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O’Brien S, Lacret R, Reddy MM, Jennings LK, Sánchez P, Reyes F, Mungkaje A, Calabro K, Thomas OP. Additional Sarasinosides from the Marine Sponge Melophlus sarasinorum Collected from the Bismarck Sea. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:2730-2738. [PMID: 38032127 PMCID: PMC10749473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In our continuing efforts to describe the biological and chemical diversity of sponges from Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea, the known 30-norlanostane saponin sarasinoside C1 (1) was identified along with six new analogues named sarasinosides C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9 (2-7) from the sponge Melophlus sarasinorum. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and HRMS data, as well as comparison with literature data. All new compounds are characterized by the same tetraose moiety, β-d-Xylp-(1→6)-β-d-GlcNAcp-(1→2)-[β-d-GalNAcp-(1→4)]-β-d-Xylp, as described previously for sarasinoside C1, but differed in their aglycone moieties. When comparing NMR data of sarasinoside C8 with those of known analogues, a misassignment was identified in the configuration of the C-8/C-9 diol for the previously described sarasinoside R (8), and it has been corrected here using a combination of ROESY analysis and molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna O’Brien
- School
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Rodney Lacret
- BioLab,
Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González
(IUBO-AG), Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco
Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
- Departamento
de Medicina Física y Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Maggie M. Reddy
- School
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Cape
Town, Private Bag
X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Laurence K. Jennings
- School
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Pilar Sánchez
- Fundación
MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos
Innovadores en Andalucía, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, Parque
Tecnologico de Ciencias de la Salud, E18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Fernando Reyes
- Fundación
MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos
Innovadores en Andalucía, Avenida del Conocimiento 34, Parque
Tecnologico de Ciencias de la Salud, E18016, Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Augustine Mungkaje
- Biological
Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, P.O Box 320, University 134, National Capital District, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea
| | - Kevin Calabro
- School
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Olivier P. Thomas
- School
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland
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2
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Elawad MA, Elkhalifa MEM, Hamdoon AAE, Salim LHM, Ahmad Z, Ayaz M. Natural products derived steroids as potential anti-leishmanial agents; disease prevalence, underlying mechanisms and future perspectives. Steroids 2023; 193:109196. [PMID: 36764565 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne infection caused by protozoan parasites from the genus leishmania and is among the most neglected tropical diseases. It is highly prevalent disease, affecting about 350 million population worldwide. Only limited number of anti-leishmanial agents are approved for clinical use till now and they are associated with side effects and have limited efficacy. Subsequently, natural products based discovery of more safe and effective drugs against leishmania is under scientific consideration. Various studies reported the efficacy of natural products against intracellular and extracellular forms of leishmania species. This work is aimed to evaluate current literature focused on the anti-leihmanial efficacy of steroidal moieties from natural products and their mechanism of action. Compounds including steroidal saponins, steroidal alkaloids and phytosterols were found to exhibit considerable anti-leishmanial efficacy. For instance, steroidal saponin, (25R)-spirost-5-en-3b-ol,3-O-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-α-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 4)-[a-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)]-glucopyranoside isolated from A. paradoxum has completely eradicated Leishmania major promastigotes at 50 µg mL-1 dose. Spirostanic saponins isolated from Solanum paniculatum L. were effective against Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes. Turgidosterones isolated from Panicum turgidum exhibited high leishmanicidal potentials against Leishmania donovani promastigotes with IC50 of 4.95-8.03 µg mL-1 and even better activity against amastigotes exhibiting an IC50 of 4.50-9.29 µg mL-1. Likewise, racemoside-A from Asparagus racemosus was found effective against an antimonial sensitive (AG83) and antimonial resistant (GE1F8R) strains of the L. donovani. Moreover, steroidal alkaloids including hookerianamide-1, hookerianamide-H, hookerianamide-J, hookerianamide-K, dehydrosarsalignone, vagenine-A, sarcovagine-C, holaphylline, saracodine, holamine, 15-α hydroxyholamine, holacurtin, N-desmethyl holacurtine and elasticine has exhibited time and dose-dependent efficacy against various strains of leishmania. β-sitosterol was found active against multiple strains of leishmania. These compounds mainly exhibit their therapeutic efficacy via liberation of ROS, mitochondrial depolarization, morphological and ultra-structural changes, accumulation of lipid droplets, depletion of non-protein thiols and triggering apoptotic pathways. In conclusion, leishmaniasis is a major health problem in many countries. Plants-derived steroids moieties have reveled efficacy against leishmaniasis and is a source of lead compounds. Further detailed molecular studies are warranted for the discovery of more effective and safe anti-leishmanial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ahmed Elawad
- Public Health Department, Health Sciences College at Lieth, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; University of Khartoum, Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, Sudan.
| | - Modawy Elnour Modawy Elkhalifa
- Public Health Department, Health Sciences College at Lieth, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; University of Khartoum, Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, Sudan.
| | - Alashary Adam Eisa Hamdoon
- Public Health Department, Health Sciences College at Lieth, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; University of Khartoum, Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, Sudan.
| | - Liga Hasan Mohammed Salim
- Public Health Department, Health Sciences College at Lieth, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia; University of Khartoum, Faculty of Public and Environmental Health, Sudan.
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Facutly of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18000, Dir (L), KPK, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ayaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Facutly of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18000, Dir (L), KPK, Pakistan.
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3
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Ivanchina NV, Kalinin VI. Triterpene and Steroid Glycosides from Marine Sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae): Structures, Taxonomical Distribution, Biological Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062503. [PMID: 36985476 PMCID: PMC10057720 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The article is a comprehensive review concerning tetracyclic triterpene and steroid glycosides from sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae). The extensive oxidative transformations of the aglycone and the use of various monosaccharide residues, with up to six possible, are responsible for the significant structural diversity observed in sponge saponins. The saponins are specific for different genera and species but their taxonomic distribution seems to be mosaic in different orders of Demospongiae. Many of the glycosides are membranolytics and possess cytotoxic activity that may be a cause of their anti-predatory activities. All these data reveal the independent origin and parallel evolution of the glycosides in different taxa of the sponges. The information concerning chemical structures, biological activities, biological role, and taxonomic distribution of the sponge glycosides is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Ivanchina
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100 Letya Vladivostoka, 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vladimir I Kalinin
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospect 100 Letya Vladivostoka, 159, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
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Horse Chestnut Saponins-Escins, Isoescins, Transescins, and Desacylescins. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052087. [PMID: 36903330 PMCID: PMC10004172 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Escins constitute an abundant family of saponins (saponosides) and are the most active components in Aesculum hippocastanum (horse chestnut-HC) seeds. They are of great pharmaceutical interest as a short-term treatment for venous insufficiency. Numerous escin congeners (slightly different compositions), as well as numerous regio-and stereo-isomers, are extractable from HC seeds, making quality control trials mandatory, especially since the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the escin molecules remains poorly described. In the present study, mass spectrometry, microwave activation, and hemolytic activity assays were used to characterize escin extracts (including a complete quantitative description of the escin congeners and isomers), modify the natural saponins (hydrolysis and transesterification) and measure their cytotoxicity (natural vs. modified escins). The aglycone ester groups characterizing the escin isomers were targeted. A complete quantitative analysis, isomer per isomer, of the weight content in the saponin extracts as well as in the seed dry powder is reported for the first time. An impressive 13% in weight of escins in the dry seeds was measured, confirming that the HC escins must be absolutely considered for high-added value applications, provided that their SAR is established. One of the objectives of this study was to contribute to this development by demonstrating that the aglycone ester functions are mandatory for the toxicity of the escin derivative, and that the cytotoxicity also depends on the relative position of the ester functions on the aglycone.
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Negm WA, Ezzat SM, Zayed A. Marine organisms as potential sources of natural products for the prevention and treatment of malaria. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4436-4475. [PMID: 36760290 PMCID: PMC9892989 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07977a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are a worldwide critical concern accounting for 17% of the estimated global burden of all infectious diseases in 2020. Despite the various medicines available for the management, the deadliest VBD malaria, caused by Plasmodium sp., has resulted in hundreds of thousands of deaths in sub-Saharan Africa only. This finding may be explained by the progressive loss of antimalarial medication efficacy, inherent toxicity, the rise of drug resistance, or a lack of treatment adherence. As a result, new drug discoveries from uncommon sources are desperately needed, especially against multi-drug resistant strains. Marine organisms have been investigated, including sponges, soft corals, algae, and cyanobacteria. They have been shown to produce many bioactive compounds that potentially affect the causative organism at different stages of its life cycle, including the chloroquine (CQ)-resistant strains of P. falciparum. These compounds also showed diverse chemical structures belonging to various phytochemical classes, including alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, macrolides, and others. The current article presents a comprehensive review of marine-derived natural products with antimalarial activity as potential candidates for targeting different stages and species of Plasmodium in both in vitro and in vivo and in comparison with the commercially available and terrestrial plant-derived products, i.e., quinine and artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa A. Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Tanta University, College of PharmacyEl-Guish StreetTanta 31527Egypt
| | - Shahira M. Ezzat
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo UniversityKasr El-Aini StreetCairo 11562Egypt,Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA)Giza 12451Egypt
| | - Ahmed Zayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Tanta University, College of Pharmacy El-Guish Street Tanta 31527 Egypt
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6
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Romanelli M, Amaral M, Thevenard F, Santa Cruz LM, Regasini LO, Migotto AE, Lago JHG, Tempone AG. Mitochondrial Imbalance of Trypanosoma cruzi Induced by the Marine Alkaloid 6-Bromo-2'-de- N-Methylaplysinopsin. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:28561-28570. [PMID: 35990437 PMCID: PMC9387129 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, affects seven million people worldwide and lacks effective treatments. Using bioactivity-guided fractionation, NMR, and electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS) spectral analysis, the indole alkaloid 6-bromo-2'-de-N-methylaplysinopsin (BMA) was isolated and chemically characterized from the marine coral Tubastraea tagusensis. BMA was tested against trypomastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of T. cruzi, resulting in IC50 values of 62 and 5.7 μM, respectively, with no mammalian cytotoxicity. The mechanism of action studies showed that BMA induced no alterations in the plasma membrane permeability but caused depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, reducing ATP levels. Intracellular calcium levels were also reduced after the treatment, which was associated with pH alteration of acidocalcisomes. Using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF)/MS analysis, alterations of mass spectral signals were observed after treatment with BMA, suggesting a different mechanism from benznidazole. In silico pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) parameters suggested a drug-likeness property, supporting the promising usefulness of this compound as a new hit for optimizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara
M. Romanelli
- Centre
for Parasitology and Mycology, Adolfo Lutz
Institute, Av Dr Arnaldo 351, São Paulo, SP 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Maiara Amaral
- Centre
for Parasitology and Mycology, Adolfo Lutz
Institute, Av Dr Arnaldo 351, São Paulo, SP 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Thevenard
- Centre
of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal
University of ABC (UFABC), Avenida dos Estados 5001, Santo Andre, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Lucas M. Santa Cruz
- Department
of Organic Contaminants, Instituto Adolfo
Lutz, Av Dr Arnaldo 355, São Paulo, SP 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Luis O. Regasini
- Department
of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biosciences,
Humanities and Exact Sciences, Universidade
Estadual Paulista, R. Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São
Jose do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Alvaro E. Migotto
- Centre
for Marine Biology, Universidade de São
Paulo, Rodovia Manoel Hypólito do Rego, Km 131, São Sebastião, São Paulo, SP 11600-000, Brazil
| | - João Henrique G. Lago
- Centre
of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Federal
University of ABC (UFABC), Avenida dos Estados 5001, Santo Andre, SP 09210-580, Brazil
| | - Andre G. Tempone
- Centre
for Parasitology and Mycology, Adolfo Lutz
Institute, Av Dr Arnaldo 351, São Paulo, SP 01246-000, Brazil
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7
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Mostafa O, Al-Shehri M, Moustafa M. Promising antiparasitic agents from marine sponges. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:217-227. [PMID: 35002412 PMCID: PMC8716901 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases especially those prevail in tropical and subtropical regions severely threaten the lives of people due to available drugs found to be ineffective as several resistant strains have been emerged. Due to the complexity of the marine environment, researchers considered it as a new field to search for compounds with therapeutic efficacy, marine sponges represents the milestone in the discovery of unique compounds of potent activities against parasitic infections. In the present article, literatures published from 2010 until March 2021 were screened to review antiparasitic potency of bioactive compounds extracted from marine sponges. 45 different genera of sponges have been studied for their antiparasitic activities. The antiparasitic activity of the crude extract or the compounds that have been isolated from marine sponges were assayed in vitro against Plasmodium falciparum, P. berghei, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, T. b. brucei, T. cruzi, Leishmania donovani, L. tropica, L. infantum, L. amazonesis, L. major, L. panamesis, Haemonchus contortus and Schistosoma mansoni. The majority of antiparastic compounds extracted from marine sponges were related to alkaloids and peroxides represent the second important group of antiparasitic compounds extracted from sponges followed by terpenoids. Some substances have been extracted and used as antiparasitic agents to a lesser extent like steroids, amino acids, lipids, polysaccharides and isonitriles. The activities of these isolated compounds against parasites were screened using in vitro techniques. Compounds' potent activity in screened papers was classified in three categories according to IC50: low active or inactive, moderately active and good potent active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama Mostafa
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Al-Shehri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Moustafa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
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8
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Chauhan N, Porte S, Joshi V, Shah K. Plants' steroidal saponins - A review on its pharmacology properties and analytical techniques. WORLD JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/2311-8571.353503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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9
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Davies-Bolorunduro O, Osuolale O, Saibu S, Adeleye I, Aminah N. Bioprospecting marine actinomycetes for antileishmanial drugs: current perspectives and future prospects. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07710. [PMID: 34409179 PMCID: PMC8361068 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Revived analysis interests in natural products in the hope of discovering new and novel antileishmanial drug leads have been driven partially by the increasing incidence of drug resistance. However, the search for novel chemotherapeutics to combat drug resistance had previously concentrated on the terrestrial environment. As a result, the marine environment was often overlooked. For example, actinomycetes are an immensely important group of bacteria for antibiotic production, producing two-thirds of the known antibiotics. However, these bacteria have been isolated primarily from terrestrial sources. Consequently, there have been revived efforts to discover new compounds from uncharted or uncommon environments like the marine ecosystem. Isolation, purification and structure elucidation of target compounds from complex metabolic extract are major challenges in natural products chemistry. As a result, marine-derived natural products from actinomycetes that have antileishmanial bioactivity potentials have been understudied. This review highlights metagenomic and bioassay approaches which could help streamline the drug discovery process thereby greatly reducing time and cost of dereplication to identify suitable antileishmanial drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- O.F. Davies-Bolorunduro
- Microbiology Department, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
- Postdoc Fellow Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - O. Osuolale
- Applied Environmental Metagenomics and Infectious Diseases Research Group (AEMIDR), Department of Biological Sciences, Elizade University, Ilara Mokin, Nigeria
| | - S. Saibu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - I.A. Adeleye
- Department of Microbiology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - N.S. Aminah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
- Biotechnology of Tropical Medicinal Plants Research Group, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
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Tai CJ, Huang CY, Ahmed AF, Orfali RS, Alarif WM, Huang YM, Wang YH, Hwang TL, Sheu JH. An Anti-Inflammatory 2,4-Cyclized-3,4-Secospongian Diterpenoid and Furanoterpene-Related Metabolites of a Marine Sponge Spongia sp. from the Red Sea. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19010038. [PMID: 33467112 PMCID: PMC7830757 DOI: 10.3390/md19010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical investigation of a Red Sea Spongia sp. led to the isolation of four new compounds, i.e., 17-dehydroxysponalactone (1), a carboxylic acid, spongiafuranic acid A (2), one hydroxamic acid, spongiafuranohydroxamic acid A (3), and a furanyl trinorsesterpenoid 16-epi-irciformonin G (4), along with three known metabolites (-)-sponalisolide B (5), 18-nor- 3,17-dihydroxy-spongia-3,13(16),14-trien-2-one (6), and cholesta-7-ene-3β,5α-diol-6-one (7). The biosynthetic pathway for the molecular skeleton of 1 and related compounds was postulated for the first time. Anti-inflammatory activity of these metabolites to inhibit superoxide anion generation and elastase release in N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl phenylalanine/cytochalasin B (fMLF/CB)-induced human neutrophil cells and cytotoxicity of these compounds toward three cancer cell lines and one human dermal fibroblast cell line were assayed. Compound 1 was found to significantly reduce the superoxide anion generation and elastase release at a concentration of 10 μM, and compound 5 was also found to display strong inhibitory activity against superoxide anion generation at the same concentration. Due to the noncytotoxic activity and the potent inhibitory effect toward the superoxide anion generation and elastase release, 1 and 5 can be considered to be promising anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jen Tai
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
| | - Chiung-Yao Huang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
| | - Atallah F. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.F.A.); (J.-H.S.); Tel.: +966-114-677264 (A.F.A.); +886-7-525-2000 (ext. 5030) (J.-H.S.); Fax: +966-114-677245 (A.F.A.); +886-7-525-5020 (J.-H.S.)
| | - Raha S. Orfali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Walied M. Alarif
- Department of Marine Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yusheng M. Huang
- Department of Marine Recreation, National Penghu University of Science and Technology, Magong, Penghu 88046, Taiwan;
- Tropical Island Sustainable Development Research Center, National Penghu University of Science and Technology, Magong, Penghu 88046, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Wang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (Y.-H.W.); (T.-L.H.)
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan; (Y.-H.W.); (T.-L.H.)
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33303, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (A.F.A.); (J.-H.S.); Tel.: +966-114-677264 (A.F.A.); +886-7-525-2000 (ext. 5030) (J.-H.S.); Fax: +966-114-677245 (A.F.A.); +886-7-525-5020 (J.-H.S.)
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11
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Álvarez-Bardón M, Pérez-Pertejo Y, Ordóñez C, Sepúlveda-Crespo D, Carballeira NM, Tekwani BL, Murugesan S, Martinez-Valladares M, García-Estrada C, Reguera RM, Balaña-Fouce R. Screening Marine Natural Products for New Drug Leads against Trypanosomatids and Malaria. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E187. [PMID: 32244488 PMCID: PMC7230869 DOI: 10.3390/md18040187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) represent a serious threat to humans, especially for those living in poor or developing countries. Almost one-sixth of the world population is at risk of suffering from these diseases and many thousands die because of NTDs, to which we should add the sanitary, labor and social issues that hinder the economic development of these countries. Protozoan-borne diseases are responsible for more than one million deaths every year. Visceral leishmaniasis, Chagas disease or sleeping sickness are among the most lethal NTDs. Despite not being considered an NTD by the World Health Organization (WHO), malaria must be added to this sinister group. Malaria, caused by the apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium falciparum, is responsible for thousands of deaths each year. The treatment of this disease has been losing effectiveness year after year. Many of the medicines currently in use are obsolete due to their gradual loss of efficacy, their intrinsic toxicity and the emergence of drug resistance or a lack of adherence to treatment. Therefore, there is an urgent and global need for new drugs. Despite this, the scant interest shown by most of the stakeholders involved in the pharmaceutical industry makes our present therapeutic arsenal scarce, and until recently, the search for new drugs has not been seriously addressed. The sources of new drugs for these and other pathologies include natural products, synthetic molecules or repurposing drugs. The most frequent sources of natural products are microorganisms, e.g., bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae and plants, which are able to synthesize many drugs that are currently in use (e.g. antimicrobials, antitumor, immunosuppressants, etc.). The marine environment is another well-established source of bioactive natural products, with recent applications against parasites, bacteria and other pathogens which affect humans and animals. Drug discovery techniques have rapidly advanced since the beginning of the millennium. The combination of novel techniques that include the genetic modification of pathogens, bioimaging and robotics has given rise to the standardization of High-Performance Screening platforms in the discovery of drugs. These advancements have accelerated the discovery of new chemical entities with antiparasitic effects. This review presents critical updates regarding the use of High-Throughput Screening (HTS) in the discovery of drugs for NTDs transmitted by protozoa, including malaria, and its application in the discovery of new drugs of marine origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Álvarez-Bardón
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.Á.-B.); (Y.P.-P.); (C.O.); (D.S.-C.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Yolanda Pérez-Pertejo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.Á.-B.); (Y.P.-P.); (C.O.); (D.S.-C.); (R.M.R.)
| | - César Ordóñez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.Á.-B.); (Y.P.-P.); (C.O.); (D.S.-C.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Daniel Sepúlveda-Crespo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.Á.-B.); (Y.P.-P.); (C.O.); (D.S.-C.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Nestor M. Carballeira
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras 00925-2537, San Juan, Puerto Rico;
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Drug Discovery, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA;
| | - Sankaranarayanan Murugesan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani 333031, India;
| | - Maria Martinez-Valladares
- Department of Animal Health, Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), Grulleros, 24346 León, Spain;
| | - Carlos García-Estrada
- INBIOTEC (Instituto de Biotecnología de León), Avda. Real 1-Parque Científico de León, 24006 León, Spain;
| | - Rosa M. Reguera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.Á.-B.); (Y.P.-P.); (C.O.); (D.S.-C.); (R.M.R.)
| | - Rafael Balaña-Fouce
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of León, 24071 León, Spain; (M.Á.-B.); (Y.P.-P.); (C.O.); (D.S.-C.); (R.M.R.)
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Santos SS, de Araújo RV, Giarolla J, Seoud OE, Ferreira EI. Searching for drugs for Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis: a review. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 55:105906. [PMID: 31987883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis are neglected diseases (NDs) and are a considerable global challenge. Despite the huge number of people infected, NDs do not create interest from pharmaceutical companies because the associated revenue is generally low. Most of the research on these diseases has been conducted in academic institutions. The chemotherapeutic armamentarium for NDs is scarce and inefficient and better drugs are needed. Researchers have found some promising potential drug candidates using medicinal chemistry and computational approaches. Most of these compounds are synthetic but some are from natural sources or are semi-synthetic. Drug repurposing or repositioning has also been greatly stimulated for NDs. This review considers some potential drug candidates and provides details of their design, discovery and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Silva Santos
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Renan Vinicius de Araújo
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Jeanine Giarolla
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Omar El Seoud
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Igne Ferreira
- Laboratory of Design and Synthesis of Chemotherapeutics Potentially Active in Neglected Diseases (LAPEN), Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo-USP, Avenue Professor Lineu Prestes, 580-Building 13, São Paulo SP, 05508-900, Brazil.
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Tajuddeen N, Van Heerden FR. Antiplasmodial natural products: an update. Malar J 2019; 18:404. [PMID: 31805944 PMCID: PMC6896759 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-3026-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria remains a significant public health challenge in regions of the world where it is endemic. An unprecedented decline in malaria incidences was recorded during the last decade due to the availability of effective control interventions, such as the deployment of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets. However, according to the World Health Organization, malaria is staging a comeback, in part due to the development of drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new anti-malarial drugs. This article reviews the literature on natural products with antiplasmodial activity that was reported between 2010 and 2017. Methods Relevant literature was sourced by searching the major scientific databases, including Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, SciFinder, Pubmed, and Google Scholar, using appropriate keyword combinations. Results and Discussion A total of 1524 compounds from 397 relevant references, assayed against at least one strain of Plasmodium, were reported in the period under review. Out of these, 39% were described as new natural products, and 29% of the compounds had IC50 ≤ 3.0 µM against at least one strain of Plasmodium. Several of these compounds have the potential to be developed into viable anti-malarial drugs. Also, some of these compounds could play a role in malaria eradication by targeting gametocytes. However, the research into natural products with potential for blocking the transmission of malaria is still in its infancy stage and needs to be vigorously pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Tajuddeen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Fanie R Van Heerden
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa.
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Bennett R, Haidar Ahmad IA, DaSilva J, Figus M, Hullen K, Tsay FR, Makarov AA, Mann BF, Regalado EL. Mapping the Separation Landscape of Pharmaceuticals: Rapid and Efficient Scale-Up of Preparative Purifications Enabled by Computer-Assisted Chromatographic Method Development. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffeal Bennett
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Imad A. Haidar Ahmad
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jimmy DaSilva
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Margaret Figus
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kari Hullen
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Fuh-Rong Tsay
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alexey A. Makarov
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Benjamin F. Mann
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik L. Regalado
- Process Research and Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Lima ML, Romanelli MM, Borborema SE, Johns DM, Migotto AE, Lago JHG, Tempone AG. Antitrypanosomal activity of isololiolide isolated from the marine hydroid Macrorhynchia philippina (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa). Bioorg Chem 2019; 89:103002. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Li Z, Hong LL, Gu BB, Sun YT, Wang J, Liu JT, Lin HW. Natural Products from Sponges. SYMBIOTIC MICROBIOMES OF CORAL REEFS SPONGES AND CORALS 2019. [PMCID: PMC7122408 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1612-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The sponge is one of the oldest multicellular invertebrates in the world. Marine sponges represent one of the extant metazoans of 700–800 million years. They are classified in four major classes: Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, and Homoscleromorpha. Among them, three genera, namely, Haliclona, Petrosia, and Discodemia have been identified to be the richest source of biologically active compounds. So far, 15,000 species have been described, and among them, more than 6000 species are found in marine and freshwater systems throughout tropical, temperate, and polar regions. More than 5000 different compounds have been isolated and structurally characterized to date, contributing to about 30% of all marine natural products. The chemical diversity of sponge products is high with compounds classified as alkaloids, terpenoids, peptides, polyketides, steroids, and macrolides, which integrate a wide range of biological activities, including antibacterial, anticancer, antifungal, anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, and antimalarial. There is an open debate whether all natural products isolated from sponges are produced by sponges or are in fact derived from microorganisms that are inhaled though filter-feeding or that live within the sponges. Apart from their origin and chemoecological functions, sponge-derived metabolites are also of considerable interest in drug development. Therefore, development of recombinant microorganisms engineered for efficient production of sponge-derived products is a promising strategy that deserves further attention in future investigations in order to address the limitations regarding sustainable supply of marine drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Li
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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In vitro antiprotozoal activity of some medicinal plants against sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. Future Med Chem 2018; 10:2607-2617. [PMID: 30511591 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Antiprotozoal activity of 36 medicinal plants was evaluated. MATERIALS & METHODS In vitro potency against Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. b. rhodesiense, T. cruzi and Leishmania infantum beside cytotoxicity on MRC-5 fibroblasts were determined. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Maytenus parviflora showed the highest activity against T. b. brucei (IC50 of 0.6 μg/ml) and T. b. rhodesiense (IC50 of 0.5 μg/ml) with low cytotoxicity (CC50 of 30 μg/ml). Saussurea costus and Commiphora wightii, showed pronounced potency against T. cruzi with an IC50 of 3.6 and 2.5 μg/ml, respectively. Jatropha pelargonifolia and Solanum villosum exhibited pronounced activity toward L. infantum with an IC50 of 3.2 and 2.0 μg/ml, respectively. M. parviflora, S. costus, C. wightii, J. pelargonifolia and S. villosum showed relevant selectivity.
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Sroyraya M, Kaewphalug W, Anantachoke N, Poomtong T, Sobhon P, Srimongkol A, Suphamungmee W. Saponins enriched in the epidermal layer of
Holothuria leucospilota
body wall. Microsc Res Tech 2018; 81:1182-1190. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morakot Sroyraya
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of ScienceMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Wanita Kaewphalug
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of ScienceMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | | | - Tanes Poomtong
- The Coastal Fisheries Research and Development Center Klong Wan, Prachuap KhiriKhan Thailand
| | - Prasert Sobhon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of ScienceMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
- Faculty of Allied Health SciencesBurapha University Chonburi Thailand
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Rampelotto PH, Trincone A. Anti-infective Compounds from Marine Organisms. GRAND CHALLENGES IN MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018. [PMCID: PMC7123853 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69075-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pabulo H. Rampelotto
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Antonio Trincone
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
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Woo JK, Ha TKQ, Oh DC, Oh WK, Oh KB, Shin J. Polyoxygenated Steroids from the Sponge Clathria gombawuiensis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:3224-3233. [PMID: 29182331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Six new polyoxygenated steroids (1-6) along with clathriol (7) were isolated from the Korean marine sponge Clathria gombawuiensis. Based upon the results of combined spectroscopic analyses, the structures of gombasterols A-F (1-6) were elucidated to be those of highly oxygenated steroids possessing a 3β,4α,6α,7β-tetrahydroxy or equivalent (7β-sodium O-sulfonato for 3) substitution pattern and a C-15 keto group as common structural motifs. The relative and absolute configurations of these steroids, including the rare 14β configuration of 1-4, were determined by a combination of NOESY, J-based analyses, the 2-methoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid (MTPA) method, and X-ray crystallographic analysis. The absolute configuration of 7 was also assigned by these methods. These compounds moderately enhanced 2-deoxy-2-[(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl)amino]-d-glucose (2-NBDG) uptake in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in differentiated mouse C2C12 skeletal myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Kyun Woo
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Thi Kim Quy Ha
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Oh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Won-Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Ki-Bong Oh
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University , San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Jongheon Shin
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , San 56-1, Sillim, Gwanak, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Calabro K, Kalahroodi EL, Rodrigues D, Díaz C, Cruz MDL, Cautain B, Laville R, Reyes F, Pérez T, Soussi B, Thomas OP. Poecillastrosides, Steroidal Saponins from the Mediterranean Deep-Sea Sponge Poecillastra compressa (Bowerbank, 1866). Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15070199. [PMID: 28672858 PMCID: PMC5532641 DOI: 10.3390/md15070199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The first chemical investigation of the Mediterranean deep-sea sponge Poecillastra compressa (Bowerbank, 1866) led to the identification of seven new steroidal saponins named poecillastrosides A–G (1–7). All saponins feature an oxidized methyl at C-18 into a primary alcohol or a carboxylic acid. While poecillastrosides A–D (1–4) all contain an exo double bond at C-24 of the side-chain and two osidic residues connected at O-2′, poecillastrosides E–G (5–7) are characterized by a cyclopropane on the side-chain and a connection at O-3′ between both sugar units. The chemical structures were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analysis (High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRESIMS), 1D and 2D NMR) and the absolute configurations of the sugar residues were assigned after acidic hydrolysis and cysteine derivatization followed by LC-HRMS analyses. Poecillastrosides D and E, bearing a carboxylic acid at C-18, were shown to exhibit antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Calabro
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
- Cosmo International Ingredients, 855 avenue du Docteur Maurice Donat, 06250 Mougins, France.
| | - Elaheh Lotfi Kalahroodi
- Géoazur, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, 250 rue Albert Einstein, 06560 Valbonne, France.
| | - Daniel Rodrigues
- Géoazur, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, 250 rue Albert Einstein, 06560 Valbonne, France.
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale, CNRS-Aix-Marseille University, IRD-University Avignon, Station Marine d'Endoume, rue de la batterie des lions, 13007 Marseille, France.
| | - Caridad Díaz
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, E-18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Mercedes de la Cruz
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, E-18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Bastien Cautain
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, E-18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Rémi Laville
- Cosmo International Ingredients, 855 avenue du Docteur Maurice Donat, 06250 Mougins, France.
| | - Fernando Reyes
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, Avda. del Conocimiento 34, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, E-18016 Armilla, Granada, Spain.
| | - Thierry Pérez
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale, CNRS-Aix-Marseille University, IRD-University Avignon, Station Marine d'Endoume, rue de la batterie des lions, 13007 Marseille, France.
| | - Bassam Soussi
- Géoazur, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, 250 rue Albert Einstein, 06560 Valbonne, France.
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 460, SE40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Oman Centre for Marine Biotechnology, P.O. Box 236, PC 103 Muscat, Oman.
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland.
- Géoazur, Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, OCA, IRD, 250 rue Albert Einstein, 06560 Valbonne, France.
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The Role of Natural Products in Drug Discovery and Development against Neglected Tropical Diseases. Molecules 2016; 22:molecules22010058. [PMID: 28042865 PMCID: PMC6155950 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic in 149 tropical and subtropical countries, neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) affect more than 1 billion people annually, including 875 million children in developing economies. These diseases are also responsible for over 500,000 deaths per year and are characterized by long-term disability and severe pain. The impact of the combined NTDs closely rivals that of malaria and tuberculosis. Current treatment options are associated with various limitations including widespread drug resistance, severe adverse effects, lengthy treatment duration, unfavorable toxicity profiles, and complicated drug administration procedures. Natural products have been a valuable source of drug regimens that form the cornerstone of modern pharmaceutical care. In this review, we highlight the potential that remains untapped in natural products as drug leads for NTDs. We cover natural products from plant, marine, and microbial sources including natural-product-inspired semi-synthetic derivatives which have been evaluated against the various causative agents of NTDs. Our coverage is limited to four major NTDs which include human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis and lymphatic filariasis.
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Wang T, Mäser P, Picard D. Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum Hsp90 Contributes to the Antimalarial Activities of Aminoalcohol-carbazoles. J Med Chem 2016; 59:6344-52. [PMID: 27312008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Malaria caused by the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) remains a major public health problem throughout the developing world. One molecular target that should receive more attention is the molecular chaperone Hsp90. It is essential and highly conserved in all eukaryotes, including in protozoan parasites. We have identified an amino-alcohol carbazole (N-CBZ) as a PfHsp90-selective inhibitor by virtually docking a large set of antimalarial compounds, previously found in a phenotypic screen, into a PfHsp90-specific pocket. By correlating the ability of 30 additional N-CBZ derivatives to bind directly to PfHsp90 with their Pf-inhibitory activity, we found that these types of compounds are more likely to inhibit Pf growth if they bind PfHsp90. For plausible targets such as PfHsp90, our workflow may help identifying the molecular target for compounds found by screening large chemical libraries for a desired biological effect and, conversely, ensuring biological effectiveness for compounds affecting a particular target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Wang
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Genève , Sciences III, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel , Petersplatz 1, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Didier Picard
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Genève , Sciences III, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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Kang HK, Seo CH, Park Y. The effects of marine carbohydrates and glycosylated compounds on human health. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:6018-56. [PMID: 25785562 PMCID: PMC4394518 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16036018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms have been recognized as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with industrial and nutraceutical potential. Recently, marine-derived carbohydrates, including polysaccharides and low molecular weight glycosylated oligosaccharides, have attracted much attention because of their numerous health benefits. Moreover, several studies have reported that marine carbohydrates exhibit various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-infection, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects. The present review discusses the potential industrial applications of bioactive marine carbohydrates for health maintenance and disease prevention. Furthermore, the use of marine carbohydrates in food, cosmetics, agriculture, and environmental protection is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Kyoung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea.
| | - Chang Ho Seo
- Department of Bioinformatics, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Korea.
| | - Yoonkyung Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea.
- Research Center for Proteineous Materials, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Korea.
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Structure elucidation of new acetylated saponins, Lessoniosides A, B, C, D, and E, and non-acetylated saponins, Lessoniosides F and G, from the viscera of the sea cucumber Holothuria lessoni. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:597-617. [PMID: 25603350 PMCID: PMC4306954 DOI: 10.3390/md13010597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea cucumbers produce numerous compounds with a wide range of chemical structural diversity. Among these, saponins are the most diverse and include sulfated, non-sulfated, acetylated and methylated congeners with different aglycone and sugar moieties. In this study, MALDI and ESI tandem mass spectrometry, in the positive ion mode, were used to elucidate the structure of new saponins extracted from the viscera of H. lessoni. Fragmentation of the aglycone provided structural information on the presence of the acetyl group. The presence of the O-acetyl group was confirmed by observing the mass transition of 60 u corresponding to the loss of a molecule of acetic acid. Ion fingerprints from the glycosidic cleavage provided information on the mass of the aglycone (core), and the sequence and type of monosaccharides that constitute the sugar moiety. The tandem mass spectra of the saponin precursor ions [M + Na]+ provided a wealth of detailed structural information on the glycosidic bond cleavages. As a result, and in conjunction with existing literature, we characterized the structure of five new acetylated saponins, Lessoniosides A–E, along with two non-acetylated saponins Lessoniosides F and G at m/z 1477.7, which are promising candidates for future drug development. The presented strategy allows a rapid, reliable and complete analysis of native saponins.
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Thao NP, No JH, Luyen BTT, Yang G, Byun SY, Goo J, Kim KT, Cuong NX, Nam NH, Van Minh C, Schmidt TJ, Kang JS, Kim YH. Secondary metabolites from Vietnamese marine invertebrates with activity against Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi. Molecules 2014; 19:7869-80. [PMID: 24962391 PMCID: PMC6271609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19067869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine-derived natural products from invertebrates comprise an extremely diverse and promising source of the compounds from a wide variety of structural classes. This study describes the discovery of five marine natural products with activity against Trypanosoma species by natural product library screening using whole cell in vitro assays. We investigated the anti-trypanosomal activity of the extracts from the soft corals and echinoderms living in Vietnamese seas. Of the samples screened, the methanolic extracts of several marine organisms exhibited potent activities against cultures of Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi (EC50 < 5.0 μg/mL). Among the compounds isolated from these extracts, laevigatol B (1) from Lobophytum crassum and L. laevigatum, (24S)-ergost-4-ene-3-one (2) from Sinularia dissecta, astropectenol A (3) from Astropecten polyacanthus, and cholest-8-ene-3β,5α,6β,7α-tetraol (4) from Diadema savignyi showed inhibitory activity against T. brucei with EC50 values ranging from 1.57 ± 0.14 to 14.6 ± 1.36 μM, relative to the positive control, pentamidine (EC50 = 0.015 ± 0.003 μM). Laevigatol B (1) and 5α-cholest-8(14)-ene-3β,7α-diol (5) exhibited also significant inhibitory effects on T. cruzi. The cytotoxic activity of the pure compounds on mammalian cells was also assessed and found to be insignificant in all cases. This is the first report on the inhibitory effects of marine organisms collected in Vietnamese seas against Trypanosoma species responsible for neglected tropical diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Phuong Thao
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Joo Hwan No
- Chemical Biology of Pathogens Group, Institute Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, Korea.
| | - Bui Thi Thuy Luyen
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Gyongseon Yang
- Chemical Biology of Pathogens Group, Institute Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, Korea.
| | - Soo Young Byun
- Chemical Biology of Pathogens Group, Institute Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, Korea.
| | - Junghyun Goo
- Chemical Biology of Pathogens Group, Institute Pasteur Korea, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 463-400, Korea.
| | - Kyung Tae Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Nguyen Xuan Cuong
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen Hoai Nam
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam.
| | - Chau Van Minh
- Institute of Marine Biochemistry (IMBC), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18-Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam.
| | - Thomas J Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Münster, PharmaCampus, Corrensstrasse 48, Münster D-48149, Germany.
| | - Jong Seong Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
| | - Young Ho Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea.
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Yan XJ, Peng Y, Liu ZX, Wen J, Liu QB, Li LZ, Song SJ. Three new lignan glycosides from the fruits of Forsythia suspense. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2014; 16:602-610. [PMID: 24835080 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.917631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two new lignan glycosides forsythiayanoside A (1) and forsythiayanoside B (2), one new stereoisomer of lignan glycoside (+)-8-hydroxyepipinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), together with seven known compounds (4-10), were isolated from the fruits of Forsythia suspense (Thunb.) Vahl. Compounds 4 and 10 were isolated from this species for the first time. The structures of 1-3 were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR data and HR-ESI-MS. The absolute configurations were determined by the circular dichroism method. All isolates were tested for their cytotoxicities against five human cancer cell lines (A549, Colo-205, Hep-3B, HL60, and KB). In particular, compound 3 showed significant cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 9.48, 7.75, 0.59, 4.06, and 38.38 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jia Yan
- a School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
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Wang T, Bisson WH, Mäser P, Scapozza L, Picard D. Differences in conformational dynamics between Plasmodium falciparum and human Hsp90 orthologues enable the structure-based discovery of pathogen-selective inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2524-35. [PMID: 24580531 DOI: 10.1021/jm401801t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The high sequence conservation of druggable pockets of closely related proteins can make it challenging to develop selective inhibitors. We designed a new drug discovery approach that exploits both the static and dynamic differences of two orthologues. We applied it, as a proof of concept, to identify compounds that discriminate between the molecular chaperone Hsp90 of the protozoan pathogen Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) and that of its human host. We found that the ATP-binding pocket has a Pf-specific extension, whose sequence lining is identical in human Hsp90 but which differs by tertiary structure and dynamics. Using these insights for a structure-based drug screen, we discovered novel 7-azaindole compounds that exclusively bind the recombinant N-terminal domain of PfHsp90 but not of human Hsp90 nor of a PfHsp90 mutant with "human-like" dynamics. Moreover, these compounds preferentially inhibit the growth of yeast complemented by PfHsp90 and block the growth of Pf in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Geneva , and ‡Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the Universities of Geneva and Lausanne , 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Yan XJ, Bai XY, Liu QB, Liu S, Gao PY, Li LZ, Song SJ. Two new glycosides from the fruits of Forsythia suspense. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2014; 16:376-382. [PMID: 24506327 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.884082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two new glycosides suspensaside C (1) and 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-jacaranone-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), together with four known compounds suspensaside A (3), rengynic acid-1'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), forsythoside A (5), and rengynic acid (6), were isolated from the fruits of Forsythia suspense (Thunb.) Vahl. The structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral analysis, including 1D, 2D NMR analyses and HR-ESI-MS. All isolates were tested for their cytotoxicities against five human cancer cell lines (A549, Colo-205, Hep-3B, HL60, and KB). Compound 3 exhibited cytotoxicity against HL-60, Hep-3B, and A549 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jia Yan
- a School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
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30
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Mendiola J, Regalado EL, Díaz-García A, Thomas OP, Fernández-Calienes A, Rodríguez H, Laguna A, Valdés O. In vitroantiplasmodial activity, cytotoxicity and chemical profiles of sponge species of Cuban coasts. Nat Prod Res 2013; 28:312-7. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2013.861835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Colorado-Ríos J, Muñoz D, Montoya G, Márquez D, Márquez ME, López J, Martínez A. HPLC-ESI-IT-MS/MS analysis and biological activity of triterpene glycosides from the Colombian marine sponge Ectyoplasia ferox. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:4815-33. [PMID: 24317472 PMCID: PMC3877889 DOI: 10.3390/md11124815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine sponge Ectyoplasia ferox produces antipredatory and allelopathic triterpenoid glycosides as part of its chemical defense repertoire against predators, competitors, and fouling organisms. These molecules are responsible for the pharmacological potential found in the glycosides present in this species. In order to observe the glycochemical diversity present in E. ferox, a liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometry approach to analyse a complex polar fraction of this marine sponge was performed. This gave valuable information for about twenty-five compounds three of which have been previously reported and another three which were found to be composed of known aglycones. Furthermore, a group of four urabosides, sharing two uncommon substitutions with carboxyl groups at C-4 on the terpenoid core, were identified by a characteristic fragmentation pattern. The oxidized aglycones present in this group of saponins can promote instability, making the purification process difficult. Cytotoxicity, cell cycle modulation, a cell cloning efficiency assay, as well as its hemolytic activity were evaluated. The cytotoxic activity was about IC₅₀ 40 µg/mL on Jurkat and CHO-k₁ cell lines without exhibiting hemolysis. Discussion on this bioactivity suggests the scanning of other biological models would be worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonny Colorado-Ríos
- Grupo de Investigación Productos Naturales Marinos, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 N° 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (A.M.)
- Unidad de Investigación e Innovación, Humax Pharmaceutical S.A, 050010, Itagüí, Colombia
| | - Diana Muñoz
- Grupo de Biotecnología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 050034, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (M.-E.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Guillermo Montoya
- Grupo Natura, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad ICESI, 760050, Cali, Colombia; E-Mail:
| | - Diana Márquez
- Grupo de Investigación Productos Naturales Marinos, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 N° 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Maria-Elena Márquez
- Grupo de Biotecnología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 050034, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (M.-E.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Juan López
- Grupo de Biotecnología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 050034, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (M.-E.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Alejandro Martínez
- Grupo de Investigación Productos Naturales Marinos, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 N° 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (A.M.)
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Jones AJ, Grkovic T, Sykes ML, Avery VM. Trypanocidal activity of marine natural products. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:4058-82. [PMID: 24152565 PMCID: PMC3826150 DOI: 10.3390/md11104058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine natural products are a diverse, unique collection of compounds with immense therapeutic potential. This has resulted in these molecules being evaluated for a number of different disease indications including the neglected protozoan diseases, human African trypanosomiasis and Chagas disease, for which very few drugs are currently available. This article will review the marine natural products for which activity against the kinetoplastid parasites; Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T.b. rhodesiense and T. cruzi has been reported. As it is important to know the selectivity of a compound when evaluating its trypanocidal activity, this article will only cover molecules which have simultaneously been tested for cytotoxicity against a mammalian cell line. Compounds have been grouped according to their chemical structure and representative examples from each class were selected for detailed discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Jones
- Eskitis Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane 4111, Australia.
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Mayer AMS, Rodríguez AD, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Fusetani N. Marine pharmacology in 2009-2011: marine compounds with antibacterial, antidiabetic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities; affecting the immune and nervous systems, and other miscellaneous mechanisms of action. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2510-73. [PMID: 23880931 PMCID: PMC3736438 DOI: 10.3390/md11072510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro M. S. Mayer
- Department of Pharmacology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-630-515-6951; Fax: +1-630-971-6414
| | - Abimael D. Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, I-80131 Napoli, Italy; E-Mail:
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Pettit GR, Tang Y, Zhang Q, Bourne GT, Arm CA, Leet JE, Knight JC, Pettit RK, Chapuis JC, Doubek DL, Ward FJ, Weber C, Hooper JNA. Isolation and structures of axistatins 1-3 from the Republic of Palau marine sponge Agelas axifera Hentschel . JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:420-4. [PMID: 23410078 PMCID: PMC3616417 DOI: 10.1021/np300828y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An investigation begun in 1979 directed at the Republic of Palau marine sponge Agelas axifera Hentschel for cancer cell growth inhibitory constituents subsequently led to the isolation of three new pyrimidine diterpenes designated axistatins 1 (1), 2 (2), and 3 (3), together with the previously reported formamides 4, 5, and agelasine F (6). The structures were elucidated by analysis of 2D-NMR spectra and by HRMS. All of the isolated compounds were found to be moderate inhibitors of cancer cell growth. Axistatins 1-3 (1-3), formamide 4, and agelasine F (6) also exhibited antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 871604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA.
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Zhao HY, Shao CL, Li ZY, Han L, Cao F, Wang CY. Bioactive pregnane steroids from a South China Sea gorgonian Carijoa sp. Molecules 2013; 18:3458-66. [PMID: 23503119 PMCID: PMC6270022 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18033458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new pregnane steroid, 1, and three known analogues 2-4, have been isolated from a gorgonian Carijoa sp. collected from the South China Sea. The planar structure and relative configuration of 1 were elucidated from comprehensive spectroscopic data. Its absolute configuration was determined by application of the modified Mosher method. Compounds 1, 3 and 4 exhibited cytotoxicity against the human hepatoma cell line Bel-7402, with IC50 values of 9.33, 11.02 and 18.68 µM, respectively. Additionally, compound 1 exhibited promising antibacterial activity against Pseudomona puido, with a MIC value of 31 nM, which is approximately 5-fold more potent than ciprofloxacin (MIC = 156 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (H.-Y.Z.); (C.-L.S.); (L.H.); (F.C.)
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chang-Lun Shao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (H.-Y.Z.); (C.-L.S.); (L.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Zhi-Yong Li
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lei Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (H.-Y.Z.); (C.-L.S.); (L.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Fei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (H.-Y.Z.); (C.-L.S.); (L.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (H.-Y.Z.); (C.-L.S.); (L.H.); (F.C.)
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36
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Recent advances in marine drug research. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1826-45. [PMID: 23500952 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Structures and properties of promising marine anti-cancer, anti-inflammation and anti-infectious (HIV, HSV, malaria, leishmania) compounds reported during 2008-2011 are discussed. Wherever possible, attempts have also been made to highlight their possible biogenesis or structure-activity relationships (SAR). Since the stress is on identifying and short-listing potential drug molecules, this review is restricted to only those compounds exhibiting promising in vitro activity, the arbitrary cut off being IC50<15 μM, reported during the above period.
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Colorado J, Muñoz D, Marquez D, Marquez ME, Lopez J, Thomas OP, Martinez A. Ulososides and urabosides--triterpenoid saponins from the Caribbean marine sponge Ectyoplasia ferox. Molecules 2013; 18:2598-610. [PMID: 23446917 PMCID: PMC6270507 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18032598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new triterpene glycosides, named ulososide F (1), urabosides A (2) and B (3), together with the previously reported ulososide A (4), were isolated from the Caribbean marine sponge Ectyoplasia ferox. Their structures were elucidated using extensive interpretation of 1D and 2D-NMR data, as well as HRESIMS. The aglycon of all compounds is a rare 30-norlonastane and the sugar residues were identified after acid hydrolysis and GC analyses. Cytotoxicities of the isolated compounds were evaluated against Jurkat and CHO cell lines by a MTT in vitro assay as well as a hemolysis assay. Unexpectedly, all these saponin derivatives showed very low activity in our bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhonny Colorado
- Grupo de Investigación Productos Naturales Marinos, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia, A.A 1226, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (A.M.)
- Unidad de Investigación e Innovación, Humax Pharmaceutical S.A. Itagüí, Colombia
| | - Diana Muñoz
- Grupo de Biotecnología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (M.E.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Diana Marquez
- Grupo de Investigación Productos Naturales Marinos, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia, A.A 1226, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Maria Elena Marquez
- Grupo de Biotecnología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (M.E.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Juan Lopez
- Grupo de Biotecnología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (M.E.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Olivier P. Thomas
- Nice Institute of Chemistry – PCRE, UMR 7272 CNRS, University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose 06108 Nice, France
| | - Alejandro Martinez
- Grupo de Investigación Productos Naturales Marinos, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Antioquia, A.A 1226, Medellín, Colombia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (A.M.)
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Berrué F, McCulloch MWB, Boland P, Hart S, Harper MK, Johnston J, Kerr R. Isolation of steroidal glycosides from the Caribbean sponge Pandaros acanthifolium. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:2094-2100. [PMID: 23245401 DOI: 10.1021/np300520w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Four new steroidal glycosides, acanthifoliosides G-J (1-4), were isolated as minor constituents from the Caribbean marine sponge Pandaros acanthifolium. These metabolites are characterized by a highly oxygenated D ring and the presence of a disaccharide rhamnose-glucose residue and a rhamnose at positions C-3 and C-15, respectively. Their structures were established on the basis of extensive interpretation of 1D and 2D NMR data and HRESIMS analyses. The absolute configurations of the glucose and rhamnose sugars were determined by preparing aldose o-tolylthiocarbamate derivatives and comparison to authentic standards by LC/HRESIMS. Acanthifolioside G (1) exhibited antioxidant and cytoprotective activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Berrué
- Department of Chemistry, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada
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Martínez-Luis S, Gómez JF, Spadafora C, Guzmán HM, Gutiérrez M. Antitrypanosomal alkaloids from the marine bacterium Bacillus pumilus. Molecules 2012; 17:11146-55. [PMID: 22990456 PMCID: PMC6268621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules170911146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract of the marine bacterium Bacillus pumilus isolated from the black coral Antipathes sp. led to the isolation of five compounds: cyclo-(L-Leu-L-Pro) (1), 3-hydroxyacetylindole (2), N-acetyl-β-oxotryptamine (3), cyclo-(L-Phe-L-Pro) (4), and 3-formylindole (5). The structures of compounds 1−5 were established by spectroscopic analyses, including HRESITOF-MS and NMR (1H, 13C, HSQC, HMBC and COSY). Compounds 2, 3 and 5 caused the inhibition on the growth of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), with IC50 values of 20.6, 19.4 and 26.9 μM, respectively, with moderate cytotoxicity against Vero cells. Compounds 1−5 were found to be inactive when tested against Plasmodium falciparum and Leishmania donovani, therefore showing selectivity against T. cruzi parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Martínez-Luis
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City of Knowledge, P.O. Box 0843-01103, Panama;
| | - José Félix Gómez
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City of Knowledge, P.O. Box 0843-01103, Panama;
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México D.F. 07360, Mexico;
| | - Carmenza Spadafora
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology of Diseases, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City of Knowledge, P.O. Box 0843-01103, Panama;
| | - Héctor M. Guzmán
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Panama;
| | - Marcelino Gutiérrez
- Center for Biodiversity and Drug Discovery, Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services, City of Knowledge, P.O. Box 0843-01103, Panama;
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +507-517-0732; Fax: +507-517-0701
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Glycosides from marine sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae): structures, taxonomical distribution, biological activities and biological roles. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:1671-1710. [PMID: 23015769 PMCID: PMC3447334 DOI: 10.3390/md10081671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Literature data about glycosides from sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) are reviewed. Structural diversity, biological activities, taxonomic distribution and biological functions of these natural products are discussed.
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Ongarora DS, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Masimirembwa CM, Chibale K. Benzoheterocyclic amodiaquine analogues with potent antiplasmodial activity: Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5046-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Brunner R, Aissaoui H, Boss C, Bozdech Z, Brun R, Corminboeuf O, Delahaye S, Fischli C, Heidmann B, Kaiser M, Kamber J, Meyer S, Papastogiannidis P, Siegrist R, Voss T, Welford R, Wittlin S, Binkert C. Identification of a New Chemical Class of Antimalarials. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:735-43. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Covering: 2010. Previous review: Nat. Prod. Rep., 2011, 28, 196. This review covers the literature published in 2010 for marine natural products, with 895 citations (590 for the period January to December 2010) referring to compounds isolated from marine microorganisms and phytoplankton, green, brown and red algae, sponges, cnidarians, bryozoans, molluscs, tunicates, echinoderms, mangroves and other intertidal plants and microorganisms. The emphasis is on new compounds (1003 for 2010), together with the relevant biological activities, source organisms and country of origin. Biosynthetic studies, first syntheses, and syntheses that lead to the revision of structures or stereochemistries, have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Efforts to develop a cultured sponge cell line: revisiting an intractable problem. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2011; 48:12-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11626-011-9469-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Regalado EL, Turk T, Tasdemir D, Gorjanc M, Kaiser M, Thomas OP, Fernández R, Amade P. Cytotoxic and haemolytic steroidal glycosides from the Caribbean sponge Pandaros acanthifolium. Steroids 2011; 76:1389-96. [PMID: 21820457 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 07/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Six new steroidal saponins, pandarosides K-M (1-3) and their methyl esters (4-6), were isolated as minor components, after a careful chemical reinvestigation of the Caribbean sponge Pandaros acanthifolium. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and comparison with the data obtained from previous metabolites of this family. All new compounds showed moderate to weak activity against four parasitic protozoa. Additionally, these compounds and previously reported pandarosides and acanthifoliosides were tested on three human tumour cell lines, and their haemolytic and liposome permeabilizing activity were assessed. Two pandarosides exhibited moderate to strong cytotoxic effect, while three acanthifoliosides showed strong haemolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Regalado
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Molécules Bioactives et Arômes, UMR 6001 CNRS, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Faculté des Sciences Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice Cedex 2, France.
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Finlayson R, Pearce AN, Page MJ, Kaiser M, Bourguet-Kondracki ML, Harper JL, Webb VL, Copp BR. Didemnidines A and B, indole spermidine alkaloids from the New Zealand ascidian Didemnum sp. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:888-92. [PMID: 21348447 DOI: 10.1021/np1008619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Two new indole spermidine alkaloids, didemnidines A (1) and B (2), have been isolated from the New Zealand ascidian Didemnum sp. The structures of the metabolites, determined by analysis of 2D NMR spectra and confirmed via synthesis, embody an indole-3-glyoxylamide moiety linked to the N(1) position of spermidine, the latter motif being particularly rare among marine natural products. Didemnidine B and a synthetic precursor exhibited mild in vitro growth inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum with IC(50)'s of 15 and 8.4 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Finlayson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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Regalado EL, Jiménez-Romero C, Genta-Jouve G, Tasdemir D, Amade P, Nogueiras C, Thomas OP. Acanthifoliosides, minor steroidal saponins from the Caribbean sponge Pandaros acanthifolium. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.11.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Watts KR, Tenney K, Crews P. The structural diversity and promise of antiparasitic marine invertebrate-derived small molecules. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 21:808-18. [PMID: 20956079 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on six important parasitic diseases that adversely affect the health and lives of over one billion people worldwide. In light of the global human impact of these neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), several initiatives and campaigns have been mounted to eradicate these infections once and for all. Currently available therapeutics summarized herein are either ineffective and/or have severe and deleterious side effects. Resistant strains continue to emerge and there is an overall unmet and urgent need for new antiparasitic drugs. Marine-derived small molecules (MDSMs) from invertebrates comprise an extremely diverse and promising source of compounds from a wide variety of structural classes. New discoveries of marine natural product privileged structures and compound classes that are being made via natural product library screening using whole cell in vitro assays are highlighted. It is striking to note that for the first time in history the entire genomes of all six parasites have been sequenced and additional transcriptome and proteomic analyses are available. Furthermore, open and shared, publicly available databases of the genome sequences, compounds, screening assays, and druggable molecular targets are being used by the worldwide research community. A combined assessment of all of the above factors, especially of current discoveries in marine natural products, implies a brighter future with more effective, affordable, and benign antiparasitic therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine R Watts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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