Antineoplastic agents. 535. Isolation and structure of plakorstatins 1 and 2 from the Indo-Pacific sponge Plakortis nigra

Indonesian marine and its medicinal contribution

The archipelagic country of Indonesia is populated by the densest marine biodiversity in the world which has created strong global interest and is valued by both Indigenous and European settlements for different purposes. Nearly 1000 chemicals have been extracted and identified. In this review, a systematic data curation was employed to collate bioprospecting related manuscripts providing a comprehensive directory based on publications from 1988 to 2022. Findings with significant pharmacological activities are further discussed through a scoping data collection. This review discusses macroorganisms (Sponges, Ascidian, Gorgonians, Algae, Mangrove) and microorganism (Bacteria and Fungi) and highlights significant discoveries, including a potent microtubule stabilizer laulimalide from Hyattella sp., a prospective doxorubicin complement papuamine alkaloid from Neopetrosia cf exigua, potent antiplasmodial manzamine A from Acanthostrongylophora ingens, the highly potent anti trypanosomal manadoperoxide B from Plakortis cfr. Simplex, mRNA translation disrupter hippuristanol from Briareum sp, and the anti-HIV-1 (+)-8-hydroxymanzamine A isolated from Acanthostrongylophora sp. Further, some potent antibacterial extracts were also found from a limited biomass of bacteria cultures. Although there are currently no examples of commercial drugs from the Indonesian marine environment, this review shows the molecular diversity present and with the known understudied biodiversity, reveals great promise for future studies and outcomes.

Marine Natural Products from Indonesian Waters

Natural products are primal and have been a driver in the evolution of organic chemistry and ultimately in science. The chemical structures obtained from marine organisms are diverse, reflecting biodiversity of genes, species and ecosystems. Biodiversity is an extraordinary feature of life and provides benefits to humanity while promoting the importance of environment conservation. This review covers the literature on marine natural products (MNPs) discovered in Indonesian waters published from January 1970 to December 2017, and includes 732 original MNPs, 4 structures isolated for the first time but known to be synthetic entities, 34 structural revisions, 9 artifacts, and 4 proposed MNPs. Indonesian MNPs were found in 270 papers from 94 species, 106 genera, 64 families, 32 orders, 14 classes, 10 phyla, and 5 kingdoms. The emphasis is placed on the structures of organic molecules (original and revised), relevant biological activities, structure elucidation, chemical ecology aspects, biosynthesis, and bioorganic studies. Through the synthesis of past and future data, huge and partly undescribed biodiversity of marine tropical invertebrates and their importance for crucial societal benefits should greatly be appreciated.

Structural diversity and chemical synthesis of peroxide and peroxide-derived polyketide metabolites from marine sponges

The structural elucidation, chemical synthesis and therapeutic potential of peroxide and peroxide-derived sponge metabolites, with special focus on their intriguing structural similarities and differences from a biogenetic perspective, are reviewed.

Peroxy natural products

This review covers the structures and biological activities of peroxy natural products from a wide variety of terrestrial fungi, higher plants, and marine organisms. Syntheses that confirm or revise structures or stereochemistries have also been included, and 406 references are cited.

Bioactive jatrophane diterpenes from Euphorbia guyoniana

Chromatographic investigation of the methylenechloride/methanol extract of the aerial parts of Euphorbia guyoniana afforded two jatrophane diterpenes, designated guyonianins E and F, in addition to a known jatrophane diterpene. The structures of the compounds were determined by comprehensive NMR analyses, including DEPT, COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY and HRMS. These compounds exhibited cytotoxicity against human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells with IC(50) values of 35-100 microM.

Polyketide-peroxides from a Species of Jamaican Plakortis (Porifera: Demospongiae)

A new cyclic peroxide plakortisinic acid (1), and a new ketone derivative (2), in addition to six known compounds, an α,β-unsaturated ester (3), plakortide N (4), plakortide F (5) and its free acid (6), plakortone D (7), and a furan-containing molecule (8), were isolated from a species of Plakortis from Jamaica. The structures were elucidated by interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR spectra, and mass spectrometry data and by comparison with data from the literature. Comparison between experimental and calculated optical rotations allowed the assignment of absolute configuration of 1 and 2. The isolated compounds have been evaluated for their antimicrobial, antimalarial, anticancer, anti-Mtb, and anti HIV-1 activity.

Antiparasitic, antineuroinflammatory, and cytotoxic polyketides from the marine sponge Plakortis angulospiculatus collected in Brazil

Investigation of the bioactive crude extract from the sponge Plakortis angulospiculatus from Brazil led to the isolation of plakortenone ( 1) as a new polyketide, along with five known polyketides ( 2- 6) previously isolated from other Plakortis sponges. The known polyketides were tested in antileishmanial, antitrypanosomal, antineuroinflammatory, and cytotoxicity assays. The results show that plakortide P ( 3) is a potent antiparasitic compound, against both Leishmania chagasi and Trypanosona cruzi, and exhibited antineuroinflammatory activity. The known polyketides 2- 6 were tested for cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines, but displayed only moderate cytotoxic activity.

Antineoplastic agents. 536. New sources of naturally occurring cancer cell growth inhibitors from marine organisms, terrestrial plants, and microorganisms(1a,)

Bioassay-guided fractionation of extracts of various plants, marine organisms, and microorganisms has led to the discovery of new natural sources of a number of known compounds that have significant biological activity. The isolation of interesting and valuable cancer cell growth inhibitors including majusculamide C ( 1), axinastatin 5 ( 5), bengazoles A ( 6), B ( 7), and E ( 8), manzamine A ( 10), jaspamide ( 11), and neoechinulin A ( 19) has been summarized.

Bioactive peroxides as potential therapeutic agents

Present review describes research on more than 280 natural anticancer agents isolated from terrestrial and marine sources and synthetic biologically active peroxides. Intensive searches for new classes of pharmacologically potent agents produced by terrestrial and marine organisms have resulted in the discovery of dozens of compounds possessing high cytotoxic, antibacterial, antimalarial, and other activities as an important source of leads for drug discovery.

Marine pharmacology in 2003–2004: Anti-tumour and cytotoxic compounds

During 2003 and 2004, marine pharmacology research directed towards the discovery and development of novel anti-tumour agents was published in 163 peer-reviewed articles. The purpose of this review is to present a structured assessment of the anti-tumour and cytotoxic properties of 150 marine natural products, many of which are novel compounds that belong to diverse structural classes, including polyketides, terpenes, steroids and peptides. The organisms yielding these bioactive marine compounds include invertebrate animals, algae, fungi and bacteria. Anti-tumour pharmacological studies were conducted with 31 structurally defined marine natural products in a number of experimental and clinical models that further defined their mechanisms of action. Particularly potent in vitro cytotoxicity data generated with murine and human tumour cell lines was reported for 119 novel marine chemicals with as yet undetermined mechanisms of action. Noteworthy is the fact that marine anti-cancer research was sustained by a global collaborative effort, involving researchers from Australia, Austria, Canada, China, Egypt, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, Thailand and the United States of America (USA). Finally, this 2003-2004 overview of the marine pharmacology literature highlights the fact that the discovery of novel marine anti-tumour agents continued at the same pace as during 1998-2002.

Marine natural products

This review covers the literature published in 2004 for marine natural products, with 693 citations (491 for the period January to December 2004) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green algae, brown algae, red algae, sponges, coelenterates, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates and echinoderms. The emphasis is on new compounds (716 for 2004), together with their relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies (8), and syntheses (80), including those that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.