1
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Gribble GW. Naturally Occurring Organohalogen Compounds-A Comprehensive Review. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 121:1-546. [PMID: 37488466 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26629-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The present volume is the third in a trilogy that documents naturally occurring organohalogen compounds, bringing the total number-from fewer than 25 in 1968-to approximately 8000 compounds to date. Nearly all of these natural products contain chlorine or bromine, with a few containing iodine and, fewer still, fluorine. Produced by ubiquitous marine (algae, sponges, corals, bryozoa, nudibranchs, fungi, bacteria) and terrestrial organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria, insects, higher animals) and universal abiotic processes (volcanos, forest fires, geothermal events), organohalogens pervade the global ecosystem. Newly identified extraterrestrial sources are also documented. In addition to chemical structures, biological activity, biohalogenation, biodegradation, natural function, and future outlook are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon W Gribble
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA.
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2
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El-Elimat T, Al-Qiam R, Burdette JE, Al Sharie AH, Al-Gharaibeh M, Oberlies NH. Homoisoflavonoids from the bulbs of Bellevalia longipes and an assessment of their potential cytotoxic activity. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 203:113343. [PMID: 35963294 PMCID: PMC9795560 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Seven undescribed homoisoflavonoids were identified from the bulbs of Bellevalia longipes Post (Asparagaceae) as well as thirteen known and one natural homoisoflavonoid that had been reported as a synthetic product previously. A general approach for recognizing homoisoflavonoids via NMR spectroscopy data were presented. The undescribed compounds were: 8-dehydroxy-5-O-demethyl-6-hydroxyscillapersicone, 6-methoxyscillapersicone, 5-O-demethyl-6-methoxyscillapersicone, 8-O-methylscillapersicone, 4'-O-methylscillapersicone, 4',8-O,O-dimethylscillapersicone, 3'-O-methylscillapersicone, and 3-hydroxy-desmethylophiopogonanone A. Structures were determined based on analysis of HRMS and NMR data, while absolute configurations were assigned using ECD spectroscopy. Human cancer cell lines were used to assess the cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds, where 3-dehydroxy-3'-hydroxyeucomol showed IC50 values of 0.62 μM, 5.36 μM, and 2.52 μM, when tested against MDA-MB-435 (melanoma), MDA-MB-231 (breast), and OVCAR3 (ovarian) cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Reema Al-Qiam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Ahmed H Al Sharie
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Al-Gharaibeh
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
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3
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Al Subeh ZY, Li T, Ustoyev A, Obike JC, West PM, Khin M, Burdette JE, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH, Croatt MP. Semisynthesis of Hypothemycin Analogues Targeting the C8-C9 Diol. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:2018-2025. [PMID: 35834411 PMCID: PMC9677340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Hypothemycin, an epoxide derivative of (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol, was used in the semisynthesis of a series of C8-C9 diol derivatives, with many inhibiting TAK1 at submicromolar concentrations. A step-economical approach was chosen, whereby nonselective reactions functionalized the diol to generate multiple analogues in a single reaction. Using this approach, 35 analogues were synthesized using 12 reactions, providing a wealth of information about the role that the C8-C9 diol plays in TAK1 inhibition and cytotoxicity in ovarian and breast cancer cell lines. Monofunctionalized analogues exhibited strong inhibition of TAK1, showing potential for modification of this section of the molecule to assist with solubility, formulation, and other desirable properties. Most analogues were cytotoxic, and three compounds had similar or slightly increased potency with >100-fold improvement in solubility profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Y Al Subeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Abraham Ustoyev
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Jennifer C Obike
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Philip M West
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Manead Khin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Cedric J Pearce
- Mycosynthetix, Inc., Hillsborough, North Carolina 27278, United States
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Mitchell P Croatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
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4
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Knowles SL, Raja HA, Roberts CD, Oberlies NH. Fungal-fungal co-culture: a primer for generating chemical diversity. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1557-1573. [PMID: 35137758 PMCID: PMC9384855 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00070e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2002 to 2020In their natural environment, fungi must compete for resources. It has been hypothesized that this competition likely induces the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites for defence. In a quest to discover new chemical diversity from fungal cultures, a growing trend has been to recapitulate this competitive environment in the laboratory, essentially growing fungi in co-culture. This review covers fungal-fungal co-culture studies beginning with the first literature report in 2002. Since then, there has been a growing number of new secondary metabolites reported as a result of fungal co-culture studies. Specifically, this review discusses and provides insights into (1) rationale for pairing fungal strains, (2) ways to grow fungi for co-culture, (3) different approaches to screening fungal co-cultures for chemical diversity, (4) determining the secondary metabolite-producing strain, and (5) final thoughts regarding the fungal-fungal co-culture approach. Our goal is to provide a set of practical strategies for fungal co-culture studies to generate unique chemical diversity that the natural products research community can utilize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja L Knowles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
| | - Christopher D Roberts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
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5
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Ricigliano VA, Cank KB, Todd DA, Knowles SL, Oberlies NH. Metabolomics-Guided Comparison of Pollen and Microalgae-Based Artificial Diets in Honey Bees. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9790-9801. [PMID: 35881882 PMCID: PMC9372997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Managed honey bee colonies used for crop pollination are fed artificial diets to offset nutritional deficiencies related to land-use intensification and climate change. In this study, we formulated novel microalgae diets using Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) biomass and fed them to young adult honey bee workers. Diet-induced changes in bee metabolite profiles were studied relative to a natural pollen diet using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics. Untargeted analyses of pollen- and microalgae-fed bees revealed significant overlap, with 248 shared features determined by LC-MS and 87 shared features determined by GC-MS. Further metabolomic commonalities were evident upon subtraction of unique diet features. Twenty-five identified metabolites were influenced by diet, which included complex lipids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and phytochemicals. The metabolomics results are useful to understand mechanisms underlying favorable growth performance as well as increased antioxidant and heat shock protein gene expression in bees fed the microalgae diets. We conclude that the tested microalgae have potential as sustainable feed additives and as a source of bee health-modulating natural products. Metabolomics-guided diet development could eventually help tailor feed interventions to achieve precision nutrition in honey bees and other livestock animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent A. Ricigliano
- Vincent
A. Ricigliano—Honey Bee Breeding, Genetics and Physiology Research, USDA-ARS, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70820, United States
| | - Kristof B. Cank
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402-6170, United States
| | - Daniel A. Todd
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402-6170, United States
| | - Sonja L. Knowles
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402-6170, United States
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402-6170, United States
- .
Fax: (336) 334-5402
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6
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Cank KB, Shepherd RA, Knowles SL, Rangel-Grimaldo M, Raja HA, Bunch ZL, Cech NB, Rice CA, Kyle DE, Falkinham JO, Burdette JE, Oberlies NH. Polychlorinated cyclopentenes from a marine derived Periconia sp. (strain G1144). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 199:113200. [PMID: 35421431 PMCID: PMC9173697 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Studies on an organic extract of a marine fungus, Periconia sp. (strain G1144), led to the isolation of three halogenated cyclopentenes along with the known and recently reported rhytidhyester D; a series of spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques were used to elucidate these structures. Interestingly, two of these compounds represent tri-halogenated cyclopentene derivatives, which have been observed only rarely from Nature. The relative and absolute configurations of the compounds were established via mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Mosher's esters method, optical rotation and GIAO NMR calculations, including correlation coefficient calculations and the use of both DP4+ and dJ DP4 analyses. Several of the isolated compounds were tested for activity in anti-parasitic, antimicrobial, quorum sensing inhibition, and cytotoxicity assays and were shown to be inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristóf B Cank
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Patricia A. Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| | - Robert A Shepherd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Patricia A. Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| | - Sonja L Knowles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Patricia A. Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| | - Manuel Rangel-Grimaldo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Patricia A. Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Patricia A. Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| | - Zoie L Bunch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Patricia A. Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| | - Nadja B Cech
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Patricia A. Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| | - Christopher A Rice
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 724 Biological Sciences Building, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2607, USA; Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 335 Coverdell Center 500 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602-7399, USA.
| | - Dennis E Kyle
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, 335 Coverdell Center 500 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602-7399, USA.
| | - Joseph O Falkinham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Derring Hall Room 2125, 926 West Campus Drive, Mail Code 0406, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, 333 PHARM, MC 781, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Patricia A. Sullivan Science Building, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA.
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7
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Smolobochkin AV, Gazizov AS, Yakhshilikova LJ, Sidlyaruk NA, Khamatgalimov AR, Burilov AR, Pudovik MA. Synthesis of substituted tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ones through nucleophilic cyclization / electrophilic substitution of 1-(3,3-diethoxypropyl)urea with C-nucleophiles. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Aldrich LN, Burdette JE, de Blanco EC, Coss CC, Eustaquio AS, Fuchs JR, Kinghorn AD, MacFarlane A, Mize B, Oberlies NH, Orjala J, Pearce CJ, Phelps MA, Rakotondraibe LH, Ren Y, Soejarto DD, Stockwell BR, Yalowich JC, Zhang X. Discovery of Anticancer Agents of Diverse Natural Origin. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:702-719. [PMID: 35213158 PMCID: PMC9034850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Research progress from mainly over the last five years is described for a multidisciplinary collaborative program project directed toward the discovery of potential anticancer agents from a broad range of taxonomically defined organisms. Selected lead compounds with potential as new antitumor agents that are representative of considerable structural diversity have continued to be obtained from each of tropical plants, terrestrial and aquatic cyanobacteria, and filamentous fungi. Recently, a new focus has been on the investigation of the constituents of U.S. lichens and their fungal mycobionts. A medicinal chemistry and pharmacokinetics component of the project has optimized structurally selected lead natural products, leading to enhanced cytotoxic potencies against selected cancer cell lines. Biological testing has shown several compounds to have in vivo activity, and relevant preliminary structure-activity relationship and mechanism of action studies have been performed. Several promising lead compounds worthy of further investigation have been identified from the most recent collaborative work performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie N. Aldrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Joanna E. Burdette
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | | | - Christopher C. Coss
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Alessandra S. Eustaquio
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - James R. Fuchs
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - A. Douglas Kinghorn
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Amanda MacFarlane
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Brittney Mize
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 24702, United States
| | - Jimmy Orjala
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Cedric J. Pearce
- Mycosynthetix, Inc., Hillsborough, North Carolina 27278, United States
| | - Mitch A. Phelps
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | - Yulin Ren
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Djaja Doel Soejarto
- College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605, United States
| | - Brent R. Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Jack C. Yalowich
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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9
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Flores-Bocanegra L, Al Subeh ZY, Egan JM, El-Elimat T, Raja HA, Burdette JE, Pearce CJ, Linington RG, Oberlies NH. Dereplication of Fungal Metabolites by NMR-Based Compound Networking Using MADByTE. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:614-624. [PMID: 35020372 PMCID: PMC8957573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Strategies for natural product dereplication are continually evolving, essentially in lock step with advances in MS and NMR techniques. MADByTE is a new platform designed to identify common structural features between samples in complex extract libraries using two-dimensional NMR spectra. This study evaluated the performance of MADByTE for compound dereplication by examining two classes of fungal metabolites, the resorcylic acid lactones (RALs) and spirobisnaphthalenes. First, a pure compound database was created using the HSQC and TOCSY data from 19 RALs and 10 spirobisnaphthalenes. Second, this database was used to assess the accuracy of compound class clustering through the generation of a spin system feature network. Seven fungal extracts were dereplicated using this approach, leading to the correct prediction of members of both families from the extract set. Finally, NMR-guided isolation led to the discovery of three new palmarumycins (20-22). Together these results demonstrate that MADByTE is effective for the detection of specific compound classes in complex mixtures and that this detection is possible for both known and new natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Flores-Bocanegra
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Zeinab Y. Al Subeh
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Joseph M. Egan
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Huzefa A. Raja
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Joanna E. Burdette
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of
Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Cedric J. Pearce
- Mycosynthetix,
Inc., Hillsborough, North Carolina 27278, United States
| | - Roger G. Linington
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
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10
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Gao Y, Duan F, Chang J, Meng X, Ruan H. Resorcylic acid lactones from a Podospora sp. that induce apoptosis in activated T cells through MAPKs/AKT pathway. Bioorg Chem 2021; 118:105482. [PMID: 34801946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Podomycins A-L (1-12), 12 undescribed hypothemycin-type resorcylic acid lactones (RALs), were characterized from Podospora sp. G214, an endophyte harbored in the roots of Sanguisorba officinalis L. Their structures were addressed by spectroscopic data, X-ray crystallography, the modified Mosher's method, together with Mo2(OAc)4- and Rh2(OCOCF3)4-induced electronic circular dichroism (ICD) experiments. Podomycins A-C (1-3) represent the first class of natural RALs with a 13-membered macrolactone ring, while 4-12 are rearranged methoxycarbonyl substituted RALs. Biologically, compounds 2, 6, 8, 10, and 12 displayed immunosuppressive activities against T cell proliferation with IC50 values of 14.5-21.9 μM, and B cell proliferation with IC50 values of 22.3-36.5 μM, respectively. Further mechanism of action research demonstrated that podomycin F (6) distinctly induced apoptosis in activated T cells via MAPKs/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangfang Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinling Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianggao Meng
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanli Ruan
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Kuttikrishnan S, Prabhu KS, Al Sharie AH, Al Zu'bi YO, Alali FQ, Oberlies NH, Ahmad A, El-Elimat T, Uddin S. Natural resorcylic acid lactones: A chemical biology approach for anticancer activity. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:547-557. [PMID: 34655796 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Resorcylic acid lactones (RALs) are fungal polyketides that consist of a β-resorcylic acid residue (2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid) embedded in a macrolactone ring. RALs exhibit a broad range of biological activities, including anticancer activities. Following discovery of the selective Hsp90 inhibition activity of radicicol, the kinase inhibition activity of hypothemycin, monocillin II, 5Z-7-oxo-zeaenol, and L-783,277 RALs, and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) inhibition activity of the RAL zearalenone, have attracted great attention as potential therapeutics for cancer treatment. In this minireview, we focus on natural RALs that possess cytotoxic activities [IC50 values < 10 μM (or 4-5 μg/ml)], discussing their structures, isolation, occurrence, biological activities, and anticancer molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kirti S Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed H Al Sharie
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Yazan O Al Zu'bi
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Feras Q Alali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Dermatology Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar; Laboratory of Animal Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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12
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Gómez OC, Moreira DMB, Luiz JHH. Medicinal potentialities and pathogenic profile of Lasiodiplodia genus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:190. [PMID: 34632549 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03137-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Considering that current biotechnological advances have been contributing towards improving the well-being of humanity, endophytic fungi, such as Lasiodiplodia, are promising sources of new substances to be used in chemical, pharmaceutical and agrochemical processes. Bioactive secondary metabolites are examples of such substances, although it is widely known that Lasiodiplodia inflicts irreparable damage to several crops of major economic importance. They are often produced as a response against biotic and abiotic factors, thus revealing that they play different roles, such as in signaling and defense mechanisms. Therefore, this review presents a few subtle differences between pathogenicity and mutualistic endophyte-host interactions. Moreover, the main secondary metabolites produced by Lasiodiplodia endophytes have been described with respect to their relevant antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Cabezas Gómez
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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13
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Niu S, Liu D, Shao Z, Huang J, Fan A, Lin W. Chlorinated metabolites with antibacterial activities from a deep-sea-derived Spiromastix fungus. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29661-29667. [PMID: 35479535 PMCID: PMC9041095 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05736g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatographic separation of the solid cultures of a deep-sea-derived Spiromastix fungus (MCCC 3A00308) resulted in the isolation of eight compounds. Their structures were identified on the basis of the spectroscopic data. Compounds 1–8 are classified as depsidone-type (1–4), isocoumarin-type (5 and 6), and benzothiazole-type (7 and 8), of which 1–7 are new compounds and 1–3 along with 5 and 6 are chlorinated. Compound 3 is characterized by trichlorination and shows potent activities against Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria including Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Bacillus thuringiensis ATCC 10792, and Bacillus subtilis CMCC 63501, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.5 to 1.0 μg mL−1. This study extends the chemical diversity of chlorinated natural products from marine-derived fungi and provides a promising lead for the development of antibacterial agents. Chromatographic separation of the solid cultures of a deep-sea-derived Spiromastix fungus (MCCC 3A00308) resulted in the isolation of five chlorinated compounds with antibacterial activities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwen Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Beijing 100191 P. R. China .,Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Zongze Shao
- Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Aili Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
| | - Wenhan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University Beijing 100191 P. R. China .,Institute of Ocean Research, Ningbo Institute of Marine Medicine, Peking University Beijing 100191 P. R. China
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14
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Al Subeh ZY, Raja HA, Obike JC, Pearce CJ, Croatt MP, Oberlies NH. Media and strain studies for the scaled production of cis-enone resorcylic acid lactones as feedstocks for semisynthesis. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2021; 74:496-507. [PMID: 34155352 PMCID: PMC8313427 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-021-00432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Resorcylic acid lactones (RALs) with a cis-enone moiety, represented by hypothemycin (1) and (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol (2), are fungal secondary metabolites with irreversible inhibitory activity against protein kinases, with particularly selective activity for inhibition of TAK1 (transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1). Gram-scale quantities of these compounds were needed as feedstock for semi-synthesizing RAL-analogues in a step-economical fashion. To do so, this study had three primary goals: identifying fungi that biosynthesized 1 and 2, enhancing their production by optimizing the fermentation conditions on the lab scale, and developing straight forward purification processes. After evaluating 536 fungal extracts via an in-house dereplication protocol, three strains were identified as producing cis-enone RALs (i.e., MSX78495, MSX63935, MSX45109). Screening these fungal strains on three grain-based media revealed enhanced production of 1 by strain MSX78495 on oatmeal medium, while rice medium increased the biosynthesis of 2 by strain MSX63935. Furthermore, the purification processes were improved, moving away from HPLC purification to utilizing two to four cycles of resuspension and centrifugation in small volumes of organic solvents, generating gram-scale quantities of these metabolites readily. In addition, studying the chemistry profiles of strains MSX78495 and MSX63935 resulted in the isolation of ten other RALs (3-12), two radicinin analogues (13-14), and six benzopyranones (15-20), with 19 and 20 being newly described chlorinated benzopyranones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Y Al Subeh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer C Obike
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | | | - Mitchell P Croatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
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15
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Wang R. Anticancer activities, structure-activity relationship, and mechanism of action of 12-, 14-, and 16-membered macrolactones. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2100025. [PMID: 34138486 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the major causes of death worldwide despite the encouraging breakthroughs in the discovery of novel chemotherapeutic agents in recent years. The development of new effective anticancer candidates still represents a challenging endeavor due to the severe anticancer demands and the emergence of drug-resistant, especially multidrug-resistant, cancers. Macrolactones could regulate multiple signaling pathways in cancer cells and demonstrated potential anticancer effects, including inhibition of proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenic activity. Accordingly, macrolactones possess excellent efficacy against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cancer cells, and the rational design of macrolactones may provide valuable therapeutic interventions for cancers. The purpose of this review is as follows: (1) outline the recent advances made in the development of 12-, 14-, and 16-membered macrolactones with anticancer potential; (2) summarize the structure-activity relationship; and (3) discuss their anticancer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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El-Elimat T, Figueroa M, Raja HA, Alnabulsi SM, Oberlies NH. Coumarins, dihydroisocoumarins, a dibenzo- α-pyrone, a meroterpenoid, and a merodrimane from Talaromyces amestolkiae. Tetrahedron Lett 2021; 72. [PMID: 34421136 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of an organic extract of a fungus isolated from submerged wood collected from fresh water (strain G173), identified as a Talaromyces amestolkiae (Eurotiales; Trichocomaceae), led to the isolation of three coumarins, three dihydroisocoumarins, a dibenzo-α-pyrone, a meroterpenoid, and a merodrimane. Three of the isolated compounds, namely 7-chloropestalasin A (3), 4-hydroxyaspergillumarin (6), and ent-thailandolide B (9) were new. The structures were elucidated using a combination of spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. The absolute configurations of 2, 3, 5, and 6 were established via a modified Mosher's ester method, whereas for 9 a combination of TDDFT ECD and ORD calculations were employed. Compounds 1-9 were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against a group of bacteria and fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mario Figueroa
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| | - Soraya M Alnabulsi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
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17
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Knowles SL, Roberts CD, Augustinović M, Flores-Bocanegra L, Raja HA, Heath-Borrero KN, Burdette JE, Falkinham Iii JO, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. Opportunities and Limitations for Assigning Relative Configurations of Antibacterial Bislactones using GIAO NMR Shift Calculations. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:1254-1260. [PMID: 33764773 PMCID: PMC8108483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Four new bislactones, dihydroacremonol (1), clonostachyone (2), acremodiol B (3), and acremodiol C (4), along with one known compound, hymeglusin (5), were isolated from cultures of two fungal strains (MSX59876 and MSX59260). Both strains were identified based on phylogenetic analysis of molecular data as Clonostachys spp.; yet, they biosynthesized a suite of related, but different, secondary metabolites. Given the challenges associated with elucidating the structures and configurations of bislactones, GIAO NMR calculations were tested as a complement to traditional NMR and HRESIMS experiments. Fortuitously, the enantiomer of the new natural product (4) was known as a synthetic compound, and the predicted configuration from GIAO NMR calculations (i.e., for the relative configuration) and optical rotation calculations (i.e., for the absolute configuration) matched those of the synthesis product. These results engendered confidence in using similar procedures, particularly the mixture of GIAO NMR shift calculations coupled with an orthogonal technique, to predict the configuration of 1-3; however, there were important limitations, which are discussed for each of these. The metabolites displayed antimicrobial activities, with compounds 1 and 4 being the most potent against Staphylococcus aureus with MICs of 1 and 4 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja L Knowles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Christopher D Roberts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Mario Augustinović
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Laura Flores-Bocanegra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Kimberly N Heath-Borrero
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Joseph O Falkinham Iii
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Cedric J Pearce
- Mycosynthetix, Inc., Hillsborough, North Carolina 27278, United States
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
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18
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El-Elimat T, Raja HA, Figueroa M, Al Sharie AH, Bunch RL, Oberlies NH. Freshwater Fungi as a Source of Chemical Diversity: A Review. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:898-916. [PMID: 33662206 PMCID: PMC8127292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As their name indicates, freshwater fungi occur on submerged substrates in fresh water habitats. This review brings together the chemical diversity and biological activity of 199 of the 280 known freshwater fungal metabolites published from 1992 to 2020, representing at least seven structural classes, including polyketides, phenylpropanoids, terpenoids, meroterpenoids, alkaloids, polypeptides, and monosaccharides. In addition to describing what they are, where they are found, and what they do, we also discuss strategies for the collection, isolation, and identification of fungi from freshwater habitats, with the goal of enhancing chemists' knowledge of several mycological principles. We anticipate that this review will provide a springboard for future natural products studies from this fascinating but underexplored group of Ascomycota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Huzefa A. Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Mario Figueroa
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Ahmed H. Al Sharie
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Rick L. Bunch
- Department of Geography, Environment, and Sustainability, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
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19
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Gao Y, Duan FF, Liu L, Peng XG, Meng XG, Ruan HL. Hypothemycin-Type Resorcylic Acid Lactones with Immunosuppressive Activities from a Podospora sp. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:483-494. [PMID: 33544615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Twelve new hypothemycin-type resorcylic acid lactones, three 10-membered (1-3) and nine 14-membered (4-12), together with seven known analogues (13-19), were obtained from the solid rice-based culture of Podospora sp. G214. Their structures were elucidated utilizing spectroscopic analysis, and the absolute configurations were determined by modified Mosher's method, Mo2(OAc)4-induced electronic circular dichroism experiments, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1, 5, 10, and 12-19 exhibited potent immunosuppressive activities against concanavalin A-induced T cell proliferation with IC50 values ranging from 6.0 to 25.1 μM and lipopolysaccharide-induced B cell proliferation with IC50 values ranging from 6.2 to 29.1 μM. Further studies revealed that 1 induced apoptosis in activated T cells through the JNK-mediated mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Fang Duan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Gang Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Gao Meng
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Li Ruan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, People's Republic of China
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20
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El-Elimat T, Alhawarri MB, Rivera-Chávez J, Burdette JE, Czarnecki A, Al-Gharaibeh M, Al Sharie AH, Alhusban A, Alali FQ, Oberlies NH. Phenethyisoquinoline alkaloids from the leaves of Androcymbium palaestinum. Fitoterapia 2020; 146:104706. [PMID: 32829012 PMCID: PMC7871506 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen compounds were isolated from the methanolic extract of the leaves of Androcymbium palaestinum Baker (Colchicaceae). Of these, three were new, two were new natural products, and eight were known. The new isolated compounds were (+)-1-demethylandrocine (5), (-)-andropalaestine (8), and (+)-2-demethyl-β-lumicolchicone (10), while the new natural products were (+)-O-methylkreysigine-N-oxide (3) and (+)-O,O-dimethylautumnaline (9). Moreover, two known compounds are reported for the first time from this species, specifically (-)-colchicine (11) and (-)-3-demethyldemecolcine (13). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using a series of spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques, principally HRESIMS, 1D-NMR (1H and 13C NMR) and 2D-NMR (COSY, edited-HSQC, and HMBC). ECD spectroscopy was used for assigning the absolute configurations of compounds 3, 5, and 10. The cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated using the MDA-MB-435 (melanoma), MDA-MB-231 (breast), and OVCAR3 (ovary) cancer cell lines. Compound 11 was the most potent against all tested cell lines, with IC50 values of 12, 95 and 23 nM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Maram B Alhawarri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - José Rivera-Chávez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States of America
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Austin Czarnecki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Al-Gharaibeh
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed H Al Sharie
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Ahmed Alhusban
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Feras Q Alali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States of America
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21
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Gaddam J, Reddy AVV, Sarma AVS, Yadav JS, Mohapatra DK. Total Synthesis and Structural Revision of Greensporone F and Dechlorogreensporone F. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12418-12429. [PMID: 32875792 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The first asymmetric total syntheses of the real isolation product (2S,5R,8R)-greensporone F and (2S,5R,8R)-dechlorogreensporone F, 14-membered resorcylic acid lactones with a cis-2,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofuran ring system, was accomplished. The synthesis features a late-stage Lewis acid-catalyzed stereoselective intramolecular oxa-Michael reaction, E-selective ring-closing metathesis, De Brabander's esterification, and Jacobsen's hydrolytic kinetic resolution as the key steps. Synthesis of both real isolation and erroneously proposed structure necessitated the revision of the absolute configuration of greensporone F and dechlorogreensporone F. The erroneous representation of (2S,5S,8S)-configuration in greensporone F and dechlorogreensporone F was assigned to be (2S,5R,8R) by comparison with the NMR data and specific rotation of the synthetic compounds with that of the reported data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janardhan Gaddam
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Aedula Vishnu V Reddy
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Akella V S Sarma
- Centre for NMR and Structural Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Jhillu S Yadav
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India.,School of Science, Indrashil University, Kadi, Gujarat 382740, India
| | - Debendra K Mohapatra
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
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22
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Knowles SL, Vu N, Todd DA, Raja HA, Rokas A, Zhang Q, Oberlies NH. Orthogonal Method for Double-Bond Placement via Ozone-Induced Dissociation Mass Spectrometry (OzID-MS). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:3421-3431. [PMID: 31823607 PMCID: PMC7004233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Most often, the structures of secondary metabolites are solved using a suite of NMR techniques. However, there are times when it can be challenging to position double bonds, particularly those that are fully substituted or when there are multiple double bonds in similar chemical environments. Ozone-induced dissociation mass spectrometry (OzID-MS) serves as an orthogonal structure elucidation tool, using predictable fragmentation patterns that are generated after ozonolysis across a carbon-carbon double bond. This technique is finding growing use in the lipidomics community, suggestive of its potential value for secondary metabolites. This methodology was evaluated by confirming the double-bond positions in five fungal secondary metabolites, specifically, ent-sartorypyrone E (1), sartorypyrone A (2), sorbicillin (3), trichodermic acid A (4), and AA03390 (5). This demonstrated its potential with a variety of chemotypes, ranging from polyketides to terpenoids and including those in both conjugated and nonconjugated polyenes. In addition, the potential of using this methodology in the context of a mixture was piloted by studying Aspergillus fischeri, first examining a traditional extract and then sampling a live fungal culture in situ. While the intensity of signals varied from pure compound to extract to in situ, the utility of the technique was preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja L. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412
| | - Ngoc Vu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412
| | - Daniel A. Todd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412
| | - Huzefa A. Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412
| | - Antonis Rokas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235
| | - Qibin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Kannapolis, NC 28081
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412
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23
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Amrine CSM, Long JL, Raja HA, Kurina SJ, Burdette JE, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. Engineering Fluorine into Verticillins (Epipolythiodioxopiperazine Alkaloids) via Precursor-Directed Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:3104-3110. [PMID: 31633350 PMCID: PMC6996222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Precursor-directed biosynthesis was used to generate a series of fluorinated verticillins. The biosynthesis of these epipolythiodioxopiperazine alkaloids was monitored in situ via the droplet liquid microjunction surface sampling probe (droplet probe), and a suite of NMR and mass spectrometry data were used for their characterization. All analogues demonstrated nanomolar IC50 values vs a panel of cancer cell lines. This approach yielded new compounds that would be difficult to generate via synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiraz Soumia M Amrine
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Jessica L Long
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Steven J Kurina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60612 , United States
| | - Cedric J Pearce
- Mycosynthetix Inc. , 505 Meadowlands Drive, Suite 103 , Hillsborough , North Carolina 27278 , United States
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
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24
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Li L, Zhang X, Tan X, Sun B, Wu B, Yu M, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Ding G. Rhinoclactones A-E, Resorcylic Acid Analogs from Desert Plant Endophytic Fungus Rhinocladiella similis. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071405. [PMID: 30974765 PMCID: PMC6480478 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven resorcylic acid lactones (RALs) including five new analog rhinoclactones, A–E (1, 2, 4–6), were isolated from an endophytic fungus Rhinocladiella similis in the plant Agriophyllum squarrosum collected from the Tengger Desert of the Ningxia Province, China. The structures of these new compounds were determined by HR-ESI-MS (High Resolution Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry), NMR data, modified Mosher’s method, and X-ray diffraction experiments. All compounds isolated from this fungus possessed the 16-OMe/14-OH, not the common 16-OH/14-OH or 16-OH/14-OMe groups on the aromatic ring, which are rarely found in nature. Compound 7 displayed cytotoxic activities against HCT116 and HeLa cancer cell lines. The possible biosynthesis of 1–7 is suggested, and the potential ecological roles of these fungal secondary metabolites is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luying Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xiangmei Tan
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Bingda Sun
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Bin Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Meng Yu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Gang Ding
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China.
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Prabhu KS, Siveen KS, Kuttikrishnan S, Jochebeth A, Ali TA, Elareer NR, Iskandarani A, Quaiyoom Khan A, Merhi M, Dermime S, El-Elimat T, Oberlies NH, Alali FQ, Steinhoff M, Uddin S. Greensporone A, a Fungal Secondary Metabolite Suppressed Constitutively Activated AKT via ROS Generation and Induced Apoptosis in Leukemic Cell Lines. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9040126. [PMID: 30934922 PMCID: PMC6523683 DOI: 10.3390/biom9040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Greensporone A is a fungal secondary metabolite that has exhibited potential in vitro for anti-proliferative activity in vitro. We studied the anticancer activity of greensporone A in a panel of leukemic cell lines. Greensporone A-mediated inhibition of proliferation is found to be associated with the induction of apoptotic cell death. Greensporone A treatment of leukemic cells causes inactivation of constitutively activated AKT and its downstream targets, including members GSK3 and FOXO1, and causes downregulation of antiapoptotic genes such as Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAPs) and Bcl-2. Furthermore, Bax, a proapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family, was found to be upregulated in leukemic cell lines treated with greensporone A. Interestingly, gene silencing of AKT using AKT specific siRNA suppressed the expression of Bcl-2 with enhanced expression of Bax. Greensporone A-mediated increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio causes permeabilization of the mitochondrial membrane leading to the accumulation of cytochrome c in the cytoplasm. Greensporone A-induced cytochrome c accumulation causes the activation of caspase cascade and cleavage of its effector, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), leading to apoptosis. Greensporone A-mediated apoptosis in leukemic cells occurs through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to depletion of glutathione (GSH) levels. Finally, greensporone A potentiated the anticancer activity of imatinib in leukemic cells. In summary, our study showed that greensporone A suppressed the growth of leukemic cells via induction of apoptotic cell death. The apoptotic cell death occurs by inhibition of AKT signaling and activation of the intrinsic apoptotic/caspase pathways. These results raise the possibility that greensporone A could be developed as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of leukemia and other hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti S Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Kodappully S Siveen
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Anh Jochebeth
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Tayyiba A Ali
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Noor R Elareer
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Ahmad Iskandarani
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Abdul Quaiyoom Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar.
| | - Said Dermime
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar.
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Departent of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA.
| | - Feras Q Alali
- Qatar College of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha 3050, Qatar.
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
- Department of Dermatology Venereology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha 3050, Qatar.
- Weill Cornell-Medicine, Doha 3050, Qatar.
- Weill Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar.
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Paguigan ND, Rivera-Chávez J, Stempin JJ, Augustinović M, Noras AI, Raja HA, Todd DA, Triplett KD, Day C, Figueroa M, Hall PR, Cech NB, Oberlies NH. Prenylated Diresorcinols Inhibit Bacterial Quorum Sensing. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:550-558. [PMID: 30730742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment options for bacterial infections are dependent on antibiotics that inhibit microbial growth and viability. These approaches result in the evolution of drug-resistant strains of bacteria. An anti-infective strategy that is less likely to lead to the development of resistance is the disruption of quorum sensing mechanisms, which are involved in promoting virulence. The goal of this study was to identify fungal metabolites effective as quorum sensing inhibitors. Three new prenylated diresorcinols (1-3), along with two known compounds, (4 R) -regiolone and decarboxycitrinone, were isolated from a freshwater fungus (Helotiales sp.) from North Carolina. Their structures were assigned on the basis of HRESIMS and NMR experiments. The structure of compound 1 was confirmed via X-ray diffraction analysis, and its absolute configuration was established by TDDFT-ECD and optical rotation calculations. Compounds 1-3 suppressed quorum sensing in a clinical isolate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with IC50 values ranging from 0.3 to 12.5 μM. These compounds represent potential leads in the development of antivirulence therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi D Paguigan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - José Rivera-Chávez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Justin J Stempin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Mario Augustinović
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Aleksandra I Noras
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Daniel A Todd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Kathleen D Triplett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Cynthia Day
- Department of Chemistry , Wake Forest University , Winston-Salem , North Carolina 27109 , United States
| | - Mario Figueroa
- Facultad de Química , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ciudad de México 04510 , México
| | - Pamela R Hall
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico 87131 , United States
| | - Nadja B Cech
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina 27402 , United States
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Mead ME, Knowles SL, Raja HA, Beattie SR, Kowalski CH, Steenwyk JL, Silva LP, Chiaratto J, Ries LNA, Goldman GH, Cramer RA, Oberlies NH, Rokas A. Characterizing the Pathogenic, Genomic, and Chemical Traits of Aspergillus fischeri, a Close Relative of the Major Human Fungal Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. mSphere 2019; 4:e00018-19. [PMID: 30787113 PMCID: PMC6382966 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00018-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fischeri is closely related to Aspergillus fumigatus, the major cause of invasive mold infections. Even though A. fischeri is commonly found in diverse environments, including hospitals, it rarely causes invasive disease. Why A. fischeri causes less human disease than A. fumigatus is unclear. A comparison of A. fischeri and A. fumigatus for pathogenic, genomic, and secondary metabolic traits revealed multiple differences in pathogenesis-related phenotypes. We observed that A. fischeri NRRL 181 is less virulent than A. fumigatus strain CEA10 in multiple animal models of disease, grows slower in low-oxygen environments, and is more sensitive to oxidative stress. Strikingly, the observed differences for some traits are of the same order of magnitude as those previously reported between A. fumigatus strains. In contrast, similar to what has previously been reported, the two species exhibit high genomic similarity; ∼90% of the A. fumigatus proteome is conserved in A. fischeri, including 48/49 genes known to be involved in A. fumigatus virulence. However, only 10/33 A. fumigatus biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) likely involved in secondary metabolite production are conserved in A. fischeri and only 13/48 A. fischeri BGCs are conserved in A. fumigatus Detailed chemical characterization of A. fischeri cultures grown on multiple substrates identified multiple secondary metabolites, including two new compounds and one never before isolated as a natural product. Additionally, an A. fischeri deletion mutant of laeA, a master regulator of secondary metabolism, produced fewer secondary metabolites and in lower quantities, suggesting that regulation of secondary metabolism is at least partially conserved. These results suggest that the nonpathogenic A. fischeri possesses many of the genes important for A. fumigatus pathogenicity but is divergent with respect to its ability to thrive under host-relevant conditions and its secondary metabolism.IMPORTANCEAspergillus fumigatus is the primary cause of aspergillosis, a devastating ensemble of diseases associated with severe morbidity and mortality worldwide. A. fischeri is a close relative of A. fumigatus but is not generally observed to cause human disease. To gain insights into the underlying causes of this remarkable difference in pathogenicity, we compared two representative strains (one from each species) for a range of pathogenesis-relevant biological and chemical characteristics. We found that disease progression in multiple A. fischeri mouse models was slower and caused less mortality than A. fumigatus Remarkably, the observed differences between A. fischeri and A. fumigatus strains examined here closely resembled those previously described for two commonly studied A. fumigatus strains, AF293 and CEA10. A. fischeri and A. fumigatus exhibited different growth profiles when placed in a range of stress-inducing conditions encountered during infection, such as low levels of oxygen and the presence of chemicals that induce the production of reactive oxygen species. We also found that the vast majority of A. fumigatus genes known to be involved in virulence are conserved in A. fischeri, whereas the two species differ significantly in their secondary metabolic pathways. These similarities and differences that we report here are the first step toward understanding the evolutionary origin of a major fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Mead
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sonja L Knowles
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sarah R Beattie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Caitlin H Kowalski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jacob L Steenwyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lilian P Silva
- Faculdade de Ciencias Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jessica Chiaratto
- Faculdade de Ciencias Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laure N A Ries
- Faculdade de Ciencias Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciencias Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert A Cramer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Antonis Rokas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Gaddam J, Reddy GS, Marumudi K, Kunwar AC, Yadav JS, Mohapatra DK. Total synthesis and stereochemical revision of relgro and 10′-oxorelgro. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:5601-5614. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00838a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first total synthesis and correct stereochemical assignments of relgro (6′S,10′S)-configuration and 10′-oxorelgro with (6′S)-configuration are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janardhan Gaddam
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - G. Sudhakar Reddy
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Kanakaraju Marumudi
- Centre for NMR and Structural Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
| | - Ajit C. Kunwar
- Centre for NMR and Structural Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
| | | | - Debendra K. Mohapatra
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad-500007
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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Prabhu KS, Siveen KS, Kuttikrishnan S, Iskandarani AN, Khan AQ, Merhi M, Omri HE, Dermime S, El-Elimat T, Oberlies NH, Alali FQ, Uddin S. Greensporone C, a Freshwater Fungal Secondary Metabolite Induces Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptotic Cell Death in Leukemic Cell Lines. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:720. [PMID: 30061828 PMCID: PMC6054921 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic agents used in the treatment of cancer are known to develop resistance against cancer cells. Hence, there is a continuing need to investigate novel agents for the treatment and management of cancer. Antitumor activity of greensporone C (GC), a new resorcylic acid lactone isolated from an organic extract of a culture of a Halenospora sp. freshwater fungus, was subjected for screening against a panel of leukemic cell lines (K562, U937, and AR320). In all the three cell lines, cell proliferation was inhibited in dose-dependent fashion. GC further arrested the cells in SubG0 phase in dose-dependent manner. Annexin V/PI dual staining data confirmed apoptotic death of treated K562 and U937 leukemic cells. Treatment with GC suppressed constitutively phosphorylated AKT and downregulated expression of inhibitor of apoptotic proteins XIAP, cIAP-1, and cIAP-2. In summation to this, GC-treated leukemic cells upregulated protein expression of pro-apoptotic proteins, Bax with concomitant decrease in expression of anti-apoptotic proteins including Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Upregulation of Bax was associated with cytochrome c release which was confirmed from the collapse of mitochondrial membrane. Released cytochrome c further activated caspase cascade which in turn initiated apoptosis process. Anticancer activity of this isolated fungal compound GC was potentiated via stimulating production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with depletion of reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in K562 and U937 leukemic cells. Pretreatment of these cells with N-acetyl cysteine prevented GC-induced depletion of reduced GSH level and mitochondrial-caspase-induced apoptosis. Altogether, our data show that GC modulates the apoptotic response of human leukemic cells and raises the possibility of its use as a novel therapeutic strategy for hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti S Prabhu
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Shilpa Kuttikrishnan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmad N Iskandarani
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdul Q Khan
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Halima E Omri
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | | | - Shahab Uddin
- Translational Research Institute, Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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El-Elimat T, Rivera-Chávez J, Burdette JE, Czarnecki A, Alhawarri MB, Al-Gharaibeh M, Alali F, Oberlies NH. Cytotoxic homoisoflavonoids from the bulbs of Bellevalia flexuosa. Fitoterapia 2018; 127:201-206. [PMID: 29471027 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Four new homoisoflavonoids, 7-O-methyl-8-demethoxy-3'-hydroxy-3,9-dihydropunctatin (4), 6-hydroxy-8-demethoxy-4'-O-methyl-3,9-dihydropunctatin (8), 7,4'-O-dimethyl-8-demethoxy-3,3'-dihydroxy-3,9-dihydropunctatin (13), and 7-O-methyl-3-hyroxy-3,9-dihydropunctatin (14) were identified from a chloroform extract of the bulbs of Bellevalia flexuosa, along with 13 known analogues. The structures were determined by analysis of HRMS and NMR data, while ECD spectroscopy enabled the assignment of the absolute configurations of the new compounds 4, 8, 13 and 16. The cytotoxic activities of the isolated compounds (1-17) were evaluated using a panel of human cancer cell lines. Compounds 2 and 7 were the most potent against the MDA-MB-435 (melanoma) cancer cell line with IC50 values of 1.6 and 2.0 μM, respectively, and were essentially equipotent against the OVCAR3 (ovarian) cancer cell line with IC50 values of 9.5 and 10.8 μM, respectively. However, compound 7, with an IC50 value of 3.6 μM, was the most potent against the MDA-MB-231 (breast) cancer cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - José Rivera-Chávez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North, Carolina, 27402, United States
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Austin Czarnecki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Maram B Alhawarri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Al-Gharaibeh
- Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Feras Alali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North, Carolina, 27402, United States
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Sica VP, Rees ER, Raja HA, Rivera-Chávez J, Burdette JE, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. In situ mass spectrometry monitoring of fungal cultures led to the identification of four peptaibols with a rare threonine residue. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 143:45-53. [PMID: 28772192 PMCID: PMC5603414 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Peptaibols are an intriguing class of fungal metabolites due both to their wide range of reported bioactivities and to the structural variability that can be generated by the exchange of variable amino acid building blocks. In an effort to streamline the discovery of structurally diverse peptaibols, a mass spectrometry surface sampling technique was applied to screen the chemistry of fungal cultures in situ. Four previously undescribed peptaibols, all containing a rare threonine residue, were identified from a fungal culture (MSX53554), which was identified as Nectriopsis Maire (Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota). These compounds not only increased the known threonine-containing peptaibols by nearly 20%, but also, the threonine residue was situated in a unique place compared to the other reported threonine-containing peptaibols. After the initial in situ detection and characterization, a large-scale solid fermentation culture was grown. The four peptaibols were isolated and characterized by mass spectrometry. In addition, one of the peptaibols was fully characterized by NMR and amino acid analysis using Marfey's reagent and exhibited moderate in vitro anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P Sica
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| | - Evan R Rees
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| | - José Rivera-Chávez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States
| | - Cedric J Pearce
- Mycosynthetix, Inc., 505 Meadowlands Dr., Suite103, Hillsborough, NC 27278, United States
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States.
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Xu L, Wu P, Xue J, Molnar I, Wei X. Antifungal and Cytotoxic β-Resorcylic Acid Lactones from a Paecilomyces Species. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:2215-2223. [PMID: 28749671 PMCID: PMC5819736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Eight new β-resorcylic acid lactones (RALs), including the hypothemycin-type compounds paecilomycins N-P (1-3) and the radicicol-type metabolites dechloropochonin I (4), monocillins VI (5) and VII (6), 4'-hydroxymonocillin IV (7), and 4'-methoxymonocillin IV (8), along with nine known RALs (9-17), were isolated from the cultures of Paecilomyces sp. SC0924. Compounds 1 and 2 feature a novel 6/11/5 ring system, and 3 is the first 5'-keto RAL. The structures of 1-8 were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and theoretical calculations of ECD spectra. Compounds 3, 5, and 6 exhibit cytotoxicity against MCF-7, A549, and HeLa cells, and compounds 5 and 7 display antifungal activity against Peronophythora litchii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangxiong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
| | - Ping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
| | - Jinghua Xue
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
| | - Istvan Molnar
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85706, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, P. R. China
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Rivera-Chávez J, Raja HA, Graf TN, Burdette JE, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. Biosynthesis of Fluorinated Peptaibols Using a Site-Directed Building Block Incorporation Approach. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:1883-1892. [PMID: 28594169 PMCID: PMC5485375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biological approaches, such as site-directed biosynthesis, have contributed to the expansion of the chemical space of natural products, making possible the biosynthesis of unnatural metabolites that otherwise would be difficult to access. Such methods may allow the incorporation of fluorine, an atom rarely found in nature, into complex secondary metabolites. Organofluorine compounds and secondary metabolites have both played pivotal roles in the development of drugs; however, their discovery and development are often via nonintersecting tracks. In this context, we used the biosynthetic machinery of Trichoderma arundinaceum (strain MSX70741) to incorporate a fluorine atom into peptaibol-type molecules in a site-selective manner. Thus, fermentation of strain MSX70741 in media containing ortho- and meta-F-phenylalanine resulted in the biosynthesis of two new fluorine-containing alamethicin F50 derivatives. The fluorinated products were characterized using spectroscopic (1D and 2D NMR, including 19F) and spectrometric (HRESIMS/MSn) methods, and their absolute configurations were established by Marfey's analysis. Fluorine-containing alamethicin F50 derivatives exhibited potency analogous to the nonfluorinated parent when evaluated against a panel of human cancer cell lines. Importantly, the biosynthesis of fluorinated alamethicin F50 derivatives by strain MSX70741 was monitored in situ using a droplet-liquid microjunction-surface sampling probe coupled to a hyphenated system.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rivera-Chávez
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Huzefa A. Raja
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Tyler N. Graf
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
| | - Joanna E. Burdette
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Cedric J. Pearce
- Mycosynthetix, Inc., 505 Meadowlands Drive, Suite 103, Hillsborough, North Carolina 27278, United States
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27412, United States
- E-mail: . Tel: 336-334-5474
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Raja H, Miller AN, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. Fungal Identification Using Molecular Tools: A Primer for the Natural Products Research Community. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:756-770. [PMID: 28199101 PMCID: PMC5368684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are morphologically, ecologically, metabolically, and phylogenetically diverse. They are known to produce numerous bioactive molecules, which makes them very useful for natural products researchers in their pursuit of discovering new chemical diversity with agricultural, industrial, and pharmaceutical applications. Despite their importance in natural products chemistry, identification of fungi remains a daunting task for chemists, especially those who do not work with a trained mycologist. The purpose of this review is to update natural products researchers about the tools available for molecular identification of fungi. In particular, we discuss (1) problems of using morphology alone in the identification of fungi to the species level; (2) the three nuclear ribosomal genes most commonly used in fungal identification and the potential advantages and limitations of the ITS region, which is the official DNA barcoding marker for species-level identification of fungi; (3) how to use NCBI-BLAST search for DNA barcoding, with a cautionary note regarding its limitations; (4) the numerous curated molecular databases containing fungal sequences; (5) the various protein-coding genes used to augment or supplant ITS in species-level identification of certain fungal groups; and (6) methods used in the construction of phylogenetic trees from DNA sequences to facilitate fungal species identification. We recommend that, whenever possible, both morphology and molecular data be used for fungal identification. Our goal is that this review will provide a set of standardized procedures for the molecular identification of fungi that can be utilized by the natural products research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huzefa
A. Raja
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Andrew N. Miller
- Illinois
Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - Cedric J. Pearce
- Mycosynthetix,
Inc., 505 Meadowland
Drive, Suite 103, Hillsborough, North Carolina 27278, United States
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
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Raja HA, Paguigan ND, Fournier J, Oberlies NH. Additions to Lindgomyces (Lindgomycetaceae, Pleosporales, Dothideomycetes), including two new species occurring on submerged wood from North Carolina, USA, with notes on secondary metabolite profiles. Mycol Prog 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-017-1282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Enhanced dereplication of fungal cultures via use of mass defect filtering. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2017; 70:553-561. [PMID: 28074050 PMCID: PMC5407915 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Effective and rapid dereplication is a hallmark of present-day drug discovery from natural sources. This project strove to both decrease the time and expand the structural diversity associated with dereplication methodologies. A 5 min liquid chromatographic run time employing heated electrospray ionization (HESI) was evaluated to determine whether it could be used as a faster alternative over the 10 min ESI method we reported previously. Results revealed that the 5 min method was as sensitive as the 10 min method and, obviously, was twice as fast. To facilitate dereplication, the retention times, UV absorption maxima, full-scan HRMS and MS/MS were cross-referenced with an in-house database of over 300 fungal secondary metabolites. However, this strategy was dependent upon the makeup of the screening in-house database. Thus, mass defect filtering (MDF) was explored as an additional targeted screening strategy to permit identification of structurally related components. The use of a dereplication platform incorporating the 5 min chromatographic method together with MDF facilitated rapid and effective identification of known compounds and detection of structurally related analogs in extracts of fungal cultures.
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α-Pyrone derivatives, tetra/hexahydroxanthones, and cyclodepsipeptides from two freshwater fungi. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:795-804. [PMID: 27964996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Eighteen (1-18) and seven (1, 4, 6-8, 17 and 18) compounds were isolated from organic extracts of axenic cultures of two freshwater fungi Clohesyomyces sp. and Clohesyomyces aquaticus (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota), respectively. Compounds 1-12 belong to the α-pyrone class of natural products, compounds 13 and 14 were tetrahydroxanthones, compounds 15 and 16 were hexahydroxanthones, while compounds 17 and 18 were cyclodepsipeptides. The structures were elucidated using a set of spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. The absolute configurations of compounds 2, 3, 6, and 7 were assigned via a modified Mosher's ester method using 1H NMR data. The relative configurations of compounds 14-16 were determined through NOE data. Compounds 1, 2, 6, 8, 13, 14, and 15 were found to inhibit the essential enzyme bacterial peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase (Pth1), with (13; secalonic acid A) being the most potent. Compounds 1 and 4-18 were also evaluated for antimicrobial activity against an array of bacteria and fungi but were found to be inactive.
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Huang J, Xu J, Wang Z, Khan D, Niaz SI, Zhu Y, Lin Y, Li J, Liu L. New lasiodiplodins from mangrove endophytic fungus Lasiodiplodia sp. 318 . Nat Prod Res 2016; 31:326-332. [PMID: 27696893 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2016.1239096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Two new lasiodiplodins (1-2) together with three known analogues, were isolated from a mangrove endophytic fungus, Lasiodiplodia sp. 318#. Their structures were established by spectroscopic techniques (1D- and 2D-NMR, HR-ESI-MS, etc.), and electronic circular dichroism. Cytotoxic activities of compounds 1-5 were evaluated in vitro. Compound 4 was the most potent, with IC50 values of 5.29 μM against MMQ, 13.05 μM against GH3. Preliminary structural-activity analysis indicated that the functional group (resorcinol-3-OH) contributed greatly to the binding of Lasiodiplodins to the cytotoxic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiguo Huang
- a School of Marine Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jiayi Xu
- a School of Marine Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhen Wang
- d Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medical , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Dilfaraz Khan
- a School of Marine Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Shah Iram Niaz
- a School of Marine Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yonghong Zhu
- d Department of Histology and Embryology, Zhongshan School of Medical , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yongcheng Lin
- c School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jing Li
- a School of Marine Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Lan Liu
- a School of Marine Sciences , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China.,b South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
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Ma X, Bolte B, Banwell MG, Willis AC. Total Syntheses of the Resorcylic Acid Lactones Paecilomycin F and Cochliomycin C Using an Intramolecular Loh-Type α-Allylation Reaction for Macrolide Formation. Org Lett 2016; 18:4226-9. [PMID: 27541929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Subjection of the resorcylic ester 16 to a Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi reaction afforded the 12-membered lactone 17, while treatment of it under the Loh-type α-allylation conditions using indium metal gave the isomeric, 14-membered macrolide 18. Compound 18 was readily elaborated to the resorcylic acid lactone type natural products paecilomycin F and cochliomycin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ma
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Benoit Bolte
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Martin G Banwell
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Anthony C Willis
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University , Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Paguigan ND, Raja HA, Day CS, Oberlies NH. Acetophenone derivatives from a freshwater fungal isolate of recently described Lindgomyces madisonensis (G416). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2016; 126:59-65. [PMID: 26988728 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of freshwater ascomycetes, which have undergone only limited investigation, may provide opportunities both to characterize new genera/species of fungi and to uncover new chemical diversity. In this study, seven acetophenone derivatives, madisone, 4'-methoxymadisone, dehydromadisone, 2″-methoxymadisone, dihydroallovisnaginone, dimadisone, and 4'-methoxydimadisone were characterized from an organic extract of a recently described Lindgomyces madisonensis (G416) culture, which was isolated from submerged wood collected in a stream in North Carolina. Madisone, dehydromadisone, 2″-methoxymadisone, dimadisone and 4'-demethoxydimadisone have not been reported previously, while 4'-methoxymadisone and dihydroallovisnaginone were previously unknown as natural products. Their structures were assigned on the basis of NMR and HRESIMS data, with the structure of madisone supported by X-ray crystallography. The antimicrobial activities of madisone, 4'-methoxymadisone and dihydroallovisnaginone were evaluated against a panel of bacteria and fungi. A heat map analysis of the surface of a G416 culture showed that most of the isolated compounds concentrated in the guttate compared with the vegetative mycelium of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi D Paguigan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Patricia A. Sullivan Science Building, PO Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Patricia A. Sullivan Science Building, PO Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA
| | - Cynthia S Day
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 435 Patricia A. Sullivan Science Building, PO Box 26170, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA.
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44
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Optimizing production and evaluating biosynthesis in situ of a herbicidal compound, mevalocidin, from Coniolariella sp. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 43:1149-57. [PMID: 27221133 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mevalocidin is a fungal secondary metabolite produced by Coniolariella sp. It is a unique phytotoxin that demonstrates broad spectrum post-emergent herbicidal properties. With limited options for weed control, the commercialization of a natural product pesticide would be beneficial to organic farming. In this study, two mevalocidin-producing fungal strains, coded MSX56446 and MSX92917, were explored under a variety of growth conditions, including time, temperature, and media. The concentration of mevalocidin was quantitatively measured via LC-MS to determine the optimal setting for each condition. Maximum production was achieved for each condition at 20 days, at 30 °C, with YESD + agar, and with a media containing 2.5 % dextrose. Furthermore, an advanced surface sampling technique was incorporated to gain a better understanding of the fungal culture's natural ability to biosynthesize and distribute this herbicide into its environment. It was shown that both fungi actively exude mevalocidin into their environment via liquid droplet formations known as guttates.
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45
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Sica VP, Rees ER, Tchegnon E, Bardsley RH, Raja HA, Oberlies NH. Spatial and Temporal Profiling of Griseofulvin Production in Xylaria cubensis Using Mass Spectrometry Mapping. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:544. [PMID: 27199902 PMCID: PMC4844619 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A large portion of natural products research revolves around the discovery of new, bioactive chemical entities; however, studies to probe the biological purpose of such secondary metabolites for the host organism are often limited. Mass spectrometry mapping of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in situ can be used to probe a series of ecological questions about fungi that may be lost through traditional natural products chemistry extraction protocols. A griseofulvin-producing fungal culture of the Xylariaceae family, isolated as an endophyte of the tree Asimina triloba, was analyzed through a series of spatial and temporal mapping experiments. This fungus produced unique fungal characteristics, such as guttates and stroma, both of which were explored spatially. The distribution of griseofulvin on this culture in isolation was compared to its dispersal when grown in co-culture with a competing Penicillium species via a droplet–based surface sampling system. The fungistatic properties of griseofulvin were visualized, including the consequences for biosynthesis of polyhydroxyanthraquinones in a rival culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent P Sica
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC, USA
| | - Evan R Rees
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC, USA
| | - Edem Tchegnon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC, USA
| | - Robert H Bardsley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC, USA
| | - Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC, USA
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC, USA
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46
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Graviola inhibits hypoxia-induced NADPH oxidase activity in prostate cancer cells reducing their proliferation and clonogenicity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23135. [PMID: 26979487 PMCID: PMC4793251 DOI: 10.1038/srep23135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading malignancy among men. Importantly, this disease is mostly diagnosed at early stages offering a unique chemoprevention opportunity. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify and target signaling molecules with higher expression/activity in prostate tumors and play critical role in PCa growth and progression. Here we report that NADPH oxidase (NOX) expression is directly associated with PCa progression in TRAMP mice, suggesting NOX as a potential chemoprevention target in controlling PCa. Accordingly, we assessed whether NOX activity in PCa cells could be inhibited by Graviola pulp extract (GPE) that contains unique acetogenins with strong anti-cancer effects. GPE (1–5 μg/ml) treatment strongly inhibited the hypoxia-induced NOX activity in PCa cells (LNCaP, 22Rv1 and PC3) associated with a decrease in the expression of NOX catalytic and regulatory sub-units (NOX1, NOX2 and p47phox). Furthermore, GPE-mediated NOX inhibition was associated with a strong decrease in nuclear HIF-1α levels as well as reduction in the proliferative and clonogenic potential of PCa cells. More importantly, GPE treatment neither inhibited NOX activity nor showed any cytotoxicity against non-neoplastic prostate epithelial PWR-1E cells. Overall, these results suggest that GPE could be useful in the prevention of PCa progression via inhibiting NOX activity.
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47
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Kellogg JJ, Todd DA, Egan JM, Raja HA, Oberlies NH, Kvalheim OM, Cech NB. Biochemometrics for Natural Products Research: Comparison of Data Analysis Approaches and Application to Identification of Bioactive Compounds. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:376-86. [PMID: 26841051 PMCID: PMC5135737 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A central challenge of natural products research is assigning bioactive compounds from complex mixtures. The gold standard approach to address this challenge, bioassay-guided fractionation, is often biased toward abundant, rather than bioactive, mixture components. This study evaluated the combination of bioassay-guided fractionation with untargeted metabolite profiling to improve active component identification early in the fractionation process. Key to this methodology was statistical modeling of the integrated biological and chemical data sets (biochemometric analysis). Three data analysis approaches for biochemometric analysis were compared, namely, partial least-squares loading vectors, S-plots, and the selectivity ratio. Extracts from the endophytic fungi Alternaria sp. and Pyrenochaeta sp. with antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus served as test cases. Biochemometric analysis incorporating the selectivity ratio performed best in identifying bioactive ions from these extracts early in the fractionation process, yielding altersetin (3, MIC 0.23 μg/mL) and macrosphelide A (4, MIC 75 μg/mL) as antibacterial constituents from Alternaria sp. and Pyrenochaeta sp., respectively. This study demonstrates the potential of biochemometrics coupled with bioassay-guided fractionation to identify bioactive mixture components. A benefit of this approach is the ability to integrate multiple stages of fractionation and bioassay data into a single analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J. Kellogg
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro NC United States
| | - Daniel A. Todd
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro NC United States
| | - Joseph M. Egan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro NC United States
| | - Huzefa A. Raja
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro NC United States
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro NC United States
| | | | - Nadja B. Cech
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro NC United States
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: 336-334-3017. Fax: 336-334-5402.
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48
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Raja HA, El-Elimat T, Oberlies NH, Shearer CA, Miller AN, Tanaka K, Hashimoto A, Fournier J. Minutisphaerales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota): a new order of freshwater ascomycetes including a new family, Minutisphaeraceae, and two new species from North Carolina, USA. Mycologia 2015; 107:845-62. [PMID: 26315030 DOI: 10.3852/15-013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Minutisphaera is a recently established genus of freshwater Dothideomycetes characterized by small, globose to subglobose or apothecioid, erumpent to superficial, brown ascomata; fissitunicate, eight-spored, ovoid to obclavate asci; and 1-2-septate, clavate to broadly fusiform, hyaline to pale brown ascospores with or without a gelatinous sheath and filamentous appendages. The genus currently contains two species: M. fimbriatispora, the type species, and M. japonica. The higher-level phylogenetic relationship of Minutisphaera within the Dothideomycetes currently is unresolved. To establish the phylogenetic position of Minutisphaera within the Dothideomycetes and evaluate the phylogenetic affinities of newly collected Minutisphaera-like taxa, we sequenced three rDNA regions-18S, ITS1-5.8SITS2 (ITS) and 28S nuc rDNA, and a protein-coding gene, MCM7, for newly collected strains of Minutisphaera. Based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses of a combined dataset (18S and 28S) composed of 167 taxa, a more refined dataset (28S and MCM7) comprising 52 taxa and a separate ITS dataset, and an examination of morphology, we describe and illustrate two new species of Minutisphaera. The Minutisphaera clade was strongly supported within the Dothideomycetes with likelihood and Bayesian statistics but did not share phylogenetic affinities with any existing taxonomic group within the Dothideomycetes. We therefore establish a new order, Minutisphaerales, and new family, Minutisphaeraceae, for this monophyletic clade of freshwater ascomycetes. Chemical analysis of the organic extract M. aspera (G427) resulted in isolation and characterization of five known secondary metabolites, of which four were dipeptides (1-4) and one an aromatic polyketide (5). Conversely, two aromatic polyketides (5, 6) were isolated and identified from the organic extract of M. parafimbriatispora (G156-4). The isolated compounds were tested for their antimicrobial activity against an array of bacteria and fungi. Compound 6 showed promising activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium smegmatis with minimal inhibitory concentration values of 30 and 60 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huzefa A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402
| | - Carol A Shearer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Andrew N Miller
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois 61820
| | - Kazuaki Tanaka
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho, Hiroskaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Akira Hashimoto
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Iwate University, 18-8 Ueda 3 chome, Morioka 020-8550, Japan
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49
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Fakhouri L, El-Elimat T, Hurst DP, Reggio PH, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH, Croatt MP. Isolation, semisynthesis, covalent docking and transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1)-inhibitory activities of (5Z)-7-oxozeaenol analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:6993-9. [PMID: 26481152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
(5Z)-7-Oxozeanol and related analogues were isolated and screened to explore their activity as TAK1 inhibitors. Seven analogues were synthesized and more than a score of natural products isolated that examined the role that different areas of the molecule contribute to TAK1 inhibition. A novel nonaromatic difluoro-derivative was synthesized that had similar potency compared to the lead. This is the first example of a nonaromatic compound in this class to have TAK1 inhibition. Covalent docking for the isolated and synthesized analogues was carried out and found a strong correlation between the observed activities and the calculated binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Fakhouri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Natural Products and Drug Discovery Center, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Natural Products and Drug Discovery Center, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Dow P Hurst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Natural Products and Drug Discovery Center, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Patricia H Reggio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Natural Products and Drug Discovery Center, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Cedric J Pearce
- Mycosynthetix, Inc., 505 Meadowlands Drive, Suite 103, Hillsborough, USA
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Natural Products and Drug Discovery Center, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
| | - Mitchell P Croatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Natural Products and Drug Discovery Center, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, USA
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Sica V, Raja HA, El-Elimat T, Kertesz V, Van Berkel GJ, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. Dereplicating and Spatial Mapping of Secondary Metabolites from Fungal Cultures in Situ. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1926-36. [PMID: 26192135 PMCID: PMC4570219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ambient ionization mass spectrometry techniques have recently become prevalent in natural product research due to their ability to examine secondary metabolites in situ. These techniques retain invaluable spatial and temporal details that are lost through traditional extraction processes. However, most ambient ionization techniques do not collect mutually supportive data, such as chromatographic retention times and/or UV/vis spectra, and this can limit the ability to identify certain metabolites, such as differentiating isomers. To overcome this, the droplet-liquid microjunction-surface sampling probe (droplet-LMJ-SSP) was coupled with UPLC-PDA-HRMS-MS/MS, thus providing separation, retention times, MS data, and UV/vis data used in traditional dereplication protocols. By capturing these mutually supportive data, the identity of secondary metabolites can be confidently and rapidly assigned in situ. Using the droplet-LMJ-SSP, a protocol was constructed to analyze the secondary metabolite profile of fungal cultures without any sample preparation. The results demonstrate that fungal cultures can be dereplicated from the Petri dish, thus identifying secondary metabolites, including isomers, and confirming them against reference standards. Furthermore, heat maps, similar to mass spectrometry imaging, can be used to ascertain the location and relative concentration of secondary metabolites directly on the surface and/or surroundings of a fungal culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent
P. Sica
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Huzefa A. Raja
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Tamam El-Elimat
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Vilmos Kertesz
- Organic
and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Gary J. Van Berkel
- Organic
and Biological Mass Spectrometry Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Cedric J. Pearce
- Mycosynthetix,
Inc., 505 Meadowlands
Drive, Suite 103, Hillsborough, North Carolina 27278, United States
| | - Nicholas H. Oberlies
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
- Tel: 336-334-5474. E-mail:
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