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Yue G, Liu B. Recent Developments in the Syntheses of C-20-Oxygenated ent-Kaurane Diterpenoids. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300676. [PMID: 38414152 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Ent-kaurane diterpenes are a large group of natural products, with more than 1,000 compounds since their discovery. Due to their excellent biological activities and complex polycyclic structures, these compounds have attracted organic synthesis chemists around the world to be devoted to achieve their total synthesis. At present, the isolated C-20-oxygenated ent-kaurane diterpenes are the most abundant of these natural products, reaching more than 350 in number. However, only total syntheses of 3,20-epoxy, 7,20-epoxy and 19,20-lactone ent-kaurane diterpenes have been reported. In this review, we elaborate the synthesis of these three types of C-20 oxygenated ent-kaurane natural products, discuss these synthetic strategies in detail, and provide good guidance and reference for the synthesis of other C-20 oxygenated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guizhou Yue
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, 46 Xinkang Rd., Ya'an, Sichuan, 625014, China
| | - Bo Liu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, 29 Wangjiang Rd., Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China
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2
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Sun Y, Chen Z, Wang G, Lv H, Mao Y, Ma K, Wang Y. De novo production of versatile oxidized kaurene diterpenes in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2022; 73:201-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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3
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Zhang A, Xu J, Li Y, Hu M, Lin Z, Song Y, Qi J, Chen W, Liu Z, Cheng Y. Three-Dimensional Large-Scale Fused Silica Microfluidic Chips Enabled by Hybrid Laser Microfabrication for Continuous-Flow UV Photochemical Synthesis. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040543. [PMID: 35457848 PMCID: PMC9026117 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a hybrid laser microfabrication approach, which combines the technical merits of ultrafast laser-assisted chemical etching and carbon dioxide laser-induced in situ melting for centimeter-scale and bonding-free fabrication of 3D complex hollow microstructures in fused silica glass. With the developed approach, large-scale fused silica microfluidic chips with integrated 3D cascaded micromixing units can be reliably manufactured. High-performance on-chip mixing and continuous-flow photochemical synthesis under UV irradiation at ~280 nm were demonstrated using the manufactured chip, indicating a powerful capability for versatile fabrication of highly transparent all-glass microfluidic reactors for on-chip photochemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aodong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.L.); (Y.S.)
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (J.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jian Xu
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.L.); (Y.S.)
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (J.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yucen Li
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Ming Hu
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.H.)
| | - Zijie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.L.); (Y.S.)
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (J.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yunpeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.L.); (Y.S.)
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (J.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jia Qi
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (J.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Wei Chen
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (J.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zhaoxiang Liu
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (J.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.)
| | - Ya Cheng
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (Z.L.); (Y.S.)
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (J.Q.); (W.C.); (Z.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (Y.C.)
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4
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Mechanistic analysis for the origin of diverse diterpenes in Tripterygium wilfordii. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2923-2933. [PMID: 35755287 PMCID: PMC9214345 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii is a valuable medicinal plant rich in biologically active diterpenoids, but there are few studies on the origins of these diterpenoids in its secondary metabolism. Here, we identified three regions containing tandemly duplicated diterpene synthase genes on chromosomes (Chr) 17 and 21 of T. wilfordii and obtained 11 diterpene synthases with different functions. We further revealed that these diterpene synthases underwent duplication and rearrangement at approximately 2.3–23.7 million years ago (MYA) by whole-genome triplication (WGT), transposon mediation, and tandem duplication, followed by functional divergence. We first demonstrated that four key amino acids in the sequences of TwCPS3, TwCPS5, and TwCPS6 were altered during evolution, leading to their functional divergence and the formation of diterpene secondary metabolites. Then, we demonstrated that the functional divergence of three TwKSLs was driven by mutations in two key amino acids. Finally, we discovered the mechanisms of evolution and pseudogenization of miltiradiene synthases in T. wilfordii and elucidated that the new function in TwMS1/2 from the terpene synthase (TPS)-b subfamily was caused by progressive changes in multiple amino acids after the WGT event. Our results provide key evidence for the formation of diverse diterpenoids during the evolution of secondary metabolites in T. wilfordii.
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Wardana AP, Aminah NS, Rosyda M, Abdjan MI, Kristanti AN, Tun KNW, Choudhary MI, Takaya Y. Potential of diterpene compounds as antivirals, a review. Heliyon 2021; 7:e07777. [PMID: 34405122 PMCID: PMC8359577 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses cause widely transmitted diseases resulting in pandemic conditions. Currently, the world is being hit by the Covid-19 pandemic caused by the SAR-CoV-2 infection. Countries in the world are competing to develop antivirals to overcome this problem. Diterpene compounds derived from natural ingredients (plants, corals, algae, fungi, sponges) and synthesized products have potential as antivirals. This article summarizes the different types of diterpenes such as daphnane, tiglilane, kaurane, abietane, pimarane, labdane, dollabelane, jatrophane, dolastane, prenylated guaiane, tonantzitlolone, casbane, have antivirals activity such as targeting HIV, Coxsackie virus, herpes virus, hepatitis virus, influenza virus, Chikungunya virus, Zika virus, dengue virus, and SARS-CoV. Some compounds such as andrographolide and its derivatives show promising activity in inhibiting the influenza virus. Additionally, compounds such as pineolidic acid, forskolin, sugiol, and many other diterpene compounds showed anti-SAR-CoV activity. The diterpene compound class's high antivirals potential does not rule out the possibility that these compounds can also act as anti-SAR-CoV-2 drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andika Pramudya Wardana
- Ph.D. Student of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, 60115, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, 60115, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Nanik Siti Aminah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, 60115, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Biotechnology of Tropical Medicinal Plants Research Group, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
| | - Mila Rosyda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, 60115, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Ikhlas Abdjan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, 60115, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Alfinda Novi Kristanti
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, 60115, Surabaya, Indonesia.,Biotechnology of Tropical Medicinal Plants Research Group, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
| | | | - Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Yoshiaki Takaya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku, Nagoya, 468-8503, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Komplek Kampus C UNAIR, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Sagaya Jansi R, Khusro A, Agastian P, Alfarhan A, Al-Dhabi NA, Arasu MV, Rajagopal R, Barcelo D, Al-Tamimi A. Emerging paradigms of viral diseases and paramount role of natural resources as antiviral agents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143539. [PMID: 33234268 PMCID: PMC7833357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the current scenario, the increasing prevalence of diverse microbial infections as well as emergence and re-emergence of viral epidemics with high morbidity and mortality rates are major public health threat. Despite the persistent production of antiviral drugs and vaccines in the global market, viruses still remain as one of the leading causes of deadly human diseases. Effective control of viral diseases, particularly Zika virus disease, Nipah virus disease, Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Coronavirus disease, Herpes simplex virus infection, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and Ebola virus disease remain promising goal amidst the mutating viral strains. Current trends in the development of antiviral drugs focus solely on testing novel drugs or repurposing drugs against potential targets of the viruses. Compared to synthetic drugs, medicines from natural resources offer less side-effect to humans and are often cost-effective in the productivity approaches. This review intends not only to emphasize on the major viral disease outbreaks in the past few decades and but also explores the potentialities of natural substances as antiviral traits to combat viral pathogens. Here, we spotlighted a comprehensive overview of antiviral components present in varied natural sources, including plants, fungi, and microorganisms in order to identify potent antiviral agents for developing alternative therapy in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sagaya Jansi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Stella Maris College, Chennai, India
| | - Ameer Khusro
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, India
| | - Paul Agastian
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai, India.
| | - Ahmed Alfarhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajakrishnan Rajagopal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Damia Barcelo
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; Water and Soil Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, JORDI GIRONA 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amal Al-Tamimi
- Ecology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Chang YT, Lin YC, Sun L, Liao WC, Wang CCN, Chou CY, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH, Hung CC. Wilforine resensitizes multidrug resistant cancer cells via competitive inhibition of P-glycoprotein. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 71:153239. [PMID: 32447245 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains the main obstacle in cancer treatment and overexpression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is one of the most common causes of chemoresistance. The development of novel P-gp inhibitors from natural products is a prospective strategy to combat MDR cancers. Among the natural sesquiterpene compounds, sesquiterpene pyridine alkaloids exhibit various biological properties. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the modulatory effects of wilforine on P-gp expression and function. The molecular mechanisms and kinetic models of wilforine-mediated P-gp inhibition were further investigated. METHODS The human P-gp stable expression cells (ABCB1/Flp-InTM-293) and human cervical cancer cells (sensitive: HeLaS3; MDR: KBvin) were used. The cell viability was assessed by SRB assay. The inhibitory effect of wilforine on P-gp efflux and the underlying mechanism were evaluated by assays for calcein-AM uptake, rhodamine123 and doxorubicin efflux, ATPase activity, real-time quantitative RT-PCR, apoptosis, and cell cycle analysis. Molecular docking was performed by the docking software CDOCKER with BIOVIA Discovery Studio 4.5 (D.S. 4.5). RESULTS We found that wilforine significantly inhibited the efflux activity of P-gp in a concentration-dependent manner. Further kinetic analysis demonstrated that wilforine significantly inhibited P-gp efflux function by competitive inhibition and stimulated the basal P-gp ATPase activity. In addition, wilforine re-sensitized MDR cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. The docking model indicated that wilforine was bound to residues of P-gp such as LEU884, LYS887, THR176 and ASN172. CONCLUSION These results suggest a novel future therapeutic strategy for MDR cancer using wilforine as an adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Tzu Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan 40402, R.O.C..
| | - Yu-Chao Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C..
| | - Lijuan Sun
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Hubei University, China.
| | - Wei-Chieh Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan 40402, R.O.C
| | - Charles C N Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan, R.O.C..
| | - Che-Yi Chou
- Division of Nephrology, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Post-baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C..
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan 40447, R.O.C..
| | - Chin-Chuan Hung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan 40402, R.O.C.; Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan 40447, R.O.C..
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Kaur R, Sharma P, Gupta GK, Ntie-Kang F, Kumar D. Structure-Activity-Relationship and Mechanistic Insights for Anti-HIV Natural Products. Molecules 2020; 25:E2070. [PMID: 32365518 PMCID: PMC7249135 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which chiefly originatesfroma retrovirus named Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), has impacted about 70 million people worldwide. Even though several advances have been made in the field of antiretroviral combination therapy, HIV is still responsible for a considerable number of deaths in Africa. The current antiretroviral therapies have achieved success in providing instant HIV suppression but with countless undesirable adverse effects. Presently, the biodiversity of the plant kingdom is being explored by several researchers for the discovery of potent anti-HIV drugs with different mechanisms of action. The primary challenge is to afford a treatment that is free from any sort of risk of drug resistance and serious side effects. Hence, there is a strong demand to evaluate drugs derived from plants as well as their derivatives. Several plants, such as Andrographis paniculata, Dioscorea bulbifera, Aegle marmelos, Wistaria floribunda, Lindera chunii, Xanthoceras sorbifolia and others have displayed significant anti-HIV activity. Here, weattempt to summarize the main results, which focus on the structures of most potent plant-based natural products having anti-HIV activity along with their mechanisms of action and IC50 values, structure-activity-relationships and important key findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramandeep Kaur
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, India
| | - Girish K. Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Badhani, Pathankot 145001, India;
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, P.O. Box 63 Buea, Cameroon
- Institute for Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy, Manawala, Amritsar 143001, India; (R.K.); (P.S.)
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Vrubliauskas D, Vanderwal CD. Cobalt-Catalyzed Hydrogen-Atom Transfer Induces Bicyclizations that Tolerate Electron-Rich and Electron-Deficient Intermediate Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6115-6121. [PMID: 31991035 PMCID: PMC7124983 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel CoII -catalyzed polyene cyclization was developed that is uniquely effective when performed in hexafluoroisopropanol as the solvent. The process is presumably initiated by metal-catalyzed hydrogen-atom transfer (MHAT) to 1,1-disubstituted or monosubstituted alkenes, and the reaction is remarkable for its tolerance of internal alkenes bearing either electron-rich methyl or electron-deficient nitrile substituents. Electron-rich aromatic terminators are required in both cases. Terpenoid scaffolds with different substitution patterns are obtained with excellent diastereoselectivities, and the bioactive C20-oxidized abietane diterpenoid carnosaldehyde was made to showcase the utility of the nitrile-bearing products. Also provided are the results of several mechanistic experiments that suggest the process features an MHAT-induced radical bicyclization with late-stage oxidation to regenerate the aromatic terminator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Vrubliauskas
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2025, USA
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10
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Vrubliauskas D, Vanderwal CD. Cobalt‐Catalyzed Hydrogen‐Atom Transfer Induces Bicyclizations that Tolerate Electron‐Rich and Electron‐Deficient Intermediate Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Zhao P, Lin B, Hou ZL, Zhou L, He QJ, Yao GD, Huang XX, Song SJ. Dihydro-β-agarofuran sesquiterpenoid derivatives with neuroprotective activity from the leaves of Tripterygium wilfordii. Fitoterapia 2020; 142:104501. [PMID: 32058050 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A phytochemical investigation on the leaves of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. was conducted, leading to the isolation of five undescribed dihydro-β-agarofuran sesquiterpenoids (1-5) and one known analogue (6). Their structures were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses. The absolute configurations of the compounds were determined by comparison of the experimental ECD with the calculated data. In addition, all the compounds were evaluated for their neuroprotective activities against H2O2-induced cell injury in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, and 3 showed the better protective effect with 76.63% cell viability comparing with the positive control Trolox (69.84%) at 12.5 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Bin Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zi-Lin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Le Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qing-Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Guo-Dong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Shao-Jiang Song
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Liaoning Province, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Habibi P, Daniell H, Soccol CR, Grossi‐de‐Sa MF. The potential of plant systems to break the HIV-TB link. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1868-1891. [PMID: 30908823 PMCID: PMC6737023 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can place a major burden on healthcare systems and constitute the main challenges of diagnostic and therapeutic programmes. Infection with HIV is the most common cause of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), which can accelerate the risk of latent TB reactivation by 20-fold. Similarly, TB is considered the most relevant factor predisposing individuals to HIV infection. Thus, both pathogens can augment one another in a synergetic manner, accelerating the failure of immunological functions and resulting in subsequent death in the absence of treatment. Synergistic approaches involving the treatment of HIV as a tool to combat TB and vice versa are thus required in regions with a high burden of HIV and TB infection. In this context, plant systems are considered a promising approach for combatting HIV and TB in a resource-limited setting because plant-made drugs can be produced efficiently and inexpensively in developing countries and could be shared by the available agricultural infrastructure without the expensive requirement needed for cold chain storage and transportation. Moreover, the use of natural products from medicinal plants can eliminate the concerns associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) and anti-TB therapy (ATT), including drug interactions, drug-related toxicity and multidrug resistance. In this review, we highlight the potential of plant system as a promising approach for the production of relevant pharmaceuticals for HIV and TB treatment. However, in the cases of HIV and TB, none of the plant-made pharmaceuticals have been approved for clinical use. Limitations in reaching these goals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Habibi
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and BiotechnologyFederal University of ParanáCuritibaPRBrazil
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and BiotechnologyBrasíliaDFBrazil
| | - Henry Daniell
- Department of BiochemistrySchool of Dental MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Maria Fatima Grossi‐de‐Sa
- Embrapa Genetic Resources and BiotechnologyBrasíliaDFBrazil
- Catholic University of BrasíliaBrasíliaDFBrazil
- Post Graduation Program in BiotechnologyUniversity PotiguarNatalRNBrazil
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13
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Li P, Shen SX, Liu LX, Xu JH, Ma XH, Shi DM, Zhang ZQ. A new demethyl abietane diterpenoid from the roots of Tripterygium wilfordii. Nat Prod Res 2019; 34:3094-3100. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1610749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Xin Shen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ling-Xue Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Hua Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Hua Ma
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Mei Shi
- Department of Natural Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, P. R. China
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14
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Salehi B, Kumar NVA, Şener B, Sharifi-Rad M, Kılıç M, Mahady GB, Vlaisavljevic S, Iriti M, Kobarfard F, Setzer WN, Ayatollahi SA, Ata A, Sharifi-Rad J. Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1459. [PMID: 29757986 PMCID: PMC5983620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the epidemic, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has infected around 70 million people worldwide, most of whom reside is sub-Saharan Africa. There have been very promising developments in the treatment of HIV with anti-retroviral drug cocktails. However, drug resistance to anti-HIV drugs is emerging, and many people infected with HIV have adverse reactions or do not have ready access to currently available HIV chemotherapies. Thus, there is a need to discover new anti-HIV agents to supplement our current arsenal of anti-HIV drugs and to provide therapeutic options for populations with limited resources or access to currently efficacious chemotherapies. Plant-derived natural products continue to serve as a reservoir for the discovery of new medicines, including anti-HIV agents. This review presents a survey of plants that have shown anti-HIV activity, both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahare Salehi
- Medical Ethics and Law Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 88777539 Tehran, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 22439789 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nanjangud V Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India.
| | - Bilge Şener
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehdi Sharifi-Rad
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, 61663-335 Zabol, Iran.
| | - Mehtap Kılıç
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, 06330 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gail B Mahady
- PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Sanja Vlaisavljevic
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Marcello Iriti
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA.
| | - Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
| | - Athar Ata
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 11369 Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Chemistry, Richardson College for the Environmental Science Complex, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB R3B 2G3, Canada.
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15
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Hua LP, Zhang YQ, Ye M, Xu W, Wang XY, Fu YH, Xu W. A new polyoxygenated abietane diterpenoid from the rattans of Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth. Nat Prod Res 2018; 32:2577-2582. [PMID: 29350072 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1428594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A new polyoxygenated abietane diterpenoid, bauchampine A (1), together with seven known compounds (2-8), were isolated from the rattans of Bauhinia championii (Benth.) Benth. The structure of 1 was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods and the known compounds were identified by comparison with the data reported in the literature. New compound 1 was evaluated for its anti-rheumatoid arthritis activity via examining its anti-proliferative effect on synoviocytes in vitro. Compound 1 exhibited inhibitory effect on the proliferation of synoviocytes with IC50 value comparable to that of methotrexate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Hua
- a College of Pharmacy , Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Fuzhou , P. R. China
| | - Yu-Qin Zhang
- a College of Pharmacy , Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Fuzhou , P. R. China
| | - Miao Ye
- a College of Pharmacy , Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Fuzhou , P. R. China
| | - Wen Xu
- a College of Pharmacy , Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Fuzhou , P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ying Wang
- a College of Pharmacy , Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Fuzhou , P. R. China
| | - Yan-Hui Fu
- a College of Pharmacy , Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Fuzhou , P. R. China.,b Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Ministry of Education , Hainan Normal University , Haikou , P. R. China.,c Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Plants Resources of Haikou City , Hainan Normal University , Haikou , P. R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- a College of Pharmacy , Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Fuzhou , P. R. China
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16
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Kobayashi S, Shibukawa K, Hamada Y, Kuruma T, Kawabata A, Masuyama A. Syntheses of (-)-Tripterifordin and (-)-Neotripterifordin from Stevioside. J Org Chem 2018; 83:1606-1613. [PMID: 29328659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report short syntheses of (-)-tripterifordin and (-)-neotripterifordin, potent inhibitors of HIV replication, from stevioside, a natural sweetener used worldwide. The key transformations are reduction at C13 through the formation of a tertiary chloride and subsequent three-step lactonization including a selective iodination at C20 by the photoreaction of the C19-alcohol. The title compounds were reliably obtained from stevioside in 9 and 11 steps (with 5-7 isolation steps), respectively. Additionally, the related lactone-containing ent-kaurenes, doianoterpenes A and B, and two more natural products were synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology , 5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shibukawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology , 5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Hamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology , 5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Takuma Kuruma
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology , 5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Asako Kawabata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology , 5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Araki Masuyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology , 5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
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17
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Wang D, Zhao XH, Cui Y, Zhang TT, Wang F, Hu YH. Efficacy and safety of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F for CKD in Mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res 2017; 32:436-451. [PMID: 29193402 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF) is a promising Chinese traditional medicine used to significantly reduce proteinuria and improve renal function. However, its efficacy and safety in treatment of chronic kidney disease need to be further explored in order to promote its application in clinics. This review compared the efficacy and safety of TwHF with the placebo, conventional Western medicine and other immunosuppressive medicine in a range of kidney disorders. One hundred three randomized controlled trials were included. TwHF therapy decreased 24-hr proteinuria by 0.59 g/day (95% confidence interval [CI; -0.68, -0.50]), serum creatinine level by 1.93 μmol/L (95% CI [-3.69, -0.17]), and blood urea nitrogen level by 0.24 mmol/L (95% CI [-0.41, -0.07]); increased the total effective rate by 27% (95% CI [1.24, 1.30]); and decreased the incidence of adverse reactions by 19% (95% CI [0.68, 0.96]) overall. Meta regression results showed that the duration of therapy and mean age of participants were the major sources of high heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that our statistic results were relatively stable and credible. The present findings suggested that TwHF possibly has nephroprotective effects by decreasing proteinuria, serum creatinine level, and blood urea nitrogen level and no more adverse reactions compared with control group in most kidney disorders. However, these findings still need to be further confirmed by high-quality trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiao-Han Zhao
- The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yi Cui
- Information Technology Department, Hebei Youth Administrative Cadres College, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yong-Hong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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18
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Gobu FR, Chen JJ, Zeng J, Wei WJ, Wang WF, Lin CJ, Gao K. Isolation, Structure Elucidition, and Immunosuppressive Activity of Diterpenoids from Ligularia fischeri. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:2263-2268. [PMID: 28783337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Six new (1-3 and 6-8) and seven known diterpenoids were isolated from the whole plant of Ligularia fischeri. Compound 1 is a new 15,16-dinorerythroxylane-type diterpenoid possessing a C18 skeleton, and 2 is the first example of a 6/6/6/6/5/5-fused hexacyclic ent-kaurane diterpenoid with 19,20-olide and 11,16-epoxy moieties. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. The absolute configurations of 1 and 7 were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1-13 were evaluated for their immunosuppressive activity, and 4, 7, and 13 showed moderate inhibitory activities against human B lymphoblast HMy2.CIR cells with IC50 values of 56.3 ± 2.2, 13.3 ± 0.8, and 31.4 ± 0.9 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fekadu-Roge Gobu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and ‡School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and ‡School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and ‡School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and ‡School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and ‡School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Jun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and ‡School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and ‡School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University , Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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19
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Su P, Guan H, Zhang Y, Wang X, Gao L, Zhao Y, Hu T, Zhou J, Ma B, Tu L, Tong Y, Huang L, Gao W. Probing the Single Key Amino Acid Responsible for the Novel Catalytic Function of ent-Kaurene Oxidase Supported by NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductases in Tripterygium wilfordii. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1756. [PMID: 29081786 PMCID: PMC5645531 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii produces not only ent-kaurene, which is an intermediate of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis in flowering plants, but also 16α-hydroxy-ent-kaurane, whose physiological role has not been characterized. The two compounds are biosynthesized from the universal diterpenoid precursor (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) by diterpene synthases, which have been discovered and functionally characterized in T. wilfordii. Here, we described the functional characterization of four cytochrome P450 reductases (TwCPR) and one ent-kaurene oxidase (TwKO). Four TwCPRs were found to have relatively ubiquitous expression in T. wilfordii root, stem, leaf, and flower tissues. Co-expression of both a TwCPR and TwKO in yeast showed that TwCPR3 has a slightly better activity for providing the electrons required for these reactions, indicating that TwCPR3 is more suitable for use in the functional analysis of other cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. TwKO catalyzed the three-step oxidation of the C4α methyl of the tetracyclic diterpene intermediate ent-kaurene to form ent-kaurenoic acid as an early step in GA biosynthesis. Notably, TwKO could also convert 16α-hydroxy-ent-kaurane to 16α-hydroxy-ent-kaurenoic acid, indicating an important function of 16α-hydroxy-ent-kaurane in the anti-HIV principle tripterifordin biosynthetic pathway in planta. Homology modeling and molecular docking were used to investigate the unknown crucial active amino acid residue involved in the catalytic reaction of TwKO, and one key residue (Leu387) contributed to the formation of 16α-hydroxy-ent-kaurenoic acid, most likely by forming hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl group (-OH) of 16α-hydroxy-ent-kaurane, which laid the basis for further investigation of the multifunctional nature of KO catalysis. Also, our findings paved the way for the complete biosynthesis of the anti-HIV principle tripterifordin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Su
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Linhui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyuan Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Baowei Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lichan Tu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuru Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Luqi Huang, Wei Gao,
| | - Wei Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Luqi Huang, Wei Gao,
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20
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Gao C, Wang D, Zhang Y, Huang XX, Song SJ. Kaurane and abietane diterpenoids from the roots of Tripterygium wilfordii and their cytotoxic evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2942-2946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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21
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Yu W, Hjerrild P, Overgaard J, Poulsen TB. A Concise Route to the Strongylophorines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8294-8. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201602476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Yu
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Per Hjerrild
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Thomas B. Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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22
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Yu W, Hjerrild P, Overgaard J, Poulsen TB. A Concise Route to the Strongylophorines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201602476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Yu
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Per Hjerrild
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Jacob Overgaard
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Thomas B. Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry; Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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23
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Li WF, Wang J, Zhang JJ, Song X, Ku CF, Zou J, Li JX, Rong LJ, Pan LT, Zhang HJ. Henrin A: A New Anti-HIV Ent-Kaurane Diterpene from Pteris henryi. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:27978-87. [PMID: 26610490 PMCID: PMC4661929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161126071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Henrin A (1), a new ent-kaurane diterpene, was isolated from the leaves of Pteris henryi. The chemical structure was elucidated by analysis of the spectroscopic data including one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectra, and was further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The compound was evaluated for its biological activities against a panel of cancer cell lines, dental bacterial biofilm formation, and HIV. It displayed anti-HIV potential with an IC50 value of 9.1 µM (SI = 12.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Fei Li
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550002, China.
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Jing-Jie Zhang
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550002, China.
| | - Xun Song
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chuen-Fai Ku
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Juan Zou
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550002, China.
| | - Ji-Xin Li
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550002, China.
| | - Li-Jun Rong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Lu-Tai Pan
- Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang 550002, China.
| | - Hong-Jie Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, 7 Baptist University Road, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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24
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Riehl PS, DePorre YC, Armaly AM, Groso EJ, Schindler CS. New avenues for the synthesis of ent-kaurene diterpenoids. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.04.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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25
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Li JY, Peng Y, Li LZ, Gao PY, Gao C, Xia SX, Song SJ. Two New Abietane Diterpenoids from the Roots ofTripterygium wilfordiiHook. f. Helv Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Wong KF, Yuan Y, Luk JM. Tripterygium wilfordii bioactive compounds as anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 39:311-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05586.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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27
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Vieira HS, Takahashi JA, Gunatilaka AAL, Boaventura MAD. 1H and 13C NMR signal assignments of a novel Baeyer-Villiger originated diterpene lactone. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2006; 44:146-50. [PMID: 16358289 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A highly rearranged novel dilactone was the single product isolated from Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of a norketone prepared from grandiflorenic acid, a natural kaurane diterpene. The complete 1H and 13C NMR assignment is presented for this novel compound that showed discrete in vitro antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriete S Vieira
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antonio Carlos, 6627, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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29
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Yu D, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. New developments in natural products-based anti-AIDS research. Med Res Rev 2006; 27:108-32. [PMID: 16888749 DOI: 10.1002/med.20075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses anti-HIV natural products from several compound classes, including terpenoids, coumarins, alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, and flavonoids. Natural products can provide novel anti-AIDS chemotherapeutic leads that are structurally unique or have new mechanisms of action. The drug discovery and development process proceeds from bioactivity-directed isolation and identification of a promising lead natural product, followed by rational design-based structural modification and structure-activity relationship analyses to optimize the lead compound as a drug candidate. This process is notably exemplified by the discovery of the modified betulinic acid derivative, DSB [PA-457], which is currently in Phase II clinical trial and is the first-in-class HIV maturation inhibitor (MI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Yu
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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30
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Monsalve LN, Rosselli S, Bruno M, Baldessari A. Enzyme-Catalysed Transformations ofent-Kaurane Diterpenoids. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Bioactive compounds from Tripterygium wilfordii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(05)80068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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32
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Qiu D, Kao PN. Immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of triptolide, the principal active diterpenoid from the Chinese medicinal herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. Drugs R D 2003; 4:1-18. [PMID: 12568630 DOI: 10.2165/00126839-200304010-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts of Tripterygium wilfordii hook. f. (leigong teng, Thundergod vine) are effective in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of immune inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, nephritis and asthma. Characterisation of the terpenoids present in extracts of Tripterygium identified triptolide, a diterpenoid triepoxide, as responsible for most of the immunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effects observed in vitro. Triptolide inhibits lymphocyte activation and T-cell expression of interleukin-2 at the level of transcription. In all cell types examined, triptolide inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB transcriptional activation at a unique step in the nucleus after binding to DNA. Further characterisation of the molecular mechanisms of triptolide action will serve to elucidate pathways of immune system regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoming Qiu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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33
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Zhou Z, Madrid M, Madura JD. Docking of non-nucleoside inhibitors: neotripterifordin and its derivatives to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Proteins 2002; 49:529-42. [PMID: 12402361 DOI: 10.1002/prot.10233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The docking of small molecules to proteins has played an important role in the understanding of drug/receptor interactions. An important drug/receptor interaction is between non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 RT and the non-nucleoside binding pocket. We report the results of docking calculations in which we have docked known and proposed non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors to the type 1 virus. The proposed NNRTIs dock in a similar position and orientation as known inhibitors. In addition, we observe a linear correlation between the calculated interaction energy and EC50 for the inhibitors, suggesting that the docked structure orientation and the interaction energies are reasonable. Two hydrogen bonds between nevirapine and RT (3HVT and 1VRT) are observed and are reproduced across different docking schemes. Since we used two different HIV-1 RT crystal structures (3HVT and 1VRT), which are at different levels of resolution (2.9 and 2.2 A, respectively), we propose that structures with resolutions better than 3 A can be used to produce reasonable docking results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, USA
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34
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Yang G, Feng H, Li Y. Di- and triterpenoids from Tripterygium wilfordii. NATURAL PRODUCT LETTERS 2002; 15:103-10. [PMID: 11561442 DOI: 10.1080/10575630108041266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ethanol extract of the dried root bark of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. afforded one new triterpene: 24, 29-dinor-D:A-friedoolean-4-en-2 beta, 6 alpha, 22 beta-trihydroxy-3, 21-dione, 6 alpha-hydroxy triptocalline 1; one new diterpenoid: 11, 16-dihydroxy-14-methoxy-18 (4-->3) abeo-abieta-3, 8, 11, 13-tetraene-18-oic acid, 16-hydroxy triptobenzene H 2; and one new diterpenoid alkaloid, triptotin J 3. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 294 Taiyuan Road, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
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35
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36
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Yang GZ, Xi ML, Li YC. Two novel phenolic triterpenes from Tripterygium wilfordii. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2001; 3:83-88. [PMID: 11407818 DOI: 10.1080/10286020108041374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Two novel phenolic triterpenes were isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., their structures were identified to be 2,3-dihydroxy-1,3,5(10),8-tetra-ene-6alpha-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-24-nor-D:A-friedooleanane-29-oic acid 1, named triptotin F, and 2,3-dihydroxy-1,3,5(10),8-tetra-ene-6beta-(2'-hydroxyethyl)-24-nor-D:A-friedooleanane-29-oic acid 2, named triptotin G on the basis of spectroscopic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Z Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences
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37
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Abstract
8,11,13-cleistanthatrien-7-one-19,20 beta-olide and six other previously described diterpenes were isolated by silica gel chromatography of the ethyl alcohol extract of Vellozia compacta. The structure of the cleistanthane lactone was deduced on the basis of spectral data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Riehl
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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38
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Tao X, Lipsky PE. The Chinese anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive herbal remedy Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2000; 26:29-50, viii. [PMID: 10680192 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-857x(05)70118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Various preparations of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF) have been used in the treatment of a number of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases since the 1960s. Accumulated data from the clinical trials suggest efficacy of this treatment in a number of rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Studies on the relationship of the chemical components of TwHF and its immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects suggest that diterpenoid compounds with epoxide groups account for the therapeutic effects of this herbal remedy. This herbal remedy is therefore a unique and powerful alternative therapy for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Tao
- Harold C. Simmons Arthritis Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, USA
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39
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González A, Bazzocchi I, Moujir L, Jiménez I. Ethnobotanical uses of celastraceae. Bioactive metabolites. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART D) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(00)80140-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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40
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Min BS, Hattori M, Lee HK, Kim YH. Inhibitory constituents against HIV-1 protease from Agastache rugosa. Arch Pharm Res 1999; 22:75-7. [PMID: 10071964 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two diterpenoid compounds, agastanol (1) and agastaquinone (2), were isolated from the roots of Agastache rugosa (Labiatae). Compound 1 and 2 showed significant inhibitory effects against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease activity with IC50 values of 360 and 87 microM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Min
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Taejon, Korea
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41
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Corey EJ, Liu K. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of the Potent Anti-HIV Agent Neotripterifordin. Reassignment of Stereochemistry at C(16). J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja972549c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Corey
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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42
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Ng TB, Huang B, Fong WP, Yeung HW. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV) natural products with special emphasis on HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Life Sci 1997; 61:933-49. [PMID: 9296332 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(97)00245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This review article aims at summarizing research findings concerning natural products which are endowed with the ability to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). An emphasis is placed on HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors because the bulk of the literature is focused on these compounds. It was found that a spectacular diversity of chemical structures encompassing proteins, terpenoids, coumarins, xanthones, alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, and polysaccharides, which are elaborated by plant species as phylogenetically remote as the algae, gymnosperms and angiosperms, were capable of rendering the retroviral enzyme less active. The literature pertaining to natural products with HIV protease and integrase inhibitory activities is less voluminous.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Ng
- Department of Biochemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories
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43
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Abstract
Four new triterpene compounds, celasdin-A, celasdin-C, anti-AIDS celasdin-B and cytotoxic maytenfolone-A, were isolated from Celastrus hindsii. The structural determination of maytenfolone-A, celasdin-A, celasdin-B and celasdin-C, as well as the structure-activity relationships of these new compounds and derivatives, are discussed. Maytenfolone-A was further confirmed by X-ray studies. Biological evaluation showed that Maytenfolone-A demonstrated cytotoxicity against hepatoma (HEPA-2B, ED50 = 2.3 micrograms ml-1) and nasopharynx carcinoma (KB, ED50 = 3.8 micrograms ml-1). Celasdin-B was found to exhibit anti-HIV replication activity in H9 lymphocyte cells with an EC50 of 0.8 microgram ml-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Kuo
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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44
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Milanova R, Stoynov N, Moore M. The optimization of triptoquinone production by Cunninghamella elegans using factorial design. Enzyme Microb Technol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0141-0229(95)00184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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46
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Chen K, Shi Q, Fujioka T, Nakano T, Hu CQ, Jin JQ, Kilkuskie RE, Lee KH. Anti-AIDS agents--XIX. Neotripterifordin, a novel anti-HIV principle from Tripterygium wilfordii: isolation and structural elucidation. Bioorg Med Chem 1995; 3:1345-8. [PMID: 8564400 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0896(95)00114-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A new kaurane type diterpene lactone, neotripterifordin (1), has been isolated from the roots of Tripterygium wilfordii. The structure of 1 was elucidated by spectroscopic methods, which included the concerted application of a number of 2-D NMR techniques including 1H-1H COSY, phase-sensitive NOESY, HETCOR, and long-range HETCOR. Compound 1 showed potent anti-HIV replication activity in H9 lymphocyte cells with an EC50 of 25 nM and TI of 125.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chen
- Natural Products Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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47
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Zhang LH, Huang Y, Wang LW, Xiao PG. Several compounds from Chinese traditional and herbal medicine as immunomodulators. Phytother Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2650090502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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48
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Tommasi ND, Simone FD, Piacente S, Pizza C, Mahmood N. Diterpenes fromMomordica Balsamina. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/10575639508043169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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49
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Gu WZ, Chen R, Brandwein S, McAlpine J, Burres N. Isolation, purification, and characterization of immunosuppressive compounds from tripterygium: triptolide and tripdiolide. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1995; 17:351-6. [PMID: 7591358 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(95)00022-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Crude extracts derived from the root of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f (TWHf) have previously been demonstrated to have immunosuppressive properties and have been used as anti-rheumatic therapy in Chinese traditional medicine. Although these extracts contain a large number of chemical components, the precise nature of the compound(s) responsible for this therapeutic effect has not been established with certainty. An aqueous extract of TWHf was resolved into chemical components by medium-pressure and high-performance liquid chromatography. Immunosuppressive fractions were identified with a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and chemically characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Two major peaks of immunosuppressive activity were identified. These were the closely related diterpenoid triepoxides, triptolide and tripdiolide. No other immunosuppressive compounds were identified using MLR as the biologic screening assay. Triptolide and tripdiolide may be responsible for the anti-rheumatic properties of crude aqueous extracts of TWHf and represent a novel class of immunosuppressive drugs with potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Z Gu
- Pharmaceutical Products Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064-3537, USA
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50
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Abstract
The discovery of the reversible antifertility action of an extract from Tripterygium wilfordii both in male rats and in men in 1986 stimulated worldwide interest. International and national collaborations aimed at the bioassay-directed sub-fractionation of materials extracted from the plant was then organized and to date, a series of six male antifertility diterpene epoxides have been isolated. Their chemical structures have been identified and found to be triptolide, tripdiolide, triptolidenol, tripchlorolide, 16-hydroxytriptolide and T7/19 (structure not yet published). At the ED95 dosage levels, they act mainly on metamorphosing spermatids and testicular and epdidymal spermatozoa with exfoliation and inhibition of basic nuclear protein turnover of late spermatids, delayed spermiation and sperm head-tail separation and microtubule, microfilament and membrane damages. A preliminary toxic evaluation indicated that these compounds were immunosuppressive at dose levels 5-12 times their antifertility doses. Immuno-suppression is an important weakness for an antifertility agent, but if the immuno-suppressive dose of a drug is much higher than its antifertility dose, it could yet be regarded as a safe contraceptive. Therefore, in the safety evaluation of compounds isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii, it warrants our attention to probe deeply into their precise dose/immuno-effect relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q S Zhen
- Jiangsu Family Health Institute, Nanjing, P.R. China
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