1
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Alexander AK, Elshahawi SI. Promiscuous Enzymes for Residue-Specific Peptide and Protein Late-Stage Functionalization. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300372. [PMID: 37338668 PMCID: PMC10496146 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The late-stage functionalization of peptides and proteins holds significant promise for drug discovery and facilitates bioorthogonal chemistry. This selective functionalization leads to innovative advances in in vitro and in vivo biological research. However, it is a challenging endeavor to selectively target a certain amino acid or position in the presence of other residues containing reactive groups. Biocatalysis has emerged as a powerful tool for selective, efficient, and economical modifications of molecules. Enzymes that have the ability to modify multiple complex substrates or selectively install nonnative handles have wide applications. Herein, we highlight enzymes with broad substrate tolerance that have been demonstrated to modify a specific amino acid residue in simple or complex peptides and/or proteins at late-stage. The different substrates accepted by these enzymes are mentioned together with the reported downstream bioorthogonal reactions that have benefited from the enzymatic selective modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Alexander
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
| | - Sherif I Elshahawi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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2
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Zhao Z, Cui H, Wang X, Zhang J, Zhao C. Glyco-conjugation in 3-β-anhydroicaritine. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37154675 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2208718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A convenient method has been developed for the glycol-conjugation in 3-position of β-anhydroicaritine in a reasonable yield. The structure of the 3-glycosylated β-anhydroicaritine derivatives was confirmed to be correct by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS spectrum. These compounds are less soluble than icaritin, but more soluble than icariside II in CCl4. The screening results showed that compounds 12h, 12i and 12j had higher cytotoxicity to HepG2 and MCF-7 at a concentration of 50 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hanqi Cui
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xianheng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jianyong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Changkuo Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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3
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Mordhorst S, Ruijne F, Vagstad AL, Kuipers OP, Piel J. Emulating nonribosomal peptides with ribosomal biosynthetic strategies. RSC Chem Biol 2023; 4:7-36. [PMID: 36685251 PMCID: PMC9811515 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00169a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide natural products are important lead structures for human drugs and many nonribosomal peptides possess antibiotic activity. This makes them interesting targets for engineering approaches to generate peptide analogues with, for example, increased bioactivities. Nonribosomal peptides are produced by huge mega-enzyme complexes in an assembly-line like manner, and hence, these biosynthetic pathways are challenging to engineer. In the past decade, more and more structural features thought to be unique to nonribosomal peptides were found in ribosomally synthesised and posttranslationally modified peptides as well. These streamlined ribosomal pathways with modifying enzymes that are often promiscuous and with gene-encoded precursor proteins that can be modified easily, offer several advantages to produce designer peptides. This review aims to provide an overview of recent progress in this emerging research area by comparing structural features common to both nonribosomal and ribosomally synthesised and posttranslationally modified peptides in the first part and highlighting synthetic biology strategies for emulating nonribosomal peptides by ribosomal pathway engineering in the second part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Mordhorst
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Fleur Ruijne
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Anna L Vagstad
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Oscar P Kuipers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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4
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Zheng M, Zheng M, Lupoli TJ. Expanding the Substrate Scope of a Bacterial Nucleotidyltransferase via Allosteric Mutations. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:2035-2044. [PMID: 36106727 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial glycoconjugates, such as cell surface polysaccharides and glycoproteins, play important roles in cellular interactions and survival. Enzymes called nucleotidyltransferases use sugar-1-phosphates and nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) to produce nucleoside diphosphate sugars (NDP-sugars), which serve as building blocks for most glycoconjugates. Research spanning several decades has shown that some bacterial nucleotidyltransferases have broad substrate tolerance and can be exploited to produce a variety of NDP-sugars in vitro. While these enzymes are known to be allosterically regulated by NDP-sugars and their fragments, much work has focused on the effect of active site mutations alone. Here, we show that rational mutations in the allosteric site of the nucleotidyltransferase RmlA lead to expanded substrate tolerance and improvements in catalytic activity that can be explained by subtle changes in quaternary structure and interactions with ligands. These observations will help inform future studies on the directed biosynthesis of diverse bacterial NDP-sugars and downstream glycoconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Meng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Tania J Lupoli
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
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5
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Way H, Roh J, Venteicher B, Chandra S, Thomas AA. Synthesis of ribavirin 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-triazolyl analogs with changes at the amide and cytotoxicity in breast cancer cell lines. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 42:38-64. [PMID: 35929908 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2022.2107218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and cytotoxicity in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells of novel 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-triazolyl analogs of ribavirin. We modified ribavirin's carboxamide moiety to test the effects of lipophilic groups. 1-β-D-Ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles were prepared using Click Chemistry, whereas an unprecedented application of a prior 1,2,4-triazole ring synthesis was used for 1-β-D-ribofuranosyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole analogs. Though cytotoxicity was mediocre and there was no correlation with lipophilicity, we discovered that a structurally similar concentrative nucleoside transporter 2 (CNT2) inhibitor was modestly cytotoxic (MCF-7 IC50 of 42 µM). These syntheses could be used to efficiently investigate variation in the nucleobase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Way
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, USA
| | - Joshua Roh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, USA
| | - Brooklynn Venteicher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, USA
| | - Surabhi Chandra
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, USA
| | - Allen A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, Nebraska, USA
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6
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Beerens K, Gevaert O, Desmet T. GDP-Mannose 3,5-Epimerase: A View on Structure, Mechanism, and Industrial Potential. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:784142. [PMID: 35087867 PMCID: PMC8787198 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.784142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GDP-mannose 3,5-epimerase (GM35E, GME) belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) protein superfamily and catalyses the conversion of GDP-d-mannose towards GDP-l-galactose. Although the overall reaction seems relatively simple (a double epimerization), the enzyme needs to orchestrate a complex set of chemical reactions, with no less than 6 catalysis steps (oxidation, 2x deprotonation, 2x protonation and reduction), to perform the double epimerization of GDP-mannose to GDP-l-galactose. The enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of vitamin C in plants and lipopolysaccharide synthesis in bacteria. In this review, we provide a clear overview of these interesting epimerases, including the latest findings such as the recently characterized bacterial and thermostable GM35E representative and its mechanism revision but also focus on their industrial potential in rare sugar synthesis and glycorandomization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tom Desmet
- *Correspondence: Koen Beerens, ; Tom Desmet,
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7
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Goel B, Tripathi N, Mukherjee D, Jain SK. Glycorandomization: A promising diversification strategy for the drug development. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 213:113156. [PMID: 33460832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glycorandomization is a natural product derivatization strategy in which different sugar moieties are linked to the aglycone part of the naturally existing glycosides to create glycorandomized libraries. Sugars attached to the natural products are responsible for affecting their solubility, mechanism of action, target recognition, and toxicity and thus, by changing the sugar part, these properties could be modified. Glycorandomization can be done via two approaches (i) a synthetic approach known as neoglycorandomization, and (ii) chemoenzymatic approach including in-vitro and in-vivo glycorandomization. Glycorandomization can be a promising technology for the drug discovery that has proved its potential to improve pharmacokinetic (solubility) and pharmacodynamic profile (mechanism of action, toxicity, and target recognition) of the parent compounds. The substrate flexibility of glycosyltransferases and other enzymes towards sugars and/or aglycone substrates has made this technique versatile. Further, the enzymes can be altered by genetic engineering to generate glycorandomized libraries of diverse natural product scaffolds. This technique has the potential to produce new compounds that can be helpful to the mankind by treating the threatening disease states. This review covers the different strategies for glycorandomization as a tool in drug discovery and development. The fundamentals of glycorandomization, different types, and further development of differentially glycorandomized libraries of natural products and small molecule based drugs have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Goel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nancy Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Debaraj Mukherjee
- Natural Product Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Shreyans K Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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8
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Abstract
A series of novel coumarin-1,2,3-triazole derivatives were synthesized in good yield via click chemistry using Cu(I) catalyzed intermolecular Huisgen [3+2] cycloaddition reaction. All the synthesized compounds were characterized spectroscopically. This piece of work could be helpful to develop biologically relevant coumarin analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Mamgain
- Department of Chemistry, Modern College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Ganeshkhind, Pune-411007, India
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9
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Bautista-Hernández CI, Negrón-Silva GE, Santillán R, Vergara-Arenas BI, Ángeles-Beltrán D, Lomas-Romero L, Pérez-Martínez D. Design and synthesis of new carbohydrate-lithocholic acid conjugates linked via 1,2,3-triazole rings. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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10
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Old and new glycopeptide antibiotics: From product to gene and back in the post-genomic era. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:534-554. [PMID: 29454983 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glycopeptide antibiotics are drugs of last resort for treating severe infections caused by multi-drug resistant Gram-positive pathogens. First-generation glycopeptides (vancomycin and teicoplanin) are produced by soil-dwelling actinomycetes. Second-generation glycopeptides (dalbavancin, oritavancin, and telavancin) are semi-synthetic derivatives of the progenitor natural products. Herein, we cover past and present biotechnological approaches for searching for and producing old and new glycopeptide antibiotics. We review the strategies adopted to increase microbial production (from classical strain improvement to rational genetic engineering), and the recent progress in genome mining, chemoenzymatic derivatization, and combinatorial biosynthesis for expanding glycopeptide chemical diversity and tackling the never-ceasing evolution of antibiotic resistance.
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11
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Regioselective glycosylation of novobiocin alters activity. Carbohydr Res 2017; 452:116-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Okano A, Isley NA, Boger DL. Total Syntheses of Vancomycin-Related Glycopeptide Antibiotics and Key Analogues. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11952-11993. [PMID: 28437097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A review of efforts that have provided total syntheses of vancomycin and related glycopeptide antibiotics, their agylcons, and key analogues is provided. It is a tribute to developments in organic chemistry and the field of organic synthesis that not only can molecules of this complexity be prepared today by total synthesis but such efforts can be extended to the preparation of previously inaccessible key analogues that contain deep-seated structural changes. With the increasing prevalence of acquired bacterial resistance to existing classes of antibiotics and with the emergence of vancomycin-resistant pathogens (VRSA and VRE), the studies pave the way for the examination of synthetic analogues rationally designed to not only overcome vancomycin resistance but provide the foundation for the development of even more powerful and durable antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Okano
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicholas A Isley
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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13
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Süssmuth RD, Mainz A. Nonribosomal Peptide Synthesis-Principles and Prospects. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:3770-3821. [PMID: 28323366 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are large multienzyme machineries that assemble numerous peptides with large structural and functional diversity. These peptides include more than 20 marketed drugs, such as antibacterials (penicillin, vancomycin), antitumor compounds (bleomycin), and immunosuppressants (cyclosporine). Over the past few decades biochemical and structural biology studies have gained mechanistic insights into the highly complex assembly line of nonribosomal peptides. This Review provides state-of-the-art knowledge on the underlying mechanisms of NRPSs and the variety of their products along with detailed analysis of the challenges for future reprogrammed biosynthesis. Such a reprogramming of NRPSs would immediately spur chances to generate analogues of existing drugs or new compound libraries of otherwise nearly inaccessible compound structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderich D Süssmuth
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andi Mainz
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institut für Chemie, Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Süssmuth RD, Mainz A. Nicht-ribosomale Peptidsynthese - Prinzipien und Perspektiven. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roderich D. Süssmuth
- Technische Universität Berlin; Institut für Chemie; Straße des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Andi Mainz
- Technische Universität Berlin; Institut für Chemie; Straße des 17. Juni 124 10623 Berlin Deutschland
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15
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Shamim A, Souza FB, Vasconcelos SN, Stefani HA. Synthesis of a library of glucal-derived triazoles via copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cyclization. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Sarkar P, Yarlagadda V, Ghosh C, Haldar J. A review on cell wall synthesis inhibitors with an emphasis on glycopeptide antibiotics. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:516-533. [PMID: 30108769 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00585c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) have historically been one of the most effective classes of antibiotics. They are the most extensively used class of antibiotics and their importance is exemplified by the β-lactams and glycopeptide antibiotics. However, this class of antibiotics has not received impunity from resistance development. In the wake of this predicament, this review presents the progress of CBIs, especially glycopeptide derivatives as antibiotics to confront antibacterial resistance. The various strategies used for the development of CBIs, their clinical status and possible directions in which this field can evolve have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Sarkar
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory , New Chemistry Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) , Jakkur , Bengaluru 5600064 , Karnataka , India .
| | - Venkateswarlu Yarlagadda
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory , New Chemistry Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) , Jakkur , Bengaluru 5600064 , Karnataka , India .
| | - Chandradhish Ghosh
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory , New Chemistry Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) , Jakkur , Bengaluru 5600064 , Karnataka , India .
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory , New Chemistry Unit , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) , Jakkur , Bengaluru 5600064 , Karnataka , India .
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17
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Hussein Mekni N. Intramolecular 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Diazido-terminal Dialkynes: Synthesis of New Polyoxyethylene Fused exo-Bis(1,2,3-triazolo-1,4-oxazines). HETEROCYCLES 2016. [DOI: 10.3987/com-16-13498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Elshahawi SI, Shaaban KA, Kharel MK, Thorson JS. A comprehensive review of glycosylated bacterial natural products. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:7591-697. [PMID: 25735878 PMCID: PMC4560691 DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00426d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A systematic analysis of all naturally-occurring glycosylated bacterial secondary metabolites reported in the scientific literature up through early 2013 is presented. This comprehensive analysis of 15 940 bacterial natural products revealed 3426 glycosides containing 344 distinct appended carbohydrates and highlights a range of unique opportunities for future biosynthetic study and glycodiversification efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif I Elshahawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Khaled A Shaaban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Madan K Kharel
- School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Jon S Thorson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. and Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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19
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Okano A, Nakayama A, Wu K, Lindsey EA, Schammel AW, Feng Y, Collins KC, Boger DL. Total syntheses and initial evaluation of [Ψ[C(═S)NH]Tpg⁴]vancomycin, [Ψ[C(═NH)NH]Tpg⁴]vancomycin, [Ψ[CH₂NH]Tpg⁴]vancomycin, and their (4-chlorobiphenyl)methyl derivatives: synergistic binding pocket and peripheral modifications for the glycopeptide antibiotics. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:3693-704. [PMID: 25750995 PMCID: PMC4376669 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b01008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Full details of studies are disclosed on the total syntheses of binding pocket analogues of vancomycin bearing the peripheral L-vancosaminyl-1,2-D-glucosyl disaccharide that contain changes to a key single atom in the residue-4 amide (residue-4 carbonyl O → S, NH, H2) designed to directly address the underlying molecular basis of resistance to vancomycin. Also disclosed are studies piloting the late-stage transformations conducted on the synthetically more accessible C-terminus hydroxymethyl aglycon derivatives and full details of the peripheral chlorobiphenyl functionalization of all of the binding-pocket-modified vancomycin analogues designed for dual D-Ala-D-Ala/D-Ala-D-Lac binding. Their collective assessment indicates that combined binding pocket and chlorobiphenyl peripherally modified analogues exhibit a remarkable spectrum of antimicrobial activity (VSSA, MRSA, and VanA and VanB VRE) and impressive potencies against both vancomycin-sensitive and vancomycin-resistant bacteria (MICs = 0.06-0.005 and 0.5-0.06 μg/mL for the amidine and methylene analogues, respectively) and likely benefit from two independent and synergistic mechanisms of action, only one of which is dependent on D-Ala-D-Ala/D-Ala-D-Lac binding. Such analogues are likely to display especially durable antibiotic activity that is not prone to rapidly acquired clinical resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Okano
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Atsushi Nakayama
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Kejia Wu
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Erick A. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Alex W. Schammel
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yiqing Feng
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Karen C. Collins
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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20
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Hsu BB, Hagerman SR, Jamieson K, Castleberry SA, Wang W, Holler E, Ljubimova JY, Hammond PT. Multifunctional Self-Assembled Films for Rapid Hemostat and Sustained Anti-infective Delivery. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:148-156. [PMID: 33429517 PMCID: PMC10065220 DOI: 10.1021/ab500050m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled bleeding and infection are the major causes of death and morbidity from traumatic wounds during military conflicts, disasters, and accidents. Because immediate treatment is critical to survival, it is desirable to have a lightweight and rapidly applicable bandage-one capable of delivering a hemostat that can quickly resolve bleeding while addressing infection over short and longer time frames. It is challenging to design thin film coatings capable of multidrug release, particularly when the drugs are quite different in nature (biologic versus small molecule, charged versus neutral) and the desired release profiles are different for each drug. Herein we have adopted a layer-by-layer film assembly technique to create a linear combination of two independently functional films capable of rapidly releasing thrombin within minutes while sustaining vancomycin elution for more than 24 h. By conjugating vancomycin to a hydrolytically degradable polyacid, poly(β-L-malic acid), we were able to create a robust thin film with loading and release kinetics that remain unaffected by the additional deposition of a thrombin-based film, demonstrating the possibility for future multitherapeutic films with independently tunable release kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eggehard Holler
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Julia Y Ljubimova
- Nanomedicine Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
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21
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Pandey RP, Parajuli P, Shin JY, Lee J, Lee S, Hong YS, Park YI, Kim JS, Sohng JK. Enzymatic Biosynthesis of Novel Resveratrol Glucoside and Glycoside Derivatives. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:7235-43. [PMID: 25239890 PMCID: PMC4249177 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02076-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A UDP glucosyltransferase from Bacillus licheniformis was overexpressed, purified, and incubated with nucleotide diphosphate (NDP) d- and l-sugars to produce glucose, galactose, 2-deoxyglucose, viosamine, rhamnose, and fucose sugar-conjugated resveratrol glycosides. Significantly higher (90%) bioconversion of resveratrol was achieved with α-d-glucose as the sugar donor to produce four different glucosides of resveratrol: resveratrol 3-O-β-d-glucoside, resveratrol 4'-O-β-d-glucoside, resveratrol 3,5-O-β-d-diglucoside, and resveratrol 3,5,4'-O-β-d-triglucoside. The conversion rates and numbers of products formed were found to vary with the other NDP sugar donors. Resveratrol 3-O-β-d-2-deoxyglucoside and resveratrol 3,5-O-β-d-di-2-deoxyglucoside were found to be produced using TDP-2-deoxyglucose as a donor; however, the monoglycosides resveratrol 4'-O-β-d-galactoside, resveratrol 4'-O-β-d-viosaminoside, resveratrol 3-O-β-l-rhamnoside, and resveratrol 3-O-β-l-fucoside were produced from the respective sugar donors. Altogether, 10 diverse glycoside derivatives of the medically important resveratrol were generated, demonstrating the capacity of YjiC to produce structurally diverse resveratrol glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Prasad Pandey
- Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Tangjeonmyun, Asan-si, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Prakash Parajuli
- Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Tangjeonmyun, Asan-si, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Ju Yong Shin
- Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Tangjeonmyun, Asan-si, Chungnam, South Korea
| | - Jisun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Seul Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Young-Soo Hong
- Chemical Biology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Chungbuk, South Korea
| | - Yong Il Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Joong Su Kim
- Bioindustry Process Center, Jeonbuk Branch Institute, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk, Jeong-Ub, South Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Tangjeonmyun, Asan-si, Chungnam, South Korea
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22
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Enzymatic glycosylation of the topical antibiotic mupirocin. Glycoconj J 2014; 31:563-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s10719-014-9538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Nakayama A, Okano A, Feng Y, Collins J, Collins KC, Walsh CT, Boger DL. Enzymatic glycosylation of vancomycin aglycon: completion of a total synthesis of vancomycin and N- and C-terminus substituent effects of the aglycon substrate. Org Lett 2014; 16:3572-5. [PMID: 24954524 PMCID: PMC4084835 DOI: 10.1021/ol501568t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the further development of the sequential glycosylations of the vancomycin aglycon catalyzed by the glycosyltransferases GtfE and GtfD and the observation of unusual, perhaps unexpected, aglycon substrate substituent effects on the rate and efficiency of the initial glycosylation reaction are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakayama
- Department
of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Akinori Okano
- Department
of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yiqing Feng
- Department
of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - James
C. Collins
- Department
of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Karen C. Collins
- Department
of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Christopher T. Walsh
- Department
of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department
of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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24
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Lauria A, Delisi R, Mingoia F, Terenzi A, Martorana A, Barone G, Almerico AM. 1,2,3-Triazole in Heterocyclic Compounds, Endowed with Biological Activity, through 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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25
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26
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Probing 3-hydroxyflavone for in vitro glycorandomization of flavonols by YjiC. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6833-8. [PMID: 23974133 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02057-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosylation of five different flavonols, fisetin, quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, and 3-hydroxyflavone, was achieved by applying YjiC. 3-Hydroxyflavone was selected as a probe for in vitro glycorandomization of all flavonols using diverse nucleotide diphosphate-d/l-sugars. This study unlocked the possibilities of the glycodiversification of flavonols and the generation of novel compounds as future therapeutics.
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27
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Lee BH, Wu CC, Fang X, Liu CW, Zhu JL. [Cu8(μ4-H){S2P(OEt)2}6](PF6): A Novel Catalytic Hydride-Centered Copper Cluster for Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddtion. Catal Letters 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-013-0993-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Peltier-Pain P, Marchillo K, Zhou M, Andes DR, Thorson JS. Natural product disaccharide engineering through tandem glycosyltransferase catalysis reversibility and neoglycosylation. Org Lett 2012; 14:5086-9. [PMID: 22984807 PMCID: PMC3489467 DOI: 10.1021/ol3023374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A two-step strategy for disaccharide modulation using vancomycin as a model is reported. The strategy relies upon a glycosyltransferase-catalyzed 'reverse' reaction to enable the facile attachment of an alkoxyamine-bearing sugar to the vancomycin core. Neoglycosylation of the corresponding aglycon led to a novel set of vancomycin 1,6-disaccharide variants. While the in vitro antibacterial properties of corresponding vancomycin 1,6-disaccharide analogs were equipotent to the parent antibiotic, the chemoenzymatic method presented is expected to be broadly applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Peltier-Pain
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, Wisconsin Center for Natural Products Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222, USA
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29
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Theoretical study of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions between 7–10-membered simple cycloalkynes and triazoles R–N3 (R = H, CH3, Ph). Struct Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-012-0105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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30
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Singh S, Phillips GN, Thorson JS. The structural biology of enzymes involved in natural product glycosylation. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:1201-37. [PMID: 22688446 DOI: 10.1039/c2np20039b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The glycosylation of microbial natural products often dramatically influences the biological and/or pharmacological activities of the parental metabolite. Over the past decade, crystal structures of several enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and attachment of novel sugars found appended to natural products have emerged. In many cases, these studies have paved the way to a better understanding of the corresponding enzyme mechanism of action and have served as a starting point for engineering variant enzymes to facilitate to production of differentially-glycosylated natural products. This review specifically summarizes the structural studies of bacterial enzymes involved in biosynthesis of novel sugar nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanteri Singh
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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31
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Ashford PA, Bew SP. Recent advances in the synthesis of new glycopeptide antibiotics. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 41:957-78. [PMID: 21829829 DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15125h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The vancomycin family of glycopeptide antibiotics has been inspiring research in the field of synthetic chemistry since the 1980s. Recent studies have moved away from the focus of total synthesis into new territory: the design and evaluation of novel compounds based on the natural products which exhibit improved antibacterial activity. Modern approaches to drug synthesis draw together investigations into the nature of the binding environment, and innovative synthetic methodologies which provide solutions to the challenging structural features and stereochemistry associated with this intriguing class of compounds. New analogues, derivatives and dimers of the natural products, as well as recent successes in the total synthesis of the complestatins are described in this tutorial review, covering literature from the last decade.
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32
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Abstract
Using a uniquely promiscuous engineered glycosyltransferase (GT) derived from the macrolide-inactivating GT OleD, a single-step asymmetric glucosylation of one 'arm' of the drug mitoxantrone was efficiently achieved in high stereo- and regiospecificity. The synthesis, structural elucidation, and anticancer activity of the corresponding mitoxantrone 4'-β-D-glucoside are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoquan Zhou
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, Wisconsin Center for Natural Products Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave. Madison, WI 53705
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, Wisconsin Center for Natural Products Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Ave. Madison, WI 53705
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33
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Moretti R, Chang A, Peltier-Pain P, Bingman CA, Phillips GN, Thorson JS. Expanding the nucleotide and sugar 1-phosphate promiscuity of nucleotidyltransferase RmlA via directed evolution. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13235-43. [PMID: 21317292 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.206433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed evolution is a valuable technique to improve enzyme activity in the absence of a priori structural knowledge, which can be typically enhanced via structure-guided strategies. In this study, a combination of both whole-gene error-prone polymerase chain reaction and site-saturation mutagenesis enabled the rapid identification of mutations that improved RmlA activity toward non-native substrates. These mutations have been shown to improve activities over 10-fold for several targeted substrates, including non-native pyrimidine- and purine-based NTPs as well as non-native D- and L-sugars (both α- and β-isomers). This study highlights the first broadly applicable high throughput sugar-1-phosphate nucleotidyltransferase screen and the first proof of concept for the directed evolution of this enzyme class toward the identification of uniquely permissive RmlA variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Moretti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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34
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Gantt RW, Peltier-Pain P, Thorson JS. Enzymatic methods for glyco(diversification/randomization) of drugs and small molecules. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1811-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00045d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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35
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Enzymatic synthesis of vancomycin derivatives using galactosyltransferase and sialyltransferase. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2010; 64:103-9. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2010.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Back TG, Clary KN, Gao D. Cycloadditions and Cyclizations of Acetylenic, Allenic, and Conjugated Dienyl Sulfones. Chem Rev 2010; 110:4498-553. [DOI: 10.1021/cr1000546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Back
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kristen N. Clary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Detian Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
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37
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Härle J, Bechthold A. Chapter 12. The power of glycosyltransferases to generate bioactive natural compounds. Methods Enzymol 2009; 458:309-33. [PMID: 19374988 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(09)04812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs), which catalyze the attachment of a sugar moiety to an aglycone are key enzymes for the biosynthesis of many valuable natural products. Their use in pharmaceutical biotechnology is becoming more and more visible. The promiscuity of GTs has prompted efforts to modify sugar structures and alter the glycosylation patterns of natural products. Here, we present the state of the art in this field. After describing the importance of GTs in determining the functions of natural products, a general survey of glycosyltransferase-catalyzed reactions is documented. This is followed by an overview of crystallized GT-B superfamily members and a discussion of the amino acids of these GTs involved in substrate binding. The main chapter is concerned with emphasizing the application of GTs in metabolic pathway engineering leading to novel unnatural bioactive compounds. A strategy to explore new GTs is presented as well as strategies to generate artificial GTs either randomly or in a rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Härle
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Wissenschaften, Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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38
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Chu X, Li N, Liu X, Li D. Functional studies of rat galactokinase. J Biotechnol 2009; 141:142-6. [PMID: 19433218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Galactokinase is an ATP-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of galactose to form galactose-1-phosphate. The defect in human galactokinase can result in the disease of galactosemia. On the other hand, the control of galactose-1-phosphate production by inhibiting galactokinase is a potential therapy for another disease referred to as classic galactosemia. Many pharmaceutically important compounds derive from carbohydrate-containing natural products, and glycorandomization is one of the most efficient approaches for complex secondary metabolites. Therefore, it is important to further understand the interaction between galactokinase and its substrate or substrate analogs. In the present study, we cloned and purified both N- and C-terminal His-tagged rat galactokinase. We then constructed and purified a variety of variant enzymes, which were studied using kinetics with galactose and its analogs as substrates. We found that the binding of the ATP may induce conformational change to the enzyme so that the enzyme can bind galactose specifically. Asp186 was found to be a possible catalytic residue. The mutants were incubated with fluorescent trinitrophenyl-ATP for the characterization of their ATP binding sites. Various other substrate analogs, aminoglycosides and flavanoids were also tested and found to be competitive inhibitors of rat galactokinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiusheng Chu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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39
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Williams GJ, Gantt RW, Thorson JS. The impact of enzyme engineering upon natural product glycodiversification. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2009; 12:556-64. [PMID: 18678278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycodiversification of natural products is an effective strategy for small molecule drug development. Recently, improved methods for chemo-enzymatic synthesis of glycosyl donors has spurred the characterization of natural product glycosyltransferases (GTs), revealing that the substrate specificity of many naturally occurring GTs as too stringent for use in glycodiversification. Protein engineering of natural product GTs has emerged as an attractive approach to overcome this limitation. This review highlights recent progress in the engineering/evolution of enzymes relevant to natural product glycodiversification with a particular focus upon GTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J Williams
- Laboratory for Biosynthetic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, National Cooperative Drug Discovery Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Gamblin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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41
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Taherpour AA, Kheradmand K. One-pot microwave-assisted solvent free synthesis of simple alkyl 1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxylates by using trimethylsilyl azide. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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42
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Ducatti DRB, Massi A, Noseda MD, Duarte MER, Dondoni A. Dihydropyridine C-glycoconjugates by organocatalytic Hantzsch cyclocondensation. Stereoselective synthesis of α-threofuranose C-nucleoside enantiomers. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:1980-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b900422j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Thibodeaux C, Melançon C, Liu HW. Biosynthese von Naturstoffzuckern und enzymatische Glycodiversifizierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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44
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Huang W, Ochiai H, Zhang X, Wang LX. Introducing N-glycans into natural products through a chemoenzymatic approach. Carbohydr Res 2008; 343:2903-13. [PMID: 18805520 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2008.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2008] [Revised: 08/23/2008] [Accepted: 08/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes an efficient chemoenzymatic method for introducing a core N-glycan of glycoprotein origin into various lipophilic natural products. It was found that the endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Arthrobactor protophormiae (Endo-A) had broad substrate specificity and can accommodate a wide range of glucose (Glc)- or N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)-containing natural products as acceptors for transglycosylation, when an N-glycan oxazoline was used as a donor substrate. Using lithocholic acid as a model compound, we have shown that introduction of an N-glycan could be achieved by a two-step approach: chemical glycosylation to introduce a monosaccharide (Glc or GlcNAc) as a handle, and then Endo-A catalyzed transglycosylation to accomplish the site-specific N-glycan attachment. For those natural products that already carry terminal Glc or GlcNAc residues, direct enzymatic transglycosylation using sugar oxazoline as the donor substrate was achievable to introduce an N-glycan. It was also demonstrated that simultaneous double glycosylation could be fulfilled when the natural product contains two Glc residues. This chemoenzymatic method is concise, site-specific, and highly convergent. Because N-glycans of glycoprotein origin can serve as ligands for diverse lectins and cell-surface receptors, introduction of a defined N-glycan into biologically significant natural products may bestow novel properties onto these natural products for drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 West Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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45
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One-pot Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 1H-Phenanthro[9,10- d][1,2,3]triazole. MOLBANK 2008. [DOI: 10.3390/m577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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46
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Park J, Boltje TJ, Boons GJ. Direct and stereoselective synthesis of alpha-linked 2-deoxyglycosides. Org Lett 2008; 10:4367-70. [PMID: 18763796 DOI: 10.1021/ol801833n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Linked 2-deoxyglycosides were conveniently obtained by employing a glycosyl donor having a participating ( S)-(phenylthiomethyl)benzyl moiety at C-6, whereas 2,6-dideoxy-alpha-glycosides could be prepared by BF 3.Et 2O-promoted activation of allyl glycosyl donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Park
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Meldal
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark, and H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
| | - Christian Wenzel Tornøe
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Gamle Carlsberg Vej 10, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark, and H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500 Valby, Denmark
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48
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Moorhouse A, Moses J. Click Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry: A Case of “Cyclo-Addiction”. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:715-23. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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49
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Tron GC, Pirali T, Billington RA, Canonico PL, Sorba G, Genazzani AA. Click chemistry reactions in medicinal chemistry: applications of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azides and alkynes. Med Res Rev 2008; 28:278-308. [PMID: 17763363 DOI: 10.1002/med.20107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 774] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been an ever-increasing need for rapid reactions that meet the three main criteria of an ideal synthesis: efficiency, versatility, and selectivity. Such reactions would allow medicinal chemistry to keep pace with the multitude of information derived from modern biological screening techniques. The present review describes one of these reactions, the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition ("click-reaction") between azides and alkynes catalyzed by copper (I) salts. The simplicity of this reaction and the ease of purification of the resulting products have opened new opportunities in generating vast arrays of compounds with biological potential. The present review will outline the accomplishments of this strategy achieved so far and outline some of medicinal chemistry applications in which click-chemistry might be relevant in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Cesare Tron
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Alimentari, Farmaceutiche e Farmacologiche and Drug and Food Biotechnology Center, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Via Bovio 6, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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Thibodeaux CJ, Melançon CE, Liu HW. Natural-product sugar biosynthesis and enzymatic glycodiversification. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:9814-59. [PMID: 19058170 PMCID: PMC2796923 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many biologically active small-molecule natural products produced by microorganisms derive their activities from sugar substituents. Changing the structures of these sugars can have a profound impact on the biological properties of the parent compounds. This realization has inspired attempts to derivatize the sugar moieties of these natural products through exploitation of the sugar biosynthetic machinery. This approach requires an understanding of the biosynthetic pathway of each target sugar and detailed mechanistic knowledge of the key enzymes. Scientists have begun to unravel the biosynthetic logic behind the assembly of many glycosylated natural products and have found that a core set of enzyme activities is mixed and matched to synthesize the diverse sugar structures observed in nature. Remarkably, many of these sugar biosynthetic enzymes and glycosyltransferases also exhibit relaxed substrate specificity. The promiscuity of these enzymes has prompted efforts to modify the sugar structures and alter the glycosylation patterns of natural products through metabolic pathway engineering and enzymatic glycodiversification. In applied biomedical research, these studies will enable the development of new glycosylation tools and generate novel glycoforms of secondary metabolites with useful biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Thibodeaux
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. (USA), 78712
| | - Charles E. Melançon
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. (USA), 78712
| | - Hung-wen Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX. (USA), 78712
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