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Ribeiro R, Costa L, Pinto E, Sousa E, Fernandes C. Therapeutic Potential of Marine-Derived Cyclic Peptides as Antiparasitic Agents. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:609. [PMID: 38132930 PMCID: PMC10745025 DOI: 10.3390/md21120609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases still compromise human health. Some of the currently available therapeutic drugs have limitations considering their adverse effects, questionable efficacy, and long treatment, which have encouraged drug resistance. There is an urgent need to find new, safe, effective, and affordable antiparasitic drugs. Marine-derived cyclic peptides have been increasingly screened as candidates for developing new drugs. Therefore, in this review, a systematic analysis of the scientific literature was performed and 25 marine-derived cyclic peptides with antiparasitic activity (1-25) were found. Antimalarial activity is the most reported (51%), followed by antileishmanial (27%) and antitrypanosomal (20%) activities. Some compounds showed promising antiparasitic activity at the nM scale, being active against various parasites. The mechanisms of action and targets for some of the compounds have been investigated, revealing different strategies against parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (R.R.); (L.C.); (E.S.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal;
| | - Lia Costa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (R.R.); (L.C.); (E.S.)
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal;
- Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Emília Sousa
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (R.R.); (L.C.); (E.S.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal;
| | - Carla Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica e Farmacêutica, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (R.R.); (L.C.); (E.S.)
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), Edifício do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4050-208 Matosinhos, Portugal;
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2
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Arndt S, Kohlpaintner PJ, Donsbach K, Waldvogel SR. Synthesis and Applications of Periodate for Fine Chemicals and Important Pharmaceuticals. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Arndt
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp J. Kohlpaintner
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai Donsbach
- Virginia Commonwealth University, College of Engineering, Medicines for All Institute, 601 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284-3068, United States
| | - Siegfried R. Waldvogel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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3
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Bechtler C, Lamers C. Macrocyclization strategies for cyclic peptides and peptidomimetics. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1325-1351. [PMID: 34447937 PMCID: PMC8372203 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00083g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides are a growing therapeutic class due to their unique spatial characteristics that can target traditionally "undruggable" protein-protein interactions and surfaces. Despite their advantages, peptides must overcome several key shortcomings to be considered as drug leads, including their high conformational flexibility and susceptibility to proteolytic cleavage. As a general approach for overcoming these challenges, macrocyclization of a linear peptide can usually improve these characteristics. Their synthetic accessibility makes peptide macrocycles very attractive, though traditional synthetic methods for macrocyclization can be challenging for peptides, especially for head-to-tail cyclization. This review provides an updated summary of the available macrocyclization chemistries, such as traditional lactam formation, azide-alkyne cycloadditions, ring-closing metathesis as well as unconventional cyclization reactions, and it is structured according to the obtained functional groups. Keeping peptide chemistry and screening in mind, the focus is given to reactions applicable in solution, on solid supports, and compatible with contemporary screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Bechtler
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel Klingelbergstr. 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Christina Lamers
- Department Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel Klingelbergstr. 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
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4
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Kazmaier U, Junk L. Recent Developments on the Synthesis and Bioactivity of Ilamycins/Rufomycins and Cyclomarins, Marine Cyclopeptides That Demonstrate Anti-Malaria and Anti-Tuberculosis Activity. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19080446. [PMID: 34436284 PMCID: PMC8401383 DOI: 10.3390/md19080446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ilamycins/rufomycins and cyclomarins are marine cycloheptapeptides containing unusual amino acids. Produced by Streptomyces sp., these compounds show potent activity against a range of mycobacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The cyclomarins are also very potent inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum. Biosynthetically the cyclopeptides are obtained via a heptamodular nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) that directly incorporates some of the nonproteinogenic amino acids. A wide range of derivatives can be obtained by fermentation, while bioengineering also allows the mutasynthesis of derivatives, especially cyclomarins. Other derivatives are accessible by semisynthesis or total syntheses, reported for both natural product classes. The anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) activity results from the binding of the peptides to the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the bacterial protease-associated unfoldase ClpC1, causing cell death by the uncontrolled proteolytic activity of this enzyme. Diadenosine triphosphate hydrolase (PfAp3Aase) was found to be the active target of the cyclomarins in Plasmodia. SAR studies with natural and synthetic derivatives on ilamycins/rufomycins and cyclomarins indicate which parts of the molecules can be simplified or otherwise modified without losing activity for either target. This review examines all aspects of the research conducted in the syntheses of these interesting cyclopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uli Kazmaier
- Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Building C4.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)—Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-681-302-3409
| | - Lukas Junk
- Organic Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus Building C4.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)—Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Campus Building E8 1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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5
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Jing X, Jin K. A gold mine for drug discovery: Strategies to develop cyclic peptides into therapies. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:753-810. [PMID: 31599007 DOI: 10.1002/med.21639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As a versatile therapeutic modality, peptides attract much attention because of their great binding affinity, low toxicity, and the capability of targeting traditionally "undruggable" protein surfaces. However, the deficiency of cell permeability and metabolic stability always limits the success of in vitro bioactive peptides as drug candidates. Peptide macrocyclization is one of the most established strategies to overcome these limitations. Over the past decades, more than 40 cyclic peptide drugs have been clinically approved, the vast majority of which are derived from natural products. The de novo discovered cyclic peptides on the basis of rational design and in vitro evolution, have also enabled the binding with targets for which nature provides no solutions. The current review summarizes different classes of cyclic peptides with diverse biological activities, and presents an overview of various approaches to develop cyclic peptide-based drug candidates, drawing upon series of examples to illustrate each strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshu Jing
- Shandong University-Helmholtz Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kang Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Kiefer A, Bader CD, Held J, Esser A, Rybniker J, Empting M, Müller R, Kazmaier U. Synthesis of New Cyclomarin Derivatives and Their Biological Evaluation towards
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
and
Plasmodium Falciparum. Chemistry 2019; 25:8894-8902. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kiefer
- Organic ChemistrySaarland University Campus C4.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Chantal D. Bader
- Department Microbial Natural Products (MINS)Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)–Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Jana Held
- Department of Tropical MedicineUniversity of Tübingen Wilhelmstraße 27 72074 Tübingen Germany
| | - Anna Esser
- Center for Molecular Medicine CologneUniversity of Cologne Robert Koch Str. 21 50931 Cologne Germany
| | - Jan Rybniker
- Department I of Internal MedicineUniversity of Cologne 50937 Cologne (Germany) and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne Germany
| | - Martin Empting
- Department of Drug Design and Optimization (DDOP)Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, (HIPS)–Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department Microbial Natural Products (MINS)Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)–Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- Department of PharmacySaarland University Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Organic ChemistrySaarland University Campus C4.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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7
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Kiefer A, Kazmaier U. Synthesis of modified β-methoxyphenylalanines via diazonium chemistry and their incorporation in desoxycyclomarin analogues. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:88-102. [PMID: 30520486 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02777c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chloramphenicol base is converted into substituted syn-β-methoxyphenylalanins, building blocks of modified cyclomarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kiefer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66041 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66041 Saarbrücken
- Germany
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8
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Yu L, Somfai P. Enantioselective synthesis of anti-3-alkenyl-2-amido-3-hydroxy esters: application to the total synthesis of (+)-alexine. RSC Adv 2019; 9:2799-2802. [PMID: 35520501 PMCID: PMC9059938 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00173e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A straightforward synthesis of anti-3-alkenyl-2-amido-3-hydroxy esters from the corresponding racemic α-amino-β-keto esters by using a ATH/DKR protocol has been developed. This method gives moderate to excellent yields with high chemo-, diastereo- and enantioselectivities for a broad range of substrates. In order to highlight the versatility of the methodology it was applied in an efficient asymmetric synthesis of the polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidine alkaloid (+)-alexine. A straightforward synthesis of anti-3-alkenyl-2-amido-3-hydroxy esters from the corresponding racemic α-amino-β-keto esters by using a ATH/DKR protocol has been developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- Lund
- Sweden
| | - Peter Somfai
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- Lund University
- Lund
- Sweden
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9
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Tang P, Sun Q, Yang H, Tang B, Pu H, Li H. Honokiol nanoparticles based on epigallocatechin gallate functionalized chitin to enhance therapeutic effects against liver cancer. Int J Pharm 2018; 545:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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10
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Synthesis of β‐Amino Alcohols Using Ethyl 2‐Cyano‐2‐(2‐nitrobenzenesulfonyloxyimino)acetate ( o‐NosylOXY). ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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11
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Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V, Farajpour B. Applications of oxazolidinones as chiral auxiliaries in the asymmetric alkylation reaction applied to total synthesis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00653a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, a number of applications of chiral oxazolidinones in the asymmetric alkylation reaction applied to total synthesis are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M. Heravi
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Behnaz Farajpour
- Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
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12
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Barbie P, Kazmaier U. Total synthesis of cyclomarins A, C and D, marine cyclic peptides with interesting anti-tuberculosis and anti-malaria activities. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:6036-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00800c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclomarins are cyclic heptapeptides containing four unusual amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Barbie
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66041 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66041 Saarbrücken
- Germany
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13
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Bajaj K, Sakhuja R, Pillai GG. Traceless reductive ligation at a tryptophan site: a facile access to β-hydroxytryptophan appended peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:9578-9587. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01542e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One-pot methodology (reduction & O to N migration); synthesis of β-hydroxytryptophan appended native peptides; computational support for the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Bajaj
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani 333031
- India
| | - Rajeev Sakhuja
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani 333031
- India
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14
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Bartoccini F, Bartolucci S, Mari M, Piersanti G. A simple, modular synthesis of C4-substituted tryptophan derivatives. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:10095-10100. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01791f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward, rapid, versatile, regio- and chemoselective approach for the synthesis of C4-substituted tryptophan derivatives is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”
- 61029 Urbino
- Italy
| | - S. Bartolucci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”
- 61029 Urbino
- Italy
| | - M. Mari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”
- 61029 Urbino
- Italy
| | - G. Piersanti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Urbino “Carlo Bo”
- 61029 Urbino
- Italy
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15
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Barbie P, Kazmaier U. Total Synthesis of Cyclomarin A, a Marine Cycloheptapeptide with Anti-Tuberculosis and Anti-Malaria Activity. Org Lett 2015; 18:204-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Barbie
- Organic Chemistry I, Saarland University, Campus Building C4.2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Organic Chemistry I, Saarland University, Campus Building C4.2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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16
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Barbie P, Kazmaier U. Synthesis of fully protected, reverse N-prenylated (2S,3R)-3-hydroxytryptophan, a unique building block of the cyclomarins. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9267-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01438g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rather exotic amino acid of the cyclomarins, is obtained in enantio- and diastereomerically pure and fully protected form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Barbie
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66041 Saarbrücken
- Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Saarland University
- 66041 Saarbrücken
- Germany
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17
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Wang X, Su H, Chen C, Cao X. Synthesis and biological evaluation of peptidomimetics containing the tryptamine moiety as a potential antitumor agent. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16949b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel peptidomimetics bearing tryptamine moiety were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibition activities against cell proliferation (HepG2, Huh-7, A875 and BEL-7402/5-FU cell lines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- College of Science
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Haihuan Su
- College of Science
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Changshui Chen
- College of Science
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan
- China
| | - Xiufang Cao
- College of Science
- Huazhong Agricultural University
- Wuhan
- China
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18
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Ortho-substituent effect promoted rapid cleavage of amide C–N bond under mild conditions. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-013-1140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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He W, Qiu HB, Chen YJ, Xi J, Yao ZJ. Total synthesis of proposed structure of coibamide A, a highly N- and O-methylated cytotoxic marine cyclodepsipeptide. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Das S, Goswami RK. Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Marine Cyclodepsipeptide Calcaripeptides A–C. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9778-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5019798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Das
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Rajib Kumar Goswami
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
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21
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Fan S, Liu S, Zhang H, Liu Y, Yang Y, Jin L. Biocatalytic Synthesis of Enantiopure β-Methoxy-β-arylalanine Derivatives. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Dydio P, Ploeger M, Reek JNH. Selective Isomerization–Hydroformylation Sequence: A Strategy to Valuable α-Methyl-Branched Aldehydes from Terminal Olefins. ACS Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400872a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Dydio
- van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marten Ploeger
- van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Coste A, Kim J, Adams TC, Movassaghi M. Concise Total Synthesis of (+)-Bionectins A and C. Chem Sci 2013; 4:3191-3197. [PMID: 23878720 PMCID: PMC3713796 DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51150b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The concise and efficient total synthesis of (+)-bionectins A and C is described. Our approach to these natural products features a new and scalable method for erythro-β-hydroxytryptophan amino acid synthesis, an intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reaction of a silyl-tethered indole, and a new mercaptan reagent for epipolythiodiketopiperazine (ETP) synthesis that can be unravelled under very mild conditions. In evaluating the impact of C12-hydroxylation, we have identified a unique need for an intramolecular variant of our Friedel-Crafts indolylation chemistry. Several key discoveries including the first example of permanganate-mediated stereoinvertive hydroxylation of the α-stereocenters of diketopiperazines as well as the first example of a direct triketopiperazine synthesis from a parent cyclo-dipeptide are discussed. Finally, the synthesis of (+)-bionectin A and its unambiguous structural assignment through X-ray analysis provides motivation for the reevaluation of its original characterization data and assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Coste
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, USA.
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25
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Lv Y, Zheng Y, Li Y, Xiong T, Zhang J, Liu Q, Zhang Q. Reductive amination of tertiary anilines and aldehydes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:8866-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc45084h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Seashore-Ludlow B, Saint-Dizier F, Somfai P. Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation coupled with dynamic kinetic resolution in water: synthesis of anti-β-hydroxy-α-amino acid derivatives. Org Lett 2012; 14:6334-7. [PMID: 23227944 DOI: 10.1021/ol303115v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of asymmetric transfer hydrogenation combined with dynamic kinetic resolution for the synthesis of β-hydroxy-α-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino esters in water is described. This procedure provides the desired amino alcohols in good yields, diastereoselectivities, and enantioselectivities. A surfactant is employed to achieve good yields due to the hydrophobic nature of both the catalyst and substrate. The reaction setup is operationally simple, and nondegassed water can be used as the solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brinton Seashore-Ludlow
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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Tran LD, Daugulis O. Nonnatural amino acid synthesis by using carbon-hydrogen bond functionalization methodology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:5188-91. [PMID: 22499265 PMCID: PMC3375132 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ly Dieu Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA, Fax: (+1)713-743-2709
| | - Olafs Daugulis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5003, USA, Fax: (+1)713-743-2709
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28
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Tran LD, Daugulis O. Nonnatural Amino Acid Synthesis by Using Carbon-Hydrogen Bond Functionalization Methodology. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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29
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Hon YS, Luo CZ, Hong BC, Liao JH. Development of the Ireland-Claisen Rearrangement of Allyl-2-alkoxyacetate Bearing an Allylic Amine and the Transformation to 3-Hydroxy-4-hydroxymethylpyrrolidine. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Bartolucci S, Bartoccini F, Righi M, Piersanti G. Direct, Regioselective, and Chemoselective Preparation of Novel Boronated Tryptophans by Friedel–Crafts Alkylation. Org Lett 2011; 14:600-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol203216h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bartolucci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Francesca Bartoccini
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Marika Righi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
| | - Giovanni Piersanti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy
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31
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Zhao F, Zhang W, Yang Y, Pan Y, Chen W, Liu H, Yan L, Tan CH, Jiang Z. Synthesis of Sulfur-Substituted α-Stereogenic Amides and Ketones: Highly Enantioselective Sulfa-Michael Additions of 1,4-Dicarbonylbut-2-enes. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Synthesis of the ‘southern’ tripeptide of Cyclomarins A and C having novel anti-tuberculocidal mode of action. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2011.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Pavlov N, Gilles P, Didierjean C, Wenger E, Naydenova E, Martinez J, Calmès M. Asymmetric Synthesis of β2-Tryptophan Analogues via Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with a Chiral Nitroacrylate. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6116-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200733t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Pavlov
- Institut des Biomolécules
Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier 1
et Université Montpellier 2, Bâtiment Chimie (17), Université Montpellier 2, place E. Bataillon,
34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8
Kliment Ohridski blvd., Sofia 1756, Bulgaria
| | - Pierre Gilles
- Institut des Biomolécules
Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier 1
et Université Montpellier 2, Bâtiment Chimie (17), Université Montpellier 2, place E. Bataillon,
34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Claude Didierjean
- Laboratoire de Crystallographie,
Résonance Magnétique et Modélisation, Nancy Université, UMR7036 CNRS-UHP, Boulevard
des Aiguillettes, BPP239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy Cedex,
France
| | - Emmanuel Wenger
- Laboratoire de Crystallographie,
Résonance Magnétique et Modélisation, Nancy Université, UMR7036 CNRS-UHP, Boulevard
des Aiguillettes, BPP239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-Lès-Nancy Cedex,
France
| | - Emilia Naydenova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8
Kliment Ohridski blvd., Sofia 1756, Bulgaria
| | - Jean Martinez
- Institut des Biomolécules
Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier 1
et Université Montpellier 2, Bâtiment Chimie (17), Université Montpellier 2, place E. Bataillon,
34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Monique Calmès
- Institut des Biomolécules
Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR 5247 CNRS-Université Montpellier 1
et Université Montpellier 2, Bâtiment Chimie (17), Université Montpellier 2, place E. Bataillon,
34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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34
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Roux L, Charrier C, Salomon E, Ilhan M, Bisseret P, Tarnus C. An innovative strategy for the synthesis of a new series of potent aminopeptidase (APN or CD13) inhibitors derived from the oxepin-4-one family. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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35
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Abstract
Important biologically active indole alkaloids are decorated with prenyl (3,3-dimethylallyl) and tert-prenyl (1,1-dimethylallyl) groups. Covering the literature until the end of 2010, this review article comprehensively summarises and discusses the currently available technologies of prenylation and tert-prenylation of indoles, which have been applied in natural products total syntheses or could be applied there in the near future. We focus on those procedures which introduce the C(5) units in one step, organised according to the indole position to be functionalised. Key strategies include electrophilic and nucleophilic prenylation and tert-prenylation, prenyl and tert-prenyl rearrangements, transition metal-mediated reactions and enzymatic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lindel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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36
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Dufour J, Neuville L, Zhu J. Intramolecular Suzuki-Miyaura reaction for the total synthesis of signal peptidase inhibitors, arylomycins A(2) and B(2). Chemistry 2010; 16:10523-34. [PMID: 20658499 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Development of the total syntheses of arylomycins A(1) and B(2) is detailed. Key features of our approach include 1) formation of 14-membered meta,meta-cyclophane by an intramolecular Suzuki-Miyaura reaction; 2) incorporation of N-Me-4-hydroxyphenylglycine into the cyclization precursor, which avoids the late-stage low-yielding N-methylation step; 3) segment coupling of a fully elaborated peptide side chain to the macrocycle, which makes the synthesis highly convergent. Overall, arylomycin A(2) was obtained in 13 steps from L-Tyr for the longest linear sequence, in 13 % overall yield. Arylomycin B(2) was synthesized in 10 steps from L-3-nitro-Tyr, in 10 % overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Dufour
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, 1, avenue de la terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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37
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Grauer A, König B. Peptidomimetics – A Versatile Route to Biologically Active Compounds. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Grauer
- Institute für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany, Fax: +49‐941‐943‐1717
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute für Organische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany, Fax: +49‐941‐943‐1717
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38
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Magano J. Synthetic Approaches to the Neuraminidase Inhibitors Zanamivir (Relenza) and Oseltamivir Phosphate (Tamiflu) for the Treatment of Influenza. Chem Rev 2009; 109:4398-438. [DOI: 10.1021/cr800449m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Magano
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
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39
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Genovese S, Curini M, Epifano F. Chemistry and biological activity of azoprenylated secondary metabolites. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1082-1091. [PMID: 19660768 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
N-Prenyl secondary metabolites (isopentenylazo-, geranylazo-, farnesylazo- and their biosynthetic derivatives) represent a family of extremely rare natural products. Only in recent years have these alkaloids been recognized as interesting and valuable biologically active secondary metabolites. To date about 35 alkaloids have been isolated from plants mainly belonging to the Rutaceae family, and from fungi, bacteria, and/or obtained by chemical synthesis. These metabolites comprise anthranilic acid derivatives, diazepinones, and indole, and xanthine alkaloids. Many of the isolated prenylazo secondary metabolites and their semisynthetic derivatives are shown to exert valuable in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, and anti-fungal effects. The aim of this comprehensive review is to examine the different types of prenylazo natural products from a chemical, phytochemical and biological perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Genovese
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy.
| | - Massimo Curini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Sezione di Chimica Organica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via del Liceo, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Epifano
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università "G. D'Annunzio" di Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti Scalo (CH), Italy
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40
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Michaux J, Niel G, Campagne JM. Stereocontrolled routes to β,β′-disubstituted α-amino acids. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:2093-116. [DOI: 10.1039/b812116h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Liu Z, Hu BH, Messersmith PB. Convenient Synthesis of Acetonide Protected 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) for Fmoc Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2008; 49:5519-5521. [PMID: 19759805 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile approach to the synthesis of acetonide and Fmoc protected 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), Fmoc-DOPA(acetonide)-OH. By protecting the amino group of DOPA with a phthaloyl group and the carboxyl group as a methyl ester, acetonide protection of the catechol of DOPA derivative was realized in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid. Following removal of protecting groups, the intermediate was converted to Fmoc-DOPA(acetonide)-OH, which was successfully incorporated into a short DOPA-containing peptide, derived from marine tubeworm cement proteins Pc1 and Pc2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston 60208, US
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42
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Tan L, Ma D. Total synthesis of salinamide A: a potent anti-inflammatory bicyclic depsipeptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:3614-7. [PMID: 18383490 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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43
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Patel J, Clavé G, Renard PY, Franck X. Straightforward Access to Protectedsyn α-Amino-β-hydroxy Acid Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:4224-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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44
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Patel J, Clavé G, Renard PY, Franck X. Straightforward Access to Protectedsyn α-Amino-β-hydroxy Acid Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Stodulski M, Mlynarski J. Synthesis of N-alkyl-N-methyl amino acids. Scope and limitations of base-induced N-alkylation of Cbz-amino acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Tan L, Ma D. Total Synthesis of Salinamide A: A Potent Anti-Inflammatory Bicyclic Depsipeptide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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47
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Sui Y, Liu L, Wang D, Chen YJ. An Efficient Synthetic Method to Nonnatural α- and β-Tryptophan Analogues via Friedel-Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with Nitroacrylates. CHINESE J CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200790190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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48
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Crich D, Banerjee A. Expedient synthesis of threo-beta-hydroxy-alpha-amino acid derivatives: phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine, and tryptophan. J Org Chem 2007; 71:7106-9. [PMID: 16930077 PMCID: PMC2621330 DOI: 10.1021/jo061159i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An expedient synthesis of enantiomerically pure threo-beta-hydroxy-alpha-amino acid derivatives of phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine, and tryptophan is described. The NBS-mediated radical bromination of the N,N-di-tert-butoxycarbonyl protected alpha-amino acids and subsequent treatment with silver nitrate in acetone provided the trans-oxazolidinones predominantly. Cesium carbonate catalyzed hydrolysis then generated the beta-hydroxy amino acid derivatives in excellent overall yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Crich
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607-7061, USA.
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49
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Koketsu K, Oguri H, Watanabe K, Oikawa H. Identification and stereochemical assignment of the beta-hydroxytryptophan intermediate in the echinomycin biosynthetic pathway. Org Lett 2007; 8:4719-22. [PMID: 17020286 DOI: 10.1021/ol061738+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Little is known about how quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (QC) is synthesized in nature. On the basis of analysis of echinomycin biosynthetic gene clusters as well as feeding experiments with labeled precursors, we have proposed a biosynthetic pathway to QC and identified the (2S,3S)-beta-hydroxytryptophan as a key intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Koketsu
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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50
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Sui Y, Liu L, Zhao JL, Wang D, Chen YJ. An efficient one-pot reaction of indoles, nitroacetate, and paraformaldehyde for the synthesis of tryptophan derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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