Foley
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA. and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Anthony Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Rebecca C Vincent
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA. and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Alexis Manche
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA. and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Aryan Zaveri
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA. and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA and Physics Department, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Eliovardo Gonzalez-Correa
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA. and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Gabriel Ménard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Raphaële J Clément
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA. and Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
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13
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Cui J, Zheng H, He K. In Situ TEM Study on Conversion-Type Electrodes for Rechargeable Ion Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000699. [PMID: 32578290 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conversion-type materials have been considered as potentially high-energy-density alternatives to commercially dominant intercalation-based electrodes for rechargeable ion batteries and have attracted tremendous research effort to meet the performance for viable energy-storage technologies. In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been extensively employed to provide mechanistic insights into understanding the behavior of battery materials. Noticeably, a great portion of previous in situ TEM studies has been focused on conversion-type materials, but a dedicated review for this group of materials is missing in the literature. Herein, recent developments of in situ TEM techniques for investigation of dynamic phase transformation and associated structural, morphological, and chemical evolutions during conversion reactions with alkali ions in secondary batteries are comprehensively summarized. The materials of interest broadly cover metal oxides, chalcogenides, fluorides, phosphides, nitrides, and silicates with specific emphasis on spinel metal oxides and recently emerged 2D metal chalcogenides. Special focus is placed on the scientific findings that are uniquely obtained by in situ TEM to address fundamental questions and practical issues regarding phase transformation, structural evolution, electrochemical redox, reaction mechanism, kinetics, and degradation. Critical challenges and perspectives are discussed for advancing new knowledge that can bridge the gap between prototype materials and real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Hongkui Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Kai He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
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14
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Hwang S, Ji X, Bak SM, Sun K, Bai J, Fan X, Gan H, Wang C, Su D. Revealing Reaction Pathways of Collective Substituted Iron Fluoride Electrode for Lithium Ion Batteries. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10276-10283. [PMID: 32639719 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal fluorides present a high redox potential among the conversion-type compounds, which make them specially work as cathode materials of lithium ion batteries. To mitigate the notorious cycling instability of conversion-type materials, substitutions of anion and cation have been proposed but the role of foreign elements in reaction pathway is not fully assessed. In this work, we explored the lithiation pathway of a rutile-Fe0.9Co0.1OF cathode with multimodal analysis, including ex situ and in situ transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron X-ray techniques. Our work revealed a prolonged intercalation-extrusion-cation disordering process during phase transformations from the rutile phase to rocksalt phase, which microscopically corresponds to topotactic rearrangement of Fe/Co-O/F octahedra. During this process, the diffusion channels of lithium transformed from 3D to 2D while the corner-sharing octahedron changed to edge-sharing octahedron. DFT calculations indicate that the Co and O cosubstitution of the Fe0.9Co0.1OF cathode can improve its structural stability by stabilizing the thermodynamic semistable phases and reducing the thermodynamic potentials. We anticipate that our study will inspire further explorations on untraditional intercalation systems for secondary battery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Xiao Ji
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Seong-Min Bak
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ke Sun
- Sustainable Energy Technologies Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jianming Bai
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Xiulin Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Hong Gan
- Sustainable Energy Technologies Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Dong Su
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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15
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Recent Advances in Atomic-scale Storage Mechanism Studies of Two-dimensional Nanomaterials for Rechargeable Batteries Beyond Li-ion. Chem Res Chin Univ 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-020-0187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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16
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Perras FA, Hwang S, Wang Y, Self EC, Liu P, Biswas R, Nagarajan S, Pham VH, Xu Y, Boscoboinik JA, Su D, Nanda J, Pruski M, Mitlin D. Site-Specific Sodiation Mechanisms of Selenium in Microporous Carbon Host. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:918-928. [PMID: 31815484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We combined advanced TEM (HRTEM, HAADF, EELS) with solid-state (SS)MAS NMR and electroanalytical techniques (GITT, etc.) to understand the site-specific sodiation of selenium (Se) encapsulated in a nanoporous carbon host. The architecture employed is representative of a wide number of electrochemically stable and rate-capable Se-based sodium metal battery (SMB) cathodes. SSNMR demonstrates that during the first sodiation, the Se chains are progressively cut to form an amorphous mixture of polyselenides of varying lengths, with no evidence for discrete phase transitions during sodiation. It also shows that Se nearest the carbon pore surface is sodiated first, leading to the formation of a core-shell compositional profile. HRTEM indicates that the vast majority of the pore-confined Se is amorphous, with the only localized presence of nanocrystalline equilibrium Na2Se2 (hcp) and Na2Se (fcc). A nanoscale fracture of terminally sodiated Na-Se is observed by HAADF, with SSNMR, indicating a physical separation of some Se from the carbon host after the first cycle. GITT reveals a 3-fold increase in Na+ diffusivity at cycle 2, which may be explained by the creation of extra interfaces. These combined findings highlight the complex phenomenology of electrochemical phase transformations in nanoconfined materials, which may profoundly differ from their "free" counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Yixian Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Ethan C Self
- Chemical Sciences Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Pengcheng Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Rana Biswas
- US DOE , Ames Laboratory , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Sudhan Nagarajan
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Viet Hung Pham
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Yixin Xu
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
- Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Department , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11790 , United States
| | - J Anibal Boscoboinik
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Dong Su
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Jagjit Nanda
- Chemical Sciences Division , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831 , United States
| | - Marek Pruski
- US DOE , Ames Laboratory , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Iowa State University , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - David Mitlin
- Materials Science and Engineering Program & Texas Materials Institute , The University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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Pomerantseva E, Bonaccorso F, Feng X, Cui Y, Gogotsi Y. Energy storage: The future enabled by nanomaterials. Science 2019; 366:366/6468/eaan8285. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aan8285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries, which power portable electronics, electric vehicles, and stationary storage, have been recognized with the 2019 Nobel Prize in chemistry. The development of nanomaterials and their related processing into electrodes and devices can improve the performance and/or development of the existing energy storage systems. We provide a perspective on recent progress in the application of nanomaterials in energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors and batteries. The versatility of nanomaterials can lead to power sources for portable, flexible, foldable, and distributable electronics; electric transportation; and grid-scale storage, as well as integration in living environments and biomedical systems. To overcome limitations of nanomaterials related to high reactivity and chemical instability caused by their high surface area, nanoparticles with different functionalities should be combined in smart architectures on nano- and microscales. The integration of nanomaterials into functional architectures and devices requires the development of advanced manufacturing approaches. We discuss successful strategies and outline a roadmap for the exploitation of nanomaterials for enabling future energy storage applications, such as powering distributed sensor networks and flexible and wearable electronics.
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18
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Wang X, Yao Z, Hwang S, Pan Y, Dong H, Fu M, Li N, Sun K, Gan H, Yao Y, Aspuru-Guzik A, Xu Q, Su D. In Situ Electron Microscopy Investigation of Sodiation of Titanium Disulfide Nanoflakes. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9421-9430. [PMID: 31386342 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b04222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) metal sulfides show great promise for their potential applications as electrode materials of sodium ion-batteries because of the weak interlayer van der Waals interactions, which allow the reversible accommodation and extraction of sodium ions. The sodiation of metal sulfides can undergo a distinct process compared to that of lithiation, which is determined by their metal and structural types. However, the structural and morphological evolution during their electrochemical sodiation is still unclear. Here, we studied the sodiation reaction dynamics of TiS2 by employing in situ transmission electron microscopy and first-principles calculations. During the sodium-ion intercalation process, we observed multiple intermediate phases (phase II, phase Ib, and phase Ia), different from its lithiation counterpart, with varied sodium occupation sites and interlayer stacking sequences. Further insertion of Na ions prompted a multistep extrusion reaction, which led to the phase separation of Ti metal from the Na2S matrix, with its 2D morphology expanded to a 3D morphology. In contrast to regular conversion electrodes, TiS2 still maintained a compact structure after a full sodiation. First-principles calculations reveal that the as-identified phases are thermodynamically preferred at corresponding intercalation/extrusion stages compared to other possible phases. The present work provides the fundamental mechanistic understanding of the sodiation process of 2D transition metal sulfides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhen Wang
- School of Physics , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Zhenpeng Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Hui Dong
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Program , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Maosen Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710000 , China
| | - Na Li
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology jointly with College of Science, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710054 , China
| | - Ke Sun
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Hong Gan
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Yan Yao
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering and Materials Science and Engineering Program , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Computer Science , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3H6 , Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1M1 , Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Senior Fellow , Toronto , Ontario M5S 1M1 , Canada
| | - Qingyu Xu
- School of Physics , Southeast University , Nanjing 211189 , China
| | - Dong Su
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
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19
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Wu X, Li S, Yang B, Wang C. In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies of Electrochemical Reaction Mechanisms in Rechargeable Batteries. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-019-00046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Wei Y, Ma X, Huang X, Zhao B, Zhu X, Liang C, Zi Z, Dai J. Solvothermal Synthesis of Porous MnF
2
Hollow Spheroids as Anode Materials for Sodium‐/Lithium‐Ion Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiyong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Institute of Solid-State PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
- Department of New Energy School of Physics and Materials EngineeringHefei Normal University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Xiaohang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Institute of Solid-State PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
- Department of New Energy School of Physics and Materials EngineeringHefei Normal University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Xiaotong Huang
- Department of New Energy School of Physics and Materials EngineeringHefei Normal University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Bangchuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Institute of Solid-State PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
| | - Xuebin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Institute of Solid-State PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
| | - Changhao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Institute of Solid-State PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
| | - Zhenfa Zi
- Department of New Energy School of Physics and Materials EngineeringHefei Normal University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Jianming Dai
- Key Laboratory of Materials Physics Institute of Solid-State PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Hefei 230031 China
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21
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Lee ME, Kwak HW, Kwak JH, Jin HJ, Yun YS. Catalytic Pyroprotein Seed Layers for Sodium Metal Anodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:12401-12407. [PMID: 30726056 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a pyroprotein seed layer (PSL, ∼100 nm in thickness)-coated Cu foil electrode (PSL-Cu) demonstrating highly reversible Na metal storage behavior with a mean Coulombic efficiency (CE) of ∼99.96% over 300 cycles in a glyme-based electrolyte. Via a synergistic effect with the electrolyte, the carbonaceous thin film containing numerous nucleophilic active sites guides the homogeneous Na metal deposition/stripping process with the formation of numerous catalytic seeds, resulting in remarkably stable cycling and a low Na metal nucleation overpotential of ∼10 mV. In addition, the CE deviation values of the PSL-Cu electrode were ∼0.43% in several cell tests, demonstrating its reliable cycling behavior with low cell-to-cell variation. The practicality of PSL-Cu was further demonstrated via full-cell experiments with a polyanion cathode, in which it achieved a high specific power density and energy density of 3,800 W kg-1 and ∼402 W h kg-1, respectively. This work provides a simple process for the fabrication of a Na metal anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Eui Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Inha University , Incheon 22212 , South Korea
| | - Hyo Won Kwak
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Inha University , Incheon 22212 , South Korea
| | - Jin Hwan Kwak
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Kangwon National University , Samcheok 25913 , South Korea
| | - Hyoung-Joon Jin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Inha University , Incheon 22212 , South Korea
| | - Young Soo Yun
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Kangwon National University , Samcheok 25913 , South Korea
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22
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Kim S, Yao Z, Lim JM, Hersam MC, Wolverton C, Dravid VP, He K. Atomic-Scale Observation of Electrochemically Reversible Phase Transformations in SnSe 2 Single Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1804925. [PMID: 30368925 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
2D materials have shown great promise to advance next-generation lithium-ion battery technology. Specifically, tin-based chalcogenides have attracted widespread attention because lithium insertion can introduce phase transformations via three types of reactions-intercalation, conversion, and alloying-but the corresponding structural changes throughout these processes, and whether they are reversible, are not fully understood. Here, the first real-time and atomic-scale observation of reversible phase transformations is reported during the lithiation and delithiation of SnSe2 single crystals, using in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy complemented by first-principles calculations. Lithiation proceeds sequentially through intercalation, conversion, and alloying reactions (SnSe2 → Lix SnSe2 → Li2 Se + Sn → Li2 Se + Li17 Sn4 ) in a manner that maintains structural and crystallographic integrity, whereas delithiation forms numerous well-aligned SnSe2 nanodomains via a homogeneous deconversion process, but gradually loses the coherent orientation in subsequent cycling. Furthermore, alloying and dealloying reactions cause dramatic structural reorganization and thereby consequently reduce structural stability and electrochemical cyclability, which implies that deep discharge for Sn chalcogenide electrodes should be avoided. Overall, the findings elucidate atomistic lithiation and delithiation mechanisms in SnSe2 with potential implications for the broader class of 2D metal chalcogenides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungkyu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Zhenpeng Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Jin-Myoung Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Chris Wolverton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kai He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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23
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Farooqi SA, Wang X, Lu H, Li Q, Tang K, Chen Y, Yan C. Single-Nanostructured Electrochemical Detection for Intrinsic Mechanism of Energy Storage: Progress and Prospect. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1803482. [PMID: 30375720 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201803482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Energy storage appliances are active by means of accompanying components for renewable energy resources that play a significant role in the advanced world. To further improve the electrochemical properties of the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), and lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, the electrochemical detection of the intrinsic mechanisms and dynamics of electrodes in batteries is required to guide the rational design of electrodes. Thus, several researches have conducted in situ investigations and real-time observations of electrode evolution, ion diffusion pathways, and side reactions during battery operation at the nanoscale, which are proven to be extremely insightful. However, the in situ cells are required to be compatible for electrochemical tests and are therefore often challenging to operate. In the past few years, tremendous progresses have been made with novel and more advanced in situ electrochemical detection methods for mechanism studies, especially single-nanostructured electrodes. Herein, a comprehensive review of in situ techniques based on single-nanostructured electrodes for studying electrodes changes in LIBs, SIBs, and Li-S batteries, including structure evolution, phase transition, interface formation, and the ion diffusion pathway is provided, which is instructive and meaningful for the optimization of battery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Anis Farooqi
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Xianfu Wang
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Haoliang Lu
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Qun Li
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Kai Tang
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Chenglin Yan
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials InnovationS, College of Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
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24
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Jia H, Zhou Y, Wang X, Zhang W, Feng X, Li Z, Fu H, Zhao J, Liu Z, Liu X. Luminescent properties of Eu-doped magnetic Na 3FeF 6. RSC Adv 2018; 8:38410-38415. [PMID: 35559072 PMCID: PMC9092238 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07137c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium iron fluoride (Na3FeF6) is a colorless ferromagnetic fluoride with a monoclinic crystal structure (space group P21/c), and it is expected to be an ideal platform for exploring magneto-optical interactions. In the present work, Eu3+ doped Na3FeF6 micro-powders were synthesized by a hydrothermal method, and the structures were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optical properties were examined using UV-Vis spectra and fluorescence spectra, and the results show that the emission spectra can be finely tuned by the hydrothermal reaction temperature and doping concentration of Eu ions. We found that Na3FeF6 doped with 5% Eu3+ synthesized at 196 °C exhibited the optimal red emission under excitation at 395 nm. The magnetization of Na3FeF6:5% Eu3+ decreased rapidly from about 7.85 emu g−1 at 5 K to 0.4 emu g−1 at 60 K, then slowly decreased with temperature increase from 60 K to 300 K. This Eu3+ doped Na3FeF6 powder is expected to find potential applications in the field of magneto-optical modulation and relevant devices. Sodium iron fluoride (Na3FeF6) is a colorless ferromagnetic fluoride with a monoclinic crystal structure (space group P21/c), and it is expected to be an ideal platform for exploring magneto-optical interactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jia
- College of Physics and Electronic Information & Henan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Transformation and Detection, Luoyang Normal University Luoyang 471934 China
| | - Yiping Zhou
- College of Physics and Electronic Information & Henan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Transformation and Detection, Luoyang Normal University Luoyang 471934 China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- College of Physics and Electronic Information & Henan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Transformation and Detection, Luoyang Normal University Luoyang 471934 China
| | - Weiying Zhang
- College of Physics and Electronic Information & Henan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Transformation and Detection, Luoyang Normal University Luoyang 471934 China
| | - Xun Feng
- College of Physics and Electronic Information & Henan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Transformation and Detection, Luoyang Normal University Luoyang 471934 China
| | - Zhiang Li
- College of Physics and Electronic Information & Henan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Transformation and Detection, Luoyang Normal University Luoyang 471934 China
| | - Hongzhi Fu
- College of Physics and Electronic Information & Henan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Transformation and Detection, Luoyang Normal University Luoyang 471934 China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- College of Physics and Electronic Information & Henan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Transformation and Detection, Luoyang Normal University Luoyang 471934 China
| | - Zhongli Liu
- College of Physics and Electronic Information & Henan Key Laboratory of Electromagnetic Transformation and Detection, Luoyang Normal University Luoyang 471934 China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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25
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High energy-density and reversibility of iron fluoride cathode enabled via an intercalation-extrusion reaction. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2324. [PMID: 29899467 PMCID: PMC5998086 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04476-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron fluoride, an intercalation-conversion cathode for lithium ion batteries, promises a high theoretical energy density of 1922 Wh kg–1. However, poor electrochemical reversibility due to repeated breaking/reformation of metal fluoride bonds poses a grand challenge for its practical application. Here we report that both a high reversibility over 1000 cycles and a high capacity of 420 mAh g−1 can be realized by concerted doping of cobalt and oxygen into iron fluoride. In the doped nanorods, an energy density of ~1000 Wh kg−1 with a decay rate of 0.03% per cycle is achieved. The anion’s and cation’s co-substitutions thermodynamically reduce conversion reaction potential and shift the reaction from less-reversible intercalation-conversion reaction in iron fluoride to a highly reversible intercalation-extrusion reaction in doped material. The co-substitution strategy to tune the thermodynamic features of the reactions could be extended to other high energy conversion materials for improved performance. Poor electrochemical reversibility of the conversion-type cathode materials remains an important challenge for their practical applications. Here, the authors report a highly reversible fluoride cathode material with low hysteresis through concerted doping of cobalt and oxygen into iron fluoride.
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26
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Defect-enriched iron fluoride-oxide nanoporous thin films bifunctional catalyst for water splitting. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1809. [PMID: 29728558 PMCID: PMC5935708 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04248-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing cost-effective electrocatalysts operated in the same electrolyte for water splitting, including oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions, is important for clean energy technology and devices. Defects in electrocatalysts strongly influence their chemical properties and electronic structures, and can dramatically improve electrocatalytic performance. However, the development of defect-activated electrocatalyst with an efficient and stable water electrolysis activity in alkaline medium remains a challenge, and the understanding of catalytic origin is still limited. Here, we highlight defect-enriched bifunctional eletrocatalyst, namely, three-dimensional iron fluoride-oxide nanoporous films, fabricated by anodization/fluorination process. The heterogeneous films with high electrical conductivity possess embedded disorder phases in crystalline lattices, and contain numerous scattered defects, including interphase boundaries, stacking faults, oxygen vacancies, and dislocations on the surfaces/interface. The heterocatalysts efficiently catalyze water splitting in basic electrolyte with remarkable stability. Experimental studies and first-principle calculations suggest that the surface/edge defects contribute significantly to their high performance. While iron-containing materials are excellent water electrolysis electrocatalysts, their poor conductivity requires them to be incorporated into conductive matrices. Here, the authors prepare highly conductive iron fluoride-oxide mixed phase substrates with strong water electrolysis performances.
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27
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Tripathi AM, Su WN, Hwang BJ. In situ analytical techniques for battery interface analysis. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:736-851. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00180k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interface is a key to high performance and safe lithium-ion batteries or lithium batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok M. Tripathi
- Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Wei-Nien Su
- Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Bing Joe Hwang
- Nano-electrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
- Taipei
- Taiwan
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28
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Lee SY, Wu L, Poyraz AS, Huang J, Marschilok AC, Takeuchi KJ, Takeuchi ES, Kim M, Zhu Y. Lithiation Mechanism of Tunnel-Structured MnO 2 Electrode Investigated by In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1703186. [PMID: 28985007 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201703186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Manganese oxide (α-MnO2 ) has been considered a promising energy material, including as a lithium-based battery electrode candidate, due to its environmental friendliness. Thanks to its unique 1D [2 × 2] tunnel structure, α-MnO2 can be applied to a cathode by insertion reaction and to an anode by conversion reaction in corresponding voltage ranges, in a lithium-based battery. Numerous reports have attributed its remarkable performance to its unique tunnel structure; however, the precise electrochemical reaction mechanism remains unknown. In this study, finding of the lithiation mechanism of α-MnO2 nanowire by in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is reported. By elaborately modifying the existing in situ TEM experimental technique, rapid lithium-ion diffusion through the tunnels is verified. Furthermore, by tracing the full lithiation procedure, the evolution of the MnO intermediate phase and the development of the MnO and Li2 O phases with preferred orientations is demonstrated, which explains how the conversion reaction occurs in α-MnO2 material. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the electrochemical lithiation process and mechanism of α-MnO2 material, in addition to the introduction of an improved in situ TEM biasing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Lijun Wu
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Altug S Poyraz
- Energy Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Jianping Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Amy C Marschilok
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Kenneth J Takeuchi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Esther S Takeuchi
- Energy Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yimei Zhu
- Condensed Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
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29
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Understanding materials challenges for rechargeable ion batteries with in situ transmission electron microscopy. Nat Commun 2017. [PMCID: PMC5579442 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An in-depth understanding of material behaviours under complex electrochemical environment is critical for the development of advanced materials for the next-generation rechargeable ion batteries. The dynamic conditions inside a working battery had not been intensively explored until the advent of various in situ characterization techniques. Real-time transmission electron microscopy of electrochemical reactions is one of the most significant breakthroughs poised to enable radical shift in our knowledge on how materials behave in the electrochemical environment. This review, therefore, summarizes the scientific discoveries enabled by in situ transmission electron microscopy, and specifically emphasizes the applicability of this technique to address the critical challenges in the rechargeable ion battery electrodes, electrolyte and their interfaces. New electrochemical systems such as lithium–oxygen, lithium–sulfur and sodium ion batteries are included, considering the rapidly increasing application of in situ transmission electron microscopy in these areas. A systematic comparison between lithium ion-based electrochemistry and sodium ion-based electrochemistry is also given in terms of their thermodynamic and kinetic differences. The effect of the electron beam on the validity of in situ observation is also covered. This review concludes by providing a renewed perspective for the future directions of in situ transmission electron microscopy in rechargeable ion batteries. In situ TEM is a powerful tool that helps to understand energy storage behaviors of various materials. This review summarizes the critical discoveries, enabled by in situ TEM, in rechargeable ion batteries, and foresees its bright future for extensive applications.
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30
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Li J, He K, Meng Q, Li X, Zhu Y, Hwang S, Sun K, Gan H, Zhu Y, Mo Y, Stach EA, Su D. Kinetic Phase Evolution of Spinel Cobalt Oxide during Lithiation. ACS NANO 2016; 10:9577-9585. [PMID: 27632252 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Spinel cobalt oxide has been proposed to undergo a multiple-step reaction during the electrochemical lithiation process. Understanding the kinetics of the lithiation process in this compound is crucial to optimize its performance and cyclability. In this work, we have utilized a low-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy method to visualize the dynamic reaction process in real time and study the reaction kinetics at different rates. We show that the particles undergo a two-step reaction at the single-particle level, which includes an initial intercalation reaction followed by a conversion reaction. At low rates, the conversion reaction starts after the intercalation reaction has fully finished, consistent with the prediction of density functional theoretical calculations. At high rates, the intercalation reaction is overwhelmed by the subsequently nucleated conversion reaction, and the reaction speeds of both the intercalation and conversion reactions are increased. Phase-field simulations show the crucial role of surface diffusion rates of lithium ions in controlling this process. This work provides microscopic insights into the reaction dynamics in non-equilibrium conditions and highlights the effect of lithium diffusion rates on the overall reaction homogeneity as well as the performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11720, United States
| | - Kai He
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Qingping Meng
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Xin Li
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yizhou Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ke Sun
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Hong Gan
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yimei Zhu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yifei Mo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Eric A Stach
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Dong Su
- Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
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31
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Li Q, Liu H, Yao Z, Cheng J, Li T, Li Y, Wolverton C, Wu J, Dravid VP. Electrochemistry of Selenium with Sodium and Lithium: Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism. ACS NANO 2016; 10:8788-95. [PMID: 27564846 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There are economic and environmental advantages by replacing Li with Na in energy storage. However, sluggishness in the charge/discharge reaction and low capacity are among the major obstacles to development of high-power sodium-ion batteries. Among the electrode materials recently developed for sodium-ion batteries, selenium shows considerable promise because of its high capacity and good cycling ability. Herein, we have investigated the mechanism and kinetics of both sodiation and lithiation reactions with selenium nanotubes, using in situ transmission electron microscopy. Sodiation of a selenium nanotube exhibits a three-step reaction mechanism: (1) the selenium single crystal transforms into an amorphous phase Na0.5Se; (2) the Na0.5Se amorphous phase crystallizes to form a polycrystalline Na2Se2 phase; and (3) Na2Se2 transforms into the Na2Se phase. Under similar conditions, the lithiation of Se exhibits a one-step reaction mechanism, with phase transformation from single-crystalline Se to a Li2Se. Intriguingly, sodiation kinetics is generally about 4-5 times faster than that of lithiation, and the kinetics during the different stages of sodiation is different. Na-based intermediate phases are found to have improved electronic and ionic conductivity compared to those of Li compounds by first-principles density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heguang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Jipeng Cheng
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiehu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710072, People's Republic of China
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32
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He K, Zhang S, Li J, Yu X, Meng Q, Zhu Y, Hu E, Sun K, Yun H, Yang XQ, Zhu Y, Gan H, Mo Y, Stach EA, Murray CB, Su D. Visualizing non-equilibrium lithiation of spinel oxide via in situ transmission electron microscopy. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11441. [PMID: 27157119 PMCID: PMC4865808 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinel transition metal oxides are important electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries, whose lithiation undergoes a two-step reaction, whereby intercalation and conversion occur in a sequential manner. These two reactions are known to have distinct reaction dynamics, but it is unclear how their kinetics affects the overall electrochemical response. Here we explore the lithiation of nanosized magnetite by employing a strain-sensitive, bright-field scanning transmission electron microscopy approach. This method allows direct, real-time, high-resolution visualization of how lithiation proceeds along specific reaction pathways. We find that the initial intercalation process follows a two-phase reaction sequence, whereas further lithiation leads to the coexistence of three distinct phases within single nanoparticles, which has not been previously reported to the best of our knowledge. We use phase-field theory to model and describe these non-equilibrium reaction pathways, and to directly correlate the observed phase evolution with the battery's discharge performance. Non-equilibrium intercalation reactions may determine the performance of lithium-ion battery materials undergoing lithiation, but it is difficult to probe in real time. Here, the authors use in situ electron microscopy to identify kinetically-driven phase evolution in magnetite single nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Sen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jing Li
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Xiqian Yu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Qingping Meng
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Yizhou Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Enyuan Hu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Ke Sun
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Hongseok Yun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Yimei Zhu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Hong Gan
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Yifei Mo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Eric A Stach
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Christopher B Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Dong Su
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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33
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He Y, Gu M, Xiao H, Luo L, Shao Y, Gao F, Du Y, Mao SX, Wang C. Atomistic Conversion Reaction Mechanism of WO
3
in Secondary Ion Batteries of Li, Na, and Ca. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:6244-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Meng Gu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Haiyan Xiao
- School of Physical Electronics University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610054 China
| | - Langli Luo
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Yuyan Shao
- Energy and Environmental Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Yingge Du
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Scott X. Mao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Chongmin Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
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34
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He Y, Gu M, Xiao H, Luo L, Shao Y, Gao F, Du Y, Mao SX, Wang C. Atomistic Conversion Reaction Mechanism of WO
3
in Secondary Ion Batteries of Li, Na, and Ca. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Meng Gu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Haiyan Xiao
- School of Physical Electronics University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 610054 China
| | - Langli Luo
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Yuyan Shao
- Energy and Environmental Directorate Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| | - Yingge Du
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
| | - Scott X. Mao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA 15261 USA
| | - Chongmin Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA
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35
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Jiang M, Wang X, Shen Y, Hu H, Fu Y, Yang X. New iron-based fluoride cathode material synthesized by non-aqueous ionic liquid for rechargeable sodium ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.10.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Gao P, Wang L, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Liu K. Atomic-Scale Probing of the Dynamics of Sodium Transport and Intercalation-Induced Phase Transformations in MoS₂. ACS NANO 2015; 9:11296-301. [PMID: 26389724 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
For alkali-metal-ion batteries, probing the dynamic processes of ion transport in electrodes is critical to gain insights into understanding how the electrode functions and thus how we can improve it. Here, by using in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, we probe the dynamics of Na transport in MoS2 nanostructures in real-time and compare the intercalation kinetics with previous lithium insertion. We find that Na intercalation follows the two-phase reaction mechanism, that is, trigonal prismatic 2H-MoS2 → octahedral 1T-NaMoS2, and the phase boundary is ∼2 nm thick. The velocity of the phase boundary at <10 nm/s is 1 order smaller than that of lithium diffusion, suggesting sluggish kinetics for sodium intercalation. The newly formed 1T-NaMoS2 contains a high density of defects and series superstructure domains with typical sizes of ∼3-5 nm. Our results provide valuable insights into finding suitable Na electrode materials and understanding the properties of transition metal dichalcogenide MoS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- School of Physics, Center for Nanochemistry, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Kaihui Liu
- School of Physics, Center for Nanochemistry, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
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37
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Yun YS, Park KY, Lee B, Cho SY, Park YU, Hong SJ, Kim BH, Gwon H, Kim H, Lee S, Park YW, Jin HJ, Kang K. Sodium-Ion Storage in Pyroprotein-Based Carbon Nanoplates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:6914-21. [PMID: 26421382 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201502303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pyroprotein-based carbon nanoplates are fabricated from self-assembled silk proteins as a versatile platform to examine sodium-ion storage characteristics in various carbon environments. It is found that, depending on the local carbon structure, sodium ions are stored via chemi-/physisorption, insertion, or nanoclustering of metallic sodium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Soo Yun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Young Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Byoungju Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Se Youn Cho
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea
| | - Young-Uk Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Sung Ju Hong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea
| | - Byung Hoon Kim
- Department of Physics, Incheon National University, Incheon, 406-772, South Korea
| | - Hyeokjo Gwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Haegyeom Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
| | - Sungho Lee
- Carbon Convergence Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun, 565-905, South Korea
| | - Yung Woo Park
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, South Korea
| | - Hyoung-Joon Jin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 402-751, South Korea
| | - Kisuk Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, South Korea
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38
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Gao P, Wall C, Zhang L, Reddy MA, Fichtner M. Vanadium oxychloride as electrode material for sodium ion batteries. Electrochem commun 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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39
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He K, Lin F, Zhu Y, Yu X, Li J, Lin R, Nordlund D, Weng TC, Richards RM, Yang XQ, Doeff MM, Stach EA, Mo Y, Xin HL, Su D. Sodiation Kinetics of Metal Oxide Conversion Electrodes: A Comparative Study with Lithiation. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:5755-63. [PMID: 26288360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of sodium ion batteries (NIBs) can provide an alternative to lithium ion batteries (LIBs) for sustainable, low-cost energy storage. However, due to the larger size and higher m/e ratio of the sodium ion compared to lithium, sodiation reactions of candidate electrodes are expected to differ in significant ways from the corresponding lithium ones. In this work, we investigated the sodiation mechanism of a typical transition metal-oxide, NiO, through a set of correlated techniques, including electrochemical and synchrotron studies, real-time electron microscopy observation, and ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. We found that a crystalline Na2O reaction layer that was formed at the beginning of sodiation plays an important role in blocking the further transport of sodium ions. In addition, sodiation in NiO exhibits a "shrinking-core" mode that results from a layer-by-layer reaction, as identified by ab initio MD simulations. For lithiation, however, the formation of Li antisite defects significantly distorts the local NiO lattice that facilitates Li insertion, thus enhancing the overall reaction rate. These observations delineate the mechanistic difference between sodiation and lithiation in metal-oxide conversion materials. More importantly, our findings identify the importance of understanding the role of reaction layers on the functioning of electrodes and thus provide critical insights into further optimizing NIB materials through surface engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Feng Lin
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yizhou Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xiqian Yu
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Ruoqian Lin
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Tsu-Chien Weng
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ryan M Richards
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry, Materials Science Program, Colorado School of Mines , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Marca M Doeff
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eric A Stach
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yifei Mo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Huolin L Xin
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Dong Su
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
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40
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Xu T, Sun L. Dynamic In-Situ Experimentation on Nanomaterials at the Atomic Scale. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:3247-3262. [PMID: 25703228 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With the development of in situ techniques inside transmission electron microscopes (TEMs), external fields and probes can be applied to the specimen. This development transforms the TEM specimen chamber into a nanolab, in which reactions, structures, and properties can be activated or altered at the nanoscale, and all processes can be simultaneously recorded in real time with atomic resolution. Consequently, the capabilities of TEM are extended beyond static structural characterization to the dynamic observation of the changes in specimen structures or properties in response to environmental stimuli. This extension introduces new possibilities for understanding the relationships between structures, unique properties, and functions of nanomaterials at the atomic scale. Based on the idea of setting up a nanolab inside a TEM, tactics for design of in situ experiments inside the machine, as well as corresponding examples in nanomaterial research, including in situ growth, nanofabrication with atomic precision, in situ property characterization, and nanodevice construction are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
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41
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He K, Xin HL, Zhao K, Yu X, Nordlund D, Weng TC, Li J, Jiang Y, Cadigan CA, Richards RM, Doeff MM, Yang XQ, Stach EA, Li J, Lin F, Su D. Transitions from near-surface to interior redox upon lithiation in conversion electrode materials. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:1437-1444. [PMID: 25633328 DOI: 10.1021/nl5049884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle electrodes in lithium-ion batteries have both near-surface and interior contributions to their redox capacity, each with distinct rate capabilities. Using combined electron microscopy, synchrotron X-ray methods and ab initio calculations, we have investigated the lithiation pathways that occur in NiO electrodes. We find that the near-surface electroactive (Ni(2+) → Ni(0)) sites saturated very quickly, and then encounter unexpected difficulty in propagating the phase transition into the electrode (referred to as a "shrinking-core" mode). However, the interior capacity for Ni(2+) → Ni(0) can be accessed efficiently following the nucleation of lithiation "fingers" that propagate into the sample bulk, but only after a certain incubation time. Our microstructural observations of the transition from a slow shrinking-core mode to a faster lithiation finger mode corroborate with synchrotron characterization of large-format batteries and can be rationalized by stress effects on transport at high-rate discharge. The finite incubation time of the lithiation fingers sets the intrinsic limitation for the rate capability (and thus the power) of NiO for electrochemical energy storage devices. The present work unravels the link between the nanoscale reaction pathways and the C-rate-dependent capacity loss and provides guidance for the further design of battery materials that favors high C-rate charging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
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42
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Liu H, Cao F, Zheng H, Sheng H, Li L, Wu S, Liu C, Wang J. In situ observation of the sodiation process in CuO nanowires. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:10443-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc03734d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We observed the dynamic evolution of the morphology and phase transformations of CuO nanowires during sodiation using in situ transmission electron microscopy. These results will facilitate our fundamental understanding of the sodiation mechanism of CuO nanostructures used as electrode materials in sodium ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Liu
- School of Physics and Technology
- Center for Electron Microscopy and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Fan Cao
- School of Physics and Technology
- Center for Electron Microscopy and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - He Zheng
- School of Physics and Technology
- Center for Electron Microscopy and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Huaping Sheng
- School of Physics and Technology
- Center for Electron Microscopy and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Physics and Technology
- Center for Electron Microscopy and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Shujing Wu
- School of Physics and Technology
- Center for Electron Microscopy and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Chun Liu
- School of Physics and Technology
- Center for Electron Microscopy and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- School of Physics and Technology
- Center for Electron Microscopy and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- China
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