1
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Wang Y, Dana S, Long H, Xu Y, Li Y, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11269-11335. [PMID: 37751573 PMCID: PMC10571048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) constitutes a powerful strategy for the assembly or diversification of novel molecular entities with improved physicochemical or biological activities. LSF can thus greatly accelerate the development of medicinally relevant compounds, crop protecting agents, and functional materials. Electrochemical molecular synthesis has emerged as an environmentally friendly platform for the transformation of organic compounds. Over the past decade, electrochemical late-stage functionalization (eLSF) has gained major momentum, which is summarized herein up to February 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yang Xu
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yanjun Li
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische
und Biomolekulare Chemie and Wöhler Research Institute for
Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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2
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Chang Z, Wang S, Huang J, Chen G, Tang Z, Wang R, Zhao D. Copper catalyzed Shono-type oxidation of proline residues in peptide. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj3090. [PMID: 37703373 PMCID: PMC10881060 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj3090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the initial report in 1975, the Shono oxidation has become a powerful tool to functionalize the α position of amines, including proline derivatives, by electrochemical oxidation. However, the application of electrochemical Shono oxidations is restricted to the preparation of simple building blocks and homogeneous Shono-type oxidation of proline derivatives remains challenging. The late-stage functionalization at proline residues embedded within peptides is highly important as substitutions about the proline ring are known to affect biological and pharmacological activities. Here, we show that homogenous copper-catalyzed oxidation conditions complement the Shono oxidation and this general protocol can be applied to a series of formal C-C coupling reactions with a variety of nucleophiles using a one-pot procedure. This protocol shows good tolerance toward 19 proteinogenic amino acids and was used to functionalize several representative bioactive peptides, including captopril, enalapril, Smac, and endomorphin-2. Last, peptide cyclization can also be achieved by using an appropriately positioned side-chain hydroxyl moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Geshuyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhanyong Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Depeng Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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3
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Pokhrel T, B K B, Giri R, Adhikari A, Ahmed N. C-H Bond Functionalization under Electrochemical Flow Conditions. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100338. [PMID: 35315954 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical C-H functionalization is a rapidly growing area of interest in organic synthesis. To achieve maximum atom economy, the flow electrolysis process is more sustainable. This allows shorter reaction times, safer working environments, and better selectivities. Using this technology, the problem of overoxidation can be reduced and less emergence of side products or no side products are possible. Flow electro-reactors provide high surface-to-volume ratios and contain electrodes that are closely spaced where the diffusion layers overlap to give the desired product, electrochemical processes can now be managed without the need for a deliberately added supporting electrolyte. Considering the importance of flow electrochemical C-H functionalization, a comprehensive review is presented. Herein, we summarize flow electrolysis for the construction of C-C and C-X (X=O, N, S, and I) bonds formation. Also, benzylic oxidation and access to biologically active molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamlal Pokhrel
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 44618, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bijaya B K
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 44618, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ramesh Giri
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 44618, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Achyut Adhikari
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, 44618, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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4
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Novaes LFT, Ho JSK, Mao K, Liu K, Tanwar M, Neurock M, Villemure E, Terrett JA, Lin S. Exploring Electrochemical C(sp 3)-H Oxidation for the Late-Stage Methylation of Complex Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1187-1197. [PMID: 35015533 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The "magic methyl" effect, a dramatic boost in the potency of biologically active compounds from the incorporation of a single methyl group, provides a simple yet powerful strategy employed by medicinal chemists in the drug discovery process. Despite significant advances, methodologies that enable the selective C(sp3)-H methylation of structurally complex medicinal agents remain very limited. In this work, we disclose a modular, efficient, and selective strategy for the α-methylation of protected amines (i.e., amides, carbamates, and sulfonamides) by means of electrochemical oxidation. Mechanistic analysis guided our development of an improved electrochemical protocol on the basis of the classic Shono oxidation reaction, which features broad reaction scope, high functional group compatibility, and operational simplicity. Importantly, this reaction system is amenable to the late-stage functionalization of complex targets containing basic nitrogen groups that are prevalent in medicinally active agents. When combined with organozinc-mediated C-C bond formation, our protocol enabled the direct methylation of a myriad of amine derivatives including those that have previously been explored for the "magic methyl" effect. This synthesis strategy thus circumvents multistep de novo synthesis that is currently necessary to access such compounds and has the potential to accelerate drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F T Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Justin S K Ho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Kaining Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Kaida Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Mayank Tanwar
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Matthew Neurock
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Elisia Villemure
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jack A Terrett
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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5
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Munda M, Niyogi S, Shaw K, Kundu S, Nandi R, Bisai A. Electrocatalysis as a key strategy for the total synthesis of natural products. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:727-748. [PMID: 34989383 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02115j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical strategies have been a powerful approach for the synthesis of valuable intermediates, in particular heterocyclic motifs. Because of the mild nature, a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections have been achieved via in situ-generated radical intermediates in a highly efficient manner. In particular, anodic electrochemical oxidative strategies have been utilized for the total synthesis of many structurally intriguing natural products. In this review article, we have discussed a number of total syntheses of structurally intriguing alkaloids and terpenoids in which electrochemical processes play an important role as a key methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mintu Munda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal - 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sovan Niyogi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia-741246, West Bengal, India.
| | - Kundan Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal - 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sourav Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal - 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Rhituparna Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal - 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Alakesh Bisai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhauri, Bhopal - 462 066, Madhya Pradesh, India.,Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia-741246, West Bengal, India.
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6
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Wan L, Jiang M, Cheng D, Liu M, Chen F. Continuous flow technology-a tool for safer oxidation chemistry. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00520k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The advantages and benefits of continuous flow technology for oxidation chemistry have been illustrated in tube reactors, micro-channel reactors, tube-in-tube reactors and micro-packed bed reactors in the presence of various oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wan
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Meifen Jiang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dang Cheng
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Minjie Liu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fener Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, China
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7
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Wills AG, Charvet S, Battilocchio C, Scarborough CC, Wheelhouse KMP, Poole DL, Carson N, Vantourout JC. High-Throughput Electrochemistry: State of the Art, Challenges, and Perspective. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfie G. Wills
- Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Charvet
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bâtiment LEDERER, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Claudio Battilocchio
- Research Chemistry, Syngenta Crop Protection, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | | | - Katherine M. P. Wheelhouse
- Chemical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Darren L. Poole
- Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Nessa Carson
- Syngenta Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Julien C. Vantourout
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246, Bâtiment LEDERER, 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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8
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Gao J, Weng X, Ma C, Xu X, Fang P, Mei T. Electrochemical 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl (TEMPO)-Mediated α-Cyanation and Phosphonylation of Cyclic Amines with Metal-Free Conditions. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202103049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Neyt NC, Riley DL. Application of reactor engineering concepts in continuous flow chemistry: a review. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The adoption of flow technology for the manufacture of chemical entities, and in particular pharmaceuticals, has seen rapid growth over the past two decades with the technology now blurring the lines between chemistry and chemical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. Neyt
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- South Africa
| | - Darren L. Riley
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Pretoria
- South Africa
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10
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Jones AM. Dialling-In New Reactivity into the Shono-Type Anodic Oxidation Reaction. CHEM REC 2020; 21:2120-2129. [PMID: 33146948 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This Personal Account describes the author's groups' research in the field of electrosynthetic anodic oxidation, beginning with initial trial and error attempts with the Shono oxidation. Early setbacks with complex rotameric amide mixtures, provided the ideal environment for the discovery of the Oxa-Shono reaction-Osp 2 -Csp 3 bond cleavage of esters-providing two useful products in one-step: aldehyde selective oxidation level products and a mild de-esterification method to afford carboxylic acids in the process. The development of the Oxa-Shono reaction provided the impetus for the discovery of other electrically propelled-Nsp 2 -Csp 2 and Nsp 2 -Csp 3 -bond breaking reactions in bioactive amide and sulfonamide systems. Understanding the voltammetric behaviour of the molecule under study, switching between controlled current- or controlled potential- electrolysis, and restricting electron flow (the reagent), affords exquisite control over the reaction outcomes in batch and flow. Importantly, this bio-inspired advance in electrosynthetic dealkylation chemistry mimics the metabolic outcomes observed in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Jones
- School of Pharmacy, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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11
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Flow chemistry as a tool to access novel chemical space for drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:1547-1563. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2020-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective scrutinizes flow chemistry as a useful tool for medicinal chemists to expand the current chemical capabilities in drug discovery. This technology has demonstrated his value not only for the traditional reactions used in Pharma for the last 20 years, but also for bringing back to the lab underused chemistries to access novel chemical space. The combination with other technologies, such as photochemistry and electrochemistry, is opening new avenues for reactivity that will smoothen the access to complex molecules. The introduction of all these technologies in automated platforms will improve the productivity of medicinal chemistry labs reducing the cycle times to get novel and differentiated bioactive molecules, accelerating discovery cycle times.
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12
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Opatz T, Geske L, Sato E. Anodic Oxidation as an Enabling Tool for the Synthesis of Natural Products. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemistry provides a valuable toolbox for organic synthesis and offers an appealing, environmentally benign alternative to the use of stoichiometric quantities of chemical oxidants or reductants. Its potential to control current efficiency along with providing alternative reaction conditions in a classical sense makes electrochemistry a suitable method for large-scale industrial transformations as well as for laboratory applications in the synthesis of complex molecular architectures. Even though research in this field has intensified over the recent decades, many synthetic chemists still hesitate to add electroorganic reactions to their standard repertoire, and hence, the full potential of preparative organic electrochemistry has not yet been unleashed. This short review highlights the versatility of anodic transformations by summarizing their application in natural product synthesis.1 Introduction2 Shono-Type Oxidation3 C–N/N–N Bond Formation4 Aryl–Alkene/Aryl–Aryl Coupling5 Cycloadditions Triggered by Oxidation of Electron-Rich Arenes6 Spirocycles7 Miscellaneous Transformations8 Future Prospects
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Opatz
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität
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13
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Flow Chemistry in Contemporary Chemical Sciences: A Real Variety of Its Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061434. [PMID: 32245225 PMCID: PMC7146634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow chemistry is an area of contemporary chemistry exploiting the hydrodynamic conditions of flowing liquids to provide particular environments for chemical reactions. These particular conditions of enhanced and strictly regulated transport of reagents, improved interface contacts, intensification of heat transfer, and safe operation with hazardous chemicals can be utilized in chemical synthesis, both for mechanization and automation of analytical procedures, and for the investigation of the kinetics of ultrafast reactions. Such methods are developed for more than half a century. In the field of chemical synthesis, they are used mostly in pharmaceutical chemistry for efficient syntheses of small amounts of active substances. In analytical chemistry, flow measuring systems are designed for environmental applications and industrial monitoring, as well as medical and pharmaceutical analysis, providing essential enhancement of the yield of analyses and precision of analytical determinations. The main concept of this review is to show the overlapping of development trends in the design of instrumentation and various ways of the utilization of specificity of chemical operations under flow conditions, especially for synthetic and analytical purposes, with a simultaneous presentation of the still rather limited correspondence between these two main areas of flow chemistry.
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14
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Calcaterra A, Mangiardi L, Delle Monache G, Quaglio D, Balducci S, Berardozzi S, Iazzetti A, Franzini R, Botta B, Ghirga F. The Pictet-Spengler Reaction Updates Its Habits. Molecules 2020; 25:E414. [PMID: 31963860 PMCID: PMC7024544 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pictet-Spengler reaction (P-S) is one of the most direct, efficient, and variable synthetic method for the construction of privileged pharmacophores such as tetrahydro-isoquinolines (THIQs), tetrahydro-β-carbolines (THBCs), and polyheterocyclic frameworks. In the lustro (five-year period) following its centenary birthday, the P-S reaction did not exit the stage but it came up again on limelight with new features. This review focuses on the interesting results achieved in this period (2011-2015), analyzing the versatility of this reaction. Classic P-S was reported in the total synthesis of complex alkaloids, in combination with chiral catalysts as well as for the generation of libraries of compounds in medicinal chemistry. The P-S has been used also in tandem reactions, with the sequences including ring closing metathesis, isomerization, Michael addition, and Gold- or Brønsted acid-catalyzed N-acyliminium cyclization. Moreover, the combination of P-S reaction with Ugi multicomponent reaction has been exploited for the construction of highly complex polycyclic architectures in few steps and high yields. The P-S reaction has also been successfully employed in solid-phase synthesis, affording products with different structures, including peptidomimetics, synthetic heterocycles, and natural compounds. Finally, the enzymatic version of P-S has been reported for biosynthesis, biotransformations, and bioconjugations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Calcaterra
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Laura Mangiardi
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuliano Delle Monache
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Deborah Quaglio
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Silvia Balducci
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Simone Berardozzi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH-Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Iazzetti
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Roberta Franzini
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Bruno Botta
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, “Department of Excellence 2018−2022”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.D.M.); (D.Q.); (S.B.); (A.I.); (R.F.); (B.B.)
| | - Francesca Ghirga
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy;
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15
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Collin DE, Folgueiras‐Amador AA, Pletcher D, Light ME, Linclau B, Brown RCD. Cubane Electrochemistry: Direct Conversion of Cubane Carboxylic Acids to Alkoxy Cubanes Using the Hofer-Moest Reaction under Flow Conditions. Chemistry 2020; 26:374-378. [PMID: 31593312 PMCID: PMC6973092 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The highly strained cubane system is of great interest as a scaffold and rigid linker in both pharmaceutical and materials chemistry. The first electrochemical functionalisation of cubane by oxidative decarboxylative ether formation (Hofer-Moest reaction) was demonstrated. The mild conditions are compatible with the presence of other oxidisable functional groups, and the use of flow electrochemical conditions allows straightforward upscaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego E. Collin
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield, SouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | | | - Derek Pletcher
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield, SouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Mark E. Light
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield, SouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Bruno Linclau
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield, SouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
| | - Richard C. D. Brown
- School of ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonHighfield, SouthamptonSO17 1BJUK
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16
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Direct electrochemical oxidation of alcohols with hydrogen evolution in continuous-flow reactor. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2796. [PMID: 31243290 PMCID: PMC6594969 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol oxidation reactions are widely used for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones. The electrolysis of alcohols to carbonyl compounds have been underutilized owing to low efficiency. Herein, we report an electrochemical oxidation of various alcohols in a continuous-flow reactor without external oxidants, base or mediators. The robust electrochemical oxidation is performed for a variety of alcohols with good functional group tolerance, high efficiency and atom economy, whereas mechanistic studies support the benzylic radical intermediate formation and hydrogen evolution. The electrochemical oxidation proves viable on diols with excellent levels of selectivity for the benzylic position.
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17
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Prince RJ, Gao F, Pazienza JE, Marx IE, Schulz J, Hopkins BT. Utilization of Cyclic Amides as Masked Aldehyde Equivalents in Reductive Amination Reactions. J Org Chem 2019; 84:7936-7949. [PMID: 31117567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An operationally simple protocol has been discovered that couples primary or secondary amines with N-aryl-substituted lactams to deliver differentiated diamines in moderate to high yields. The process allows for the partial reduction of a lactam in the presence of Cp2ZrHCl (Schwartz's reagent), followed by a reductive amination between the resulting hemiaminal and primary or secondary amine. These reactions can be telescoped in a one-pot fashion to significantly simplify the operation. The scope of amines and substituted lactams of various ring sizes was demonstrated through the formation of a range of differentiated diamine products. Furthermore, this methodology was expanded to include N-aryl pyrrolidinone substrates with an enantiopure ester group at the 5-position, and α-amino piperidinones were prepared with complete retention of stereochemical information. The development of this chemistry has enabled the consideration of lactams as useful synthons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin J Prince
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences , Biogen Inc. , 225 Binney Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02142 , United States
| | - Fang Gao
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences , Biogen Inc. , 225 Binney Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02142 , United States
| | - Jessica E Pazienza
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences , Biogen Inc. , 225 Binney Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02142 , United States
| | - Isaac E Marx
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences , Biogen Inc. , 225 Binney Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02142 , United States
| | - Jurgen Schulz
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences , Biogen Inc. , 225 Binney Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02142 , United States
| | - Brian T Hopkins
- Biotherapeutics and Medicinal Sciences , Biogen Inc. , 225 Binney Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02142 , United States
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18
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Sarkar S, Shmatova OI, Nenajdenko VG, Bhadra K. Trifluoromethylated carboline compounds targeting DNA: Synthesis, binding and anti-proliferative effects on human cancer cell lines. Bioorg Chem 2019; 86:61-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Huang C, Qian XY, Xu HC. Continuous-Flow Electrosynthesis of Benzofused S-Heterocycles by Dehydrogenative C-S Cross-Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:6650-6653. [PMID: 30908799 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is the synthesis of benzofused six-membered S-heterocycles by intramolecular dehydrogenative C-S coupling using a modular flow electrolysis cell. The continuous-flow electrosynthesis not only ensures efficient product formation, but also obviates the need for transition-metal catalysts, oxidizing reagents, and supporting electrolytes. Reaction scale-up is conveniently achieved through extended electrolysis without changing the reaction conditions and equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Yang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
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20
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Huang C, Qian X, Xu H. Continuous‐Flow Electrosynthesis of Benzofused S‐Heterocycles by Dehydrogenative C−S Cross‐Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xiang‐Yang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEMCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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21
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Bal MK, Banks CE, Jones AM. Metabolism Mimicry: An Electrosynthetic Method for the Selective Deethylation of Tertiary Benzamides. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep K. Bal
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringManchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
| | - Craig E. Banks
- Faculty of Science and EngineeringManchester Metropolitan University Chester Street Manchester M1 5GD United Kingdom
| | - Alan M. Jones
- School of PharmacyUniversity of Birmingham Edgbaston B15 2TT United Kingdom
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22
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Baumann M. Integrating continuous flow synthesis with in-line analysis and data generation. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:5946-5954. [PMID: 30062354 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01437j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Continuous flow synthesis of fine chemicals has successfully advanced from an academic niche area to a rapidly growing field of its own that directly impacts developments and applications in industrial settings. Whilst the numerous advantages of flow over batch processing are widely recognised and have led to a wider uptake of continuous flow synthesis within the community, we have reached a point where continuous flow synthesis has to transition from a stand-alone enabling technology to a readily integrated synthesis concept. Thus it is paramount to embrace a multitude of in-line analysis and purification techniques to not only allow for efficiently telescoped multi-step sequences but ultimately generate bioactivity data concomitantly on newly synthesised entities. This short review summarises the state of the art in this field and presents both challenges and opportunities that arise from this ambitious endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Science Centre South, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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23
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The influence of non-ionic surfactants on electrosynthesis in extended channel, narrow gap electrolysis cells. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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24
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Bogdan AR, Dombrowski AW. Emerging Trends in Flow Chemistry and Applications to the Pharmaceutical Industry. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6422-6468. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Bogdan
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Amanda W. Dombrowski
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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25
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26
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Nath AR, Chee CF, Rahman NA. Application of Electrochemical Cross-Dehydrogenative Couplings in the Syntheses of Heterocycles. HETEROCYCLES VIA CROSS DEHYDROGENATIVE COUPLING 2019:445-494. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9144-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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27
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Kärkäs MD. Electrochemical strategies for C-H functionalization and C-N bond formation. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5786-5865. [PMID: 29911724 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00619e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 582] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Conventional methods for carrying out carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation are typically conducted at elevated temperatures, and rely on expensive catalysts as well as the use of stoichiometric, and perhaps toxic, oxidants. In this regard, electrochemical synthesis has recently been recognized as a sustainable and scalable strategy for the construction of challenging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Here, electrosynthesis has proven to be an environmentally benign, highly effective and versatile platform for achieving a wide range of nonclassical bond disconnections via generation of radical intermediates under mild reaction conditions. This review provides an overview on the use of anodic electrochemical methods for expediting the development of carbon-hydrogen functionalization and carbon-nitrogen bond formation strategies. Emphasis is placed on methodology development and mechanistic insight and aims to provide inspiration for future synthetic applications in the field of electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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28
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Ma C, Fang P, Mei TS. Recent Advances in C–H Functionalization Using Electrochemical Transition Metal Catalysis. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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29
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Ye KY, Song Z, Sauer GS, Harenberg JH, Fu N, Lin S. Synthesis of Chlorotrifluoromethylated Pyrrolidines by Electrocatalytic Radical Ene-Yne Cyclization. Chemistry 2018; 24:12274-12279. [PMID: 29766588 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective synthesis of chlorotrifluoromethylated pyrrolidines was achieved using anodically coupled electrolysis, an electrochemical process that combines two parallel oxidative events in a convergent and productive manner. The bench-stable and commercially available solids CF3 SO2 Na and MgCl2 were used as the functional group sources to generate CF3. and Cl. , respectively, via electrochemical oxidation, and the subsequent reaction of these radicals with the 1,6-enyne substrate was controlled with an earth-abundant Mn catalyst. In particular, the introduction of a chelating ligand allowed for the ene-yne cyclization to take place with high stereochemical control over the geometry of the alkene group in the pyrrolidine product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Yin Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Zhidong Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gregory S Sauer
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Johannes H Harenberg
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 80539, München, Germany
| | - Niankai Fu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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30
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Wang F, Rafiee M, Stahl SS. Electrochemical Functional-Group-Tolerant Shono-type Oxidation of Cyclic Carbamates Enabled by Aminoxyl Mediators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6686-6690. [PMID: 29659129 PMCID: PMC6201259 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201803539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical method has been developed for α-oxygenations of cyclic carbamates by using a bicyclic aminoxyl as a mediator and water as the nucleophile. The mediated electrochemical process enables substrate oxygenation to proceed at a potential that is approximately 1 V lower than the redox potential of the carbamate substrate. This feature allows for functional-group compatibility that is inaccessible with conventional Shono oxidations, which proceed by direct electrochemical substrate oxidation. This reaction also represents the first α-functionalization of non-activated cyclic carbamates with oxoammonium oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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31
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Wang F, Rafiee M, Stahl SS. Electrochemical Functional‐Group‐Tolerant Shono‐type Oxidation of Cyclic Carbamates Enabled by Aminoxyl Mediators. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201803539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison Madison WI 53706 USA
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32
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SOUZA JULIANAMDE, GALAVERNA RENAN, SOUZA ALINEADE, BROCKSOM TIMOTHYJ, PASTRE JULIOC, SOUZA RODRIGOODE, OLIVEIRA KLEBERTDE. Impact of continuous flow chemistry in the synthesis of natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 90:1131-1174. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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33
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Folgueiras‐Amador AA, Philipps K, Guilbaud S, Poelakker J, Wirth T. An Easy-to-Machine Electrochemical Flow Microreactor: Efficient Synthesis of Isoindolinone and Flow Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:15446-15450. [PMID: 29045019 PMCID: PMC5708274 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Flow electrochemistry is an efficient methodology to generate radical intermediates. An electrochemical flow microreactor has been designed and manufactured to improve the efficiency of electrochemical flow reactions. With this device only little or no supporting electrolytes are needed, making processes less costly and enabling easier purification. This is demonstrated by the facile synthesis of amidyl radicals used in intramolecular hydroaminations to produce isoindolinones. The combination with inline mass spectrometry facilitates a much easier combination of chemical steps in a single flow process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kai Philipps
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, Main BuildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Sébastien Guilbaud
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, Main BuildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Jarno Poelakker
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, Main BuildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of ChemistryCardiff UniversityPark Place, Main BuildingCardiffCF10 3ATUK
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34
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Xu F, Qian XY, Li YJ, Xu HC. Synthesis of 4H-1,3-Benzoxazines via Metal- and Oxidizing Reagent-Free Aromatic C–H Oxygenation. Org Lett 2017; 19:6332-6335. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM and College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Xiang-Yang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM and College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Yan-Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM and College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces,
Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, iChEM and College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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35
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Yan M, Kawamata Y, Baran PS. Synthetic Organic Electrochemical Methods Since 2000: On the Verge of a Renaissance. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13230-13319. [PMID: 28991454 PMCID: PMC5786875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1863] [Impact Index Per Article: 266.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry represents one of the most intimate ways of interacting with molecules. This review discusses advances in synthetic organic electrochemistry since 2000. Enabling methods and synthetic applications are analyzed alongside innate advantages as well as future challenges of electroorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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36
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Folgueiras-Amador AA, Philipps K, Guilbaud S, Poelakker J, Wirth T. Ein einfach herzustellender elektrochemischer Flussmikroreaktor: effiziente Isoindolinon-Synthese und Funktionalisierung im Fluss. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana A. Folgueiras-Amador
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Kai Philipps
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Sébastien Guilbaud
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Jarno Poelakker
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
| | - Thomas Wirth
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University; Park Place, Main Building Cardiff CF10 3AT Großbritannien
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37
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Pletcher D, Green RA, Brown RCD. Flow Electrolysis Cells for the Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory. Chem Rev 2017; 118:4573-4591. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek Pletcher
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Robert A. Green
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
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38
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Bosque I, Magallanes G, Rigoulet M, Kärkäs MD, Stephenson CRJ. Redox Catalysis Facilitates Lignin Depolymerization. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2017; 3:621-628. [PMID: 28691074 PMCID: PMC5492418 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.7b00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a recalcitrant and underexploited natural feedstock for aromatic commodity chemicals, and its degradation generally requires the use of high temperatures and harsh reaction conditions. Herein we present an ambient temperature one-pot process for the controlled oxidation and depolymerization of this potent resource. Harnessing the potential of electrocatalytic oxidation in conjugation with our photocatalytic cleavage methodology, we have developed an operationally simple procedure for selective fragmentation of β-O-4 bonds with excellent mass recovery, which provides a unique opportunity to expand the existing lignin usage from energy source to commodity chemicals and synthetic building block source.
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39
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Plutschack MB, Pieber B, Gilmore K, Seeberger PH. The Hitchhiker's Guide to Flow Chemistry ∥. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11796-11893. [PMID: 28570059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1020] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Flow chemistry involves the use of channels or tubing to conduct a reaction in a continuous stream rather than in a flask. Flow equipment provides chemists with unique control over reaction parameters enhancing reactivity or in some cases enabling new reactions. This relatively young technology has received a remarkable amount of attention in the past decade with many reports on what can be done in flow. Until recently, however, the question, "Should we do this in flow?" has merely been an afterthought. This review introduces readers to the basic principles and fundamentals of flow chemistry and critically discusses recent flow chemistry accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Plutschack
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bartholomäus Pieber
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Kerry Gilmore
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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40
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Tereshchenko AD, Myronchuk JS, Leitchenko LD, Knysh IV, Tokmakova GO, Litsis OO, Tolmachev A, Liubchak K, Mykhailiuk P. Synthesis of 3-oxadiazolyl/triazolyl morpholines: Novel scaffolds for drug discovery. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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41
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Kabeshov MA, Musio B, Ley SV. Continuous direct anodic flow oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons to benzyl amides. REACT CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7re00164a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
No oxidant needed – just electric current! Continuous synthesis of benzyl amides directly from aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Biagia Musio
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Cambridge
- UK
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42
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Recent Advances of Microfluidics Technologies in the Field of Medicinal Chemistry. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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43
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Bana P, Örkényi R, Lövei K, Lakó Á, Túrós GI, Éles J, Faigl F, Greiner I. The route from problem to solution in multistep continuous flow synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:6180-6189. [PMID: 28087127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of continuous flow chemistry allow the multistep preparation of complex molecules such as APIs (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients) in a telescoped manner. Numerous examples of laboratory-scale applications are described, which are pointing towards novel manufacturing processes of pharmaceutical compounds, in accordance with recent regulatory, economical and quality guidances. The chemical and technical knowledge gained during these studies is considerable; nevertheless, connecting several individual chemical transformations and the attached analytics and purification holds hidden traps. In this review, we summarize innovative solutions for these challenges, in order to benefit chemists aiming to exploit flow chemistry systems for the synthesis of biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Bana
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Örkényi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klára Lövei
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Gyömrői út 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Lakó
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - János Éles
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Gyömrői út 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Faigl
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary; MTA-BME Organic Chemical Technology Research Group, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Greiner
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Gyömrői út 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary.
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44
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Shmatova OI, Khrustalev VN, Nenajdenko VG. From Cyclic CF3-ketimines to a Family of Trifluoromethylated Nazlinine and Trypargine Analogues. Org Lett 2016; 18:4494-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga I. Shmatova
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Victor N. Khrustalev
- Peoples’ Friendship University, Miklukho-Maklay Street, 6, Moscow 117198, Russia
- A.N.
Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28, Vavilov Street, Moscow 119991, Russia
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45
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Gong M, Huang JM. Electrochemical Oxidative C−H/N−H Coupling between γ-Lactams and Anilines. Chemistry 2016; 22:14293-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Gong
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 P. R. China
| | - Jing-Mei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 P. R. China
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46
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Poh JS, Browne DL, Ley SV. A multistep continuous flow synthesis machine for the preparation of pyrazoles via a metal-free amine-redox process. REACT CHEM ENG 2016; 1:101-105. [PMID: 27398231 PMCID: PMC4906367 DOI: 10.1039/c5re00082c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A versatile multistep continuous flow setup is reported for the four-step conversion of anilines into pyrazole products.
A versatile multistep continuous flow setup is reported for the four-step conversion of anilines into pyrazole products. The synthesis machine incorporates the use of amine-redox chemistry through diazotization and a metal-free vitamin C mediated reduction. The machine can be used for the synthesis of an array of analogues or the scale up of an individual target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Siang Poh
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK
| | - Duncan L Browne
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK ; School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Main Building, Park Place , CF10 3AT , UK .
| | - Steven V Ley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK
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47
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Trojanowicz M. Flow chemistry vs. flow analysis. Talanta 2016; 146:621-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Gemoets HPL, Su Y, Shang M, Hessel V, Luque R, Noël T. Liquid phase oxidation chemistry in continuous-flow microreactors. Chem Soc Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an exhaustive overview of the engineering principles, safety aspects and chemistry associated with liquid phase oxidation in continuous-flow microreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes P. L. Gemoets
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Yuanhai Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Minjing Shang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Volker Hessel
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Quimica Organica
- Universidad de Cordoba
- E14014 Cordoba
- Spain
| | - Timothy Noël
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry
- Micro Flow Chemistry & Process Technology
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5612 AZ Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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49
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR. Continuous photochemistry: the flow synthesis of ibuprofen via a photo-Favorskii rearrangement. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5re00037h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new enabling technology for performing photochemical reactions in a continuous fashion is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Baumann
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Durham
- Durham
- UK
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50
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Lau SH, Bourne SL, Martin B, Schenkel B, Penn G, Ley SV. Synthesis of a Precursor to Sacubitril Using Enabling Technologies. Org Lett 2015; 17:5436-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shing-Hing Lau
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Samuel L. Bourne
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | | | | | - Gerhard Penn
- Novartis
Pharma
AG, Postfach, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
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