1
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Shaffer KJ, Smith RAA, Daines AM, Luo X, Lu X, Tan TC, Le BQ, Schwörer R, Hinkley SFR, Tyler PC, Nurcombe V, Cool SM. Rational synthesis of a heparan sulfate saccharide that promotes the activity of BMP2. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 333:121979. [PMID: 38494232 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) found throughout nature and is involved in a wide range of functions including modulation of cell signalling via sequestration of growth factors. Current consensus is that the specificity of HS motifs for protein binding are individual for each protein. Given the structural complexity of HS the synthesis of libraries of these compounds to probe this is not trivial. Herein we present the synthesis of an HS decamer, the design of which was undertaken rationally from previously published data for HS binding to the growth factor BMP-2. The biological activity of this HS decamer was assessed in vitro, showing that it had the ability to both bind BMP-2 and increase its thermal stability as well as enhancing the bioactivity of BMP-2 in vitro in C2C12 cells. At the same time no undesired anticoagulant effect was observed. This decamer was then analysed in vivo in a rabbit model where higher bone formation, bone mineral density (BMD) and trabecular thickness were observed over an empty defect or collagen implant alone. This indicated that the HS decamer was effective in promoting bone regeneration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl J Shaffer
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
| | - Raymond A A Smith
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138673, Singapore; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Alison M Daines
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
| | - Xiaoman Luo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138673, Singapore
| | - Xiaohua Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138673, Singapore
| | - Tuan Chun Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138673, Singapore
| | - Bach Q Le
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138673, Singapore
| | - Ralf Schwörer
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
| | - Simon F R Hinkley
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
| | - Peter C Tyler
- Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand
| | - Victor Nurcombe
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138632, Singapore
| | - Simon M Cool
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 138673, Singapore; School of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Yoo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Mardhekar S, Subramani B, Samudra P, Srikanth P, Mahida V, Bhoge PR, Toraskar S, Abraham NM, Kikkeri R. Sulfation of Heparan and Chondroitin Sulfate Ligands Enables Cell-Specific Homing of Nanoprobes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202622. [PMID: 36325647 PMCID: PMC7616003 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Demystifying the sulfation code of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to induce precise homing of nanoparticles in tumor cells or neurons influences the development of a potential drug- or gene-delivery system. However, GAGs, particularly heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), are structurally highly heterogeneous, and synthesizing well-defined HS/CS composed nanoparticles is challenging. Here, we decipher how specific sulfation patterns on HS and CS regulate receptor-mediated homing of nanoprobes in primary and secondary cells. We discovered that aggressive cancer cells such as MDA-MB-231 displayed a strong uptake of GAG-nanoprobes compared to mild or moderately aggressive cancer cells. However, there was no selectivity towards the GAG sequences, thus indicating the presence of more than one form of receptor-mediated uptake. However, U87 cells, olfactory bulb, and hippocampal primary neurons showed selective or preferential uptake of CS-E-coated nanoprobes compared to other GAG-nanoprobes. Furthermore, mechanistic studies revealed that the 4,6-O-disulfated-CS nanoprobe used the CD44 and caveolin-dependent endocytosis pathway for uptake. These results could lead to new opportunities to use GAG nanoprobes in nanomedicine.
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Grants
- SERB/F/9228/2019-2020 Department of Science and Technology , Ministry of Science and Technology New Delhi, India
- BT/PR34475/MED/15/210/2020 Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
- SR/WOS-A/CS-72/2019 Department of Science and Technology , Ministry of Science and Technology New Delhi, India
- DST/CSRI/2017/271 Department of Science and Technology , Ministry of Science and Technology New Delhi, India
- IA/I/14/1/501306 DBT-Wellcome Trust India Alliance
- Wellcome Trust
- IA/I/14/1/501306 The Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance
- BT/PR21934/NNT/28/1242/2017 Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Mardhekar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008 (India)
| | - Balamurugan Subramani
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008 (India)
| | - Prasanna Samudra
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, (India)
| | - Priyadharshini Srikanth
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, (India)
| | - Virendrasinh Mahida
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008 (India)
| | - Preeti Ravindra Bhoge
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008 (India)
| | - Suraj Toraskar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008 (India)
| | - Nixon M. Abraham
- Laboratory of Neural Circuits and Behaviour (LNCB), Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, (India)
| | - Raghavendra Kikkeri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008 (India)
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3
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Dhara D, Dhara A, Murphy PV, Mulard LA. Protecting group principles suited to late stage functionalization and global deprotection in oligosaccharide synthesis. Carbohydr Res 2022; 521:108644. [PMID: 36030632 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2022.108644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chemical synthesis is a powerful tool to access homogeneous complex glycans, which relies on protecting group (PG) chemistry. However, the overall efficiency of chemical glycan assembly is still low when compared to oligonucleotide or oligopeptide synthesis. There have been many contributions giving rise to collective improvement in carbohydrate synthesis that includes PG manipulation and stereoselective glycoside formation and some of this chemistry has been transferred to the solid phase or adapted for programmable one pot synthesis approaches. However, after all glycoside bond formation reactions are completed, the global deprotection (GD) required to give the desired target OS can be challenging. Difficulties observed in the removal of permanent PGs to release the desired glycans can be due to the number and diversity of PGs present in the protected OSs, nature and structural complexity of glycans, etc. Here, we have reviewed the difficulties associated with the removal of PGs from densely protected OSs to obtain their free glycans. In particularly, this review focuses on the challenges associated with hydrogenolysis of benzyl groups, saponification of esters and functional group interconversion such as oxidation/reduction that are commonly performed in GD stage. More generally, problems observed in the removal of permanent PGs is reviewed herein, including benzyl, acyl (levulinoyl, acetyl), N-trichloroacetyl, N-2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, N-phthaloyl etc. from a number of fully protected OSs to release the free sugar, that have been previously reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Dhara
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3523, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France; School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland.
| | - Ashis Dhara
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Paul V Murphy
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland; SSPC - The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Laurence A Mulard
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3523, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015, Paris, France
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4
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Varghese M, Haque F, Lu W, Grinstaff MW. Synthesis and Characterization of Regioselectively Functionalized Mono-Sulfated and -Phosphorylated Anionic Poly-Amido-Saccharides. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:2075-2088. [PMID: 35420791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are abundant in nature and employed in various biomedical applications ranging from scaffolds for tissue engineering to carriers for drug delivery systems. However, drawbacks such as tedious isolation protocols, contamination, batch-to-batch consistency, and lack of compositional control with regards to stereo- and regioselectivity impede the development and utility of polysaccharides, and thus mimetics are highly sought after. We report a synthetic strategy to regioselectively functionalize poly-amido-saccharides with sulfate or phosphate groups using post-polymerization modification reactions. Orthogonally protected β-lactam monomers, synthesized from D-glucal, undergo anionic ring-opening polymerization to yield polymers with degrees of polymerization of 12, 25, and 50. Regioselective deprotection followed by functionalization and global deprotection affords the sulfated and phosphorylated poly-amido-saccharides. The resulting anionic polymers are water soluble and non-cytotoxic and adopt helical conformations. This new methodology provides access to otherwise inaccessible functional polysaccharide mimetics for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Varghese
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Farihah Haque
- Tosoh Bioscience LLC, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-4705, United States
| | - Wei Lu
- Tosoh Bioscience LLC, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406-4705, United States
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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5
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Santos GC, Martins LM, Bregadiolli BA, Moreno VF, Silva‐Filho LC, Silva BHST. Heterocyclic compounds as antiviral drugs: Synthesis, structure–activity relationship and traditional applications. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vitor Fernandes Moreno
- School of Sciences, Department of Chemistry São Paulo State University (UNESP) Bauru Brazil
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6
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Pongener I, O'Shea C, Wootton H, Watkinson M, Miller GJ. Developments in the Chemical Synthesis of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate. CHEM REC 2021; 21:3238-3255. [PMID: 34523797 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate represent key members of the glycosaminoglycan family of carbohydrates and underpin considerable repertoires of biological importance. As such, their efficiency of synthesis represents a key requirement, to further understand and exploit the H/HS structure-to-biological function axis. In this review we focus on chemical approaches to and methodology improvements for the synthesis of these essential sugars (from 2015 onwards). We first consider advances in accessing the heparin-derived pentasaccharide anticoagulant fondaparinux. This is followed by heparan sulfate targets, including key building block synthesis, oligosaccharide construction and chemical sulfation techniques. We end with a consideration of technological improvements to traditional, solution-phase synthesis approaches that are increasingly being utilised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imlirenla Pongener
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Conor O'Shea
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Hannah Wootton
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Michael Watkinson
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Gavin J Miller
- Lennard-Jones Laboratories, School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Keele University, ST5 5BG, Staffordshire, UK
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7
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Fittolani G, Tyrikos-Ergas T, Vargová D, Chaube MA, Delbianco M. Progress and challenges in the synthesis of sequence controlled polysaccharides. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:1981-2025. [PMID: 34386106 PMCID: PMC8353590 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sequence, length and substitution of a polysaccharide influence its physical and biological properties. Thus, sequence controlled polysaccharides are important targets to establish structure-properties correlations. Polymerization techniques and enzymatic methods have been optimized to obtain samples with well-defined substitution patterns and narrow molecular weight distribution. Chemical synthesis has granted access to polysaccharides with full control over the length. Here, we review the progress towards the synthesis of well-defined polysaccharides. For each class of polysaccharides, we discuss the available synthetic approaches and their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Fittolani
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Theodore Tyrikos-Ergas
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Denisa Vargová
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Manishkumar A Chaube
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martina Delbianco
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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8
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Jain P, Shanthamurthy CD, Leviatan Ben-Arye S, Woods RJ, Kikkeri R, Padler-Karavani V. Discovery of rare sulfated N-unsubstituted glucosamine based heparan sulfate analogs selectively activating chemokines. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3674-3681. [PMID: 33889380 PMCID: PMC8025211 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05862a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Achieving selective inhibition of chemokines with structurally well-defined heparan sulfate (HS) oligosaccharides can provide important insights into cancer cell migration and metastasis. However, HS is highly heterogeneous in chemical composition, which limits its therapeutic use. Here, we report the rational design and synthesis of N-unsubstituted (NU) and N-acetylated (NA) heparan sulfate tetrasaccharides that selectively inhibit structurally homologous chemokines. HS analogs were produced by divergent synthesis, where fully protected HS tetrasaccharide precursor was subjected to selective deprotection and regioselectively O-sulfated, and O-phosphorylated to obtain 13 novel HS tetrasaccharides. HS microarray and SPR analysis with a wide range of chemokines revealed the structural significance of sulfation patterns and NU domain in chemokine activities for the first time. Particularly, HT-3,6S-NH revealed selective recognition by CCL2 chemokine. Further systematic interrogation of the role of HT-3,6S-NH in cancer demonstrated an effective blockade of CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 interactions, thereby impairing cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion, a step towards designing novel drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Jain
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune-411008 , India .
| | - Chethan D Shanthamurthy
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune-411008 , India .
| | - Shani Leviatan Ben-Arye
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology , The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research , The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , 69978 , Israel .
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center , University of Georgia , Athens 30606 , GA , USA
| | - Raghavendra Kikkeri
- Department of Chemistry , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune-411008 , India .
| | - Vered Padler-Karavani
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology , The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research , The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , 69978 , Israel .
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9
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Sheppard DJ, Cameron SA, Tyler PC, Schwörer R. Comparison of disaccharide donors for heparan sulfate synthesis: uronic acids vs. their pyranose equivalents. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4728-4733. [PMID: 32531013 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00671h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Late oxidation of hexose based building blocks or the use of uronic acid containing building blocks are two complementary strategies in the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, the latter simplifiying the later stages of the process. Here we report the synthesis and evaluation of various disaccharide donors-uronic acids and their pyranose equivalents-for the synthesis of heparan sulfate, using an established protective group strategy. Hexose based "imidate" type donors perform well in the studied glycosylations, while their corresponding uronate esters fall short; a uronate ester thioglycoside performs equal to, if not better than, a hexose thioglycoside equivalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Sheppard
- The Ferrier Research Institute - Te Kāuru, Te Herenga Waka - Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
| | - Scott A Cameron
- The Ferrier Research Institute - Te Kāuru, Te Herenga Waka - Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
| | - Peter C Tyler
- The Ferrier Research Institute - Te Kāuru, Te Herenga Waka - Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
| | - Ralf Schwörer
- The Ferrier Research Institute - Te Kāuru, Te Herenga Waka - Victoria University of Wellington, 69 Gracefield Road, Gracefield, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand.
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10
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Alibay I, Bryce RA. Ring Puckering Landscapes of Glycosaminoglycan-Related Monosaccharides from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:4729-4741. [PMID: 31609614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The conformational flexibility of the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is known to be key in their binding and biological function, for example in regulating coagulation and cell growth. In this work, we employ enhanced sampling molecular dynamics simulations to probe the ring conformations of GAG-related monosaccharides, including a range of acetylated and sulfated GAG residues. We first perform unbiased MD simulations of glucose anomers and the epimers glucuronate and iduronate. These calculations indicate that in some cases, an excess of 15 μs is required for adequate sampling of ring pucker due to the high energy barriers between states. However, by applying our recently developed msesMD simulation method (multidimensional swarm-enhanced sampling molecular dynamics), we were able to quantitatively and rapidly reproduce these ring pucker landscapes. From msesMD simulations, the puckering free energy profiles were then compared for 15 further monosaccharides related to GAGs; this includes to our knowledge the first simulation study of sulfation effects on β-GalNAc ring puckering. For the force field employed, we find that in general the calculated pucker free energy profiles for sulfated sugars were similar to the corresponding unsulfated profiles. This accords with recent experimental studies suggesting that variation in ring pucker of sulfated GAG residues is primarily dictated by interactions with surrounding residues rather than by intrinsic conformational preference. As an exception to this, however, we predict that 4-O-sulfation of β-GalNAc leads to reduced ring rigidity, with a significant lowering in energy of the 1C4 ring conformation; this observation may have implications for understanding the structural basis of the biological function of β-GalNAc-containing glycosaminoglycans such as dermatan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Alibay
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PT , U.K.,Structural Bioinformatics and Computational Biochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry , University of Oxford , South Parks Road , Oxford OX1 3QU , U.K
| | - Richard A Bryce
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences , University of Manchester , Oxford Road , Manchester M13 9PT , U.K
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11
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Valverde P, Ardá A, Reichardt NC, Jiménez-Barbero J, Gimeno A. Glycans in drug discovery. MEDCHEMCOMM 2019; 10:1678-1691. [PMID: 31814952 PMCID: PMC6839814 DOI: 10.1039/c9md00292h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glycans are key players in many biological processes. They are essential for protein folding and stability and act as recognition elements in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Thus, being at the heart of medically relevant biological processes, glycans have come onto the scene and are considered hot spots for biomedical intervention. The progress in biophysical techniques allowing access to an increasing molecular and structural understanding of these processes has led to the development of effective therapeutics. Indeed, strategies aimed at designing glycomimetics able to block specific lectin-carbohydrate interactions, carbohydrate-based vaccines mimicking self- and non-self-antigens as well as the exploitation of the therapeutic potential of glycosylated antibodies are being pursued. In this mini-review the most prominent contributions concerning recurrent diseases are highlighted, including bacterial and viral infections, cancer or immune-related pathologies, which certainly show the great promise of carbohydrates in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Valverde
- CIC bioGUNE , Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800 , 48162 Derio , Bizkaia , Spain .
| | - Ana Ardá
- CIC bioGUNE , Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800 , 48162 Derio , Bizkaia , Spain .
| | | | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE , Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800 , 48162 Derio , Bizkaia , Spain .
- Ikerbasque , Basque Foundation for Science , 48013 Bilbao , Bizkaia , Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry II , University of the Basque Country , UPV/EHU , 48940 Leioa , Bizkaia , Spain
| | - Ana Gimeno
- CIC bioGUNE , Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 800 , 48162 Derio , Bizkaia , Spain .
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12
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Caputo HE, Straub JE, Grinstaff MW. Design, synthesis, and biomedical applications of synthetic sulphated polysaccharides. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2338-2365. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00593h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the synthetic methods to sulphated polysaccharides, describes their compositional and structural diversity in regards to activity, and showcases their biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Chemistry
- Boston University
- Boston
- USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
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13
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Demeter F, Gyöngyösi T, Bereczky Z, Kövér KE, Herczeg M, Borbás A. Replacement of the L-iduronic acid unit of the anticoagulant pentasaccharide idraparinux by a 6-deoxy-L-talopyranose - Synthesis and conformational analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13736. [PMID: 30213971 PMCID: PMC6137110 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31854-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One critical part of the synthesis of heparinoid anticoagulants is the creation of the L-iduronic acid building block featured with unique conformational plasticity which is crucial for the anticoagulant activity. Herein, we studied whether a much more easily synthesizable sugar, the 6-deoxy-L-talose, built in a heparinoid oligosaccharide, could show a similar conformational plasticity, thereby can be a potential substituent of the L-idose. Three pentasaccharides related to the synthetic anticoagulant pentasaccharide idraparinux were prepared, in which the L-iduronate was replaced by a 6-deoxy-L-talopyranoside unit. The talo-configured building block was formed by C4 epimerisation of the commercially available L-rhamnose with high efficacy at both the monosaccharide and the disaccharide level. The detailed conformational analysis of these new derivatives, differing only in their methylation pattern, was performed and the conformationally relevant NMR parameters, such as proton-proton coupling constants and interproton distances were compared to the corresponding ones measured in idraparinux. The lack of anticoagulant activity of these novel heparin analogues could be explained by the biologically not favorable 1C4 chair conformation of their 6-deoxy-L-talopyranoside residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fruzsina Demeter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Tamás Gyöngyösi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, Debrecen, 4002, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bereczky
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 98 Nagyerdei krt., Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Katalin E Kövér
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 400, Debrecen, 4002, Hungary.
| | - Mihály Herczeg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
| | - Anikó Borbás
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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14
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Dey S, Wong CH. Programmable one-pot synthesis of heparin pentasaccharides enabling access to regiodefined sulfate derivatives. Chem Sci 2018; 9:6685-6691. [PMID: 30310602 PMCID: PMC6115620 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01743c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin (H) and heparan sulfate (HS) belong to the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) family of oligosaccharides, and their sequences and sulfation patterns are known to regulate the functions of various proteins in biological processes. Among these, the 6-O-sulfation of HS/H contributes most significantly to the structural diversity and binding interactions. However, the synthesis of HS with defined sulfation patterns remains a major challenge. Herein, we report a highly efficient and programmable one-pot method for the synthesis of protected heparin pentasaccharides using thioglycoside building blocks with optimized relative reactivities to allow the selective deprotection and preparation of regiodefined sulfate derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Dey
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla 92037 , USA
| | - Chi-Huey Wong
- Department of Chemistry , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 N Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla 92037 , USA
- The Genomics Research Center , Academia Sinica , No. 128, Academia Road, Section 2 , Taipei , Taiwan .
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15
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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16
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Herczeg M, Demeter F, Balogh T, Kelemen V, Borbás A. Rapid Synthesis of l
-Idosyl Glycosyl Donors from α-Thioglucosides for the Preparation of Heparin Disaccharides. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihály Herczeg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Debrecen; Egyetem tér 1 H-4032 Debrecen Hungary
| | - Fruzsina Demeter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Debrecen; Egyetem tér 1 H-4032 Debrecen Hungary
| | - Tímea Balogh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Debrecen; Egyetem tér 1 H-4032 Debrecen Hungary
| | - Viktor Kelemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Debrecen; Egyetem tér 1 H-4032 Debrecen Hungary
| | - Anikó Borbás
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Debrecen; Egyetem tér 1 H-4032 Debrecen Hungary
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17
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Synthetic heparin and heparan sulfate: probes in defining biological functions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 40:152-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Sheerin K, Guazzelli L, Oscarson S. Large scale synthesis and regioselective protection schemes of ethyl 2-azido-2-deoxy-1-thio-α-d-cellobioside for preparation of heparin thiodisaccharide building blocks. Carbohydr Res 2017; 440-441:16-31. [PMID: 28167367 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline acetylated ethyl 2-azido-2-deoxy-1-thio-α-d-cellobioside has been prepared on a multigram scale from cellobiose in an overall yield of 23% with no chromatography required and converted after deacetylation into the 4',6'-O-benzylidene and 4',6'-O-benzylidene-6-O-TBDMS protected derivatives. Applying a number of regioselective benzylation methods on these gave access to a variety of regioselectively protected derivatives, both mono-ols (2'- and 3-OH), diols (2',6-, 2',3-, and 3,6-di-OH), and triols (2',3,6- and 2',3',3-tri-OH). A number of these derivatives were further processed by benzoylation followed by removal or opening of the benzylidene acetal and selective oxidation of the exposed primary alcohol to give heparin building block intermediates comprising a range of possible sulfation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Sheerin
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Lorenzo Guazzelli
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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19
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Mulloy B, Hogwood J, Gray E, Lever R, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:76-141. [PMID: 26672027 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been recognized as a valuable anticoagulant and antithrombotic for several decades and is still widely used in clinical practice for a variety of indications. The anticoagulant activity of heparin is mainly attributable to the action of a specific pentasaccharide sequence that acts in concert with antithrombin, a plasma coagulation factor inhibitor. This observation has led to the development of synthetic heparin mimetics for clinical use. However, it is increasingly recognized that heparin has many other pharmacological properties, including but not limited to antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antimetastatic actions. Many of these activities are independent of its anticoagulant activity, although the mechanisms of these other activities are currently less well defined. Nonetheless, heparin is being exploited for clinical uses beyond anticoagulation and developed for a wide range of clinical disorders. This article provides a "state of the art" review of our current understanding of the pharmacology of heparin and related drugs and an overview of the status of development of such drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebecca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.); and University College London School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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20
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Mende M, Bednarek C, Wawryszyn M, Sauter P, Biskup MB, Schepers U, Bräse S. Chemical Synthesis of Glycosaminoglycans. Chem Rev 2016; 116:8193-255. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mende
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christin Bednarek
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirella Wawryszyn
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Paul Sauter
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Moritz B. Biskup
- Division
2—Informatics, Economics and Society, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute
of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute
of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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21
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Chandarajoti K, Liu J, Pawlinski R. The design and synthesis of new synthetic low-molecular-weight heparins. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:1135-45. [PMID: 26990516 PMCID: PMC4907857 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) has remained the most favorable form of heparin in clinics since the 1990s owing to its predictable pharmacokinetic properties. However, LMWH is mainly eliminated through the kidney, which limits its use in renal-impaired patients. In addition, the anticoagulant activity of LMWH is only partially neutralized by protamine. LMWH is obtained from a full-length, highly sulfated polysaccharide harvested from porcine mucosal tissue. The depolymerization involved in LMWH production generates a broad distribution of LMWH fragments (6-22 sugar residues). This, combined with the various methods used to produce commercial LMWHs, results in variable pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties. An alternative chemoenzymatic approach offers a method for the synthesis of LMWH that has the potential to overcome the limitations of current LMWHs. This review summarizes the application of a chemoenzymatic approach to generate LMWH and the rationale for development of a synthetic LMWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Chandarajoti
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - J Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R Pawlinski
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, McAllister Heart Institute, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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22
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Xu P, Laval S, Guo Z, Yu B. Microwave-assisted simultaneous O,N-sulfonation in the synthesis of heparin-like oligosaccharides. Org Chem Front 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5qo00320b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous O,N-sulfonation of heparin-like saccharides was achieved in short reaction times and excellent yields (>90%) under microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Stephane Laval
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Zheng Guo
- School of Physical Science and Technology
- ShanghaiTech University
- Shanghai 201210
- China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
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23
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Bai S, Wu Z, Huang Q, Zhang L, Chen P, Wang C, Zhang X, Wang P, Li M. Efforts to total synthesis of philinopside E: convergent synthesis of the sulfated lanostane-type tetraglycoside. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25845f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of total synthesis of philinopside E, herein we describe convergent synthesis of a triterpene glcoside composed of the sulfated tetrasaccharide residue identical to that of philinopside E and the algycone of lanost-7-en-3β-ol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujin Bai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Zhiyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Qingyun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Pengwei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Medicine
- Chinese Ministry of Education
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy
- Ocean University of China
- Qingdao
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24
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Dulaney S, Xu Y, Wang P, Tiruchinapally G, Wang Z, Kathawa J, El-Dakdouki MH, Yang B, Liu J, Huang X. Divergent Synthesis of Heparan Sulfate Oligosaccharides. J Org Chem 2015; 80:12265-79. [PMID: 26574650 PMCID: PMC4685427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfates are implicated in a wide range of biological processes. A major challenge in deciphering their structure and activity relationship is the synthetic difficulties to access diverse heparan sulfate oligosaccharides with well-defined sulfation patterns. In order to expedite the synthesis, a divergent synthetic strategy was developed. By integrating chemical synthesis and two types of O-sulfo transferases, seven different hexasaccharides were obtained from a single hexasaccharide precursor. This approach combined the flexibility of chemical synthesis with the selectivity of enzyme-catalyzed sulfations, thus simplifying the overall synthetic operations. In an attempt to establish structure activity relationships of heparan sulfate binding with its receptor, the synthesized oligosaccharides were incorporated onto a glycan microarray, and their bindings with a growth factor FGF-2 were examined. The unique combination of chemical and enzymatic approaches expanded the capability of oligosaccharide synthesis. In addition, the well-defined heparan sulfate structures helped shine light on the fine substrate specificities of biosynthetic enzymes and confirm the potential sequence of enzymatic reactions in biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven
B. Dulaney
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Gopinath Tiruchinapally
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jolian Kathawa
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Mohammad H. El-Dakdouki
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box 11-5020, Riad El Solh 11072809, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bo Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, UNC Eshelman School of
Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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25
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Mohamed S, Ferro V. Synthetic Approaches to L-Iduronic Acid and L-Idose: Key Building Blocks for the Preparation of Glycosaminoglycan Oligosaccharides. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2015; 72:21-61. [PMID: 26613814 DOI: 10.1016/bs.accb.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
L-Iduronic acid (IdoA) is an important monosaccharide component of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparin, heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. GAGs are complex, highly sulfated polysaccharides that mediate a multitude of physiological and pathological processes via their interactions with a range of diverse proteins. The main challenge in the synthesis of GAG oligosaccharides is the efficient gram-scale preparation of IdoA building blocks since neither IdoA nor L-idose is commercially available or readily accessible from natural sources. In this review, the different synthetic approaches for the preparation of IdoA and its derivatives, including L-idose, are presented and discussed. Derivatives of the latter are often used in GAG synthesis and are elaborated to IdoA via selective oxidation at C-6 after incorporation into a GAG chain. Particular focus will be given to the preparation of IdoA synthons most commonly used for GAG oligosaccharide synthesis, and on the progress made since the last systematic review in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifaza Mohamed
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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26
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Miller GJ, Broberg KR, Rudd C, Helliwell MR, Jayson GC, Gardiner JM. A latent reactive handle for functionalising heparin-like and LMWH deca- and dodecasaccharides. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:11208-19. [PMID: 26381107 PMCID: PMC4672752 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01706h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Disaccharide units containing a latent aldehyde surrogate at O4 provide late-stage access to terminal aldehyde LMWH and HS deca and dodecasaccharides.
d-Glucosamine derivatives bearing latent O4 functionality provide modified H/HS-type disaccharide donors for a final stage capping approach enabling introduction of conjugation-suitable, non-reducing terminal functionality to biologically important glycosaminoglycan oligosaccharides. Application to the synthesis of the first O4-terminus modified synthetic LMWH decasaccharide and an HS-like dodecasaccharide is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin J Miller
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, University of Manchester M1 7DN, UK.
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27
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Jayson GC, Hansen SU, Miller GJ, Cole CL, Rushton G, Avizienyte E, Gardiner JM. Synthetic heparan sulfate dodecasaccharides reveal single sulfation site interconverts CXCL8 and CXCL12 chemokine biology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:13846-9. [PMID: 26234943 PMCID: PMC4608306 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05222j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The multigram-scale synthesis of a sulfation-site programmed heparin-like dodecasaccharide is described. Evaluation alongside dodecasaccharides lacking this single glucosamine O6-sulfation, or having per-O6-sulfation, shows that site-specific modification of the terminal glucosamine dramatically interconverts regulation of in vitro and in vivo biology mediated by the two important chemokines, CXCL12 (SDF1α) or CXCL8 (IL-8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon C Jayson
- Christie Hospital, Institute of Cancer Studies, University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
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28
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Hansen SU, Miller GJ, Cliff MJ, Jayson GC, Gardiner JM. Making the longest sugars: a chemical synthesis of heparin-related [4] n oligosaccharides from 16-mer to 40-mer. Chem Sci 2015; 6:6158-6164. [PMID: 30090231 PMCID: PMC6054106 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc02091c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical synthesis of long oligosaccharides remains a major challenge. In particular, the synthesis of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) oligosaccharides belonging to the heparin and heparan sulfate (H/HS) family has been a high profile target, particularly with respect to the longer heparanome. Herein we describe a synthesis of the longest heparin-related oligosaccharide to date and concurrently provide an entry to the longest synthetic oligosaccharides of any type yet reported. Specifically, the iterative construction of a series of [4] n -mer heparin-backbone oligosaccharides ranging from 16-mer through to the 40-mer in length is described. This demonstrates for the first time the viability of generating long sequence heparanoids by chemical synthesis, via practical solution-phase synthesis. Pure-Shift HSQC NMR provides a dramatic improvement in anomeric signal resolution, allowing full resolution of all 12 anomeric protons and extrapolation to support anomeric integrity of the longer species. A chemically pure 6-O-desfulfated GlcNS-IdoAS icosasaccharide (20-mer) represents the longest pure synthetic heparin-like oligosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steen U Hansen
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , M1 7DN , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4530
| | - Gavin J Miller
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , M1 7DN , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4530
| | - Matthew J Cliff
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Faculty of Life Sciences , The University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , Manchester M1 7DN , UK
| | - Gordon C Jayson
- Institute or Cancer Studies , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - John M Gardiner
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , 131 Princess Street , M1 7DN , UK . ; Tel: +44 (0)161 306 4530
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29
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Li J, Dai Y, Li W, Laval S, Xu P, Yu B. Effective Synthesis of α-d-GlcN-(1→4)-d-GlcA/l-IdoA Glycosidic Linkage under Gold(I) Catalysis. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiakun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
- Department of Chemistry; University of Science and Technology of China; 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yuanwei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Stéphane Laval
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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30
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikael Bols
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Modular synthesis of heparin-related tetra-, hexa- and octasaccharides with differential o-6 protections: programming for regiodefined 6-o-modifications. Molecules 2015; 20:6167-6180. [PMID: 25859776 PMCID: PMC4421873 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulphate (H/HS) are important members of the glycosaminoglycan family of sugars that regulate a substantial number of biological processes. Such biological promiscuity is underpinned by hetereogeneity in their molecular structure. The degree of O-sulfation, particularly at the 6-position of constituent D-GlcN units, is believed to play a role in modulating the effects of such sequences. Synthetic chemistry is essential to be able to extend the diversity of HS-like fragments with defined molecular structure, and particularly to deconvolute the biological significance of modifications at O6. Here we report a synthetic approach to a small matrix of protected heparin-type oligosaccharides, containing orthogonal D-GlcN O-6 protecting groups at programmed positions along the chain, facilitating access towards programmed modifications at specific sites, relevant to sulfation or future mimetics.
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32
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Hansen SU, Dalton CE, Baráth M, Kwan G, Raftery J, Jayson GC, Miller GJ, Gardiner JM. Synthesis of l-Iduronic Acid Derivatives via [3.2.1] and [2.2.2] l-Iduronic Lactones from Bulk Glucose-Derived Cyanohydrin Hydrolysis: A Reversible Conformationally Switched Superdisarmed/Rearmed Lactone Route to Heparin Disaccharides. J Org Chem 2015; 80:3777-89. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502776f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steen U. Hansen
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and the School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Charlotte E. Dalton
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and the School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Marek Baráth
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and the School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Glenn Kwan
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and the School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - James Raftery
- The
School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Gordon C. Jayson
- Institute
of Cancer Sciences, Christie Hospital and University of Manchester, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 4BX, U.K
| | - Gavin J. Miller
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and the School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
- The
School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - John M. Gardiner
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology and the School of Chemistry, 131 Princess Street, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
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33
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Sawant RC, Liao YJ, Lin YJ, Badsara SS, Luo SY. Formal synthesis of a disaccharide repeating unit (IdoA–GlcN) of heparin and heparan sulfate. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra17050d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A concise route to access the key disaccharide repeating unit (IdoA–GlcN) of heparan sulfate is described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying-Ju Liao
- Department of Chemistry
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402
- Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jyun Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402
- Taiwan
| | | | - Shun-Yuan Luo
- Department of Chemistry
- National Chung Hsing University
- Taichung 402
- Taiwan
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34
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Abstract
Angiogenesis has emerged as a novel target for anti-cancer therapies through randomized clinical trials that tested the benefit of adding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors to conventional cytotoxic therapies. However, despite improvements in the progression-free survival, the benefit in overall survival is modest. Tumour angiogenesis is regulated by a number of angiogenic cytokines. Thus innate or acquired resistance to VEGF inhibitors can be caused, at least in part, through expression of other angiogenic cytokines, including fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), interleukin 8 (IL-8) and stromal-cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α), which make tumours insensitive to VEGF signalling pathway inhibition. The majority of angiogenic cytokines, including VEGF-A, FGF2, IL-8 and SDF-1α, manifest an obligate dependence on heparan sulfate (HS) for their biological activity. This mandatory requirement of angiogenic cytokines for HS identifies HS as a potential target for novel anti-angiogenic therapy. Targeting multiple angiogenic cytokines with HS mimetics may represent an opportunity to inhibit tumour angiogenesis more efficiently. Our published studies and unpublished work have demonstrated the feasibility of generating synthetic HS fragments of defined structure with biological activity against a number of angiogenic cytokines.
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35
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Synthesis of a heparin-related GlcN-IdoA sulfation-site variable disaccharide library and analysis by Raman and ROA spectroscopy. Carbohydr Res 2014; 400:44-53. [PMID: 25457609 PMCID: PMC4245711 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of an array of differentially sulfated GlcN-IdoA disaccharides, accessible on good scale, directly from l-iduronate components is described. These are specifically directed to provide the sulfation variability at the key most common biologically relevant sulfation-variable l-IdoA O-2 and d-GlcN O-6 and amino sites of this heparin disaccharide. This sulfation-varied matrix has allowed the first evaluation of using Raman/ROA spectroscopy to characterize changes in spectra as a function of both site and level of sulfation with pure, defined heparin-related disaccharide species. This provides analysis of both similarities and differences to digest native heparin and this shows evidence of different types of changes in conformations and conformational freedom as a function of some specific sulfation changes at the disaccharide level. It is anticipated that this data set will open the way for applications to further site-specific sulfated saccharides and demonstrates the capability offered by Raman-ROA towards fingerprinting sulfation in heparin fragments.
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36
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Mohamed S, Bernhardt PV, Ferro V. Attempted Synthesis of the Imidazylate of an α-Hydroxylactone Results in Unexpected Chlorination: Synthesis and X-Ray Crystal Structure of 5-Chloro-5-deoxy-1,2-O-isopropylidene-β-l-idurono-6,3-lactone. J Carbohydr Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2014.907908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shifaza Mohamed
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul V. Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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37
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Cole CL, Rushton G, Jayson GC, Avizienyte E. Ovarian cancer cell heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferases regulate an angiogenic program induced by heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor/EGF receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:10488-10501. [PMID: 24563483 PMCID: PMC4036170 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.534263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a component of cell surface and extracellular matrix proteoglycans that regulates numerous signaling pathways by binding and activating multiple growth factors and chemokines. The amount and pattern of HS sulfation are key determinants for the assembly of the trimolecular, HS-growth factor-receptor, signaling complex. Here we demonstrate that HS 6-O-sulfotransferases 1 and 2 (HS6ST-1 and HS6ST-2), which perform sulfation at 6-O position in glucosamine in HS, impact ovarian cancer angiogenesis through the HS-dependent HB-EGF/EGFR axis that subsequently modulates the expression of multiple angiogenic cytokines. Down-regulation of HS6ST-1 or HS6ST-2 in human ovarian cancer cell lines results in 30-50% reduction in glucosamine 6-O-sulfate levels in HS, impairing HB-EGF-dependent EGFR signaling and diminishing FGF2, IL-6, and IL-8 mRNA and protein levels in cancer cells. These cancer cell-related changes reduce endothelial cell signaling and tubule formation in vitro. In vivo, the development of subcutaneous tumor nodules with reduced 6-O-sulfation is significantly delayed at the initial stages of tumor establishment with further reduction in angiogenesis occurring throughout tumor growth. Our results show that in addition to the critical role that 6-O-sulfate moieties play in angiogenic cytokine activation, HS 6-O-sulfation level, determined by the expression of HS6ST isoforms in ovarian cancer cells, is a major regulator of angiogenic program in ovarian cancer cells impacting HB-EGF signaling and subsequent expression of angiogenic cytokines by cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Cole
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Rushton
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon C Jayson
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Egle Avizienyte
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom.
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38
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Xu P, Xu W, Dai Y, Yang Y, Yu B. Efficient synthesis of a library of heparin tri- and tetrasaccharides relevant to the substrate of heparanase. Org Chem Front 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4qo00039k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A robust glycosylation protocol was fixed to construct the GlcN–(1α→4)-GlcA/IdoA linkagesen routeto heparin oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Weichang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanwei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
| | - You Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Biao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032, China
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39
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Tetrasaccharide iteration synthesis of a heparin-like dodecasaccharide and radiolabelling for in vivo tissue distribution studies. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2016. [PMID: 23828390 PMCID: PMC3715853 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin-like oligosaccharides mediate numerous important biological interactions, of which many are implicated in various diseases. Synthetic improvements are central to the development of such oligosaccharides as therapeutics and, in addition, there are no methods to elucidate the pharmacokinetics of structurally defined heparin-like oligosaccharides. Here we report an efficient two-cycle [4+4+4] tetrasaccharide-iteration-based approach for rapid chemical synthesis of a structurally defined heparin-related dodecasaccharide, combined with the incorporation of a latent aldehyde tag, unmasked in the final step of chemical synthesis, providing a generic end group for labelling/conjugation. We exploit this latent aldehyde tag for 3H radiolabelling to provide the first example of this kind of agent for monitoring in vivo tissue distribution and in vivo stability of a biologically active, structurally defined heparin related dodecasaccharide. Such studies are critical for the development of related saccharide therapeutics, and the data here establish that a biologically active, synthetic, heparin-like dodecasaccharide provides good organ distribution, and serum lifetimes relevant to developing future oligosaccharide therapeutics. Heparin-like oligosaccharides are implicated in various diseases. Hansen et al. report an efficient two-cycle [4+4+4] tetrasaccharide-iteration-based approach to synthesize a structurally defined heparin dodecasaccharide with a latent aldehyde tag for labelling and conjugation.
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40
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Zulueta MML, Lin SY, Hu YP, Hung SC. Synthetic heparin and heparan sulfate oligosaccharides and their protein interactions. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:1023-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Miller GJ, Hansen SU, Avizienyte E, Rushton G, Cole C, Jayson GC, Gardiner JM. Efficient chemical synthesis of heparin-like octa-, deca- and dodecasaccharides and inhibition of FGF2- and VEGF165-mediated endothelial cell functions. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc51217g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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