1
|
Hu Y, Su M, Kong Y, Jiang C, Yuan Y, Chen X, Ma L. Total synthesis/semi-synthesis of natural isopentenyl flavonoids with inhibitory activity on NLRP3 inflammasome. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2024; 107:129777. [PMID: 38692522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2024.129777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation is the body's defense response to stimuli. When the homeostatic balance is disturbed, disease may result. Flavonoids have clear anti-inflammatory effects and the isopentenyl group significantly enhances the pharmacological activity of flavonoids. Therefore, isopentenyl flavonoids have the potential to serve as lead compounds for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs. Throughout this research, eight natural compounds were synthesized, including 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxy-8-prenylflavonoid (1), 4'-O-Methylatalantoflavone (2), Kushenol W (3) and Racemoflavone (5), which were totally synthesized for the first time. Additionally, three flavonols: Licoflavonol (6), 3,5,7,3',4'-pentahydroxy-6-prenylflavonol (7) and Macarangin (8), can be one-step synthesized by direct C-isopentenylation. In the process, an economical and efficient C-isopentenylation method was also simultaneously explored that could facilitate the efficient synthesis of natural products. These compounds were evaluated for their potential anti-inflammatory activities via the NLRP3 signaling pathway. Notably, Macarangin (8) manifested the most potent inhibitory effect. The SAR (Structure-Activity Relationships) also showed the introduction of the isopentenyl group was determined to enhance these effects, whereas simple flavonoid frameworks or cyclization of isopentenyl groups all diminished anti-inflammatory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mengjun Su
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yichao Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Caihong Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China
| | - Yaxia Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Xiabin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China.
| | - Lei Ma
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li XM, Gao Y, Wang SH, Huang YG, Long GQ, Wang DD, Zhang R, Wang AH, Huang SH, Jia JM. Natural Prenylflavonoids from Sophora flavescens Root Bark against Multidrug-Resistant Methicillin-Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus Targeting the Membrane Permeability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:14684-14700. [PMID: 38905352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
The overuse of antibiotics in animal farming and aquaculture has led to multidrug-resistant methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MR-MSSA) becoming a common pathogen in foodborne diseases. Sophora flavescens Ait. serves as a traditional plant antibacterial agent and functional food ingredient. A total of 30 compounds (1-30) were isolated from the root bark of S. flavescens, consisting of 20 new compounds (1-20). In the biological activity assay, compound 1 demonstrated a remarkable inhibitory effect on MR-MSSA, with an MIC of 2 μg/mL. Furthermore, 1 was found to rapidly eliminate bacteria, inhibit biofilm growth, and exhibit exceptionally low cytotoxicity. Mechanistic studies have revealed that 1 possesses an enhanced membrane-targeting ability, binding to the bacterial cell membrane components phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and cardiolipin (CL). This disruption of bacterial cell membrane integrity increases intracellular reactive oxygen species, protein and DNA leakage, reduced bacterial metabolism, and ultimately bacterial death. In summary, these findings suggest that compound 1 holds promise as a lead compound against MR-MSSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Min Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Han Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao-Guang Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qing Long
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Dong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Hua Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Hui Huang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ming Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kong S, Liao Q, Liu Y, Luo Y, Fu S, Lin L, Li H. Prenylated Flavonoids in Sophora flavescens: A Systematic Review of Their Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2024; 52:1087-1135. [PMID: 38864547 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x24500447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Sophora flavescens has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 1700 years. This plant is known for its heat-clearing, damp-drying, insecticidal, and diuretic properties. Phytochemical research has identified prenylated flavonoids as a unique class of bioactive compounds in S. flavescens. Recent pharmacological studies reveal that the prenylated flavonoids from S. flavescens (PFS) exhibit potent antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and glycolipid metabolism-regulating activities, offering significant therapeutic benefits for various diseases. However, the pharmacokinetics and toxicological profiles of PFS have not been systematically studied. Despite the diverse biological effects of prenylated flavonoid compounds against similar diseases, their structure-activity relationship is not yet fully understood. This review aims to summarize the latest findings regarding the chemical composition, drug metabolism, pharmacological properties, toxicity, and structure-activity relationship of prenylated flavonoids from S. flavescens. It seeks to highlight their potential for clinical use and suggest directions for future related studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Kong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanxiaojie 16, Dongzhimennei Ave, 100700 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qian Liao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanxiaojie 16, Dongzhimennei Ave, 100700 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuling Liu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanxiaojie 16, Dongzhimennei Ave, 100700 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Luo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanxiaojie 16, Dongzhimennei Ave, 100700 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Sai Fu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanxiaojie 16, Dongzhimennei Ave, 100700 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanxiaojie 16, Dongzhimennei Ave, 100700 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanxiaojie 16, Dongzhimennei Ave, 100700 Beijing, P. R. China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Industry, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 330006 Jiangxi, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang YJ, Kim MJ, Yang JH, Heo JW, Kim HH, Kim WH, Kim GS, Lee HJ, Kim YW, Kim KY, Park KI. Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Sophora flavescens Aiton and Protective Effects against Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury and Oxidative Stress in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:541. [PMID: 38790646 PMCID: PMC11117756 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects of an ethanol extract of Sophora flavescens Aiton (ESF) on an alcohol-induced liver disease mouse model. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) was caused by the administration of ethanol to male C57/BL6 mice who were given a Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet, including ethanol. The alcoholic fatty liver disease mice were orally administered ESF (100 and 200 mg/kg bw/day) or silymarin (50 mg/kg bw/day), which served as a positive control every day for 16 days. The findings suggest that ESF enhances hepatoprotective benefits by significantly decreasing serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), markers for liver injury. Furthermore, ESF alleviated the accumulation of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), increased serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH), and improved serum alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity in the alcoholic fatty liver disease mice model. Cells and organisms rely on the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1- Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Keap1-Nrf2) system as a critical defensive mechanism in response to oxidative stress. Therefore, Nrf2 plays an important role in ALD antioxidant responses, and its level is decreased by increased reactive oxidation stress (ROS) in the liver. ESF increased Nrf2, which was decreased in ethanol-damaged livers. Additionally, four polyphenol compounds were identified through a qualitative analysis of the ESF using LC-MS/MS. This study confirmed ESF's antioxidative and hangover-elimination effects and suggested the possibility of using Sophora flavescens Aiton (SF) to treat ALD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin Yang
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (J.W.H.); (H.H.K.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (J.W.H.); (H.H.K.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Ju-Hye Yang
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ji Woong Heo
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (J.W.H.); (H.H.K.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Hun Hwan Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (J.W.H.); (H.H.K.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Woo H. Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (J.W.H.); (H.H.K.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (J.W.H.); (H.H.K.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Hu-Jang Lee
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (J.W.H.); (H.H.K.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Young Woo Kim
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kwang Youn Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kwang Il Park
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (J.W.H.); (H.H.K.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cai H, Wen H, Li J, Lu L, Zhao W, Jiang X, Bai R. Small-molecule agents for treating skin diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 268:116269. [PMID: 38422702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Skin diseases are a class of common and frequently occurring diseases that significantly impact daily lives. Currently, the limited effective therapeutic drugs are far from meeting the clinical needs; most drugs typically only provide symptomatic relief rather than a cure. Developing small-molecule drugs with improved efficacy holds paramount importance for treating skin diseases. This review aimed to systematically introduce the pathogenesis of common skin diseases in daily life, list related drugs applied in the clinic, and summarize the clinical research status of candidate drugs and the latest research progress of candidate compounds in the drug discovery stage. Also, it statistically analyzed the number of publications and global attention trends for the involved skin diseases. This review might provide practical information for researchers engaged in dermatological drugs and further increase research attention to this disease area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Hao Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Junjie Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Liuxin Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Wenxuan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kang YJ, Park H, Lee Y, Yoon S, Kwak M. Sophora genomes provide insight into the evolution of alkaloid metabolites along with small-scale gene duplication. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:475. [PMID: 37608245 PMCID: PMC10464357 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09516-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Sophora (Fabaceae) includes medicinal plants that have been used in East Asian countries since antiquity. Sophora flavescens is a perennial herb indigenous to China, India, Japan, Korea, and Russia. Its dried roots have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, apoptosis-modulating, and antitumor efficacy. The congeneric S. koreensis is endemic to Korea and its genome is less than half the size of that of S. flavescens. Nevertheless, this discrepancy can be used to assemble and validate the S. flavescens genome. A comparative genomic study of the two genomes can disclose the recent evolutionary divergence of the polymorphic phenotypic profiles of these species. Here, we used the PacBio sequencing platform to sequence and assemble the S. koreensis and S. flavescens genomes. We inferred that it was mainly small-scale duplication that occurred in S. flavescens. A KEGG analysis revealed pathways that might regulate the pharmacologically important secondary metabolites in S. flavescens and S. koreensis. The genome assemblies of Sophora spp. could be used in comparative genomics and data mining for various plant natural products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jae Kang
- Division of Bio & Medical Bigdata Department (BK4 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
- Division of Life Science Department, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Halim Park
- Division of Bio & Medical Bigdata Department (BK4 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Lee
- Division of Bio & Medical Bigdata Department (BK4 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghwa Yoon
- Division of Bio & Medical Bigdata Department (BK4 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Myounghai Kwak
- National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang YF, Liu TT, Li GX, Chen XQ, Li RT, Zhang ZJ. Flavonoids from the Roots of Sophora flavescens and Their Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Antiproliferative Activities. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052048. [PMID: 36903293 PMCID: PMC10004487 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytochemical investigation of the roots of the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Sophora flavescens led to the isolation of two novel prenylflavonoids with an unusual cyclohexyl substituent instead of the common aromatic ring B, named 4',4'-dimethoxy-sophvein (17) and sophvein-4'-one (18), and 34 known compounds (1-16, 19-36). The structures of these chemical compounds were determined by spectroscopic techniques, including 1D-, 2D-NMR, and HRESIMS data. Furthermore, evaluations of nitric oxide (NO) production inhibitory activity against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells indicated that some compounds exhibited obvious inhibition effects, with IC50 ranged from 4.6 ± 1.1 to 14.4 ± 0.4 μM. Moreover, additional research demonstrated that some compounds inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells, with an IC50 ranging from 0.46 ± 0.1 to 48.6 ± 0.8 μM. These results suggest that flavonoid derivatives from the roots of S. flavescens can be used as a latent source of antiproliferative or anti-inflammatory agents.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wu C, Huang Y, Huang H, Ma Y, Lin Q, Yang X, Pang K. Acute and 13 weeks subchronic toxicological evaluation of the flavonoid-rich extract of Sophora flavescens. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:189-196. [PMID: 34913779 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.2016042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The roots of Sophora flavescens have a long history of use in Chinese medicine for the treatment of various medical conditions. Flavonoids from the ethyl acetate extract of S. flavescens have shown anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicological profile of a flavonoid-rich extract of S. flavescens (SFEA). We conducted acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity studies of SFEA in Kunming (KM) mice and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Acute oral administration of 9.0 g/kg SFEA did not result in mortality, clinical signs of toxicity, or abnormal changes in the body weight or food consumption patterns. No significant changes in hematological, blood biochemical, or histopathological parameters were observed. A 13-week sub-chronic toxicity study was conducted in SD rats; the rats were orally administrated with various doses of SFEA (in mg/kg): 0 (control), 40, 80, 400, 800, and 1200. Mortality, clinical signs, or treatment-related changes in body weight, food consumption, hematological parameters, blood biochemical parameters, organ weights, or histopathological parameters were not observed. We found that SFEA is practically nontoxic to KM mice at a dose of 9.0 g/kg and that the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) of SFEA in SD rats is greater than 1200 mg/kg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yun Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Huiqi Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yuanren Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Qinxiong Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xinzhou Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Kejian Pang
- Hotian Uygur Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hotian, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yuan G, Xia X, Guan Y, Yi H, Lai S, Sun Y, Cao S. Antimicrobial Quantitative Relationship and Mechanism of Plant Flavonoids to Gram-Positive Bacteria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101190. [PMID: 36297302 PMCID: PMC9611191 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a serious threat to human health, and new antimicrobial agents are desperately needed. Plant flavonoids are increasingly being paid attention to for their antibacterial activities, for the enhancing of the antibacterial activity of antimicrobials, and for the reversing of AMR. To obtain more scientific and reliable equations, another two regression equations, between the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (y) and the lipophilicity parameter ACD/LogP or LogD7.40 (x), were established once again, based on the reported data. Using statistical methods, the best one of the four regression equations, including the two previously reported, with regard to the antimicrobial quantitative relationship of plant flavonoids to Gram-positive bacteria, is y = −0.1285 x6 + 0.7944 x5 + 51.785 x4 − 947.64 x3 + 6638.7 x2 − 21,273 x + 26,087; here, x is the LogP value. From this equation, the MICs of most plant flavonoids to Gram-positive bacteria can be calculated, and the minimum MIC was predicted as approximately 0.9644 μM and was probably from 0.24 to 0.96 μM. This more reliable equation further proved that the lipophilicity is a key factor of plant flavonoids against Gram-positive bacteria; this was further confirmed by the more intuitive evidence subsequently provided. Based on the antibacterial mechanism proposed in our previous work, these also confirmed the antibacterial mechanism: the cell membrane is the major site of plant flavonoids acting on the Gram-positive bacteria, and this involves the damage of the phospholipid bilayers. The above will greatly accelerate the discovery and application of plant flavonoids with remarkable antibacterial activity and the thorough research on their antimicrobial mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ganjun Yuan
- Biotechnological Engineering Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0791-83813459
| | - Xuexue Xia
- Biotechnological Engineering Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yingying Guan
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Houqin Yi
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shan Lai
- Biotechnological Engineering Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yifei Sun
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Seng Cao
- Biotechnological Engineering Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Microbiological Drug, College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chawla M, Verma J, Gupta R, Das B. Antibiotic Potentiators Against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria: Discovery, Development, and Clinical Relevance. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:887251. [PMID: 35847117 PMCID: PMC9284026 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.887251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance in clinically important microbes has emerged as an unmet challenge in global health. Extensively drug-resistant bacterial pathogens have cropped up lately defying the action of even the last resort of antibiotics. This has led to a huge burden in the health sectors and increased morbidity and mortality rate across the world. The dwindling antibiotic discovery pipeline and rampant usage of antibiotics has set the alarming bells necessitating immediate actions to combat this looming threat. Various alternatives to discovery of new antibiotics are gaining attention such as reversing the antibiotic resistance and hence reviving the arsenal of antibiotics in hand. Antibiotic resistance reversal is mainly targeted against the antibiotic resistance mechanisms, which potentiates the effective action of the antibiotic. Such compounds are referred to as resistance breakers or antibiotic adjuvants/potentiators that work in conjunction with antibiotics. Many studies have been conducted for the identification of compounds, which decrease the permeability barrier, expression of efflux pumps and the resistance encoding enzymes. Compounds targeting the stability, inheritance and dissemination of the mobile genetic elements linked with the resistance genes are also potential candidates to curb antibiotic resistance. In pursuit of such compounds various natural sources and synthetic compounds have been harnessed. The activities of a considerable number of compounds seem promising and are currently at various phases of clinical trials. This review recapitulates all the studies pertaining to the use of antibiotic potentiators for the reversal of antibiotic resistance and what the future beholds for their usage in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meenal Chawla
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Infection and Immunology Division, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Jyoti Verma
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Infection and Immunology Division, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | - Rashi Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Home Economics, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhabatosh Das
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Infection and Immunology Division, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Le TKD, Danova A, Aree T, Duong TH, Koketsu M, Ninomiya M, Sawada Y, Kamsri P, Pungpo P, Chavasiri W. α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from the Stems of Knema globularia. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:776-786. [PMID: 35262352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Six new compounds, globunones A-F (1-6), and two new flavonoids (7 and 8) together with nine known compounds (9-17) were isolated from the stems of Knema globularia. The chemical structures of 1-8 were elucidated by an analysis of their NMR and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry data as well as by comparison with literature values. The absolute configurations were determined using time-dependent density functional theory electronic circular dichroism (TD-DFT-ECD). Globunones A-E (1-5) represent the initial combined structures of a flavan-3-ol core and a 1,4-benzoquinone core. Globunone F (6) is the first flavanone-type compound bearing a 2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-oxoethyl group found to date in Nature. Compounds 1-3 and 6-17 were tested for their yeast α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. All compounds tested (except for 13 and 14) showed potent inhibition toward α-glucosidase with IC50 values in the range 0.4-26.6 μM. Calodenin A (15) was the most active compound with an IC50 value of 0.4 μM (the positive control, acarbose, IC50 93.6 μM). A kinetic analysis of 15 revealed that it is a noncompetitive inhibitor with a Ki value of 3.4 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Kim-Dung Le
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ade Danova
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thammarat Aree
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thuc-Huy Duong
- Department of Chemistry, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, 280 An Duong Vuong Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 748342, Vietnam
| | - Mamoru Koketsu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masayuki Ninomiya
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Sawada
- Division of Instrumental Analysis, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Pharit Kamsri
- Division of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Nakhon Phanom University, Nakhon Phanom 48000, Thailand
| | - Pornpun Pungpo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Warinthorn Chavasiri
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Nanotec-CU Center of Excellence on Food and Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Daniela SV, Gabriela OM, Andrea PM. A state-of-the-art review and prospective therapeutic applications of prenyl flavonoids as chemosensitizers against antifungal multidrug resistance in Candida albicans. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:4251-4281. [PMID: 35139777 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220209103538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) in the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans is defined as non-susceptibility to at least one agent in two or more drug classes. This phenomenon has been increasingly reported since the rise in the incidence of fungal infections in immunocompromised patients at the end of the last century. After the discovery of efflux pump overexpression as a principal mechanism causing MDR in Candida strains, drug discovery targeting fungal efflux transporters has had a growing impact. Chemosensitization aims to enhance azole intracellular concentrations through combination therapy with transporter inhibitors. Consequently, the use of drug efflux inhibitors combined with the antifungal agent will sensitize the pathogen. As a result, the use of lower drug concentrations will reduce possible adverse effects on the host. Through an extensive revision of the literature, this review aims to provide an exhaustive and critical analysis of the studies carried out in the past two decades, regarding the chemosensitization strategy to cope with multidrug resistance in C. albicans. This work provides a deep analysis of the research about the inhibition of drug-efflux membrane transporters by prenylated flavonoids and the interactions of these phytocompounds with azole antifungals as an approach to chemosensitize multidrug-resistant C. albicans strains. We highlight the importance of prenylflavonoids and their particular chemical and pharmacological characteristics that make them excellent candidates with therapeutic potential as chemosensitizers. Finally, we propose the need for further research of prenyl flavonoids as inhibitors of drug-efflux mediated fungal resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santi V Daniela
- Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Haya de la torre y Medina Allende, Edificio Ciencias II, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria. X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ortega María Gabriela
- Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Haya de la torre y Medina Allende, Edificio Ciencias II, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria. X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Peralta Mariana Andrea
- Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, Haya de la torre y Medina Allende, Edificio Ciencias II, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria. X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Du XY, Li GX, Chen XQ, Li RT, Zhang ZJ. Pterocarpans and 2-arylbenzofurans from Sophora flavescens aiton and their chemotaxonomic significance. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2021.104357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
Yin X, Chen S, Liu Y, Meng C, Li M, Yuan C. New Dimeric Cytisine-Type Alkaloid and Lavandulyl Biflavonoid from Sophora flavescens AIT. and Their Inhibitory Effect on Cancer Cells. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.3987/com-22-14672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
15
|
Li J, Lin Y, He L, Ou R, Chen T, Zhang X, Li Q, Zeng Z, Long Q. Two New Isoprenoid Flavonoids from Sophora flavescens with Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities. Molecules 2021; 26:7228. [PMID: 34885820 PMCID: PMC8658773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sophora flavescens is a regularly used traditional Chinese medicine. In an attempt to discover adequate active agents, the isoprenoid flavonoids from S. flavescens were further investigated. In this work, two new compounds (1-2, kurarinol A-B) together with 26 known ones (3-28) were isolated and elucidated on the basis of extensive NMR, UV and MS analyses. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of all constituents was assessed through ABTS, PTIO and DPPH methodologies and also were evaluated for cytotoxic activity by three tumor cell lines (HepG2, A549 and MCF7) and one human normal cell line (LO2 cells). As a result, a multitude of components revealed significant inhibitory activity. In particular, compound 1-2 (kurarinol A-B), two new flavanonols derivatives, exhibited the most potent ABTS inhibitory activity with IC50 of 1.21 µg/mL and 1.81 µg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, the new compound 1 demonstrated remarkable cytotoxicity against three cancer cells lines with IC50 values ranging from 7.50-10.55 μM but showed little effect on the normal cell. The two new isoprenoid flavonoids could be promising antioxidant and anti-tumor nature agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.L.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (R.O.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (Z.Z.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Engineering Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.L.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (R.O.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (Z.Z.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Engineering Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lei He
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.L.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (R.O.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (Z.Z.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Engineering Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rongxiu Ou
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.L.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (R.O.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (Z.Z.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Engineering Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.L.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (R.O.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (Z.Z.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Engineering Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.L.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (R.O.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (Z.Z.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Engineering Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qirui Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.L.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (R.O.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (Z.Z.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Engineering Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhu Zeng
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.L.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (R.O.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (Z.Z.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Engineering Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qingde Long
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang 550025, China; (J.L.); (Y.L.); (L.H.); (R.O.); (T.C.); (X.Z.); (Q.L.); (Z.Z.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Engineering Center of Cellular Immunotherapy of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Salmanli M, Tatar Yilmaz G, Tuzuner T. Investigation of the antimicrobial activities of various antimicrobial agents on Streptococcus Mutans Sortase A through computer-aided drug design (CADD) approaches. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 212:106454. [PMID: 34656905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.106454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Tooth decay is a common chronic disease that causes pain, tooth loss, malnutrition, anxiety and significantly affects half of the world's population. Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans), is considered the main pathogen causing tooth decay. Sortase A (SrtA), one of the surface proteins of S. mutans, is a potential target in the development of antimicrobial and caries prevention agents for preventing infections associated with biofilm formation. Recently, various SrtA inhibitors, including small molecules and natural product, especially, trans-chalcone, chlorhexidine (CHX) and flavonoid compounds, which exhibit effective inhibition against SrtA, have been identified. However, due to the limited number of inhibitors, multi-drug resistance and side-effects the discovery of new inhibitors for SrtA is essential. METHODS In this case, various compounds aimed at the target enzyme underwent high-throughput screening with small molecule libraries. For this screening of a total of 178 compounds, 163 were found to be pharmacokinetically suitable by performing an absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) analysis. Molecular docking was then applied to investigate the interaction mechanism among these suitable compounds and the target enzyme structure at the molecular level. RESULTS According to the results of the study, six compounds (CHEMBL243796 (kurarinone), CHEMBL2180472, CHEMBL3335591, CHEMBL373249, CHEMBL1395334, CHEMBL253467 (Isobavachalcone)) exhibited lower docking scores (-7.18, -6.59, -6.53, -6.47, -6.43, and -6.39 kcal/mol, respectively) against S. mutans SrtA than the positive control CHX (-6.29 kcal/mol). Finally, the 100 ns molecular dynamic simulations and binding free energy calculations were performed for the structure stability analysis of the enzyme with CHEMBL243796 (kurarinone), which showed the lowest docking score. As a result of these studies, the stability of the critical interactions between kurarinone and the target enzyme was preserved during the simulation time. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that flavonoid and chalcone scaffold compounds are clinically more reliable and potent than CHX as novel inhibitory agents for inhibiting oral biofilm formation. These finding can provide important contribution to the future clinical trials in the development of therapeutically useful inhibitors of SrtA by virtually screening several chemical compounds more rapidly to select suitable compounds for the prevention and treatment of dental caries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Salmanli
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Gizem Tatar Yilmaz
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Tamer Tuzuner
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Dentistry, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li P, Chai WC, Wang ZY, Tang KJ, Chen JY, Venter H, Semple SJ, Xiang L. Bioactivity-guided isolation of compounds from Sophora flavescens with antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:4340-4348. [PMID: 34592853 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1983570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bioactivity-guided fraction of an extract of Sophora flavescens to identify antibacterial compounds against Acinetobacter baumannii, led to the isolation of two new compounds, (2″R)-5-methoxy-7-hydroxy-8-lavandulylchromone (13) and (2S,βS)-(-)-sophobiflavonoid CE (19), and 18 known flavonoids, (6aR,11aR)-(-)-maackiain (1), (2S)-(-)-8-prenylnaringenin (2), (2S)-(-)-exiguaflavanone K (3), (2S)-(-)-sophoraflavanone G (4), (2S)-(-)-leachianone A (5), (2S)-(-)-kushenol E (6), (2S)-(-)-leachianone G (7), (±)-kushenol F (8), (2S)-(-)-kurarinone (9), (2S)-(-)-kurarinol (10), (2 R,3R)- (+)-3,7,4'-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-prenylflavanone (11), (2S)-(-)-isoxanthohumol (12), (2S)-(-)-2'-methoxykurarinone (14), (2 R,3R)-(+)-kushenol I (15), calycosin (16), kuraridin (17), (2S)-(-)-kushenol A (18), and trifolirhizin (20). Their structures were elucidated based on NMR, MS, and CD spectroscopic analysis. Among them, 1, 2, 5, and 15 exerted modest antibacterial activity against A. baumannii, with MIC95 of 128-256 μg/mL for 2 and 256-512 μg/mL for 1, 5 and 15.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pin Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wern Chern Chai
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Zhan-Yi Wang
- College of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zaozhuang University, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Kai-Jun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jin-Yao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Henrietta Venter
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Susan J Semple
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Lan Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Institute of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chandra G, Mukherjee D, Ray AS, Chatterjee S, Bhattacharjee I. Phytoextracts as Antibacterials: A Review. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2021; 17:523-533. [PMID: 31702527 DOI: 10.2174/1570163816666191106103730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Botanicals have been cultured to flavour food, to treat health disorders and to put a stop to diseases caused by various microorganisms. The awareness of curative features of different medicinal plants has been spread among human communities. The application of herbal products as antimicrobial agents may be a better choice for the extensive and imprudent use of synthetic antibiotics. World Health Organization recommended traditional medicines as the safest remedies for the treatment of diseases of microbial origin. The plant extracts are generally nonhazardous, available in plenty at reasonable prices, biodegradable, eco-friendly and sometimes show broad-spectrum activities against different microorganisms. The current knowledge on plant extracts, phytochemicals and their antibacterial activity, target specific mechanism of action, solvents deployed during extraction, properties of an active ingredient isolated may help in biological control of bacteria. Antimicrobial properties of different plant parts, which act in a low dose, have been organised separately for easy understanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Chandra
- Mosquito Microbiology and Nanotechnology Research Units, Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Devaleena Mukherjee
- Mosquito Microbiology and Nanotechnology Research Units, Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Anushree Singha Ray
- Mosquito Microbiology and Nanotechnology Research Units, Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Soroj Chatterjee
- Mosquito Microbiology and Nanotechnology Research Units, Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Indranil Bhattacharjee
- Mosquito Microbiology and Nanotechnology Research Units, Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Han Y, Zhang X, Kang Y, Gao Y, Li X, Qi R, Cai R, Qi Y. Sophoraflavanone M, a prenylated flavonoid from Sophora flavescens Ait., suppresses pro-inflammatory mediators through both NF-κB and JNK/AP-1 signaling pathways in LPS-primed macrophages. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 907:174246. [PMID: 34118222 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
(2R)-3α,7,4'-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-8-(γ,γ-dimethylallyl)-flavanone is a prenylated flavonoid isolated from the anti-inflammatory herb Sophora flavescens Ait. We firstly named it sophoraflavanone M (SFM) in accordance with trivial names of related constitutes from this plant. Although various studies investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of prenylated flavonoids from Sophora flavescens Ait., that of SFM remains unclear and is yet to be determined. In the current study, we assessed the anti-inflammatory effects of SFM in LPS-induced in vivo and in vitro models. In the serum of endotoxemia mice, SFM significantly suppressed LPS-elevated inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, at nontoxic concentrations, SFM reduced LPS-induced production of inflammatory mediators NO, IL-6, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in mouse primary peritoneal macrophages. Accordingly, in LPS-primed RAW264.7 cell line, it also inhibited these mediators' expression at both transcriptional and translational levels without cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, SFM is found to concurrently inhibit two important inflammatory signaling pathways, NF-κB and JNK/AP-1. SFM restrained phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα as well as the subsequent p65 translocation to dampen NF-κB activity. Meanwhile, it also suppressed JNK phosphorylation to inhibit the transcriptional activity of AP-1. These results provide material basis for traditional application of the anti-inflammatory herb Sophora flavescens Ait. and suggest SFM is a promising natural candidate for alleviating inflammatory conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Kang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ximeng Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruijuan Qi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Runlan Cai
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Qi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Antibacterial activity and mechanism of plant flavonoids to gram-positive bacteria predicted from their lipophilicities. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10471. [PMID: 34006930 PMCID: PMC8131645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90035-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance seriously threatened human health, and new antimicrobial agents are desperately needed. As one of the largest classes of plant secondary metabolite, flavonoids can be widely found in various parts of the plant, and their antibacterial activities have been increasingly paid attention to. Based on the physicochemical parameters and antibacterial activities of sixty-six flavonoids reported, two regression equations between their ACD/LogP or LogD7.40 and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to gram-positive bacteria were established with the correlation coefficients above 0.93, and then were verified by another sixty-eight flavonoids reported. From these two equations, the MICs of most flavonoids against gram-positive bacteria could be roughly calculated from their ACD/LogP or LogD7.40, and the minimum MIC was predicted as approximately 10.2 or 4.8 μM, more likely falls into the range from 2.6 to 10.2 μM, or from 1.2 to 4.8 μM. Simultaneously, both tendentiously concave regression curves indicated that the lipophilicity is a key factor for flavonoids against gram-positive bacteria. Combined with the literature analyses, the results also suggested that the cell membrane is the main site of flavonoids acting on gram-positive bacteria, and which likely involves the damage of phospholipid bilayers, the inhibition of the respiratory chain or the ATP synthesis, or some others.
Collapse
|
21
|
Long GQ, Hu GS, Gao XX, Jia JM, Wang AH. Sophoranone A and B: two new cytotoxic prenylated metabolites and their analogs from the root bark of Sophora flavescens. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:1515-1521. [PMID: 33678085 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1894562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sophora flavescens Ait. has been utilized as an anticarcinogen, antibacterial and insecticide. Two new prenylflavonoids, Sophoflavonoid A (1) and Sophoflavonoid B (2), together with four known analogues were isolated from the root bark of S. flavescens. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by the interpretation of spectroscopic data and chemical evidence. Their absolute configurations were determined by ECD analysis. The inhibitory effects of compounds 1-6 against three lung carcinoma cells were determined using the MTT assay. The results revealed that compound 3 displayed strong cytotoxic effect against H460 cell line (IC50, 4.67 μM), while compounds 1, 4-6 exhibited significant inhibitory effects against three tumor cells. Therefore, this study suggests that the isopentenyl flavonoid-rich products of S. flavescens, including the new compounds, could be valuable candidates for the development of pharmaceuticals in the prevention and treatment for tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Long
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Gao-Sheng Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xu Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Ming Jia
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Hua Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Seven new prenylated flavanones from the roots of Sophora flavescens and their anti-proliferative activities. Bioorg Chem 2021; 109:104716. [PMID: 33607362 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aiming to discover potent anti-proliferative agents from the roots of Sophora flavescens, seven new prenylated flavanones were isolated, along with 16 known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by interpretation of their spectroscopic data (1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR, CD, and HRESIMS) and comparison to literature data. In the in vitro assay, 21 showed anti-proliferative activity against human hepatoma cells (HepG2). Studies of its mechanism revealed that 21 could significantly activate autophagic flux and trigger ROS release in HepG2 cells. Western blot experiments demonstrated that 21 could activate the key signaling protein of autophagy and ROS, while it does not affect the main protein of the apoptosis signaling pathway. These results suggested that 21 mediates its anti-proliferative effects through autophagic cell death, which is apoptosis-independent.
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Jiang JS, Shen Y, Feng ZM, Yang YN, Zhang X, Yuan X, Zhang PC. New benzoic acid glycosides from Sophora flavescens. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2020; 22:1145-1151. [PMID: 32835515 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2020.1801650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two new benzoic acid derivatives, sophophenoside A (1) and sophophenoside B (2), were isolated from Sophora flavescens. Their structures were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis and chemical methods. Compounds 1 and 2 were assayed for their hepatoprotective activity on the cytotoxic effect of D-galactosamine on HL-7702 cells, and compound 1 exhibited a moderate hepatoprotective activity at a concentration of 10 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Shuang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zi-Ming Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ya-Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medcial University, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Pei-Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chandra G, Patel S. Molecular Complexity from Aromatics: Recent Advances in the Chemistry of
para
Quinol and Masked
para
‐Quinone Monoketal. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202003802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Girish Chandra
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical and Chemical Sciences Central University of South Bihar SH-7, Gaya-Panchanpur Road Gaya Bihar India 824236
| | - Samridhi Patel
- Department of Chemistry School of Physical and Chemical Sciences Central University of South Bihar SH-7, Gaya-Panchanpur Road Gaya Bihar India 824236
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shen B, Chen S, Zhou Q, Jian Y, Daniyal M, Sheng W, Gong L, Luo D, Liu B, Xu G, Wang W. Flavonoid glycosides from the rhizomes of Pronephrium penangianum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 179:112500. [PMID: 32862046 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Six flavonoid glycosides jixueqisus A-F, together with nine known flavonoids, were isolated from the rhizomes of the fern Pronephrium penangianum. Among them, two red pigments jixueqisus A and B possess the same rare 6,8-dimethyl-2-phenyl-7H-1-benzopyran-7-one skeleton (a long conjugated system). Jixueqisu Cwas a dihydrochalcone glycoside, jixueqisu D was a chalcone glycoside, jixueqisu E was an aurone glycoside, and jixueqisu F was a flavonone glycoside. Interestingly, jixueqisus D-F, (2S)-5,2',5'-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone and 5,2',5'-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone possessed a 2,5-dihydroxy substituted benzene ring (B-ring). Their structures were elucidated by various spectroscopic and chemical methods. Furthermore, the plausible biosynthetic pathways of jixueqisus A-F were discussed, respectively. All isolated compounds were evaluated for their activities against the proliferation of MCF-7, HepG-2, HCT-116 and BGC-823 tumor cell lines, four known flavane-4-ol glycosides, abacopterins A and C, eruberin B and triphyllin A, exhibited moderate activities to various cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Shen
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China; Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghuang Chen
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhou
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Jian
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China.
| | - Muhammad Daniyal
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbing Sheng
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Gong
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Dixian Luo
- The Institute of Translational Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, 102 Luojiajing Road, Chenzhou, 423000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Biology, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangming Xu
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhang ZJ, Li GX, Liu D, Chen XQ, Li HM, Li RT. A Novel Pterocarpan Derivative From the Roots of Sophora flavescens. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20964677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavescensin A (1), a novel rearrangement derivative of pterocarpan with an unusual spirotetrahydrofuran ring, along with 7 known pterocarpans were isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens using several different chromatographic separations. The planar structure of 1 was elucidated by their nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry data, and the absolute configuration of 1 was determined on the basis of electronic circular dichroism data. Putative biosynthetic pathway toward 1 was proposed. In addition, all of the compounds were evaluated for their anti-influenza virus and anti-inflammatory activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Xian Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, P.R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, P.R. China
| | - Xuan-Qin Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Mei Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kan LLY, Liu D, Chan BCL, Tsang MSM, Hou T, Leung PC, Lam CWK, Wong CK. The flavonoids of Sophora flavescens exerts anti-inflammatory activity via promoting autophagy of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-stimulated macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1615-1629. [PMID: 32794339 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0720-682rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a highly infectious air-borne disease, has remained a global health problem. Conventional treatment and preventions such as antibiotics and Bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine can be unreliable. In view of the increasing prevalence of anti-TB drug resistance, adjunctive therapy may be necessary to shorten the recovery time. We have previously shown that flavonoids in the medicinal herb Sophora flavescens exhibit anti-inflammatory and bactericidal activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular and cellular characteristics of flavonoids of S. flavescens (FSF) in BCG-stimulated macrophages for assessing their roles in anti-inflammation and autophagy. Mouse alveolar macrophage (MH-S) cell line and primary mouse peritoneal macrophages were stimulated in vitro with heat-inactivated BCG and treated with FSF, with or without autophagy inhibitor Bafilomycin A1 (BafA1). Gene expression was analyzed using quantitative PCR, and cytokine/chemokine release was analyzed by Milliplex assay and ELISA. Autophagy-related proteins were quantified by Western blot and flow cytometry, and autophagolysosomes were detected using fluorescence microscopy. In both MH-S cell line and mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulated by heat-inactivated BCG, FSF was found to up-regulate autophagy-related proteins microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) and protein 62 (p62), and suppress the induced proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, CCL5, and IL-6. FSF actively modulates immune processes through suppressing BCG-mediated inflammation by promoting autophagy in MH-S cells and mouse peritoneal macrophages. We suggest that FSF may be useful as an adjunctive therapeutic agent for TB infection by modulating cell survival through autophagy and reducing inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Ling-Yu Kan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dehua Liu
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben Chung-Lap Chan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Miranda Sin-Man Tsang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tianheng Hou
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ping Chung Leung
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher Wai-Kei Lam
- Faculty of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Chun Kwok Wong
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China.,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology strategy for ascertaining the quality marker of flavonoids for Sophora flavescens. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113297. [PMID: 32325403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been widely used in Asian countries for thousands of years due to their supreme quality and good clinical efficacy. However, the increasing demand for TCMs in recent decades warrants effective quality control methodology to avoid clinical problems. Therefore, comprehensive quality evaluation systems should be established for ensuring TCM's quality, in terms of chemical components, as well as bioactivity for identifying quality markers in TCM and developing suitable analytical methods for quality control. In this study, we selected Sophora flavescens (S. flavescens) as the research object and developed a novel integrated strategy combining metabolomics and network pharmacology to explore the quality markers. Firstly, we determined the targeted metabolomic profiles of seventy-four batches of S. flavescens (aged from 1 to 6 years) by UHPLC/QE-MS. Six potential markers were successfully screened, quantified and reverse-verified as the most influential effective compounds by UHPLC/QE-MS and multivariate statistical analysis. Secondly, the network of "components-targets-pathways" was constructed, and the pharmacological activities of six potential markers were predicted. Finally, we determined the anti-tumor activity of six flavonoids (kurarinone, norkurarinone, kuraridin, kushenol N, trifolirhizin, and genistein) as the quality markers for Sophora flavescens, evaluated their pharmacokinetic profiles and reviewed their existing pharmacological researches. Thus, integrated metabolomics and network pharmacology technology were applied for the effective discovery of quality markers of Chinese material medica.
Collapse
|
30
|
Li JJ, Zhang X, Shen XC, Long QD, Xu CY, Tan CJ, Lin Y. Phytochemistry and biological properties of isoprenoid flavonoids from Sophora flavescens Ait. Fitoterapia 2020; 143:104556. [PMID: 32194169 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sophora flavescens Ait (Ku-Shen in Chinese) is a popular traditional Chinese herbal medicine in China for a long history. It shows significant pharmacological activities in the treatment of dysentery, eczema, fever, jaundice, vulvar swelling, gastrointestinal hemorrhage and inflammatory disorders. Alkaloids and flavonoids have been identified as virtual components, especially isoprenoid flavanonols are a class of characteristic compounds for S. flavescens. However, few studies have focused on isoprenoid flavonoids analyses and no comprehensive review has yet been published. In the current review, we systematically summarized the isoprenoid flavonoids, a total of 55 compounds have been isolated from S. flavescens, particularly an isoprenyl and a lavandulyl group in backbone structures. Further pharmacological activities, qualitative and quantitative chemical analyses research will contribute to the development of natural isoprenoid flavonoid products in S. flavescens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Li
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, the Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, the Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Xiang-Chun Shen
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, the Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Qing-de Long
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, the Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Chang-Yan Xu
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, the Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Chuan-Jiao Tan
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, the Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China
| | - Yan Lin
- The Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica (the State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, the Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilizaiton of Natural Medicine Resources) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Herbal preparations for the treatment of hair loss. Arch Dermatol Res 2019; 312:395-406. [PMID: 31680216 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-019-02003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Though hair does not serve any crucial physiological function in modern humans, it plays an important role in our self-esteem. Androgenic baldness (androgenic alopecia) and circular/spot baldness (alopecia areata) are the most common forms of hair loss. Many active ingredients of synthetic origin are available for treatment; however, they have a number of limitations. Their effectiveness and safety are questionable and the amount of time needed to achieve the effect is both long and unclear. This has increased interest in finding an alternative approach against hair loss using preparations containing plants and/or their isolated active ingredients. A number of studies (mostly randomized, placebo-controlled) of plants and preparations made of plants have been performed to confirm their effectiveness in treating hair loss. The plants with the most evidence-based effect against alopecia are Curcuma aeruginosa (pink and blue ginger), Serenoa repens (palmetto), Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin), Trifolium pratense (red clover), and Panax ginseng (Chinese red ginseng). The assumed mechanism of action is predominately inhibition of 5α-reductase, with enhanced nutritional support and scalp blood circulation playing a role as well.
Collapse
|
32
|
Yan HW, Zhu H, Yuan X, Yang YN, Feng ZM, Jiang JS, Zhang PC. Eight new biflavonoids with lavandulyl units from the roots of Sophora flavescens and their inhibitory effect on PTP1B. Bioorg Chem 2019; 86:679-685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
33
|
Ding PL, He CM, Cheng ZH, Chen DF. Flavonoids rather than alkaloids as the diagnostic constituents to distinguish Sophorae Flavescentis Radix from Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma: an HPLC fingerprint study. Chin J Nat Med 2019; 16:951-960. [PMID: 30595220 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Sophorae Flavescentis Radix (Sophora flavescens Ait., SFR) and Sophorae Tonkinensis Radix et Rhizoma (S. tonkinensis Gapnep., STR) are two commonly used traditional Chinese medicines from Sophora (Leguminosae) plants, which are believed to possess similar bioactive components with entirely different clinical applications. In order to find out the characteristic chemical constituents potentially leading to the unique medicinal properties claimed for each of the two closely related TCMs, an HPLC fingerprint method was developed for analyses of the alkaloid and flavonoid constituents of SFR and STR, respectively, which were further evaluated and compared through similarity calculation and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). The results from the present study showed that the alkaloid fingerprints of the two herbs were similar, with many components co-existing in both drugs and various batches of samples from different species being mixed together in the HCA dendrogram. However, their flavonoid constituents were totally different with specific fingerprints being yielded for each herb, and further HCA analysis showed that the tested samples could almost be clearly divided into two groups based on their origins of species. The results from the present study indicated that the flavonoid constituents could serve as the differentially diagnostic constituents of SFR and STR and might potentially attributed to their distinct therapeutic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Lan Ding
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chang-Ming He
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Cheng
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Dao-Feng Chen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 Activities by Sophora flavescens Extract and Its Prenylated Flavonoids in Human Liver Microsomes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:2673769. [PMID: 31001351 PMCID: PMC6436327 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2673769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sophora flavescens possesses several pharmacological properties and has been widely used for the treatment of diarrhea, inflammation, abscess, dysentery, and fever in East Asian countries. S. flavescens is a major source of prenylated flavonoids, such as sophoraflavone and kushenol. In this study, we examined the effects of S. flavescens extract and its prenylated flavonoids on cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform activity in human liver microsomes. The extract inhibited CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A activities, with IC50 values of 1.42, 13.6, 19.1, and 50 µg/mL, respectively. CYP2B6 was only inhibited in human liver microsomes preincubated with the extract. CYP3A4 was more strongly inhibited by the extract in the presence of NADPH, suggesting that the extract may inhibit CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 via mechanism-based inactivation. Prenylated flavonoids also inhibited CYP isoforms with different selectivity and modes of action. Kushenol I, leachianone A, and sophoraflavone G inhibited CYP2B6, whereas kushenol C, kushenol I, kushenol M, leachianone A, and sophoraflavone G inhibited CYP3A4 via mechanism-based inhibition. Our results suggest that S. flavescens may contribute to herb–drug interactions when coadministered with drugs metabolized by CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP3A4.
Collapse
|
35
|
Boozari M, Soltani S, Iranshahi M. Biologically active prenylated flavonoids from the genus Sophora and their structure-activity relationship-A review. Phytother Res 2019; 33:546-560. [PMID: 30652369 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The genus Sophora (Fabaceae) has been used in traditional medicine for years. Prenylated flavonoids are one of the constituents of Sophora species that play important roles in their biological properties. Different classes of prenylated flavonoids are produced by Sophora spp. including prenylated flavonol (e.g., sophoflavescenol), prenylated flavanone (e.g., sophoraflavanone G), prenylated flavonostilbene (e.g., alopecurones A and B), and prenylated chalcone (kuraridin). Prenylated flavonoids have a more lipophilic structure, which leads to its high affinity to the cell membranes and enhancement of the biological activity, which includes cytotoxicity, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and estrogenic activities. However, it is reported that prenylation decreases the plasma absorption but increases the tissue accumulation. The presence of the prenyl or lavandulyl groups on C8 position of flavonoids plays an important role in the biological activity. It seems that prenylated flavonoids have the potential to be developed as new drugs or supplements for human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motahare Boozari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saba Soltani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cao DD, Do TQ, Doan Thi Mai H, Vu Thi Q, Nguyen MA, Le Thi HM, Tran DT, Chau VM, Cong Thung D, Pham VC. Antimicrobial lavandulylated flavonoids from a sponge-derived actinomycete. Nat Prod Res 2018; 34:413-420. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1538219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Duc Danh Cao
- Advanced Center for Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemistry, Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Quynh Do
- Advanced Center for Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemistry, Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huong Doan Thi Mai
- Advanced Center for Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemistry, Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Quyen Vu Thi
- Advanced Center for Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mai Anh Nguyen
- Advanced Center for Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hong Minh Le Thi
- Advanced Center for Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dang Thach Tran
- Institute of Applied Science and Technology, University Industry Vinh, Vinh, Vietnam
| | - Van Minh Chau
- Advanced Center for Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Do Cong Thung
- Institute of Marine Environment and Resources, VAST, Haiphong, Vietnam
| | - Van Cuong Pham
- Advanced Center for Bioorganic Chemistry, Institute of Marine Biochemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi, Vietnam
- Faculty of Chemistry, Graduate University of Science and Technology, VAST, Hanoi, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Park MH, Lee SM, Ko SK, Oh KY, Kim JH, Kim H, Kwon MC, Ryoo IJ, Ahn JS, Ryu HW, Oh SR. Analysis of Active Metabolites of Sophora flavescens for Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and Monoamine Oxidases using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801301220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of ongoing research on natural products derived from medicinal plants for enzyme inhibition, known dibenzoyl derivatives (1–3, 11 and 20), pterocarpans (4, 15 and 19), flavanones (5, 7, 10, 12–14, 18, 21–24, 26, 27, 29, 31–33, 35, 36, and 38–46), flavones (6, 16, 28, 30 and 37), isoflavones (8 and 17), furocoumarins (9), and chalcones (25 and 34) have been tentatively identified within fractions of Sophora flavescens roots (SFR) using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTof-MS) technique. The extract and column fractions inhibited indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and monoamine oxidases (MAOs) differently depending on the metabolite groups. The majority of rich fractions were shown to have residual activities of 49–59% at 10 μg/mL (IDO) and 11.7–34.9% at 50 μg/mL (MAOs) or below. In the total ion current (TIC) chromatogram, significant markers for the metabolites of the bioactive-guided fractions were identified; pterocarpans (4, 15 and 19), flavanones (5, 10, 12–14, 18, 21–23, 26, 29 31–33, 35, 36, and 38–46), isoflavones (8 and 17), furocoumarins (9), dibenzoyl derivatives (11 and 20), flavones (16, 28, 30 and 37), and chalcones (25 and 34) were evaluated among forty-six analyzed metabolites. Possible bioactive markers could be deduced using a data library and previous references, and information regarding spectroscopic characterization and optimal target metabolites was obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hyeon Park
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Mi Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kyun Ko
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, 28116, Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kyeong Yeol Oh
- Sancheong Oriental Medicinal Herb Institute, Sancheonggun, Gyeongnam, 52215, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Kim
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Kwon
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, 28116, Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - In-Ja Ryoo
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, 28116, Korea
| | - Jong Seog Ahn
- Anticancer Agent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju, 28116, Korea
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheong-ju si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28116, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kim JH, Cho IS, So YK, Kim HH, Kim YH. Kushenol A and 8-prenylkaempferol, tyrosinase inhibitors, derived from Sophora flavescens. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:1048-1054. [PMID: 29873272 PMCID: PMC6009905 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1477776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase is known for an enzyme that plays a key role in producing the initial precursor of melanin biosynthesis. Inhibition of the catalytic reaction of this enzyme led to some advantage such as skin-whitening and anti-insect agents. To find a natural compound with inhibitory activity towards tyrosinase, the five flavonoids of kushenol A (1), 8-prenylkaempferol (2), kushenol C (3), formononetin (4) and 8-prenylnaringenin (5) were isolated by column chromatography from a 95% methanol extract of Sophora flavescens. The ability of these flavonoids to block the conversion of L-tyrosine to L-DOPA by tyrosinase was tested in vitro. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited potent inhibitory activity, with IC50 values less than 10 µM. Furthermore, enzyme kinetics and molecular docking analysis revealed the formation of a binary encounter complex between compounds 1–4 and the enzyme. Also, all of the isolated compounds (1–5) were confirmed to possess antioxidant activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jang Hoon Kim
- a Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup , Republic of Korea
| | - In Sook Cho
- b Department of Horticultural and Crop Environment , National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA , Wanju , Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Kang So
- a Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute , Jeongeup , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-Hwan Kim
- b Department of Horticultural and Crop Environment , National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA , Wanju , Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- c College of Pharmacy , Chungnam National University , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhu H, Yang YN, Feng ZM, Jiang JS, Zhang PC. Sophoflavanones A and B, two novel prenylated flavanones from the roots of Sophora flavescens. Bioorg Chem 2018; 79:122-125. [PMID: 29738971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In our ongoing investigation of the bioactive compounds from the extract of the roots of Sophora flavescens, two novel prenylated flavanones, named sophoflavanones A (1) and B (2), each with an unusual pyran ring were isolated. Their structures, as well as their absolute configurations, were elucidated based on spectroscopic data including a comparison of their experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Additionally, compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate antioxidant activities against Fe2+/cysteine-induced toxicity at a concentration of 0.1 µM (inhibition values of 71.65% and 72.49%, respectively, using vitamin C as a positive control (87.83%)).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Ya-Nan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 550025, PR China
| | - Zi-Ming Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Jian-Shuang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Pei-Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Xu X, Li X, Zhang L, Liu Z, Pan Y, Chen D, Bin D, Deng Q, Sun YU, Hoffman RM, Yang Z, Yuan H. Enhancement of Wound Healing by the Traditional Chinese Medicine Herbal Mixture Sophora flavescens in a Rat Model of Perianal Ulceration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 31:543-549. [PMID: 28652418 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Hemorrhoidectomy is often associated with significant postoperative complications that may result in slow wound healing. The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound Sophora flavescens (CSF) has shown efficacy on many inflammatory disorders. The aim of the present study was to examine the efficacy of CSF on wound healing in a rat model of perianal ulceration. MATERIALS AND METHODS A rat model of perianal ulceration was induced by subcutaneous injection of 75% glacial acetic acid. The animals with induced perianal ulcer received topical treatment of low, medium, and high doses of CFS twice daily. Potassium permanganate (PP); 0.02%) was given to the animals for comparison. Macroscopic and histological assessments of the ulcerated area were performed after treatment. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) was detected by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Topical administration of medium- and high-dose CSF significantly enhanced perianal ulcer healing as compared to the untreated control (p<0.05). The macroscopic ulceration score was significantly reduced only in the high-dose CSF-treated group as compared to the control (p<0.01). All doses of CSF and PP ameliorated histological damages in the rats with induced perianal ulceration. High-dose CSF or PP significantly reduced the expression of PGE2 and IL-8 as compared to the control (p<0.01). No treatment-related toxicity was found in either the CSF- or the PP-treated mice. CONCLUSION CSF enhances wound healing in a rat model of perianal ulceration. The inhibitory effect of CSF on pro-inflammatory cytokines PGE2 and IL-8 may be involved in the mechanism of enhanced wound-healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Xu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yuhang District First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yuhang District First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yuhang District First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yuhang District First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Pan
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yuhang District First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Yuhang District First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Donghua Bin
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Affiliated First Hospital of Hunan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Qun Deng
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Affiliated Second Hospital of Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Y U Sun
- Origin Biosciences Inc., Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Robert M Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, U.S.A.,Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Zhijian Yang
- Origin Biosciences Inc., Nanjing, P.R. China.,AntiCancer, Inc., San Diego, CA, U.S.A
| | - Hong Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Yuhang District First People's Hospital, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang SY, Li W, Nie H, Liao M, Qiu B, Yang YL, Chen YF. Five New Alkaloids from the Roots of Sophora flavescens. Chem Biodivers 2018; 15:e1700577. [PMID: 29356325 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201700577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yuan Zhang
- Medical College of Jiaying University; Meizhou 514031 P. R. China
| | - Wen Li
- Guangdong Province Hospital of TCM; Guangzhou 510000 P. R. China
- The Second Clinical College; Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine; Guangzhou 510000 P. R. China
| | - Hua Nie
- Medical College of Jiaying University; Meizhou 514031 P. R. China
| | - Mei Liao
- Medical College of Jiaying University; Meizhou 514031 P. R. China
| | - Bo Qiu
- Medical College of Jiaying University; Meizhou 514031 P. R. China
| | - Ya-Li Yang
- Medical College of Jiaying University; Meizhou 514031 P. R. China
| | - Yan-Fen Chen
- Guangdong Province Hospital of TCM; Guangzhou 510000 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Profiling of the Major Phenolic Compounds and Their Biosynthesis Genes in Sophora flavescens Aiton. ScientificWorldJournal 2018; 2018:6218430. [PMID: 29686587 PMCID: PMC5852875 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6218430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sophorae Radix (Sophora flavescens Aiton) has long been used in traditional medicine in East Asia due to the various biological activities of its secondary metabolites. Endogenous contents of phenolic compounds (phenolic acid, flavonol, and isoflavone) and the main bioactive compounds of Sophorae Radix were analyzed based on the qualitative HPLC analysis and evaluated in different organs and at different developmental stages. In total, 11 compounds were detected, and the composition of the roots and aerial parts (leaves, stems, and flowers) was significantly different. trans-Cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid were observed only in the aerial parts. Large amounts of rutin and maackiain were detected in the roots. Four phenolic acid compounds (benzoic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and chlorogenic acid) and four flavonol compounds (kaempferol, catechin hydrate, epicatechin, and rutin) were higher in aerial parts than in roots. To identify putative genes involved in phenolic compounds biosynthesis, a total of 41 transcripts were investigated. Expression patterns of these selected genes, as well as the multiple isoforms for the genes, varied by organ and developmental stage, implying that they are involved in the biosynthesis of various phenolic compounds both spatially and temporally.
Collapse
|
43
|
Xiong W, Yan D, Qi C, Jiang H. Palladium-Catalyzed Four-Component Cascade Reaction for the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Acyclic O,O-Acetals. Org Lett 2018; 20:672-675. [PMID: 29338256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed four-component cascade reaction of carbon dioxide, amines, allenyl ethers, and aryl iodides has been developed for the first time. The novel reaction allows simultaneous construction of three different new bonds (C-N, C-O, and C-C) in a single step, affording an efficient method for the synthesis of a variety of highly functionalized acyclic O,O-acetals. Excellent chemo- and regioselectivity, wide substrate scope, and good functional group tolerance are features of the method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Donghao Yan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chaorong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Li S, Lv J, Luo S. Enantioselective indium(i)-catalyzed [4 + 2] annulation of alkoxyallenes and β,γ-unsaturated α-keto esters. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00319j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An indium(i)–chiral phosphoric acid complex was found to catalyze the enantioselective [4 + 2] annulation reaction of β,γ-unsaturated α-keto esters with alkoxyallenes, affording cyclic O,O-acetals in good yields and with high regio- and stereo-selectivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sujia Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Jian Lv
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| | - Sanzhong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100190
- China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Kim JH, Cho CW, Kim HY, Kim KT, Choi GS, Kim HH, Cho IS, Kwon SJ, Choi SK, Yoon JY, Yang SY, Kang JS, Kim YH. α -Glucosidase inhibition by prenylated and lavandulyl compounds from Sophora flavescens roots and in silico analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 102:960-969. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.04.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
46
|
“ Ziziphus oxyphylla” : Ethnobotanical, ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:970-998. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
47
|
Abstract
This review defines symmetric molecules from a synthetic perspective and shows various strategies that take advantage of molecular symmetry to construct them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ju Bai
- Department of Chemistry
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
| | - Xiqing Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou
- China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Sharifan A, Hajhoseini A, Bakhtiari M. Clinical trial and in vitrostudy investigating topical application of Zataria multiflora Boiss.and Matricaria chamomillaextracts for androgenetic alopecia. COGENT MEDICINE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2017.1421405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anoosheh Sharifan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf Hajhoseini
- Health Products Safety Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Yang Z, Zhang W, Li X, Shan B, Liu J, Deng W. Determination of sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone in rat plasma by UHPLC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4344-4353. [PMID: 27808456 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and validate a simple and sensitive ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone in rat plasma by using rutin as the internal standard. Then, the developed method was applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone in rats after dosing the flavonoid extract from Sophora flavescens. Plasma samples were processed using a liquid-liquid extraction procedure with ethyl acetate. The analysis was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring with an electrospray ionization source in negative ionization mode. Quantitative ion transitions of m/z 423.2→161.2, 437.2→161.1, and 609.3→300.3 were monitored for sophoraflavanone G, kurarinone, and rutin, respectively. The calibration curves of the two analytes exhibited good linearity (r2 >0.9923) over the range of 0.1-200 ng/mL for sophoraflavanone G and 0.1-1000 ng/mL for kurarinone. Relative standard deviations were less than 13.2% for the intra- and inter-day precisions and no more than 12.6% for the recovery, showing good precision and satisfactory accuracy of the developed method. The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone after a single intravenous (25 mg/kg) and oral (500 mg/kg) administration of the flavonoid extract from S. flavescens, and the absolute bioavailability for sophoraflavanone G and kurarinone was about 36 and 17%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Baisong Shan
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Weizhe Deng
- The 211st hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Byler KG, Ogungbe IV, Setzer WN. In-silico screening for anti-Zika virus phytochemicals. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 69:78-91. [PMID: 27588363 PMCID: PMC7185537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus that has infected hundreds of thousands of people and is a rapidly expanding epidemic across Central and South America. ZIKV infection has caused serious, albeit rare, complications including Guillain-Barré syndrome and congenital microcephaly. There are currently no vaccines or antiviral agents to treat or prevent ZIKV infection, but there are several ZIKV non-structural proteins that may serve as promising antiviral drug targets. In this work, we have carried out an in-silico search for potential anti-Zika viral agents from natural sources. We have generated ZIKV protease, methyltransferase, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase using homology modeling techniques and we have carried out molecular docking analyses of our in-house virtual library of phytochemicals with these protein targets as well as with ZIKV helicase. Overall, 2263 plant-derived secondary metabolites have been docked. Of these, 43 compounds that have drug-like properties have exhibited remarkable docking profiles to one or more of the ZIKV protein targets, and several of these are found in relatively common herbal medicines, suggesting promise for natural and inexpensive antiviral therapy for this emerging tropical disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendall G Byler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA
| | - Ifedayo Victor Ogungbe
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS, 39217, USA
| | - William N Setzer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| |
Collapse
|