1
|
Fukuta T, Kato R, Tanaka T, Yano TA. Fabrication of Mie-resonant silicon nanoparticles using laser annealing for surface-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:45. [PMID: 38560726 PMCID: PMC10978982 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00666-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Silicon nanostructures with unique Mie resonances have garnered considerable attention in the field of nanophotonics. Here, we present a simple and efficient method for the fabrication of silicon (Si) nanoparticle substrates using continuous-wave (CW) laser annealing. The resulting silicon nanoparticles exhibit Mie resonances in the visible region, and their resonant wavelengths can be precisely controlled. Notably, laser-annealed silicon nanoparticle substrates show a 60-fold enhancement in fluorescence. This tunable and fluorescence-enhancing silicon nanoparticle platform has tremendous potential for highly sensitive fluorescence sensing and biomedical imaging applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Fukuta
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, 770-8506 Japan
- Innovative Photon Manipulation Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Metamaterials Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, 351-0109 Japan
| | - Ryo Kato
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, 770-8506 Japan
- Innovative Photon Manipulation Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Metamaterials Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, 351-0109 Japan
| | - Takuo Tanaka
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, 770-8506 Japan
- Innovative Photon Manipulation Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Metamaterials Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, 351-0109 Japan
| | - Taka-aki Yano
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-Josanjima, Tokushima, 770-8506 Japan
- Innovative Photon Manipulation Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Metamaterials Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, 351-0109 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Azevedo AL, Maioli AC, Teston F, Sales MR, Zanetti FM, da Luz MGE. Wave amplitude gain within wedge waveguides through scattering by simple obstacles. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:025303. [PMID: 38491609 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.025303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Wave confinement, e.g., in waveguides, gives rise to a huge number of distinct phenomena. Among them, amplitude gain is a recurrent and relevant effect in undulatory processes. Using a general purpose protocol to solve wave equations, the boundary wall method, we demonstrate that for relatively simple geometries, namely, a few leaky or opaque obstacles inside a θ wedge waveguide (described by the Helmholtz equation), one can obtain a considerable wave amplification in certain spatially localized regions of the system. The approach relies on an expression for the wedge waveguide exact Green's function in the case of θ=π/M (M=1,2,...), derived through the method of images allied to group theory concepts. The formula is particularly amenable to numerical calculations, greatly facilitating simulations. As an interesting by-product of the present framework, we are able to obtain the eigenstates of certain closed shapes (billiards) placed within the waveguide, as demonstrated for triangular structures. Finally, we briefly discuss possible concrete realizations for our setups in the context of matter and electromagnetic (for some particular modes and conditions) waves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Azevedo
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba-PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - A C Maioli
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba-PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - F Teston
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba-PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - M R Sales
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba-PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - F M Zanetti
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba-PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - M G E da Luz
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba-PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Du XJ, Tang XT, Xie B, Ma L, Hu ML, He J, Yang ZJ. Turning whispering-gallery-mode responses through Fano interferences in coupled all-dielectric block-disk cavities. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:29380-29391. [PMID: 37710739 DOI: 10.1364/oe.500562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Here, we theoretically demonstrate a strategy for efficiently turning whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) responses of a subwavelength dielectric disk through their near-field couplings with common low-order electromagnetic resonances of a dielectric block. Both simulations and an analytical coupled oscillator model show that the couplings are Fano interferences between dark high-quality WGMs and bright modes of the block. The responses of a WGM in the coupled system are highly dependent on the strengths and the relative phases of the block modes, the coupling strength, and the decay rate of the WGM. The WGM responses of coupled systems can exceed that of the individual disk. In addition, such a configuration will also facilitate the excitation of WGMs by a normal incident plane wave in experiments. These results could enable new applications for enhancing light-matter interactions.
Collapse
|
4
|
Yan J, Zhao K, Wu T, Liu X, Li Y, Li B. Optical Printing of Silicon Nanoparticles as Strain-Driven Nanopixels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:38682-38692. [PMID: 37539689 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) supporting Mie resonances exhibit vivid structural colors on the subwavelength scale. For future wearable devices, next generation Si-based optical units need to be dynamic and stretchable for display, sensing, or signal processing required by human-computer interaction. Here, by utilizing the distance-sensitive electromagnetic coupling of Mie resonances, we maximize the active tuning effect of Si NP-based structures including dimers, oligomers, and NPs on WS2, which we called Si nanopixels. Through the optical tweezers-assisted printing of Si nanopixels, patterns can be formed on arbitrary flexible substrates. The strain-sensitive tuning of scattering spectra indicates their promising application on strain sensing of various stretchable substrates via a simple "spray and test" process. In the case of Si nanopixels on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), local strains around 1% can be detected by a scattering measurement. Moreover, we demonstrate that the scattering intensity variation of Si nanopixels printed on wrinkled tungsten disulfide (WS2) is pixel-dependent and wavelength-dependent. This property facilitates the application of information encryption, and we demonstrate that three barcodes can be independently encoded into the R, G, and B scattering channels through ternary logic represented by the strain-tuning effects of scattering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Kaiqing Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Tianli Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xinyue Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yuchao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Baojun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Manipulation, Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eslamisaray MA, Wray PR, Lee Y, Nelson GM, Ilic O, Atwater HA, Kortshagen UR. A Single-Step Bottom-up Approach for Synthesis of Highly Uniform Mie-Resonant Crystalline Semiconductor Particles at Visible Wavelengths. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1930-1937. [PMID: 36815711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c05084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Optically Mie-resonant crystalline silicon nanoparticles have long attracted interest for their unique scattering behaviors. Here, we report a bottom-up nonthermal plasma process that produces highly monodisperse particles, with diameters controllable between 60 and 214 nm, by temporarily electrostatically trapping nanoparticles inside a continuous-flow plasma reactor. The particle size is tuned by adjusting the gas residence time in the reactor. By dispersing the nanoparticles in water, optical extinction measurements indicate colloidal solutions of a particle-based metafluid in which particles support both strong magnetic and electric dipole resonances at visible wavelengths. The spectral overlap of the electric and magnetic resonances gives rise to directional Kerker scattering. The extinction measurements show excellent agreement with Mie theory, supporting the idea that the fabrication process enables particles with narrow distributions in size, shape, and composition. This single-step gas-phase process can also produce Mie-resonant nanoparticles of dielectric materials other than silicon and directly deposit them on the desired substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Eslamisaray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Parker R Wray
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Yeonjoo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Gunnar M Nelson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ognjen Ilic
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Harry A Atwater
- Thomas J. Watson Laboratories of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Uwe R Kortshagen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Humbert M, Hernandez R, Mallet N, Larrieu G, Larrey V, Fournel F, Guérin F, Palleau E, Paillard V, Cuche A, Ressier L. Large-scale controlled coupling of single-photon emitters to high-index dielectric nanoantennas by AFM nanoxerography. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:599-608. [PMID: 36485024 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05526k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Improving the brightness of single-photon sources by means of optically resonant nanoantennas is a major stake for the development of efficient nanodevices for quantum communications. We demonstrate that nanoxerography by atomic force microscopy makes possible the fast, robust and repeatable positioning of model quantum nanoemitters (nitrogen-vacancy NV centers in nanodiamonds) on a large-scale in the gap of silicon nanoantennas with a dimer geometry. By tuning the parameters of the nanoxerography process, we can statistically control the number of deposited nanodiamonds, yielding configurations down to a unique single photon emitter coupled to these high index dielectric nanoantennas, with high selectivity and enhanced brightness induced by a near-field Purcell effect. Numerical simulations are in very good quantitative agreement with time-resolved photoluminescence experiments. A multipolar analysis reveals in particular all the aspects of the coupling between the dipolar single emitter and the Mie resonances hosted by these simple nanoantennas. This proof of principle opens a path to a genuine and large-scale spatial control of the coupling of punctual quantum nanoemitters to arrays of optimized optically resonant nanoantennas. It paves the way for future fundamental studies in quantum nano-optics and toward integrated photonics applications for quantum technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Humbert
- Université de Toulouse, LPCNO, INSA-UPS-CNRS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Romain Hernandez
- Université de Toulouse, LPCNO, INSA-UPS-CNRS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Mallet
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 7 avenue du Colonel Roche BP 54200, 31031 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Guilhem Larrieu
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 7 avenue du Colonel Roche BP 54200, 31031 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Vincent Larrey
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Frank Fournel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - François Guérin
- Université de Toulouse, LPCNO, INSA-UPS-CNRS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
| | - Etienne Palleau
- Université de Toulouse, LPCNO, INSA-UPS-CNRS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
| | - Vincent Paillard
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Aurélien Cuche
- CEMES-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 29 rue Jeanne Marvig, 31055 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Laurence Ressier
- Université de Toulouse, LPCNO, INSA-UPS-CNRS, 135 avenue de Rangueil, F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ma C, Zhou F, Huang P, Li M, Zhao F, Feng Z, Liu Y, Li X, Guan BO, Chen K. Deterministic Excitation of Polarization-Sensitive Extrinsic Anapole State in Si Nanodisk Clusters. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204883. [PMID: 36323588 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle clusters provide new degrees of freedom for light control due to their mutual interaction compared with an individual one. Here, the authors demonstrate theoretically and experimentally a type of optical anapole (a nonradiating state) termed as extrinsic anapole, with mode field spreading across Si nanodisk dimers unlike the intrinsic one that is confined within individual nanodisks. The extrinsic anapole is sensitive to the polarized excitation. When the electric vector E of excitation is perpendicular to the dimer axis, the coupled toroidal dipole (TD) mode is largely enhanced and broadened to be spectrally overlapped with the electric dipole (ED) mode. The destructive interference of these two modes results in the generation of the extrinsic anapole. However, it vanishes when E is parallel to the dimer axis. Such polarization dependence can be relieved with the participation of the third nanodisk. Scattering spectra of Si nanodisk trimers stay almost unchanged under different polarized excitations, although the near-field distributions are quite different. Finally, enhanced white-light emission is observed in Si nanodisk clusters, which can be attributed to the near-infrared absorption enhancement induced by extrinsic anapole states. The findings manifest that high-index all-dielectric nanodisk clusters are promising for light manipulation based on mode interference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Churong Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Fangrong Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Meng Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ziwei Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xiangping Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Bai-Ou Guan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sugimoto H, Hinamoto T, Kazuoka Y, Assadillayev A, Raza S, Fujii M. Mode Hybridization in Silicon Core-Gold Shell Nanosphere. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204890. [PMID: 36156856 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A dielectric core-metal shell nanosphere has attracted scientific and technological interests due to the unique optical resonances arising from the hybridization of surface plasmon modes and cavity modes. The previous studies focus on a low-index dielectric core without its own optical resonances. Here, optical resonances of a core-shell nanosphere with a high refractive index (n ≈ 4) core with the lowest order Mie resonances in the visible range are investigated theoretically and experimentally. Scattering and absorption spectra of a core-shell nanosphere for different values of the core refractive index are first analyzed, and there is a transition of the hybridization scheme around n ≈ 2. Above the value, a characteristic hybridized mode with strong absorption and weak scattering emerges in the near-infrared range. A core-shell nanosphere composed of a silicon core and a gold shell is prepared, and the resonance modes are studied by single particle scattering spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a transmission electron microscope. The core-shell nanospheres exhibit the hybridized modes depending on the core diameter. The hybridized mode as well as the higher order one that is not observable in the scattering spectroscopy is observed in the EELS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sugimoto
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Hinamoto
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kazuoka
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Artyom Assadillayev
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Søren Raza
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, Kongens Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Minoru Fujii
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Flexible Silicon Dimer Nanocavity with Electric and Magnetic Enhancement. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9040267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
High-index dielectrics have recently been regarded as promising building blocks in nanophotonics owing to optical electric and magnetic Mie resonances. In particular, silicon is gaining great interest as the backbone of modern technology. Here, silicon dimer nanocavities with different sizes of silicon nanospheres were constructed using a probe nanomanipulation method and interacted with a few-layered R6G membrane to investigate the enhancement of electric and magnetic mode coupling. The evidence of the enhancement of fluorescence and slightly prolonged lifetime of R6G indicated the existence of nanocavities. In addition, the simulated electric and magnetic field distributions and decomposed mode of nanocavity were used to analyze the contribution of electric and magnetic modes to the R6G enhanced fluorescence. Such silicon dimer is a flexible nanocavity with electric and magnetic mode enhancement and has promising applications in sensing and all-dielectric metamaterials or nanophotonic devices.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hu S, Khater M, Kratschmer E, Engelmann S, Green WMJ, Weiss SM. Photonic metacrystal: design methodology and experimental characterization. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:7612-7624. [PMID: 35299519 DOI: 10.1364/oe.448151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report a design methodology for creating high-performance photonic crystals with arbitrary geometric shapes. This design approach enables the inclusion of subwavelength shapes into the photonic crystal unit cell, synergistically combining metamaterials concepts with on-chip guided-wave photonics. Accordingly, we use the term "photonic metacrystal" to describe this class of photonic structures. Photonic metacrystals exploiting three different design freedoms are demonstrated experimentally. With these additional degrees of freedom in the design space, photonic metacrystals enable added control of light-matter interactions and hold the promise of significantly increasing temporal confinement in all-dielectric metamaterials.
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang H, Gao K, Han L, Liu S, Mei T, Xiao F, Zhao J. Nanometric displacement sensor with a switchable measuring range using a cylindrical vector beam excited silicon nanoantenna. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:25109-25117. [PMID: 34614849 DOI: 10.1364/oe.434287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a nanometric displacement sensor with a switchable measuring range by using a single silicon nanoantenna. It is revealed that the interference between the longitudinal and transverse dipolar scattering can be well tuned by moving the nanoantenna in the focal field of the cylindrical vector beam. As a result, a position related scattering directivity is found and is used as a displacement sensor with a 4.5 nm lateral resolution. Interestingly, the measuring range of this displacement sensor can be extended by twice through simply changing the excitation from the azimuthally polarized beam to the radially polarized beam. Our results provide a facile way to tune the measuring range of the nanometric displacement sensor and may open up an avenue to super-resolution microscopy and optical nanometrology.
Collapse
|
12
|
Hu ML, Yang ZJ, Du XJ, Ma L, He J. Strong couplings between magnetic quantum emitters and subwavelength all-dielectric resonators with whispering gallery modes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:26028-26038. [PMID: 34614916 DOI: 10.1364/oe.434586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Here we theoretically investigate the coherent interactions between the quantum emitters with magnetic dipole transitions and subwavelength all-dielectric resonators of whispering gallery modes (WGMs). We extend a semi-analytical method which can efficiently calculate the far-field spectrum of a general hybrid system. Then, a subwavelength sphere with refractive index around n = 3.5 is chosen as the dielectric resonator. Due to the high magnetic field enhancements of the WGMs of the sphere, strong couplings between magnetic quantum emitters and subwavelength WGMs can occur, where a clear Rabi splitting appears on the extinction spectrum of the hybrid system. The match between the relaxation times of the WGMs and emitters are important to efficiently achieve a strong enough coupling. The other parameters including the order of a WGM, the radius, the refractive index, the transition dipole moment and excitation intensity are also important factors that can affect the couplings. Our results pave the way for strong interactions between light and magnetic emitters mediated by subwavelength all-dielectric resonators.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Nanophotonics allows the manipulation of light on the subwavelength scale. Optical nanoantennas are nanoscale elements that enable increased resolution in bioimaging, novel photon sources, solar cells with higher absorption, and the detection of fluorescence from a single molecule. While plasmonic nanoantennas have been extensively explored in the literature, dielectric nanoantennas have several advantages over their plasmonic counterparts, including low dissipative losses and near-field enhancement of both electric and magnetic fields. Nanoantennas increase the optical density of states, which increase the rate of spontaneous emission due to the Purcell effect. The increase is quantified by the Purcell factor, which depends on the mode volume and the quality factor. It is one of the main performance parameters for nanoantennas. One particularly interesting feature of dielectric nanoantennas is the possibility of integrating them into optical resonators with a high quality-factor, further improving the performance of the nanoantennas and giving very high Purcell factors. This review introduces the properties and parameters of dielectric optical nanoantennas, and gives a classification of the nanoantennas based on the number and shape of the nanoantenna elements. An overview of recent progress in the field is provided, and a simulation is included as an example. The simulated nanoantenna, a dimer consisting of two silicon nanospheres separated by a gap, is shown to have a very small mode volume, but a low quality-factor. Some recent works on photonic crystal resonators are reviewed, including one that includes a nanoantenna in the bowtie unit-cell. This results in an enormous increase in the calculated Purcell factor, from 200 for the example dimer, to 8 × 106 for the photonic crystal resonator. Some applications of dielectric nanoantennas are described. With current progress in the field, it is expected that the number of applications will grow and that nanoantennas will be incorporated into new commercial products. A list of relevant materials with high refractive indexes and low losses is presented and discussed. Finally, prospects and major challenges for dielectric nanoantennas are addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Rabiul Hasan
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Olav Gaute Hellesø
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dual polarized engineering the extinction cross-section of a dielectric wire using graphene-based oligomers. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7544. [PMID: 33824383 PMCID: PMC8024335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, graphene-coated spherical nanoparticles are arranged around an infinite length dielectric cylinder to enhance its extinction cross-section. Initially, a single longitudinal one-dimensional periodic array is considered in different loci concerning the transverse electric (TE) incident plane wave. It is observed that regardless of the position of the particles, the extinction cross-section of the dielectric cylinder is considerably enhanced with respect to the bare one. Later, by increasing the number of longitudinal plasmonic arrays around the cylinder, each residing in a different azimuthal direction, the extinction cross-section is further manipulated to observe double pronounced Fano resonances. The origin of the Fano resonances is described by considering their planar counterparts constructed by the periodic assembly of plasmonic oligomers. Finally, the hexamer configuration is considered as the prototype, and the effect of various optical, geometrical, and material parameters on the optical response is investigated in detail. Interestingly, due to the spherical symmetry of the cells, the extinction cross-section is also enhanced for the transverse magnetic (TM) incident wave, which is unattainable using a continuous plasmonic cover made of metal or graphene. The potential application of our proposed structure is in the design of reconfigurable conformal optical absorbers and sensors.
Collapse
|
15
|
Du G, Lu Y, Lankanath D, Hou X, Chen F. Theoretical Study on Symmetry-Broken Plasmonic Optical Tweezers for Heterogeneous Noble-Metal-Based Nano-Bowtie Antennas. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:759. [PMID: 33803040 PMCID: PMC8002932 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic optical tweezers with a symmetry-tunable potential well were investigated based on a heterogeneous model of nano-bowtie antennas made of different noble substances. The typical noble metals Au and Ag are considered as plasmonic supporters for excitation of hybrid plasmonic modes in bowtie dimers. It is proposed that the plasmonic optical trapping force around a quantum dot exhibits symmetry-broken characteristics and becomes increasingly asymmetrical with increasing applied laser electric field. Here, it is explained by the dominant plasmon hybridization of the heterogeneous Au-Ag dimer, in which the plasmon excitations can be inconsistently modified by tuning the applied laser electric field. In the spectrum regime, the wavelength-dependent plasmonic trapping potential exhibits a two-peak structure for the heterogeneous Au-Ag bowtie dimer compared to a single-peak trapping potential of the Au-Au bowtie dimer. In addition, we comprehensively investigated the influence of structural parameter variables on the plasmonic potential well generated from the heterogeneous noble nano-bowtie antenna with respect to the bowtie edge length, edge/tip rounding, bowtie gap, and nanosphere size. This work could be helpful in improving our understanding of wavelength and laser field tunable asymmetric nano-tweezers for flexible and non-uniform nano-trapping applications of particle-sorting, plasmon coloring, SERS imaging, and quantum dot lighting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing System Engineering and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology for Information, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (G.D.); (Y.L.); (D.L.); (X.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dmitriev AA, Rybin MV. Optical coupling of overlapping nanopillars. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:1221-1224. [PMID: 33720152 DOI: 10.1364/ol.415334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of nanophotonic devices for controlling light requires deep understanding of the interaction between their subwavelength structure elements. Theoretical approaches based on the multiple scattering theory provide simple analytics valuable for design. However, they consider different elements separated by the surrounding medium. Here, we develop an approach to study wave coupling in the case of overlapping particles. We consider the simplest system-a dimer of nanopillars-and find that it can be described by a three-oscillator model. Two modes correspond to the multipole response of isolated particles that interact through radiating and evanescent waves in accordance with the conventional multiple scattering theory, but there exists a third effective non-resonant oscillator supporting a direct mode coupling via the intersecting part. Our simple model yields results with a reliable agreement with numerical simulations and allows insight into the physical processes underlying the collective response of a cluster of overlapped subwavelength particles.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sun S, Wang D, Feng Z, Tan W. Highly efficient unidirectional forward scattering induced by resonant interference in a metal-dielectric heterodimer. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22289-22297. [PMID: 33146190 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07010f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a metal-dielectric heterodimer structure can satisfy a nearly ideal first Kerker condition at a wavelength close to the resonance peak of the dimer, yielding efficient unidirectional forward scattering with a high forward-to-backward scattering ratio (≈48 dB) and remarkable enhancement of the forward scattering intensity (∼2.68 times compared to a single dielectric nanoparticle). Using a rigorous analytical dipole-dipole interaction model, the underlying mechanism is revealed, in which the originally weak electric dipole moment of the dimer is significantly enhanced owing to the strong resonant interference between the localized surface plasmon resonance of the metal and the Mie resonances of the dielectric material, which could up-match the magnetic dipole moment of the dimer at a wavelength close to the resonance peak, boosting the forward scattering efficiency. To achieve the optimal conditions, the sizes of the metal and dielectric constituents as well as the gap distance of the dimer have to be physically and delicately tuned to ensure a perfect match in both the amplitudes and phases of the electric and magnetic dipole moments of the dimer. On top of that, the loss of the heterodimer can be effectively suppressed to a level well below that of a pure metal nanoparticle, which further benefits the forward scattering efficiency. The flexibility in designing the dimer geometry and choosing metal-dielectric material combinations enables efficient unidirectional forward scattering in a broadband spectrum (UV to visible) with an intermediate gap distance (10-20 nm), greatly expanding the application scope. The proposed hybrid dimer could serve as a powerful and versatile building block in many emergent fields such as metasurfaces, nanoantennae, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song Sun
- Microsystem & Terahertz Research Center, China Academy of Engineering Physics, No. 596, Yinhe Road, Shuangliu, Chengdu, China 610200.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yan J, Zheng Z, Lou Z, Li J, Mao B, Li B. Enhancement of exciton emission in WS 2 based on the Kerker effect from the mode engineering of individual Si nanostripes. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:1368-1377. [PMID: 32608428 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00189a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coupling between nanostructures and excitons has attracted great attention for potential applications in quantum information technology. Compared with plasmonic platforms, all-dielectric nanostructures with Mie resonances are more practical because of low-loss, low-cost and CMOS compatibility. However, weak field enhancements in single element dielectric nanostructures hinder their applications in both strong and weak coupling regimes. The Kerker effect arising from the far-field electro-magnetic interactions in dielectric nanostructures brings a new mechanism to realize effective coupling with excitons. Until now, it still remains unsolved whether effective Mie-exciton coupling can be realized based on pure far-field Kerker effect. Therefore, we proposed a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) integrated Mie resonator with a 135 nm top oxide layer to exclude the near-field coupling between excitons and silicon (Si) nanostripes. Through tuning the widths of Si nanostripes to obtain highly directional photoluminescence (PL) emission under Kerker conditions, strong PL enhancements can be observed, whose enhancement factors are comparable to the reported best performances of single all-dielectric or even plasmonic nanostructures coupling with 2D excitons. Our findings bring new strategies for strong light-matter interactions with near-zero heating loss and make it possible to construct 2D materials-silicon hybrid integration for future nanophotonic and optoelectronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Yan
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Zhaoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zaizhu Lou
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Juan Li
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Bijun Mao
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Baojun Li
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yan J, Yu P, Ma C, Huang Y, Yang G. Directional radiation and photothermal effect enhanced control of 2D excitonic emission based on germanium nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:385201. [PMID: 32512556 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab9a71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric nanostructures with Mie resonances have shown promising applications for building nanoantennas and metasurfaces. Coupling between Mie resonators and transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) monolayers is of great significance, because the existence of Mie resonances can modulate phases and radiation directions effectively. Recently, monolayer binary and ternary TDMCs have drawn more attention owing to the intriguing and tunable excitonic states from visible to near infrared. However, the coupling mechanism between monolayer TMDCs and Mie resonators has not been well studied. Moreover, it is still a great challenge to realize the control of excitonic emission wavelength and intensity simultaneously. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that germanium nanoparticles (Ge NPs), a typical high refractive index dielectric Mie resonator, are capable of controlling both the intensity and direction of PL emissions in the near-infrared from monolayer WSe2(1-x)Te2x. Through putting Ge NPs below or above monolayers, we observed the obvious emission directivity because of the higher refractive index and higher loss of Ge than silicon. Besides, higher absorption in Ge NPs brings photothermal effects during the interaction with TMDCs. These findings indicate that Ge-based Mie resonators may guide the design of new type nanophotonics devices in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Shlyagina A, González-Alcalde AK, Salas-Montiel R, Méndez ER. Observation of Selényi rings in the diffraction patterns of layered samples with periodic arrays of cylindrical structures. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2020; 37:940-950. [PMID: 32543594 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.385241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental and numerical study of the optical properties of nanofabricated samples with layered dielectric structures. The samples, which contain periodic arrays of silicon disks over a flat layer of silicon dioxide on a silicon substrate, present diffraction and thin film interference effects. Well-defined circular fringes that modulate the intensity of the diffraction orders are observed in the far-field angular distribution of scattered light. We also find that although the angle of incidence modulates the intensity of the observed circular ring patterns, it has little or no effect on their angular position. The problem is modeled theoretically through numerical calculations based on a Rayleigh method.
Collapse
|
21
|
ZnO micron rods as single dielectric resonator for optical sensing. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1109:107-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
22
|
Yang M, Song X, Zhang H, Ye Y, Ren Y, Ren X, Yao J. Position-guided Fano resonance and amended GaussAmp model for the control of slow light in hybrid graphene-silicon metamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:11933-11945. [PMID: 32403694 DOI: 10.1364/oe.388298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Position-guided Fano resonance is observed in hybrid graphene-silicon metamaterials. An outstanding application of such resonance is slow-light metadevices. The maximum group delay is 9.73 ps, which corresponds to a group delay in free-space propagation of 2.92 mm. We employ a coupled oscillator model to illustrate anomalous transmission, where the intensity of the Fano peak increases with the Fermi level. Furthermore, we amend the GaussAmp model to serve as a suitable control equation for the group delay. The coefficient of correlation (R2) is as high as 0.99998, while the lowest values of the root-mean-square error and sum of squared errors are respectively 0.00421 and 0.00156. These results indicate that the amended GaussAmp model accurately controls the trend of the group delay. This work not only clarifies the mechanism of Fano resonance generation but also provides a promising platform for dynamically adjustable optical switches and multidimensional information sensors.
Collapse
|
23
|
Liu M, Xie Y, Feng T, Xu Y. Resonant broadband unidirectional light scattering based on genetic algorithm. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:968-971. [PMID: 32058519 DOI: 10.1364/ol.381431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The spectrum overlapping of the radiative power between magnetic and electric dipole moments in nanoparticles can be used to realize unidirectional light scattering, which is promising for various kinds of applications. Nevertheless, it is still challenging to achieve such overlapping in a broadband manner. Herein, we propose that the combination of a genetic algorithm, Maxwell's equations, and electromagnetic multipole expansion can be used to design a nanoparticle that supports resonant broadband forward light scattering. Microwave experiments are performed to demonstrate our numerical results. The proposed method is quite general, and it can be straightforwardly generalized to design functional unidirectional scatters.
Collapse
|
24
|
Full-wave electromagnetic modes and hybridization in nanoparticle dimers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14524. [PMID: 31601821 PMCID: PMC6787262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasmon hybridization theory is based on a quasi-electrostatic approximation of the Maxwell’s equations. It does not take into account magnetic interactions, retardation effects, and radiation losses. Magnetic interactions play a dominant role in the scattering from dielectric nanoparticles. The retardation effects play a fundamental role in the coupling of the modes with the incident radiation and in determining their radiative strength; their exclusion may lead to erroneous predictions of the excited modes and of the scattered power spectra. Radiation losses may lead to a significant broadening of the scattering resonances. We propose a hybridization theory for non-Hermitian composite systems based on the full-Maxwell equations that, overcoming all the limitations of the plasmon hybridization theory, unlocks the description of dielectric dimers. As an example, we decompose the scattered field from silicon and silver dimers, under different excitation conditions and gap-sizes, in terms of dimer modes, pinpointing the hybridizing isolated-sphere modes behind them.
Collapse
|
25
|
Huang Y, Yan J, Ma C, Yang G. Trapping and filtering of light by single Si nanospheres in a GaAs nanocavity. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:16299-16307. [PMID: 31465057 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05053a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The arbitrary manipulation of optical waves in the subwavelength dimension is a fundamental issue for the microminiaturization and integration of optic parts. In the past decade, major efforts were focused on the surface plasmon resonance mostly exhibited by metallic nanostructures, which could effectively capture and concentrate the visible light at the cost of high levels of intrinsic losses. However, the use of all-dielectric nanostructures can avoid the abovementioned problem due to lower intrinsic losses and the presence of abundant resonance modes. Herein, as a kind of building block for light manipulation, GaAs nanogrooves were fabricated and studied to obtain comprehensive information about the resonance modes in an individual all-dielectric nanogroove; by placing a single Si nanosphere in an isolated GaAs nanocavity, the nanogroove scattering could be controlled depending on the coupling strength of nanogrooves. The Lorentzian line approximation and harmonic oscillator coupling model were used to pursue the interactions among the resonance modes. Experimental and theoretical studies showed that this heterostructure could trap the broadband visible light in the back and filter the light with a specific wavelength in the front. These findings suggest that the proposed heterostructure can act as a light filter and an antenna on nanophotonic chips due to its unique optical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingcong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Jiahao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Churong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| | - Guowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yan J, Ma C, Huang Y, Yang G. Tunable Control of Interlayer Excitons in WS 2/MoS 2 Heterostructures via Strong Coupling with Enhanced Mie Resonances. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1802092. [PMID: 31179209 PMCID: PMC6548949 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201802092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Strong Coulomb interactions in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) produce strongly bound excitons, trions, and biexcitons. The existence of multiexcitonic states has drawn tremendous attention because of its promising applications in quantum information. Combining different monolayer TMDs into van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures opens up opportunities to engineer exciton devices and bring new phenomena. Spatially separated electrons and holes in different layers produce interlayer excitons. Although much progress has been made on excitons in single layers, how interlayer excitons contribute the photoluminescence emission and how to tailor the interlayer exciton emission have not been well understood. Here, room temperature strong coupling between interlayer excitons in the WS2/MoS2 vdW heterostructure and cavity-enhanced Mie resonances in individual silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) are demonstrated. The heterostructures are inserted into a Si film-Si NP all-dielectric platform to realize effective energy exchanges and Rabi oscillations. Besides mode splitting in scattering, tunable interlayer excitonic emission is also observed. The results make it possible to design TMDs heterostructures with various excitonic states for future photonics devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesNanotechnology Research CenterSchool of Materials Science & EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Churong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesNanotechnology Research CenterSchool of Materials Science & EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Yingcong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesNanotechnology Research CenterSchool of Materials Science & EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| | - Guowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesNanotechnology Research CenterSchool of Materials Science & EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongGuangzhou510275P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ma C, Yan J, Huang Y, Yang G. Directional Fano Resonance in an Individual GaAs Nanospheroid. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900546. [PMID: 30957962 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fano resonance has been observed in a wide variety of nanophotonic structures such as photonic crystals, plasmonic structures, and metamaterials. It arises from the interference of discrete resonance states with broadband continuum states. As an emerging nanophotonic material, high-index all-dielectric nanomaterials provide a new platform to achieve Fano resonance by virtue of the simultaneous excited electric and magnetic resonances. However, to date, Fano resonance in the visible region has not been observed in individual high-index all-dielectric nanoparticles. Here, for the first time, the experimental observation of the directional Fano resonance is reported in an individual GaAs nanospheroid. The special geometry enables GaAs nanospheroids to generate spectrally overlapped electric and magnetic dipole resonances, which enhances their spectral coupling, giving rise to asymmetric-shaped backward scattering spectrum. This directional Fano resonance can be tuned by the aspect ratio of nanospheroids as well as excitation polarization. In addition, efficient directional light scattering is realized at the total scattering peak of the GaAs nanospheroid. The forward-to-backward scattering ratio can be largely enhanced due to Fano dip in the backward scattering spectrum. These findings suggest that high-index all-dielectric nanospheroid is a promising candidate for directional sources and optical switches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Churong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Yingcong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Guowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wang N, Zeisberger M, Huebner U, Giannini V, Schmidt MA. Symmetry-breaking induced magnetic Fano resonances in densely packed arrays of symmetric nanotrimers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2873. [PMID: 30814665 PMCID: PMC6393417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to unique properties and great design flexibilities, Fano resonances represent one of the most promising optical features mediated by metallic nanostructures, while the excitation of some Fano modes is impossible due to symmetry reasons. The aim of this work is to show that dense lattice arrangements can have a profound impact on the optical properties of nanostructures and, in particular, can enable the excitation of otherwise dark modes. Here, we demonstrate this concept using the example of rectangular arrays of symmetric trimers packed so densely that the coupling between neighbouring unit cells imposes a symmetry break, enabling the excitation of magnetic Fano resonances. We found that in experiments as well as in simulations, electric and magnetic Fano resonances can be simultaneously formed in cases where the inter-trimer distances are sufficiently small. By analysing the transition from an isolated trimer mode into a regime of strong near-field coupling, we show that by modifying the rectangular unit cell lengths due to the symmetry mismatch between lattice and trimer, two types of Fano resonances can be found, especially magnetic Fano resonances with loop-type magnetic field distributions within the centre of each trimer, which can be either enhanced or suppressed. In addition, the influence of the refractive index environment was measured, showing sensitivity values of approximately 300 nm/RIU. Our work provides fundamental insights into the interaction of the lattice and nanostructure response and paves the way towards the observation of novel optical excitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Zeisberger
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Uwe Huebner
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Giannini
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.,Instituto de Estructura de la Materia (IEM-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Markus A Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745, Jena, Germany. .,Abbe School of Photonics and Faculty of Physics, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany. .,Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Fraunhoferstr. 6, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Huang Y, Yan J, Ma C, Yang G. Active tuning of the Fano resonance from a Si nanosphere dimer by the substrate effect. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2019; 4:148-157. [PMID: 32254150 DOI: 10.1039/c8nh00198g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
All-dielectric materials have aroused great interest for their unique light scattering and lower losses compared with plasmonics. Generally, optical properties made by all-dielectric materials can be passively controlled by varying the geometry, size and refractive index at the design stage. Therefore, the realization of active tuning in the field of nanophotonics is important to improve the practicality and achieve light-on-chip technology in the future. Herein, we combine the high refractive index of Si and the phase transition of VO2 to form an active tuning hybrid nanostructure with higher quality factor by depositing Si nanospheres on the VO2 layer with an Al2O3 substrate. As the temperature goes up, the refractive index of the VO2 layer switches from high to low. The scattering intensity of the magnetic dipole resonance of Si nanospheres decreases differently depending on their size, while the intensity of the electric dipole resonance remains almost unchanged. Meanwhile, Fano resonances are observed in the Si nanosphere dimers with a continuous variable Fano lineshape when adjusting the temperature. Mie theory and substrate-induced resonant magneto-electric effects are used to analyze and explain these phenomena. Tuning of the Fano resonance is attributed to the substrate effect from the interaction between Si nanospheres and phase transition of the VO2 layer with temperature. These light scattering properties of such a hybrid nanostructure make it promising for temperature sensing or as a light source at the nanometer scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingcong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Noskov RE, Shishkin II, Barhom H, Ginzburg P. Non-Mie optical resonances in anisotropic biomineral nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:21031-21040. [PMID: 30427038 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr07561a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of nanoparticles have attracted continuous attention owing to their high fundamental and applied importance across many disciplines. A recently emerged field of all-dielectric nanophotonics employs optically induced electric and magnetic Mie resonances in dielectric nanoparticles with a high refractive index. This property allows obtaining additional valuable degrees of freedom to control the optical responses of nanophotonic structures. Here we propose a conceptually distinct approach towards reaching optical resonances in dielectric nanoparticles. We show that, lacking conventional Mie resonances, low-index nanoparticles can exhibit a novel anisotropy-induced family of non-Mie eigenmodes. Specifically, we investigate light interactions with calcite and vaterite nanospheres and compare them with the Mie scattering by a fused silica sphere. Having close permittivities and the same dimensions, these particles exhibit significantly different scattering behavior owing to their internal structure. While a fused silica sphere does not demonstrate any spectral features, the uniaxial structure of the permittivity tensor for calcite and the non-diagonal permittivity tensor for vaterite result in a set of distinguishable peaks in scattering spectra. Multipole decomposition and eigenmode analysis reveal that these peaks are associated with a new family of electric and magnetic resonances. We identify magnetic dipole modes of ordinary, extraordinary and hybrid polarization as well as complex electric dipole resonances, featuring a significant toroidal electric dipole moment. As both vaterite and calcite are biominerals, naturally synthesized and exploited by a variety of living organisms, our results provide an indispensable toolbox for understanding and elucidating the mechanisms behind the optical functionalities of true biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman E Noskov
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Deng F, Liu H, Lan S. Metal Substrate-Induced Line Width Compression in the Magnetic Dipole Resonance of a Silicon Nanosphere Illuminated by a Focused Azimuthally Polarized Beam. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:395. [PMID: 30519772 PMCID: PMC6281546 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2796-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the modification of the magnetic dipole resonance of a silicon nanosphere, which is illuminated by a focused azimuthally polarized beam, induced by a metal substrate. It is found that the magnetic dipole of the silicon nanosphere excited by the focused azimuthally polarized beam and its image dipole induced by the metal substrate are out of phase. The interference of these two anti-parallel dipoles leads to a dramatic line width compression in the magnetic dipole resonance, manifested directly in the scattering spectrum of the silicon nanosphere. The quality factor of the modified magnetic dipole resonance is enhanced by a factor of ∼ 2.5 from ∼ 14.62 to ∼ 37.25 as compared with that of the silicon nanosphere in free space. Our findings are helpful for understanding the mode hybridization in the silicon nanosphere placed on a metal substrate and illuminated by a focused azimuthally polarized beam and useful for designing photonic functional devices such as nanoscale sensors and color displayers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hongfeng Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Sheng Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu MQ, Zhao CY, Wang BX. Active tuning of directional scattering by combining magneto-optical effects and multipolar interferences. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:18282-18290. [PMID: 30246846 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05692g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An efficient route is proposed to actively manipulate directional scattering based on magneto-optical (MO) effects and multipolar interferences with a coated MO cylinder. We demonstrate that the presence of an external magnetic field B contributes to breaking the degeneracy of multipoles and making them rotate. The rotated modes further interfere with each other, thus reshaping scattering profiles and introducing novel directional optical switching (OS) phenomena. As a result, we show that forward scattering (FS) and backward scattering (BS) can be flexibly altered by turning on or off the B for both s-polarization and p-polarization, and optical switching exhibits broadband performance as well. More specifically, the proposed nanostructure also operates robust and reliable functionalities when considering realistic MO materials with optical loss and dispersion; therefore, they are ideal candidates to develop reconfigurable, tunable and versatile optical devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Q Liu
- Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Deng F, Liu H, Panmai M, Lan S. Sharp bending and power distribution of a focused radially polarized beam by using silicon nanoparticle dimers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:20051-20062. [PMID: 30119321 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Control and manipulation of radiation direction and directivity is highly desirable in future integrated optical circuits. Here, we investigate theoretically and numerically the scattering properties of a silicon nanosphere dimer illuminated by a focused radially polarized beam. As compared with single silicon nanospheres, a scattering peak with a significantly enhanced intensity and a dramatically reduced linewidth was observed in the scattering spectrum of the silicon nanosphere dimer. Relying on the multipole expansion method, it was revealed that the radiation at the scattering peak originates mainly from the total electric dipole and the magnetic quadrupole excited in the silicon nanosphere dimer. It was found that the radiation direction of the silicon dimer is parallel to its axis, implying a sharp (90°) bending of the radially polarized beam. In addition, the radiation directivity is significantly improved as compared with single silicon nanospheres because of the interference between the total electric dipole and magnetic quadrupole modes. For a homodimer composed of two identical silicon nanospheres, the scattering light is equally distributed in the two radiation directions. In comparison, the incident light is preferentially scattered to the small Si nanosphere for a heterodimer composed of two silicon nanospheres with different diameters. As a result, a unidirectional lateral scattering can be realized by using a single silicon nanosphere displaced appropriately from the focal point. Our findings are helpful for understanding the mode hybridization in silicon nanosphere dimers illuminated by a focused radially polarized beam and useful for designing photonic devices capable of manipulating the radiation direction and directivity of structured light.
Collapse
|
34
|
Hu S, Khater M, Salas-Montiel R, Kratschmer E, Engelmann S, Green WMJ, Weiss SM. Experimental realization of deep-subwavelength confinement in dielectric optical resonators. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat2355. [PMID: 30151424 PMCID: PMC6108564 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat2355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability to highly localize light with strong electric field enhancement is critical for enabling higher-efficiency solar cells, light sources, and modulators. While deep-subwavelength modes can be realized with plasmonic resonators, large losses in these metal structures preclude most practical applications. We developed an alternative approach to achieving subwavelength localization of the electric and displacement fields that is not accompanied by inhibitive losses. We experimentally demonstrate a dielectric bowtie photonic crystal structure that supports mode volumes commensurate with plasmonic elements and quality factors that reveal ultralow losses. Our approach opens the door to the extremely strong light-matter interaction regime with, simultaneously incorporating both an ultralow mode volume and an ultrahigh quality factor, that had remained elusive in optical resonators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuren Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Corresponding author. (S.H.); (S.M.W.)
| | - Marwan Khater
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - Rafael Salas-Montiel
- Laboratoire de Nanotechnologie et d’Instrumentation Optique, Institut Charles Delaunay CNRS-UMR 6281, Université de Technologie de Troyes, Troyes 10004, France
| | - Ernst Kratschmer
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - Sebastian Engelmann
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - William M. J. Green
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - Sharon M. Weiss
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
- Corresponding author. (S.H.); (S.M.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Makarov S, Kolotova L, Starikov S, Zywietz U, Chichkov B. Resonant silicon nanoparticles with controllable crystalline states and nonlinear optical responses. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:11403-11409. [PMID: 29881863 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02057d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput laser printing of resonant silicon nanoparticles has emerged as a novel tool for the fabrication of deeply subwavelength objects with various functionalities. The applications of resonant silicon nanoparticles crucially depend on their crystalline state. However, the ways to control the crystalline structure during laser printing remain unstudied. Here we demonstrate, both experimentally and theoretically, how the crystalline structure of silicon nanoparticles fabricated by a laser printing technique can be varied from almost amorphous to a polycrystalline state. In particular, we propose a method of crystalline structure control via changing the distance between the irradiated silicon film and the receiving substrate. This study allows the most optimal conditions for second harmonic generation to be revealed. We believe that the proposed method opens the door to fully controllable laser printing of functional nanoparticles and nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Makarov
- Department of Nanophotonics and Metamaterials, ITMO University, St Petersburg 197101, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ren J, Wang W, Qiu W, Qiu P, Wang Z, Lin Z, Wang JX, Kan Q, Pan JQ. Dynamic tailoring of electromagnetic behaviors of graphene plasmonic oligomers by local chemical potential. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:16695-16703. [PMID: 29877522 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01281d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the mid-infrared and terahertz (THz) regime, graphene supports tunable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) by controlling the chemical potential, which promotes light-matter interaction at the selected wavelength, showing exceptional promise for optoelectronic applications. In this article, we show that the electromagnetic (EM) response of graphene oligomers can be substantially modified by the modification of the local chemical potential, strengthening or reducing the intrinsic plasmonic modes. The effect mechanism is corroborated by a graphene nanocluster composed of 13 nanodisks with D6h symmetry; by transforming to D3h symmetry, the effect mechanism was retained and more available plasmonic resonance modes appeared. The intriguing properties open a new way to design nanodevices made of graphene oligomers with highly efficient photoresponse enhancement and tunable spectral selectivity for highly accurate photodetection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Ren
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Light Propagation and Transformation, College of Information Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
van de Groep J, Brongersma ML. Metasurface Mirrors for External Control of Mie Resonances. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:3857-3864. [PMID: 29787285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control and structurally tune the optical resonances of semiconductor nanostructures has far-reaching implications for a wide range of optical applications, including photodetectors, (bio)sensors, and photovoltaics. Such control is commonly obtained by tailoring the nanostructure's geometry, material, or dielectric environment. Here, we combine insights from the field of coherent optics and metasurface mirrors to effectively turn Mie resonances on and off with high spatial control and in a polarization-dependent fashion. We illustrate this in an integrated device by manipulating the photocurrent spectra of a single-nanowire photodetector placed on a metasurface mirror. This approach can be generalized to control spectral, angle-dependent, absorption, and scattering properties of semiconductor nanostructures with an engineered metasurface and without a need to alter their geometric or materials properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorik van de Groep
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Stanford University , 476 Lomita Mall , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials , Stanford University , 476 Lomita Mall , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tunable multiband directional electromagnetic scattering from spoof Mie resonant structure. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8817. [PMID: 29892049 PMCID: PMC5995885 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that directional electromagnetic scattering can be realized in an artificial Mie resonant structure that supports electric and magnetic dipole modes simultaneously. The directivity of the far-field radiation pattern can be switched by changing wavelength of the incident light as well as tailoring the geometric parameters of the structure. In addition, we further design a quasiperiodic spoof Mie resonant structure by alternately inserting two materials into the slits. The results show that multi-band directional light scattering is realized by exciting multiple electric and magnetic dipole modes with different frequencies in the quasiperiodic structure. The presented design concept is suitable for microwave to terahertz region and can be applied to various advanced optical devices, such as antenna, metamaterial and metasurface.
Collapse
|
39
|
On the scattering directionality of a dielectric particle dimer of High Refractive Index. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7976. [PMID: 29789610 PMCID: PMC5964075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26359-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-losses and directionality effects exhibited by High Refractive Index Dielectric particles make them attractive for applications where radiation direction control is relevant. For instance, isolated metallo-dielectric core-shell particles or aggregates (dimers) of High Refractive Index Dielectric particles have been proposed for building operational switching devices. Also, the possibility of using isolated High Refractive Index Dielectric particles for optimizing solar cells performance has been explored. Here, we present experimental evidence in the microwave range, that a High Refractive Index Dielectric dimer of spherical particles is more efficient for redirecting the incident radiation in the forward direction than the isolated case. In fact, we report two spectral regions in the dipolar spectral range where the incident intensity is mostly scattered in the forward direction. They correspond to the Zero-Backward condition (also observed for isolated particles) and to a new condition, denoted as "near Zero-Backward" condition, which comes from the interaction effects between the particles. The proposed configuration has implications in solar energy harvesting devices and in radiation guiding.
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang Y, Xu Y, Chen S, Lu H, Chen K, Cao Y, Miroshnichenko AE, Gu M, Li X. Ultra-Broadband Directional Scattering by Colloidally Lithographed High-Index Mie Resonant Oligomers and Their Energy-Harvesting Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:16776-16782. [PMID: 29682955 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging high-index all-dielectric nanostructures, capable of manipulating light on the subwavelength scale, empower designing and implementing novel antireflection and light-trapping layers in many photonic and optoelectronic devices. However, their performance and practicality are compromised by relatively narrow bandwidths and highly sophisticated fabrications. In this paper, we demonstrate an ultra-broadband (300-1200 nm) directional light scattering strategy using high-index surface silicon oligomer resonators fabricated by a facile, scalable, and low-cost colloidal lithography technique. The exceptional broadband forward scattering stems from a combined effect of strongly intercoupled Mie resonances within the oligomers composed of randomly positioned nanodisks in the visible region and a strong electric mode coupling between the oligomers and the high-index substrate in the red-to-near-infrared region. By implementing this efficient approach in silicon solar cells, the integrated optical reflection loss across the wavelength range 300-1200 nm can be as low as 7%. Consequently, the short-circuit current density determined from the external quantum efficiency of solar cells can be increased to 35.1 from 25.1 mA/cm2, representing an enhancement of 40%, with a demonstrated energy conversion efficiency exceeding 15.0%. The insights in this paper hold great potentials for new classes of light management and steering photonic devices with drastically improved practicality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Zhang
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
| | | | | | - Hua Lu
- School of Science , Northwestern Polytechnical University , Xi'an 710072 , China
| | | | | | - Andrey E Miroshnichenko
- School of Engineering and Information Technology , University of New South Wales , Canberra , Australian Capital Territory 2600 , Australia
| | - Min Gu
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science , RMIT University , Melbourne , Victoria 3001 , Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bontempi N, Vassalini I, Danesi S, Ferroni M, Donarelli M, Colombi P, Alessandri I. Non-Plasmonic SERS with Silicon: Is It Really Safe? New Insights into the Optothermal Properties of Core/Shell Microbeads. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:2127-2132. [PMID: 29601206 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Silicon is one of the most interesting candidates for plasmon-free surface-enhaced Raman scattering (SERS), because of its high-refractive index and thermal stability. However, here we demonstrate that the alleged thermal stability of silicon nanoshells irradiated by conventional Raman laser cannot be taken for granted. We investigated the opto-thermal behavior of SiO2/Si core/shell microbeads (Si-rex) irradiated with three common Raman laser sources (λ = 532, 633, 785 nm) under real working conditions. We obtained an experimental proof of the critical role played by bead size and aggregation in heat and light management, demonstrating that, in the case of strong opto-thermal coupling, the temperature can exceed that of the melting points of both core and shell components. In addition, we also show that weakly coupled beads can be utilized as stable substrates for plasmon-free SERS experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Bontempi
- INSTM-UdR Brescia , via Branze 38 , 25123 Brescia , Italy
- INO-CNR , via Branze 38 , 25123 Brescia , Italy
| | - Irene Vassalini
- INSTM-UdR Brescia , via Branze 38 , 25123 Brescia , Italy
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Brescia , via Branze 38 , 25123 Brescia , Italy
| | - Stefano Danesi
- INSTM-UdR Brescia , via Branze 38 , 25123 Brescia , Italy
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Brescia , via Branze 38 , 25123 Brescia , Italy
| | - Matteo Ferroni
- Department of Information Engineering , University of Brescia , via Branze 38 , 25123 Brescia , Italy
- INO-CNR , via Branze 38 , 25123 Brescia , Italy
| | - Maurizio Donarelli
- Department of Information Engineering , University of Brescia , via Branze 38 , 25123 Brescia , Italy
| | | | - Ivano Alessandri
- INSTM-UdR Brescia , via Branze 38 , 25123 Brescia , Italy
- Department of Information Engineering , University of Brescia , via Branze 38 , 25123 Brescia , Italy
- INO-CNR , via Branze 38 , 25123 Brescia , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Liu MQ, Zhao CY, Wang BX. Polarization management based on dipolar interferences and lattice couplings. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:7235-7252. [PMID: 29609409 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.007235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We have achieved efficient polarization manipulations based on dipolar interferences and lattice couplings in one-dimensional cylindrical metalattices. First, we employ the scattering asymmetry factor g to quantify the directional scattering ability and find the maximum |g|max=1/2 for a cylinder with effective excitations of electric and magnetic dipoles simultaneously. Further, the strong negative-g (gp = -0.38) for p-polarization and positive-g (gs = 0.68) for s-polarization are obtained within a narrow visible band using c-Si with experimental data. Inspired by the polarization-dependent phenomena, we design a metalattice-based linear polarizer considering lattice effects with an optimal particle arrangement. The metalattice performs near-perfect reflection for p-polarized waves but with zero reflection for s-polarized waves with large extinction ratios for transmission (17 dB) and reflection (24 dB). The perfect functionalities can be attributed to the near-field lattice couplings with dipolar interferences. And, we reveal that the polarization-dependent scattering coefficients, which are sensitive to the lattice period, can be largely tuned owing to lattice effects, therefore contributing to modifying far-field scattering patterns. More specifically, the proposed linear polarizers also show robust and reliable functionalities when considering lattice imperfections, the effects of system sizes, oblique incident angles, and the tunbility for different working wavelengths. The present study paves a way to stimulate many advanced practical implements based on multipolar interferences and lattice couplings.
Collapse
|
43
|
Ren J, Qiu W, Chen H, Qiu P, Lin Z, Wang JX, Kan Q, Pan JQ. Electromagnetic field coupling characteristics in graphene plasmonic oligomers: from isolated to collective modes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:14671-14679. [PMID: 28537636 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01734k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a plasmonic tetramer composed of coupled graphene nanodisks. The transformation from the isolated to the collective modes of the proposed structure is investigated by analysing the whispering-gallery modes and extinction spectra with various inter-nanodisk gap distances. In addition, the effect of introducing a central nanodisk into the tetramer on the extinction spectra is explored, which leads to Fano resonance. Furthermore, the refractive index sensing properties of the proposed graphene plasmonic oligomer have been demonstrated. The proposed nanostructures might pave the road toward the application of graphene plasmonic oligomers in fields such as nanophotonics, and chemical or biochemical sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Ren
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Light Propagation and Transformation (Huaqiao University), No. 668, Jimei Avenue, Jimei District, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Tiguntseva E, Chebykin A, Ishteev A, Haroldson R, Balachandran B, Ushakova E, Komissarenko F, Wang H, Milichko V, Tsypkin A, Zuev D, Hu W, Makarov S, Zakhidov A. Resonant silicon nanoparticles for enhancement of light absorption and photoluminescence from hybrid perovskite films and metasurfaces. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:12486-12493. [PMID: 28817144 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01631j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, hybrid halide perovskites have emerged as one of the most promising types of materials for thin-film photovoltaic and light-emitting devices because of their low-cost and potential for high efficiency. Further boosting their performance without detrimentally increasing the complexity of the architecture is critically important for commercialization. Despite a number of plasmonic nanoparticle based designs having been proposed for solar cell improvement, inherent optical losses of the nanoparticles reduce photoluminescence from perovskites. Here we use low-loss high-refractive-index dielectric (silicon) nanoparticles for improving the optical properties of organo-metallic perovskite (MAPbI3) films and metasurfaces to achieve strong enhancement of photoluminescence as well as useful light absorption. As a result, we observed experimentally a 50% enhancement of photoluminescence intensity from a perovskite layer with silicon nanoparticles and 200% enhancement for a nanoimprinted metasurface with silicon nanoparticles on top. Strong increase in light absorption is also demonstrated and described by theoretical calculations. Since both silicon nanoparticle fabrication/deposition and metasurface nanoimprinting techniques are low-cost, we believe that the developed all-dielectric approach paves the way to novel scalable and highly effective designs of perovskite based metadevices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - A Chebykin
- ITMO University, St Petersburg 197101, Russia.
| | - A Ishteev
- ITMO University, St Petersburg 197101, Russia. and National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | - R Haroldson
- University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - B Balachandran
- University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - E Ushakova
- ITMO University, St Petersburg 197101, Russia.
| | | | - H Wang
- University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - V Milichko
- ITMO University, St Petersburg 197101, Russia.
| | - A Tsypkin
- ITMO University, St Petersburg 197101, Russia.
| | - D Zuev
- ITMO University, St Petersburg 197101, Russia.
| | - W Hu
- University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - S Makarov
- ITMO University, St Petersburg 197101, Russia.
| | - A Zakhidov
- ITMO University, St Petersburg 197101, Russia. and University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yan J, Ma C, Liu P, Wang C, Yang G. Electrically Controlled Scattering in a Hybrid Dielectric-Plasmonic Nanoantenna. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:4793-4800. [PMID: 28686459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrically tunable devices in nanophotonics offer an exciting opportunity to combine electrical and optical functions, opening up their applications in active photonic devices. Silicon as a kind of high refractive index dielectric material has shown comparable performances with plasmonic nanostructures in tailoring and modulating the electromagnetic waves. However, there are few studies on electrically tunable silicon nanoantennas. Here, for the first time we realize the spectral tailoring of an individual silicon nanoparticle in the visible range through changing the applied voltage. We observe that the plasmon-dielectric hybrid resonant peaks experience blue shift and obvious intensity attenuation with increasing the bias voltages from 0 to 1.5 V. A physical model has been established to explain how the applied voltage influences the carrier concentration and how carrier concentration modifies the permittivity of silicon and then the final scattering spectra. Our findings pave a new approach to build excellent tunable nanoantennas or other nanophotonics devices where the optical responses can be purposely controlled by electrical signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Churong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guowei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Yang ZJ, Zhao Q, He J. Boosting magnetic field enhancement with radiative couplings of magnetic modes in dielectric nanostructures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:15927-15937. [PMID: 28789103 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.015927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric nanostructures can readily support considerable magnetic field enhancements that offer great potential applications in field enhanced spectroscopies. However, the magnetic fields of dielectric structures are usually distributed within the entire volume, which brings challenge to the further increment of the magnetic field enhancement. Here, we theoretically demonstrate that the magnetic field enhancement in dielectric nanostructures can be boosted through the radiative couplings of magnetic modes. Our concentric structure consists of a hollow disk and a ring. The disk has a magnetic dipole mode. The ring has two magnetic dipole modes that are out of phase. Strong radiative interactions between the modes on the disk and the ring can occur, which result in a net constructive coupling effect. For a lossless material with n = 3.3, a sharp peak can be obtained on the scattering spectrum of the coupled system due to the radiative interactions. The corresponding resonant magnetic field enhancement at the disk center reaches 96 times. This enhancement is about 7 times higher than that of an individual disk. The structure with a lossy material Si is also considered, where radiative couplings and boosted magnetic field can also be obtained. Our research reveals the strong radiative mode couplings in dielectric structures and is important for furthering our understanding on the light-matter interactions at the nanoscale.
Collapse
|
47
|
Cho Y, Huh JH, Park KJ, Kim K, Lee J, Lee S. Using highly uniform and smooth selenium colloids as low-loss magnetodielectric building blocks of optical metafluids. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:13822-13833. [PMID: 28788924 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.013822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We systematically analyzed the magnetodielectric resonances of Se colloids for the first time in an attempt to utilize them as building blocks for all-dielectric optical metafluids. By taking advantages of the synergistic properties of Se colloids, including their (i) high-refractive-index at optical frequencies, (ii) unprecedented structural uniformity, and (iii) ready availability, we were able to observe Kerker-type directional light scattering, resulting from the efficient coupling between strong electric and magnetic resonances, directly from Se colloidal suspensions. Thus, the use of Se colloids as a generic magnetodielectric building block suggests the opportunity for the production of fluidic low-loss optical antennas, which can be processed via spin-coating and painting.
Collapse
|
48
|
Liu H, Panmai M, Peng Y, Lan S. Optical pulling and pushing forces exerted on silicon nanospheres with strong coherent interaction between electric and magnetic resonances. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:12357-12371. [PMID: 28786592 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.012357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigated theoretically and numerically the optical pulling and pushing forces acting on silicon (Si) nanospheres (NSs) with strong coherent interaction between electric and magnetic resonances. We examined the optical pulling and pushing forces exerted on Si NSs by two interfering waves and revealed the underlying physical mechanism from the viewpoint of electric- and magnetic-dipole manipulation. As compared with a polystyrene (PS) NS, it was found that the optical pulling force for a Si NS with the same size is enlarged by nearly two orders of magnitude. In addition to the optical pulling force appearing at the long-wavelength side of the magnetic dipole resonance, very large optical pushing force is observed at the magnetic quadrupole resonance. The correlation between the optical pulling/pushing force and the directional scattering characterized by the ratio of the forward to backward scattering was revealed. More interestingly, it was found that the high-order electric and magnetic resonances in large Si NSs play an important role in producing optical pulling force which can be generated by not only s-polarized wave but also p-polarized one. Our finding indicates that the strong coherent interaction between the electric and magnetic resonances existing in nanoparticles with large refractive indices can be exploited to manipulate the optical force acting on them and the correlation between the optical force and the directional scattering can be used as guidance. The engineering and manipulation of optical forces will find potential applications in the trapping, transport and sorting of nanoparticles.
Collapse
|
49
|
Feng T, Xu Y, Zhang W, Miroshnichenko AE. Ideal Magnetic Dipole Scattering. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:173901. [PMID: 28498692 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.173901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We introduce the concept of tunable ideal magnetic dipole scattering, where a nonmagnetic nanoparticle scatters light as a pure magnetic dipole. High refractive index subwavelength nanoparticles usually support both electric and magnetic dipole responses. Thus, to achieve ideal magnetic dipole scattering one has to suppress the electric dipole response. Such a possibility was recently demonstrated for the so-called anapole mode, which is associated with zero electric dipole scattering. By spectrally overlapping the magnetic dipole resonance with the anapole mode, we achieve ideal magnetic dipole scattering in the far field with tunable strong scattering resonances in the near infrared spectrum. We demonstrate that such a condition can be realized at least for two subwavelength geometries. One of them is a core-shell nanosphere consisting of a Au core and silicon shell. It can be also achieved in other geometries, including nanodisks, which are compatible with current nanofabrication technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Feng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Andrey E Miroshnichenko
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Science and Engineering, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang L, Kruk S, Xu L, Rahmani M, Smirnova D, Solntsev A, Kravchenko I, Neshev D, Kivshar Y. Shaping the third-harmonic radiation from silicon nanodimers. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:2201-2206. [PMID: 28144660 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr09702b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the study of resonant light confinement in high-index dielectric nanostructures suggests a new route for achieving efficient control of both electric and magnetic components of light. It also leads to the enhancement of nonlinear effects near electric and magnetic Mie resonances with an engineered radiation directionality. Here we study the third-harmonic generation from dimers composed of pairs of two identical silicon nanoparticles and demonstrate, both numerically and experimentally, that the multipolar harmonic modes generated by the dimers near the Mie resonances allow the shaping of the directionality of nonlinear radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Sergey Kruk
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Lei Xu
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia. and The MOE Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, School of Physics and TEDA Applied Physics Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Mohsen Rahmani
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Daria Smirnova
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia. and Institute of Applied Physics, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russia
| | - Alexander Solntsev
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Ivan Kravchenko
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Dragomir Neshev
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Yuri Kivshar
- Nonlinear Physics Center, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|