1
|
An JX, Wang R, Li AP, Zhang W, Nan Z, Jiang WQ, Zhang SY, Zhang ZJ, Luo XF, Liang HJ, Liu YQ. Prenylated Flavonoids Isolated from the Root of Sophora flavescens as Potent Antifungal Agents against Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39193844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c04209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Sophora flavescens, a traditional Chinese herb, produces a wide range of secondary metabolites with a broad spectrum of biological activities. In this study, we isolated six isopentenyl flavonoids (1-6) from the roots of S. flavescens and evaluated their activities against phytopathogenic fungi. In vitro activities showed that kurarinone and sophoraflavanone G displayed broad spectrum and superior activities, among which sophoraflavanone G displayed excellent activity against tested fungi, with EC50 values ranging from 4.76 to 13.94 μg/mL. Notably, kurarinone was easily purified and showed potential activity against Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea, and Fusarium graminearum with EC50 values of 16.12, 16.55, and 16.99 μg/mL, respectively. Consequently, we initially investigated the mechanism of kurarinone against B. cinerea. It was found that kurarinone disrupted cell wall components, impaired cell membrane integrity, increased cell membrane permeability, and affected cellular energy metabolism, thereby exerting its effect against B. cinerea. Therefore, kurarinone is expected to be a potential candidate for the development of plant fungicides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xia An
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong Province, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, China
| | - An-Ping Li
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhibiao Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Wei-Qi Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shao-Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiong-Fei Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong-Jie Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ying-Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hitzman R, Malca-Garcia GR, Howell C, Park HY, Friesen JB, Dong H, Dunlap T, McAlpine JB, Vollmer G, Bosland MC, Nikolić D, Lankin DC, Chen SN, Bolton JL, Pauli GF, Dietz BM. DESIGNER fraction concept unmasks minor bioactive constituents in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 214:113789. [PMID: 37482264 PMCID: PMC10528883 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
In botanical extracts, highly abundant constituents can mask or dilute the effects of other, and often, more relevant biologically active compounds. To facilitate the rational chemical and biological assessment of these natural products with wide usage in human health, we introduced the DESIGNER approach of Depleting and Enriching Selective Ingredients to Generate Normalized Extract Resources. The present study applied this concept to clinical Red Clover Extract (RCE) and combined phytochemical and biological methodology to help rationalize the utility of RCE supplements for symptom management in postmenopausal women. Previous work has demonstrated that RCE reduces estrogen detoxification pathways in breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and, thus, may serve to negatively affect estrogen metabolism-induced chemical carcinogenesis. Clinical RCE contains ca. 30% of biochanin A and formononetin, which potentially mask activities of less abundant compounds. These two isoflavonoids are aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists that activate P450 1A1, responsible for estrogen detoxification, and P450 1B1, producing genotoxic estrogen metabolites in female breast cells. Clinical RCE also contains the potent phytoestrogen, genistein, that downregulates P450 1A1, thereby reducing estrogen detoxification. To identify less abundant bioactive constituents, countercurrent separation (CCS) of a clinical RCE yielded selective lipophilic to hydrophilic metabolites in six enriched DESIGNER fractions (DFs 01-06). Unlike solid-phase chromatography, CCS prevented any potential loss of minor constituents or residual complexity (RC) and enabled the polarity-based enrichment of certain constituents. Systematic analysis of estrogen detoxification pathways (ERα-degradation, AhR activation, CYP1A1/CYP1B1 induction and activity) of the DFs uncovered masked bioactivity of minor/less abundant constituents including irilone. These data will allow the optimization of RCE with respect to estrogen detoxification properties. The DFs revealed distinct biological activities between less abundant bioactives. The present results can inspire future carefully designed extracts with phytochemical profiles that are optimized to increase in estrogen detoxification pathways and, thereby, promote resilience in women with high-risk for breast cancer. The DESIGNER approach helps to establish links between complex chemical makeup, botanical safety and possible efficacy parameters, yields candidate DFs for (pre)clinical studies, and reveals the contribution of minor phytoconstituents to the overall safety and bioactivity of botanicals, such as resilience promoting activities relevant to women's health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Hitzman
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Gonzalo R Malca-Garcia
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Caitlin Howell
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Hyun-Young Park
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - J Brent Friesen
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Physical Sciences Department, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, 7900 Division Street, River Forest, IL, 60305, USA
| | - Huali Dong
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Tareisha Dunlap
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - James B McAlpine
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Guenter Vollmer
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Biology, Chair for Molecular Cell Physiology & Endocrinology, D-01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maarten C Bosland
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, 840 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Dejan Nikolić
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - David C Lankin
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Judy L Bolton
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Birgit M Dietz
- UIC Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural Product Technologies, Pharmacognosy Institute, and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ohtsuki T, Friesen JB, Chen SN, McAlpine JB, Pauli GF. Selective Preparation and High Dynamic-Range Analysis of Cannabinoids in "CBD Oil" and Other Cannabis sativa Preparations. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:634-646. [PMID: 34990123 PMCID: PMC8957589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Much confusion exists about the chemical composition of widely sold Cannabis sativa products that utilize the cannabidiol (CBD) acronym and related terms such as "CBD oil", "CBD plus hemp oil", "full spectrum CBD", "broad spectrum CBD", and "cannabinoids". Their rational chemical and subsequent biological assessment requires both knowledge of the chemical complexity and the characterization of significant individual constituents. Applicable to hemp preparations in general, this study demonstrates how the combination of liquid-liquid-based separation techniques, NMR analysis, and quantum mechanical-based NMR interpretation facilitates the process of natural product composition analysis by allowing specific structural characterization and absolute quantitation of cannabinoids present in such products with a large dynamic range. Countercurrent separation of a commercial "CBD oil" yielded high-purity CBD plus a more polar cannabinoid fraction containing cannabigerol and cannabidivarin, as well as a less polar cannabinoid fraction containing cannabichromene, trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cis-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and cannabinol. Representatives of six cannabinoid classes were identified within a narrow range of polarity, which underscores the relevance of residual complexity in biomedical research on cannabinoids. Characterization of the individual components and their quantitation in mixed fractions were undertaken by TLC, HPLC, 1H (q)NMR spectroscopy, 1H iterative full spin analysis (HiFSA), 13C NMR, and 2D NMR. The developed workflow and resulting analytical data enhance the reproducible evaluation of "CBD et al." products, which inevitably represent complex mixtures of varying molecular populations, structures, abundances, and polarity features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohtsuki
- Pharmacognosy Institute, Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Department of Food Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - J Brent Friesen
- Pharmacognosy Institute, Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Department of Physical Sciences, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Pharmacognosy Institute, Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - James B McAlpine
- Pharmacognosy Institute, Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- Pharmacognosy Institute, Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zanardi MV, Gastiazoro MP, Kretzschmar G, Wober J, Vollmer G, Varayoud J, Durando M, Zierau O. AHR agonistic effects of 6-PN contribute to potential beneficial effects of Hops extract. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 543:111540. [PMID: 34965452 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hops (Humulus lupulus) is used as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy due to the phytoestrogen, 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN). To examine the potential risks/benefits of hops extract and its compounds (8-PN and 6-prenylnaringenin, 6-PN), we aimed to evaluate the estrogen receptor α (ERα) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling pathways in human endometrial cancer cells. Hops extract, 8-PN and 6-PN showed estrogenic activity. Hops extract and 6-PN activated both ERα and AHR pathways. 6-PN increased the expression of the tumor suppressor gene (AHRR), and that of genes involved in the estrogen metabolism (CYP1A1, CYP1B1). Although 6-PN might activate the detoxification and genotoxic pathways of estrogen metabolism, hops extract as a whole only modulated the genotoxic pathway by an up-regulation of CYP1B1 mRNA expression. These data demonstrate the relevant role of 6-PN contained in the hops extract as potential modulator of estrogen metabolism due to its ERα and AHR agonist activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Zanardi
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - María Paula Gastiazoro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Georg Kretzschmar
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jannette Wober
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Günter Vollmer
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jorgelina Varayoud
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Milena Durando
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clark TN, Houriet J, Vidar WS, Kellogg JJ, Todd DA, Cech NB, Linington RG. Interlaboratory Comparison of Untargeted Mass Spectrometry Data Uncovers Underlying Causes for Variability. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:824-835. [PMID: 33666420 PMCID: PMC8326878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the value of mass spectrometry in modern natural products discovery workflows, it remains very difficult to compare data sets between laboratories. In this study we compared mass spectrometry data for the same sample set from two different laboratories (quadrupole time-of-flight and quadrupole-Orbitrap) and evaluated the similarity between these two data sets in terms of both mass spectrometry features and their ability to describe the chemical composition of the sample set. Somewhat surprisingly, the two data sets, collected with appropriate controls and replication, had very low feature overlap (25.7% of Laboratory A features overlapping 21.8% of Laboratory B features). Our data clearly demonstrate that differences in fragmentation, charge state, and adduct formation in the ionization source are a major underlying cause for these differences. Consistent with other recent literature, these findings challenge the conventional wisdom that electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) yields a simple one-to-one correspondence between analytes in solution and features in the data set. Importantly, despite low overlap in feature lists, principal component analysis (PCA) generated qualitatively similar PCA plots. Overall, our findings demonstrate that comparing untargeted metabolomics data between laboratories is challenging, but that data sets with low feature overlap can yield the same qualitative description of a sample set using PCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor N. Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Joëlle Houriet
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Warren S. Vidar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Joshua J. Kellogg
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Daniel A. Todd
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Nadja B. Cech
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Roger G. Linington
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yu Y, Simmler C, Kuhn P, Poulev A, Raskin I, Ribnicky D, Floyd ZE, Pauli GF. The DESIGNER Approach Helps Decipher the Hypoglycemic Bioactive Principles of Artemisia dracunculus (Russian Tarragon). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:3321-3329. [PMID: 31815461 PMCID: PMC7076913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Complementing classical drug discovery, phytochemicals act on multiple pharmacological targets, especially in botanical extracts, where they form complex bioactive mixtures. The reductionist approach used in bioactivity-guided fractionation to identify single bioactive phytochemicals is inadequate for capturing the full therapeutic potential of the (bio)chemical interactions present in such complex mixtures. This study used a DESIGNER (Deplete and Enrich Select Ingredients to Generate Normalized Extract Resources) approach to selectively remove the known bioactives, 4'-O-methyldavidigenin (1; 4,2'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxydihydrochalcone, syn. DMC-1) and its isomer 4-O-methyldavidigenin (2; syn. DMC-2), from the mixture of phytochemicals in an ethanol extract from Artemisia dracunculus to determine to what degree the more abundant 2 accounts for the established antidiabetic effect of the A. dracunculus extract. Using an otherwise chemically intact "knock-out extract" depleted in 2 and its regioisomer, 1, in vitro and in vivo outcomes confirmed that 2 (and likely 1) acts as major bioactive(s) that enhance(s) insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, but also revealed that 2 does not account for the breadth of detectable biological activity of the extract. This is the first report of generating, at a sufficiently large preparative scale, a "knock-out extract" used as a pharmacological tool for in vitro and in vivo studies to dissect the biological impact of a designated bioactive in a complex phytochemical mixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, United States
| | - Charlotte Simmler
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Alexander Poulev
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Ilya Raskin
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - David Ribnicky
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Z. Elizabeth Floyd
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, United States
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Malca Garcia GR, Friesen JB, Liu Y, Nikolić D, Lankin DC, McAlpine JB, Chen SN, Pauli GF. Preparation of DESIGNER extracts of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) by centrifugal partition chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:360277. [PMID: 31307793 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Starting with an isoflavone-rich red clover extract (RCE), this study expands on the DESIGNER approach to Deplete and Enrich Select Ingredients to Generate Normalized Extract Resources using countercurrent separation (CCS) methodology. A hydrostatic CCS (also known as centrifugal partition chromatography, CPC) technique was used to enrich and deplete selected bioactive isoflavones of RCE extracts. In order to efficiently prepare large enough DESIGNER extracts from RCE for biological testing including in vivo assays, it was necessary to choose a balance between resolution and a loading capacity of at least 1 g per separation for the selected solvent system (SS). Adding 3 mL of DMSO to the sample containing equal amounts of upper and lower phases of hexanes-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (HEMWat 5.5/4.5/5/5, v/v) allowed 1 g of RCE to be dissolved in the sample without disrupting the chromatographic resolution of the target isoflavones. CPC experiments using other solubility modifiers, acetone and acetonitrile indicated that these modifiers increase solubility significantly, even better than DMSO, but the separation of target compounds was sufficiently disturbed to be unacceptable for producing the desired DESIGNER extracts. The preparation of DESIGNER extracts was achieved with two sequential CPC separations. The first produced a biochanin A enriched fraction (93.60% w/w) with only small amounts of other isoflavones: 2.30% w/w prunetin, 1.17% w/w formononetin, and 0.12% w/w irilone. Gravimetric investigations of this step demonstrated the high efficiency of CCS technology for full and unbiased sample recovery, confirmed experimentally to be 99.80%. A formononetin enriched fraction from this first separation was re-chromatographed on a more polar HEMWat (4/6/4/6, v/v) SS to produce a formononetin enriched DESIGNER fraction of 94.70% w/w purity. The presence of the minor (iso)flavonoids: 3.16% w/w pseudobaptigenin, 0.39% w/w kaempferol, and 0.31% w/w genistein was also monitored in these fractions. Chromatographic fractions, combined fractions, and DESIGNER extracts were analyzed with quantitative 1H NMR (qHNMR) spectroscopy which provided purity information, quantitation, and structural identification of the components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo R Malca Garcia
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - J Brent Friesen
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Physical Sciences Department, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, 7900 W. Division, River Forest, IL 60305, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dejan Nikolić
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - David C Lankin
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - James B McAlpine
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Friesen JB, Liu Y, Chen SN, McAlpine JB, Pauli GF. Selective Depletion and Enrichment of Constituents in "Curcumin" and Other Curcuma longa Preparations. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:621-630. [PMID: 30848909 PMCID: PMC6685062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Much uncertainty exists in science and herbal products referencing turmeric (T), turmeric extract (TE), curcuminoid-enriched turmeric extract (CTE), further processed curcuminoid-enriched materials (CEM), or curcumin as a single-chemical entity. To facilitate the rational chemical and biological assessment of turmeric-derived NPs, we introduced the DESIGNER approach of Depleting and Enriching Select Ingredients to Generate Normalized Extract Resources to Curcuma longa preparations. Countercurrent separation of a commercial CTE yielded four key materials-lipophilic metabolites; purified curcumin ("purcumin"); a mixture of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin ("purcuminoids"); and hydrophilic metabolites-and enabled production of a curcuminoid-free TE ("nocumin"). Their characterization utilized TLC, 1H (q)NMR spectroscopy, and HPLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Brent Friesen
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Department of Physical Sciences, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, United States
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - James B. McAlpine
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences (PCRPS) and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Corresponding Author: Tel: +1-312-355-1949. Fax: +1-312-355-2693.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Roehrer S, Behr J, Stork V, Ramires M, Médard G, Frank O, Kleigrewe K, Hofmann T, Minceva M. Xanthohumol C, a minor bioactive hop compound: Production, purification strategies and antimicrobial test. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1095:39-49. [PMID: 30053686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hop has been attracting scientific attention due to its favorable bioactivity properties. It is thus desirable to relate these properties to the specific hop compounds and extract these compounds in highly purified form in order to enhance the effect. The aim of the present study is the isolation of a sufficient amount of the highly purified prenylated minor hop compound xanthohumol C (XNC) for characterizing its bioactivity. Two strategies for the production of XNC were evaluated. The first strategy involved a capture of natural XNC from a xanthohumol (XN)-enriched hop extract (XF) by countercurrent chromatography. In the second approach, a one-step semi-synthesis of XNC was performed starting from XN, which had previously been separated from a natural XN-enriched hop extract. Both methods delivered XNC in sufficient amount and purity (>95%, HPLC), whereas the second strategy was preferable in terms of purity (>99%, HPLC) as well as productivity and solvent consumption. The methods were validated by identifying and quantifying XNC using LC-MS, LC-MS/MS and 1H NMR analysis. The XNC obtained in this way was supplied to several bacterial, yeast and fungal cultures in order to evaluate its antimicrobial effects. For comparison, microorganisms were also treated with the natural XN-enriched hop extract, as well as the prenylated hop compound XN. While still reducing cell proliferation, XNC was found to be less effective than both XF and XN for all studied bacteria and yeasts. Furthermore, for Bacillus subtilis, a strongly pH-dependent minimal inhibition concentration was observed for all three bioactive compounds, lowest at a pH of 5 and highest at a pH of 7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Roehrer
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Juergen Behr
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, TUM School of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Verena Stork
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mara Ramires
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Guillaume Médard
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, TUM School of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Oliver Frank
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Karin Kleigrewe
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, TUM School of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mirjana Minceva
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Centrifugal partition chromatography enables selective enrichment of trimeric and tetrameric proanthocyanidins for biomaterial development. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1535:55-62. [PMID: 29331224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PACs) find wide applications for human use including food, cosmetics, dietary supplements, and pharmaceuticals. The chemical complexity associated with PACs has triggered the development of various chromatographic techniques, with countercurrent separation (CCS) gaining in popularity. This study applied the recently developed DESIGNER (Depletion and Enrichment of Select Ingredients Generating Normalized Extract Resources) approach for the selective enrichment of trimeric and tetrameric PACs using centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC). This CPC method aims at developing PAC based biomaterials, particularly for their application in restoring and repairing dental hard tissue. A general separation scheme beginning with the depletion of polymeric PACs, followed by the removal of monomeric flavan-3-ols and a final enrichment step produced PAC trimer and tetramer enriched fractions. A successful application of this separation scheme is demonstrated for four polyphenol rich plant sources: grape seeds, pine bark, cinnamon bark, and cocoa seeds. Minor modifications to the generic DESIGNER CCS method were sufficient to accommodate the varying chemical complexities of the individual source materials. The step-wise enrichment of PAC trimers and tetramers was monitored using normal phase TLC and Diol-HPLC-UV analyses. CPC proved to be a reliable tool for the selective enrichment of medium size oligomeric PACs (OPACs). This method plays a key role in the development of dental biomaterials considering its reliability and reproducibility, as well as its scale-up capabilities for possible larger-scale manufacturing.
Collapse
|
11
|
Keiler AM, Helle J, Bader MI, Ehrhardt T, Nestler K, Kretzschmar G, Bernhardt R, Vollmer G, Nikolić D, Bolton JL, Pauli GF, Chen SN, Dietz BM, van Breemen RB, Zierau O. A standardized Humulus lupulus (L.) ethanol extract partially prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss in the rat without induction of adverse effects in the uterus. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 34:50-58. [PMID: 28899509 PMCID: PMC5736964 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hops (Humulus lupulus (L.)) dietary supplements are of interest as herbal remedies to alleviate menopausal symptoms, such as hot flushes, depression and anxiety. So far, the evidence regarding estrogenic and related properties of hops preparations has been considered insufficient for a market authorization for menopausal indications. PURPOSE The study aims to investigate a chemically standardized hops extract regarding its safety in the uterus, as wells as its efficacy to prevent bone loss in the ovariectomized rat model. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Female Wistar rats were ovariectomized and divided into a control group receiving phytoestrogen-free diet, a group treated with E2benzoate (0.93 mg/kg body weight/d) and a group treated with the standardized hops extract (60 mg/kg body weight/d) for 8 weeks. Micro-computed tomography of the tibiae and vertebrae, as wells as histological changes in the uterus and tibia were analyzed. RESULTS Neither uterotrophic nor proliferative effects were observed in the endometrium in response to the oral 8-week administration of the hops extract. However, site-dependent skeletal effects were observed. The hops extract significantly decreased the number of osteoclasts in the tibial metaphysis and prevented reduction of the trabecular thickness that resulted from estradiol depletion. In contrast, the hops extract did not prevent the ovariectomy-induced micro-architectural changes in the lumbar vertebra. Certain parameters (e.g. thickness and number of trabeculae) were even found to be below the values determined in the ovariectomized control group. CONCLUSION Taken together, the results provide evidence for the safety of the standardized hops extract and point to a weak bone type-specific, protective effect on bone loss following estradiol depletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annekathrin M Keiler
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry Dresden, 01731 Kreischa, Germany; Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Janina Helle
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuela I Bader
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tino Ehrhardt
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kristin Nestler
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Georg Kretzschmar
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ricardo Bernhardt
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Günter Vollmer
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dejan Nikolić
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judy L Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Birgit M Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Institute of Zoology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dietz B, Chen SN, Alvarenga RF, Dong H, Nikolić D, Biendl M, van Breemen RB, Bolton JL, Pauli GF. DESIGNER Extracts as Tools to Balance Estrogenic and Chemopreventive Activities of Botanicals for Women's Health. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:2284-2294. [PMID: 28812892 PMCID: PMC5765536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplements contain multiple bioactive compounds that target numerous biological pathways. The lack of uniform standardization requirements is one reason that inconsistent clinical effects are reported frequently. The multifaceted biological interactions of active principles can be disentangled by a coupled pharmacological/phytochemical approach using specialized ("knock-out") extracts. This is demonstrated for hops, a botanical for menopausal symptom management. Employing targeted, adsorbent-free countercurrent separation, Humulus lupulus extracts were designed for pre- and postmenopausal women by containing various amounts of the phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) and the chemopreventive constituent xanthohumol (XH). Analysis of their estrogenic (alkaline phosphatase), chemopreventive (NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 [NQO1]), and cytotoxic bioactivities revealed that the estrogenicity of hops is a function of 8-PN, whereas their NQO1 induction and cytotoxic properties depend on XH levels. Antagonization of the estrogenicity of 8-PN by elevated XH concentrations provided evidence for the interdependence of the biological effects. A designed postmenopausal hop extract was prepared to balance 8-PN and XH levels for both estrogenic and chemopreventive properties. An extract designed for premenopausal women contains reduced 8-PN levels and high XH concentrations to minimize estrogenic while retaining chemopreventive properties. This study demonstrates the feasibility of modulating the concentrations of bioactive compounds in botanical extracts for potentially improved efficacy and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit
M. Dietz
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, 833 S. Wood
Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, 833 S. Wood
Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - René F.
Ramos Alvarenga
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, 833 S. Wood
Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - Huali Dong
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, 833 S. Wood
Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - Dejan Nikolić
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, 833 S. Wood
Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - Martin Biendl
- Hopsteiner,
Hallertauer Hopfenveredelung GmbH, Auhofstrasse 16, 84048 Mainburg, Germany
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, 833 S. Wood
Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - Judy L. Bolton
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, 833 S. Wood
Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- UIC/NIH
Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research and Center for Natural
Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy,
College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois
at Chicago, 833 S. Wood
Street, M/C 781, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kulakowski D, Leme-Kraus AA, Nam JW, McAlpine J, Chen SN, Pauli GF, Ravindran S, Bedran-Russo AK. Oligomeric proanthocyanidins released from dentin induce regenerative dental pulp cell response. Acta Biomater 2017; 55:262-270. [PMID: 28365481 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PACs) are plant-derived, multifunctional compounds that possess high interactivity with extracellular matrix (ECM) components. The documented affinity of PACs for type-I collagen is directly correlated with their structural features and degree of polymerization. In this investigation, centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) was used to sequentially deplete less active monomeric and polymeric PACs from a crude Pinus massoniana bark extract to create refined mixtures enriched in oligomeric PACs. The ability of these oligomeric PACs to modify the mechanical properties of the dentin collagen matrix and their biocompatibility with dental pulp cells (DPCs) was evaluated in an innovative biomimetic environment. The refined mixtures displayed high interactivity with dentin collagen as demonstrated by a significant increase (>5-fold) in the modulus of elasticity of the dentin matrix. In a simplified model of the dentin-DPC complex, DPCs embedded within their native ECM in the presence of PAC-treated dentin exhibited increased proliferation. Quantitative gene expression analyses indicated that exposure to PAC-treated dentin increased the expression of key biomineralization and odontogenic differentiation regulators, including RUNX2, BMP2, OCN, and DSPP. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that PACs two to four units long (dimers, trimers, and tetramers) were being released from dentin into media, influencing cell behavior. Overall, the results suggested that PAC dimers, trimers, and tetramers are not only biocompatible, but enhance the differentiation of DPCs towards a phenotype that favors biomineralization. PAC-enriched refined mixtures can influence the field of biomaterials and regeneration by serving as renewable, non-cytotoxic agents that can increase the mechanical properties of biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Pine bark extract is a renewable source of structurally diverse proanthocyanidins (PACs), multifunctional compounds whose interaction with collagen can be tailored to specific purposes by enrichment of selected PACs from the complex mixture. Oligomeric PACs were enriched from the extract and were shown here to sustain desired tissue modification and were thus assessed for cellular response in a model of the dentin-pulp interface. This model was developed to mimic leaching of potentially reactive compounds into pulp tissue. Dental pulp cells exposed to PAC-treated dentin showed increased proliferation and expression of genes necessary for extracellular matrix deposition and biomineralization, processes crucial for forming new dentin. Thus, collagen-interactive PACs may also enhance tissue regeneration and have broad impact in tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kulakowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Ariene A Leme-Kraus
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Joo-Won Nam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States; College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - James McAlpine
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Sriram Ravindran
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States.
| | - Ana K Bedran-Russo
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu Y, Friesen JB, Grzelak EM, Fan Q, Tang T, Durić K, Jaki BU, McAlpine JB, Franzblau SG, Chen SN, Pauli GF. Sweet spot matching: A thin-layer chromatography-based countercurrent solvent system selection strategy. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1504:46-54. [PMID: 28506498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
TLC-based strategies were proposed in 1979 (Hostettmann et al.) and 2005 (Friesen & Pauli; GUESS method) to minimize the number of partitioning experiments required for countercurrent separation (CCS) solvent system selection. As semi-empirical approaches, both proposed that the K values defining the sweet spot of optimal CCS corresponded to a matching Rf value range from the silica gel TLC plate developed in the organic phase of a biphasic or a corresponding monophasic solvent system. Despite their simplicity, there has been an absence of theoretical support and a deficiency of reported experimental evidence. The present study explores the theory required to develop correlations between Rf and K. All theoretical models surmise that the optimal Rf value range should be centered at 0.5. In order to validate the feasibility of the concept of matching Rf and K values, 43 natural products and six solvent system families were investigated. Out of 62 correlations, 45 resulted in matched Rf and K values. Based on this study, practical guidelines for the TLC-based prediction strategy are provided. These approaches will equip CCS users with an updated understanding of how to apply the TLC-based solvent system selection strategy to accelerate a targeted selection of CCS conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - J Brent Friesen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Physical Sciences Department, Rosary College of Arts and Sciences, Dominican University, River Forest, IL 60305, USA.
| | - Edyta M Grzelak
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Qingfei Fan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, PR China
| | - Ting Tang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Central Laboratory, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, PR China
| | - Kemal Durić
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Birgit U Jaki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - James B McAlpine
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Guido F Pauli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Center for Natural Product Technologies (CENAPT), Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang S, Dunlap TL, Howell CE, Mbachu OC, Rue EA, Phansalkar R, Chen SN, Pauli GF, Dietz BM, Bolton JL. Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Extract and 6-Prenylnaringenin Induce P450 1A1 Catalyzed Estrogen 2-Hydroxylation. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:1142-50. [PMID: 27269377 PMCID: PMC4951797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Humulus lupulus L. (hops) is a popular botanical
dietary supplement used by women as a sleep aid and for postmenopausal
symptom relief. In addition to its efficacy for menopausal symptoms,
hops can also modulate the chemical estrogen carcinogenesis pathway
and potentially protect women from breast cancer. In the present study,
an enriched hop extract and the key bioactive compounds [6-prenylnarigenin
(6-PN), 8-prenylnarigenin (8-PN), isoxanthohumol (IX), and xanthohumol
(XH)] were tested for their effects on estrogen metabolism in breast
cells (MCF-10A and MCF-7). The methoxyestrones (2-/4-MeOE1) were analyzed as biomarkers for the nontoxic P450 1A1 catalyzed
2-hydroxylation and the genotoxic P450 1B1 catalyzed 4-hydroxylation
pathways, respectively. The results indicated that the hop extract
and 6-PN preferentially induced the 2-hydroxylation pathway in both
cell lines. 8-PN only showed slight up-regulation of metabolism in
MCF-7 cells, whereas IX and XH did not have significant effects in
either cell line. To further explore the influence of hops and its
bioactive marker compounds on P450 1A1/1B1, mRNA expression and ethoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (EROD) activity were measured. The results
correlated with the metabolism data and showed that hop extract and
6-PN preferentially enhanced P450 1A1 mRNA expression and increased
P450 1A1/1B1 activity. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation
by the isolated compounds was tested using xenobiotic response element
(XRE) luciferase construct transfected cells. 6-PN was found to be
an AhR agonist that significantly induced XRE activation and inhibited
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induced
XRE activity. 6-PN mediated induction of EROD activity was also inhibited
by the AhR antagonist CH223191. These data show that the hop extract
and 6-PN preferentially enhance the nontoxic estrogen 2-hydroxylation
pathway through AhR mediated up-regulation of P450 1A1, which further
emphasizes the importance of standardization of botanical extracts
to multiple chemical markers for both safety and desired bioactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Tareisha L Dunlap
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Caitlin E Howell
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Obinna C Mbachu
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Emily A Rue
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Rasika Phansalkar
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Birgit M Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Judy L Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago , 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pauli GF, Pro SM, Chadwick LR, Burdick T, Pro L, Friedl W, Novak N, Maltby J, Qiu F, Friesen JB. Real-Time Volumetric Phase Monitoring: Advancing Chemical Analysis by Countercurrent Separation. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7418-25. [PMID: 26152934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Countercurrent separation (CCS) utilizes the differential partitioning behavior of analytes between two immiscible liquid phases. We introduce the first platform ("CherryOne") capable of real-time monitoring, metering, and control of the dynamic liquid-liquid CCS process. Automated phase monitoring and volumetrics are made possible with an array of sensors, including the new permittivity-based phase metering apparatus (PMA). Volumetric data for each liquid phase are converted into a dynamic real-time display of stationary phase retention (Sf) and eluent partition coefficients (K), which represent critical parameters of CCS reproducibility. When coupled with the elution-extrusion operational mode (EECCC), automated Sf and K determination empowers untargeted and targeted applications ranging from metabolomic analysis to preparative purifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Samuel M Pro
- §Cherry Instruments, 1134 West Granville Avenue, Suite 1109, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Lucas R Chadwick
- §Cherry Instruments, 1134 West Granville Avenue, Suite 1109, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Thomas Burdick
- §Cherry Instruments, 1134 West Granville Avenue, Suite 1109, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Luke Pro
- §Cherry Instruments, 1134 West Granville Avenue, Suite 1109, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Warren Friedl
- §Cherry Instruments, 1134 West Granville Avenue, Suite 1109, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Nick Novak
- §Cherry Instruments, 1134 West Granville Avenue, Suite 1109, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - John Maltby
- §Cherry Instruments, 1134 West Granville Avenue, Suite 1109, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | | | - J Brent Friesen
- ⊥Physical Sciences Department, Dominican University, River Forest, Illinois 60305, United States
| |
Collapse
|