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Chiodi D, Ishihara Y. The role of the methoxy group in approved drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 273:116364. [PMID: 38781921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The methoxy substituent is prevalent in natural products and, consequently, is present in many natural product-derived drugs. It has also been installed in modern drug molecules with no remnant of natural product features because medicinal chemists have been taking advantage of the benefits that this small functional group can bestow on ligand-target binding, physicochemical properties, and ADME parameters. Herein, over 230 methoxy-containing small-molecule drugs, as well as several fluoromethoxy-containing drugs, are presented from the vantage point of the methoxy group. Biochemical mechanisms of action, medicinal chemistry SAR studies, and numerous X-ray cocrystal structures are analyzed to identify the precise role of the methoxy group for many of the drugs and drug classes. Although the methoxy substituent can be considered as the hybridization of a hydroxy and a methyl group, the combination of these functionalities often results in unique effects that can amount to more than the sum of the individual parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Chiodi
- Department of Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Ishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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2
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Meanwell NA. The pyridazine heterocycle in molecular recognition and drug discovery. Med Chem Res 2023; 32:1-69. [PMID: 37362319 PMCID: PMC10015555 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03035-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
The pyridazine ring is endowed with unique physicochemical properties, characterized by weak basicity, a high dipole moment that subtends π-π stacking interactions and robust, dual hydrogen-bonding capacity that can be of importance in drug-target interactions. These properties contribute to unique applications in molecular recognition while the inherent polarity, low cytochrome P450 inhibitory effects and potential to reduce interaction of a molecule with the cardiac hERG potassium channel add additional value in drug discovery and development. The recent approvals of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist relugolix (24) and the allosteric tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitor deucravacitinib (25) represent the first examples of FDA-approved drugs that incorporate a pyridazine ring. In this review, the properties of the pyridazine ring are summarized in comparison to the other azines and its potential in drug discovery is illustrated through vignettes that explore applications that take advantage of the inherent physicochemical properties as an approach to solving challenges associated with candidate optimization. Graphical Abstract
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3
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Rai Deka JK, Sahariah B, Sarma BK. Understanding the Cis-Trans Amide Bond Isomerization of N, N'-Diacylhydrazines to Develop Guidelines for A Priori Prediction of Their Most Stable Solution Conformers. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36700530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
N,N'-diacylhydrazines (R1CO-NR3-NR4-COR2) are a class of small molecules with a wide range of applications in chemistry and biology. They are structurally unique in the sense that their two amide groups are connected via a N-N single bond, and as a result, these molecules can exist in eight different isomeric forms. Four of these are amide isomers [trans-trans (t-t), trans-cis (t-c), cis-trans (c-t), and cis-cis (c-c)] arising from C-N bond restricted rotation. In addition, each of these amide isomers can exist in two different isomeric forms due to N-N bond restricted rotation, especially when R3 and R4 groups are relatively bigger. Herein, we have systematically investigated the conformations of 55 N,N'-diacylhydrazines using a combination of solution NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, and density functional theory calculations. Our data suggest that when the substituents R3 and R4 on the nitrogen atoms are both hydrogens. These molecules prefer twisted trans-trans (t-t) (>90%) geometries (H-N-C═O ∼ 180°), whereas the N-alkylated and N,N'-dialkylated molecules prefer twisted trans-cis (t-c) geometries. Herein, we have analyzed the stabilization of the various isomers of these molecules in light of steric and stereoelectronic effects. We provide a guideline to a priori predict the most stable conformers of the N,N'-diacylhydrazines just by examining their substituents (R1-R4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugal Kishore Rai Deka
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Biswajit Sahariah
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore 560064, India
| | - Bani Kanta Sarma
- New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore 560064, India
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4
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Song L, Merceron R, Hulpia F, Lucía A, Gracia B, Jian Y, Risseeuw MDP, Verstraelen T, Cos P, Aínsa JA, Boshoff HI, Munier-Lehmann H, Savvides SN, Van Calenbergh S. Structure-aided optimization of non-nucleoside M. tuberculosis thymidylate kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 225:113784. [PMID: 34450493 PMCID: PMC10500704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis thymidylate kinase (MtTMPK) has emerged as an attractive target for rational drug design. We recently investigated new families of non-nucleoside MtTMPK inhibitors in an effort to diversify MtTMPK inhibitor chemical space. We here report a new series of MtTMPK inhibitors by combining the Topliss scheme with rational drug design approaches, fueled by two co-crystal structures of MtTMPK in complex with developed inhibitors. These efforts furnished the most potent MtTMPK inhibitors in our assay, with two analogues displaying low micromolar MIC values against H37Rv Mtb. Prepared inhibitors address new sub-sites in the MtTMPK nucleotide binding pocket, thereby offering new insights into its druggability. We studied the role of efflux pumps as well as the impact of cell wall permeabilizers for selected compounds to potentially provide an explanation for the lack of correlation between potent enzyme inhibition and whole-cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Song
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Ghent University, Tergestensis 460, B-9000, Gent, Belgium; 3M, Zwijndrecht, Belgium
| | - Romain Merceron
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, 9052, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium; Eurofins Group, Poitiers, France
| | - Fabian Hulpia
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Ghent University, Tergestensis 460, B-9000, Gent, Belgium; Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ainhoa Lucía
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, and BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Gracia
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, and BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yanlin Jian
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Ghent University, Tergestensis 460, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Martijn D P Risseeuw
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Ghent University, Tergestensis 460, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Toon Verstraelen
- Center for Melecular Modeling, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - José A Aínsa
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, and BIFI, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena I Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- CNRS UMR3523, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, 9052, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Zwijnaarde, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Ghent University, Tergestensis 460, B-9000, Gent, Belgium.
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5
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Kishimoto K, Oda K, Nishida JI, Kitamura C, Kawase T. Structurally Strained Cyclic Xanthene Dimers: A Model for the Rigid Crown Ether Moiety in the Reduced Graphene Oxide Framework. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20210186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kishimoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Kasane Oda
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Nishida
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Chitoshi Kitamura
- School of Engineering, The University of Shiga Prefecture, 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone, Shiga 522-8533, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawase
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
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6
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Furukawa H, Miyamoto Y, Hirata Y, Watanabe K, Hitomi Y, Yoshitomi Y, Aida J, Noguchi N, Takakura N, Takami K, Miwatashi S, Hirozane Y, Hamada T, Ito R, Ookawara M, Moritoh Y, Watanabe M, Maekawa T. Design and Identification of a GPR40 Full Agonist ( SCO-267) Possessing a 2-Carbamoylphenyl Piperidine Moiety. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10352-10379. [PMID: 32900194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
GPR40/FFAR1 is a G-protein-coupled receptor expressed in pancreatic β-cells and enteroendocrine cells. GPR40 activation stimulates secretions of insulin and incretin, both of which are the pivotal regulators of glycemic control. Therefore, a GPR40 agonist is an attractive target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Using the reported biaryl derivative 1, we shifted the hydrophobic moiety to the terminal aryl ring and replaced the central aryl ring with piperidine, generating 2-(4,4-dimethylpentyl)phenyl piperidine 4a, which had improved potency for GPR40 and high lipophilicity. We replaced the hydrophobic moiety with N-alkyl-N-aryl benzamides to lower the lipophilicity and restrict the N-alkyl moieties to the presumed lipophilic pocket using the intramolecular π-π stacking of cis-preferential N-alkyl-N-aryl benzamide. Among these, orally available (3S)-3-cyclopropyl-3-(2-((1-(2-((2,2-dimethylpropyl)(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)carbamoyl)-5-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-4-yl)methoxy)pyridin-4-yl)propanoic acid (SCO-267) effectively stimulated insulin secretion and GLP-1 release and ameliorated glucose tolerance in diabetic rats via GPR40 full agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Furukawa
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Miyamoto
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hirata
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Koji Watanabe
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yuko Hitomi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yayoi Yoshitomi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Jumpei Aida
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naoyoshi Noguchi
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takakura
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takami
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Seiji Miwatashi
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hirozane
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Teruki Hamada
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ryo Ito
- Research, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mitsugi Ookawara
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yusuke Moritoh
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masanori Watanabe
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maekawa
- Research Division, SCOHIA PHARMA Inc., Shonan Health Innovation Park, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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7
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Alghamdi AH, Munday JC, Campagnaro GD, Gurvic D, Svensson F, Okpara CE, Kumar A, Quintana J, Martin Abril ME, Milić P, Watson L, Paape D, Settimo L, Dimitriou A, Wielinska J, Smart G, Anderson LF, Woodley CM, Kelly SPY, Ibrahim HM, Hulpia F, Al-Salabi MI, Eze AA, Sprenger T, Teka IA, Gudin S, Weyand S, Field M, Dardonville C, Tidwell RR, Carrington M, O'Neill P, Boykin DW, Zachariae U, De Koning HP. Positively selected modifications in the pore of TbAQP2 allow pentamidine to enter Trypanosoma brucei. eLife 2020; 9:56416. [PMID: 32762841 PMCID: PMC7473772 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Trypanosoma brucei aquaporin AQP2 are associated with resistance to pentamidine and melarsoprol. We show that TbAQP2 but not TbAQP3 was positively selected for increased pore size from a common ancestor aquaporin. We demonstrate that TbAQP2’s unique architecture permits pentamidine permeation through its central pore and show how specific mutations in highly conserved motifs affect drug permeation. Introduction of key TbAQP2 amino acids into TbAQP3 renders the latter permeable to pentamidine. Molecular dynamics demonstrates that permeation by dicationic pentamidine is energetically favourable in TbAQP2, driven by the membrane potential, although aquaporins are normally strictly impermeable for ionic species. We also identify the structural determinants that make pentamidine a permeant although most other diamidine drugs are excluded. Our results have wide-ranging implications for optimising antitrypanosomal drugs and averting cross-resistance. Moreover, these new insights in aquaporin permeation may allow the pharmacological exploitation of other members of this ubiquitous gene family. African sleeping sickness is a potentially deadly illness caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The disease is treatable, but many of the current treatments are old and are becoming increasingly ineffective. For instance, resistance is growing against pentamidine, a drug used in the early stages in the disease, as well as against melarsoprol, which is deployed when the infection has progressed to the brain. Usually, cases resistant to pentamidine are also resistant to melarsoprol, but it is still unclear why, as the drugs are chemically unrelated. Studies have shown that changes in a water channel called aquaglyceroporin 2 (TbAQP2) contribute to drug resistance in African sleeping sickness; this suggests that it plays a role in allowing drugs to kill the parasite. This molecular ‘drain pipe’ extends through the surface of T. brucei, and should allow only water and a molecule called glycerol in and out of the cell. In particular, the channel should be too narrow to allow pentamidine or melarsoprol to pass through. One possibility is that, in T. brucei, the TbAQP2 channel is abnormally wide compared to other members of its family. Alternatively, pentamidine and melarsoprol may only bind to TbAQP2, and then ‘hitch a ride’ when the protein is taken into the parasite as part of the natural cycle of surface protein replacement. Alghamdi et al. aimed to tease out these hypotheses. Computer models of the structure of the protein were paired with engineered changes in the key areas of the channel to show that, in T. brucei, TbAQP2 provides a much broader gateway into the cell than observed for similar proteins. In addition, genetic analysis showed that this version of TbAQP2 has been actively selected for during the evolution process of T. brucei. This suggests that the parasite somehow benefits from this wider aquaglyceroporin variant. This is a new resistance mechanism, and it is possible that aquaglyceroporins are also larger than expected in other infectious microbes. The work by Alghamdi et al. therefore provides insight into how other germs may become resistant to drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Alghamdi
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jane C Munday
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dominik Gurvic
- Computational Biology Centre for Translational and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- IOTA Pharmaceuticals Ltd, St Johns Innovation Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chinyere E Okpara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Chemistry Department, Georgia State University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Juan Quintana
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | | | - Patrik Milić
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Watson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Paape
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Settimo
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Dimitriou
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Wielinska
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Smart
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura F Anderson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Siu Pui Ying Kelly
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hasan Ms Ibrahim
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Hulpia
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohammed I Al-Salabi
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anthonius A Eze
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Sprenger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ibrahim A Teka
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gudin
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Weyand
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Field
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Richard R Tidwell
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
| | - Mark Carrington
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David W Boykin
- Chemistry Department, Georgia State University, Atlanta, United States
| | - Ulrich Zachariae
- Computational Biology Centre for Translational and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Harry P De Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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8
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Mostyn SN, Sarker S, Muthuraman P, Raja A, Shimmon S, Rawling T, Cioffi CL, Vandenberg RJ. Photoswitchable ORG25543 Congener Enables Optical Control of Glycine Transporter 2. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1250-1258. [PMID: 32191428 PMCID: PMC7206614 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Glycine
neurotransmission in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord
plays a key role in regulating nociceptive signaling, but in chronic
pain states reduced glycine neurotransmission is associated with the
development of allodynia and hypersensitivity to painful stimuli.
This suggests that restoration of glycine neurotransmission may be
therapeutic for the treatment of chronic pain. Glycine transporter
2 inhibitors have been demonstrated to enhance glycine neurotransmission
and provide relief from allodynia in rodent models of chronic pain.
In recent years, photoswitchable compounds have been developed to
provide the possibility of controlling the activity of target proteins
using light. In this study we have developed a photoswitchable noncompetitive
inhibitor of glycine transporter 2 that has different affinities for
the transporter at 365 nm compared to 470 nm light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon N. Mostyn
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Subhodeep Sarker
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Parthasarathy Muthuraman
- Basic and Clinical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Arun Raja
- Basic and Clinical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Susan Shimmon
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Tristan Rawling
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Christopher L. Cioffi
- Basic and Clinical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York 12208, United States
| | - Robert J. Vandenberg
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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9
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Dai W, Zhang Z, Du Y. Modulation of Conformational Preferences of Heteroaromatic Ethers and Amides through Protonation and Ionization: Charge Effect. Chemistry 2019; 8:840-851. [PMID: 31304077 PMCID: PMC6604235 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple approaches reveal the strong effects of a positive charge introduced by protonation or ionization on the conformation of o‐heteroaromatic ethers and amides. The ethers and amides containing an ortho‐N heteroatom are syn‐preferring while those containing an ortho‐O or ortho‐S heteroatom are mostly anti‐preferring. However, for all the monocyclic o‐heteroaromatic ethers and amides, the protonated ones are all anti‐preferring while the ionized ones are all syn‐preferring. Interestingly, although both the protonation and ionization introduce a positive charge, they have such different effects on molecular conformation, very informative for understanding the origin of conformational preferences. Detailed analysis shows that the population of the introduced positive charge dictates the conformational preferences via electrostatic and orbital interactions. Compared to ortho‐heteroatoms, meta‐heteroatoms have weaker effect on conformational preference. Achieved by complete inductive method, the regularity of conformational preferences and switching provides easy ways to modulate conformers (by pH or redox), and makes this kind of ether or amide bond a conformational hinge applicable to design of functional molecules (drugs and materials) and modulation of molecular biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, State Key laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 Beijing PR China.,School of Chemical Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, State Key laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 Beijing PR China.,School of Chemical Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Yikui Du
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, State Key laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 Beijing PR China
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10
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Energy windows for computed compound conformers: covering artefacts or truly large reorganization energies? Future Med Chem 2019; 11:97-118. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of 3D conformers of small molecules underpins most computational drug discovery. Thus, the conformer quality is critical and depends on their energetics. A key parameter is the empirical conformational energy window (ΔEw), since only conformers within ΔEw are retained. However, ΔEw values in use appear unrealistically large. We analyze the factors pertaining to the conformer energetics and ΔEw. We argue that more attention must be focused on the problem of collapsed low-energy conformers. That is due to artificial intramolecular stabilization and occurs even with continuum solvation. Consequently, the conformational energy of extended bioactive structures is artefactually increased, which inflates ΔEw. Thus, this Perspective highlights the issues arising from low-energy conformers and suggests improvements via empirical or physics-based strategies.
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11
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Cheung AK, Hurley B, Kerrigan R, Shu L, Chin DN, Shen Y, O'Brien G, Sung MJ, Hou Y, Axford J, Cody E, Sun R, Fazal A, Fridrich C, Sanchez CC, Tomlinson RC, Jain M, Deng L, Hoffmaster K, Song C, Van Hoosear M, Shin Y, Servais R, Towler C, Hild M, Curtis D, Dietrich WF, Hamann LG, Briner K, Chen KS, Kobayashi D, Sivasankaran R, Dales NA. Discovery of Small Molecule Splicing Modulators of Survival Motor Neuron-2 (SMN2) for the Treatment of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). J Med Chem 2018; 61:11021-11036. [PMID: 30407821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a rare neuromuscular disorder, is the leading genetic cause of death in infants and toddlers. SMA is caused by the deletion or a loss of function mutation of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. In humans, a second closely related gene SMN2 exists; however it codes for a less stable SMN protein. In recent years, significant progress has been made toward disease modifying treatments for SMA by modulating SMN2 pre-mRNA splicing. Herein, we describe the discovery of LMI070/branaplam, a small molecule that stabilizes the interaction between the spliceosome and SMN2 pre-mRNA. Branaplam (1) originated from a high-throughput phenotypic screening hit, pyridazine 2, and evolved via multiparameter lead optimization. In a severe mouse SMA model, branaplam treatment increased full-length SMN RNA and protein levels, and extended survival. Currently, branaplam is in clinical studies for SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atwood K Cheung
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Brian Hurley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Ryan Kerrigan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Lei Shu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Donovan N Chin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Yiping Shen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Gary O'Brien
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Moo Je Sung
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Ying Hou
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Jake Axford
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Emma Cody
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Robert Sun
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Aleem Fazal
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Cary Fridrich
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Carina C Sanchez
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Ronald C Tomlinson
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Monish Jain
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Lin Deng
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Keith Hoffmaster
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Cheng Song
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Mailin Van Hoosear
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Youngah Shin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Rebecca Servais
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Christopher Towler
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Marc Hild
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Daniel Curtis
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - William F Dietrich
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Lawrence G Hamann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Karin Briner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Karen S Chen
- SMA Foundation , 888 Seventh Avenue, Suite 400 , New York , New York 10019 , United States
| | - Dione Kobayashi
- SMA Foundation , 888 Seventh Avenue, Suite 400 , New York , New York 10019 , United States
| | - Rajeev Sivasankaran
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
| | - Natalie A Dales
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 250 Massachusetts Avenue , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02139 , United States
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12
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Davoren JE, Nason D, Coe J, Dlugolenski K, Helal C, Harris AR, LaChapelle E, Liang S, Liu Y, O'Connor R, Orozco CC, Rai BK, Salafia M, Samas B, Xu W, Kozak R, Gray D. Discovery and Lead Optimization of Atropisomer D1 Agonists with Reduced Desensitization. J Med Chem 2018; 61:11384-11397. [PMID: 30431269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of D1 subtype-selective agonists with drug-like properties has been an enduring challenge for the greater part of 40 years. All known D1-selective agonists are catecholamines that bring about receptor desensitization and undergo rapid metabolism, thus limiting their utility as a therapeutic for chronic illness such as schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Our high-throughput screening efforts on D1 yielded a single non-catecholamine hit PF-4211 (6) that was developed into a series of potent D1 receptor agonist leads with high oral bioavailability and CNS penetration. An important structural feature of this series is the locked biaryl ring system resulting in atropisomerism. Disclosed herein is a summary of our hit-to-lead efforts on this series of D1 activators culminating in the discovery of atropisomer 31 (PF-06256142), a potent and selective orthosteric agonist of the D1 receptor that has reduced receptor desensitization relative to dopamine and other catechol-containing agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deane Nason
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Jotham Coe
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | | | - Christopher Helal
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Anthony R Harris
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Erik LaChapelle
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Sidney Liang
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | | | - Rebecca O'Connor
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Christine C Orozco
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | | | - Michelle Salafia
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Brian Samas
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
| | - Wenjian Xu
- Medicine Design , Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , Eastern Point Road , Groton , Connecticut 06340 , United States
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13
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Abstract
The ability to rapidly assess the preferred conformation of key fragments in a structure “by visual inspection” is a very useful starting point in the process of drug design. With the ability to do so, one could address questions like: “How could we avoid planarity in a molecule?”, “Will a molecule change its conformational preference if we make it more or less basic?” or “How does this electronic repulsion affect the conformational preference in the system?” in timely fashion. In this paper, we describe how the conformational energy profile (CEP, plot of energy as a function of dihedral bond angle) of a fragment can be interpreted through the understanding the interplay between resonance stabilization, steric effects and electrostatic interactions. Fifty-nine biaryl and aryl carbonyl fragments present in oral drugs or which are close derivatives thereof were selected. Calculation of their CEPs using ab initio methodology allowed us to conclude the relative importance of these factors in the conformational preference of these fragments as follows: “steric repulsion > lone pair—lone pair repulsion > lone pair—fluorine repulsion > resonance stabilization” and to formulate “rules of thumb” that the practicing medicinal/organic chemist can apply when analysing molecules that contain these fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John M. Schaus
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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14
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Dai W, Liu S, Zhang Z, Chi X, Cheng M, Du Y, Zhu Q. Conformational preferences and isomerization upon excitation/ionization of 2-methoxypyridine and 2-N-methylaminopyridine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:6211-6226. [PMID: 29431768 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07854d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conformers from the rotations of the methyl group and the methoxy or methylamino group, namely staggered (s)/eclipsed (e)-cis/trans 2-methoxypyridine (2MOP) and 2-N-methylaminopyridine (2NMP), are studied using theoretical calculations in combination with one-color resonance-enhanced two-photon ionization (1C-R2PI) and mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopies. The calculations predict that, for cis 2MOP, trans 2MOP and trans 2NMP, only the s conformers are stable in the S0, S1 and D0 states. However, for cis 2NMP, the stable conformer is staggered in the S0 state but eclipsed in the S1 and D0 states, indicating an isomerization upon the excitation or ionization from the S0 state. This is experimentally supported by the 1C-R2PI and MATI spectra of 2NMP. Due to the relative instability, the number density of trans 2MOP is too low in the sample to be detected. All the bands in the 1C-R2PI and MATI spectra of 2MOP are assigned to s-cis 2MOP. The energy differences between cis and trans conformers are derived from excitation and ionization energies, indicating another conformational isomerization: stable trans 2NMP in the S0 and S1 states but stable cis 2NMP in the D0 state. For 2MOP, the so-called syn preference previously found for the S0 state is also observed in the S1 and D0 states. The conformational preference and isomerization are discussed with natural bond orbital calculations and reduced density gradient analysis. For 2MOP, the syn preferences are mainly caused by the exchange repulsion among several σ-orbitals of the OCH3 group and the pyridine ring. While the relative stabilities of the s and e conformers of cis 2MOP and cis 2NMP are simultaneously influenced by steric repulsion and orbital interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshuai Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, State Key laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.
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15
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Ohisa S, Karasawa T, Watanabe Y, Ohsawa T, Pu YJ, Koganezawa T, Sasabe H, Kido J. A Series of Lithium Pyridyl Phenolate Complexes with a Pendant Pyridyl Group for Electron-Injection Layers in Organic Light-Emitting Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:40541-40548. [PMID: 29111651 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b13550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report a new series of lithium pyridyl phenolate complexes with a pendant pyridyl group, Li2BPP, Li3BPP, and Li4BPP, in which the pendant pyridines are substituted at the 2-, 3-, and 4-positions, respectively. The most important difference between these complexes is their molecular planarity; Li3BPP and Li4BPP adopt twisted bipyridine structures, whereas Li2BPP adopts a planar structure owing to the steric hindrance and chelating effect of bipyridine on the Li core. The planar structure leads to crystallization through π-π stacking interactions, and the small differences in the molecular structures of the pendant pyridine rings cause drastic differences in the physical properties of thin solid films of these complexes. We applied these complexes as electron-injection layers (EILs) in Ir(ppy)3-based organic light-emitting devices. When thin EILs were used, Li3BPP and Li4BPP afforded lower driving voltages than Li2BPP; the order of the driving voltages followed the order of their electron affinity values. Moreover, the dependence of driving voltage on the EIL thickness was investigated for each complex. Among the three LiBPP derivatives, Li2BPP-based devices showed almost negligible EIL thickness dependence, which may be attributable to the high crystallinity of Li2BPP. All LiBPP-based devices also showed higher stability than conventional 8-quinolinolato lithium-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tomoyuki Koganezawa
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI), SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
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16
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A Synopsis of the Properties and Applications of Heteroaromatic Rings in Medicinal Chemistry. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Li S, Zhu RY, Xiao KJ, Yu JQ. Ligand-Enabled Arylation of γ-C-H Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:4317-21. [PMID: 26919066 PMCID: PMC4821162 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201512020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pd(II) -catalyzed arylation of γ-C(sp(3) )-H bonds of aliphatic acid-derived amides was developed by using quinoline-based ligands. Various γ-aryl-α-amino acids were prepared from natural amino acids using this method. The influence of ligand structure on reactivity was also systematically investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhua Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ru-Yi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kai-Jiong Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI), 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhua Li
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI); 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Ru-Yi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI); 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Kai-Jiong Xiao
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI); 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | - Jin-Quan Yu
- Department of Chemistry; The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI); 10550 North Torrey Pines Road La Jolla CA 92037 USA
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19
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Cheng H, Nair SK, Murray BW, Almaden C, Bailey S, Baxi S, Behenna D, Cho-Schultz S, Dalvie D, Dinh DM, Edwards MP, Feng JL, Ferre RA, Gajiwala KS, Hemkens MD, Jackson-Fisher A, Jalaie M, Johnson TO, Kania RS, Kephart S, Lafontaine J, Lunney B, Liu KKC, Liu Z, Matthews J, Nagata A, Niessen S, Ornelas MA, Orr STM, Pairish M, Planken S, Ren S, Richter D, Ryan K, Sach N, Shen H, Smeal T, Solowiej J, Sutton S, Tran K, Tseng E, Vernier W, Walls M, Wang S, Weinrich SL, Xin S, Xu H, Yin MJ, Zientek M, Zhou R, Kath JC. Discovery of 1-{(3R,4R)-3-[({5-Chloro-2-[(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)amino]-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl}oxy)methyl]-4-methoxypyrrolidin-1-yl}prop-2-en-1-one (PF-06459988), a Potent, WT Sparing, Irreversible Inhibitor of T790M-Containing EGFR Mutants. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2005-24. [PMID: 26756222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
First generation EGFR TKIs (gefitinib, erlotinib) provide significant clinical benefit for NSCLC cancer patients with oncogenic EGFR mutations. Ultimately, these patients' disease progresses, often driven by a second-site mutation in the EGFR kinase domain (T790M). Another liability of the first generation drugs is severe adverse events driven by inhibition of WT EGFR. As such, our goal was to develop a highly potent irreversible inhibitor with the largest selectivity ratio between the drug-resistant double mutants (L858R/T790M, Del/T790M) and WT EGFR. A unique approach to develop covalent inhibitors, optimization of reversible binding affinity, served as a cornerstone of this effort. PF-06459988 was discovered as a novel, third generation irreversible inhibitor, which demonstrates (i) high potency and specificity to the T790M-containing double mutant EGFRs, (ii) minimal intrinsic chemical reactivity of the electrophilic warhead, (iii) greatly reduced proteome reactivity relative to earlier irreversible EGFR inhibitors, and (iv) minimal activity against WT EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengmiao Cheng
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sajiv K Nair
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Brion W Murray
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Chau Almaden
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Simon Bailey
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sangita Baxi
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Doug Behenna
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sujin Cho-Schultz
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Deepak Dalvie
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Dac M Dinh
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Martin P Edwards
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jun Li Feng
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Rose Ann Ferre
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ketan S Gajiwala
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michelle D Hemkens
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Amy Jackson-Fisher
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mehran Jalaie
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ted O Johnson
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Robert S Kania
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Susan Kephart
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jennifer Lafontaine
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Beth Lunney
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kevin K-C Liu
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Zhengyu Liu
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jean Matthews
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Asako Nagata
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sherry Niessen
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Martha A Ornelas
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Suvi T M Orr
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mason Pairish
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Simon Planken
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shijian Ren
- Wuxi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Daniel Richter
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Kevin Ryan
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Neal Sach
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hong Shen
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Tod Smeal
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jim Solowiej
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Scott Sutton
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Khanh Tran
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Elaine Tseng
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - William Vernier
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Marlena Walls
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shuiwang Wang
- Wuxi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Scott L Weinrich
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shuibo Xin
- Wuxi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Wuxi AppTec, 288 Fute Zhong Road, Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Min-Jean Yin
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Michael Zientek
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ru Zhou
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - John C Kath
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development , 10770 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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20
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Measurement, Interpretation and Use of Free Ligand Solution Conformations in Drug Discovery. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2016; 55:45-147. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmch.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Kurihara S, Nishimura Y, Arai T. Photoisomerization and Photoinduced Intramolecular Hydrogen Atom Transfer of 2-[2-(2-Pyrrolyl)ethenyl]pyridine Derivatives. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2015. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20150062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seiya Kurihara
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba
| | | | - Tatsuo Arai
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba
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22
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Effect of water solvation on the lipophilicity of isomeric pyrimidine-carboxamides. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:3408-13. [PMID: 25963824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of nitrogen is a common medicinal chemistry tactic to reduce logD values. Neighboring group participation influences logD, so the results are isomer dependent. The logD and logP differences observed between isomeric pyrimidines 1, 2 and 3 presumably result when the carbonyl or ether lone pairs are in close proximity to a heterocyclic nitrogen lone pair, recruiting water to bridge between the electron rich atoms. Various lipophilicity calculators did not discriminate between 1 (logD=2.6) and 3 (logD=1.0), but solvation energies using Poisson-Boltzmann and 3D-RISM methods rationalize the observed differences in lipophilicity among pyrimidine carboxamide isomers.
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23
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Beno BR, Yeung KS, Bartberger MD, Pennington LD, Meanwell NA. A Survey of the Role of Noncovalent Sulfur Interactions in Drug Design. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4383-438. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501853m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett R. Beno
- Department of Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway Wallingford Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kap-Sun Yeung
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway Wallingford Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Michael D. Bartberger
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks California 91320, United States
| | - Lewis D. Pennington
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks California 91320, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway Wallingford Connecticut 06492, United States
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24
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Reid RC, Yau MK, Singh R, Lim J, Fairlie DP. Stereoelectronic effects dictate molecular conformation and biological function of heterocyclic amides. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11914-7. [PMID: 25102224 DOI: 10.1021/ja506518t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterocycles adjacent to amides can have important influences on molecular conformation due to stereoelectronic effects exerted by the heteroatom. This was shown for imidazole- and thiazole-amides by comparing low energy conformations (ab initio MP2 and DFT calculations), charge distribution, dipole moments, and known crystal structures which support a general principle. Switching a heteroatom from nitrogen to sulfur altered the amide conformation, producing different three-dimensional electrostatic surfaces. Differences were attributed to different dipole and orbital alignments and spectacularly translated into opposing agonist vs antagonist functions in modulating a G-protein coupled receptor for inflammatory protein complement C3a on human macrophages. Influences of the heteroatom were confirmed by locking the amide conformation using fused bicyclic rings. These findings show that stereoelectronic effects of heterocycles modulate molecular conformation and can impart strikingly different biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Reid
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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25
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Aoki T, Hyohdoh I, Furuichi N, Ozawa S, Watanabe F, Matsushita M, Sakaitani M, Morikami K, Takanashi K, Harada N, Tomii Y, Shiraki K, Furumoto K, Tabo M, Yoshinari K, Ori K, Aoki Y, Shimma N, Iikura H. Optimizing the Physicochemical Properties of Raf/MEK Inhibitors by Nitrogen Scanning. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:309-14. [PMID: 24900832 DOI: 10.1021/ml400379x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Substituting a carbon atom with a nitrogen atom (nitrogen substitution) on an aromatic ring in our leads 11a and 13g by applying nitrogen scanning afforded a set of compounds that improved not only the solubility but also the metabolic stability. The impact after nitrogen substitution on interactions between a derivative and its on- and off-target proteins (Raf/MEK, CYPs, and hERG channel) was also detected, most of them contributing to weaker interactions. After identifying the positions that kept inhibitory activity on HCT116 cell growth and Raf/MEK, compound 1 (CH5126766/RO5126766) was selected as a clinical compound. A phase I clinical trial is ongoing for solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Aoki
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Ikumi Hyohdoh
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Furuichi
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Sawako Ozawa
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Fumio Watanabe
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Masayuki Matsushita
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakaitani
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Kenji Morikami
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Kenji Takanashi
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Naoki Harada
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tomii
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Koji Shiraki
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Kentaro Furumoto
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Tabo
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yoshinari
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Kazutomo Ori
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Yuko Aoki
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Nobuo Shimma
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iikura
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 200 Kajiwara, Kamakura, Kanagawa 247-8530, Japan
- Research
Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan
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26
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Li S, Chen G, Feng CG, Gong W, Yu JQ. Ligand-enabled γ-C-H olefination and carbonylation: construction of β-quaternary carbon centers. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:5267-70. [PMID: 24666182 PMCID: PMC4049142 DOI: 10.1021/ja501689j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Monoselective γ-C–H
olefination and carbonylation
of aliphatic acids has been accomplished by using a combination of
a quinoline-based ligand and a weakly coordinating amide directing
group. The reaction provides a new route for constructing richly functionalized
all-carbon quaternary carbon centers at the β-position of aliphatic
acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhua Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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27
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Sato K, Sugimoto H, Rikimaru K, Imoto H, Kamaura M, Negoro N, Tsujihata Y, Miyashita H, Odani T, Murata T. Discovery of a novel series of indoline carbamate and indolinylpyrimidine derivatives as potent GPR119 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1649-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Meanwell NA. The Influence of Bioisosteres in Drug Design: Tactical Applications to Address Developability Problems. TACTICS IN CONTEMPORARY DRUG DESIGN 2014; 9. [PMCID: PMC7416817 DOI: 10.1007/7355_2013_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of bioisosteres in drug discovery is a well-established design concept that has demonstrated utility as an approach to solving a range of problems that affect candidate optimization, progression, and durability. In this chapter, the application of isosteric substitution is explored in a fashion that focuses on the development of practical solutions to problems that are encountered in typical optimization campaigns. The role of bioisosteres to affect intrinsic potency and selectivity, influence conformation, solve problems associated with drug developability, including P-glycoprotein recognition, modulating basicity, solubility, and lipophilicity, and to address issues associated with metabolism and toxicity is used as the underlying theme to capture a spectrum of creative applications of structural emulation in the design of drug candidates.
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29
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Chen IJ, Foloppe N. Tackling the conformational sampling of larger flexible compounds and macrocycles in pharmacology and drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7898-920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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30
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Simmie JM, Somers KP, Yasunaga K, Curran HJ. A Quantum Chemical Study of the Abnormal Reactivity of 2-Methoxyfuran. INT J CHEM KINET 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.20793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M. Simmie
- Combustion Chemistry Centre; National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | - Kieran P. Somers
- Combustion Chemistry Centre; National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
| | - Kenji Yasunaga
- Department of Applied Chemistry; National Defense Academy; Yokosuka Japan
| | - Henry J. Curran
- Combustion Chemistry Centre; National University of Ireland; Galway Ireland
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31
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Schärfer C, Schulz-Gasch T, Ehrlich HC, Guba W, Rarey M, Stahl M. Torsion angle preferences in druglike chemical space: a comprehensive guide. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2016-28. [PMID: 23379567 DOI: 10.1021/jm3016816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Crystal structure databases offer ample opportunities to derive small molecule conformation preferences, but the derived knowledge is not systematically applied in drug discovery research. We address this gap by a comprehensive and extendable expert system enabling quick assessment of the probability of a given conformation to occur. It is based on a hierarchical system of torsion patterns that cover a large part of druglike chemical space. Each torsion pattern has associated frequency histograms generated from CSD and PDB data and, derived from the histograms, traffic-light rules for frequently observed, rare, and highly unlikely torsion ranges. Structures imported into the corresponding software are annotated according to these rules. We present the concept behind the tree of torsion patterns, the design of an intuitive user interface for the management and usage of the torsion library, and we illustrate how the system helps analyze and understand conformation properties of substructures widely used in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Schärfer
- Center for Bioinformatics, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 43, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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32
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Regueiro-Ren A, Xue QM, Swidorski JJ, Gong YF, Mathew M, Parker DD, Yang Z, Eggers B, D'Arienzo C, Sun Y, Malinowski J, Gao Q, Wu D, Langley DR, Colonno RJ, Chien C, Grasela DM, Zheng M, Lin PF, Meanwell NA, Kadow JF. Inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) attachment. 12. Structure-activity relationships associated with 4-fluoro-6-azaindole derivatives leading to the identification of 1-(4-benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-fluoro-7-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl-1h-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl)ethane-1,2-dione (BMS-585248). J Med Chem 2013; 56:1656-69. [PMID: 23360431 DOI: 10.1021/jm3016377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of highly potent HIV-1 attachment inhibitors with 4-fluoro-6-azaindole core heterocycles that target the viral envelope protein gp120 has been prepared. Substitution in the 7-position of the azaindole core with amides (12a,b), C-linked heterocycles (12c-l), and N-linked heterocycles (12m-u) provided compounds with subnanomolar potency in a pseudotype infectivity assay and good pharmacokinetic profiles in vivo. A predictive model was developed from the initial SAR in which the potency of the analogues correlated with the ability of the substituent in the 7-position of the azaindole to adopt a coplanar conformation by either forming internal hydrogen bonds or avoiding repulsive substitution patterns. 1-(4-Benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(4-fluoro-7-[1,2,3]triazol-1-yl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridin-3-yl)ethane-1,2-dione (BMS-585248, 12m) exhibited much improved in vitro potency and pharmacokinetic properties than the previous clinical candidate BMS-488043 (1). The predicted low clearance in humans, modest protein binding, and good potency in the presence of 40% human serum for 12m led to its selection for human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States.
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33
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Newton JN, Fischer DF, Sarpong R. Synthetic Studies on Pseudo-Dimeric Lycopodium Alkaloids: Total Synthesis of Complanadine B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Newton JN, Fischer DF, Sarpong R. Synthetic studies on pseudo-dimeric Lycopodium alkaloids: total synthesis of complanadine B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:1726-30. [PMID: 23307758 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James N Newton
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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35
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Mandal M, Zhu Z, Cumming JN, Liu X, Strickland C, Mazzola RD, Caldwell JP, Leach P, Grzelak M, Hyde L, Zhang Q, Terracina G, Zhang L, Chen X, Kuvelkar R, Kennedy ME, Favreau L, Cox K, Orth P, Buevich A, Voigt J, Wang H, Kazakevich I, McKittrick BA, Greenlee W, Parker EM, Stamford AW. Design and Validation of Bicyclic Iminopyrimidinones As Beta Amyloid Cleaving Enzyme-1 (BACE1) Inhibitors: Conformational Constraint to Favor a Bioactive Conformation. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9331-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301039c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihirbaran Mandal
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhaoning Zhu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jared N. Cumming
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoxiang Liu
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Corey Strickland
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Robert D. Mazzola
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John P. Caldwell
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Prescott Leach
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Grzelak
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lynn Hyde
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Giuseppe Terracina
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Lili Zhang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xia Chen
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Reshma Kuvelkar
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Matthew E. Kennedy
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Leonard Favreau
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Kathleen Cox
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Peter Orth
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alexei Buevich
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Johannes Voigt
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hongwu Wang
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Irina Kazakevich
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Brian A. McKittrick
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - William Greenlee
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Eric M. Parker
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew W. Stamford
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Department of Neuroscience, §Global Structural Chemistry, ∥Department of Analytical
Chemistry, ⊥Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, and #Department of Exploratory Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping
Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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36
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Barrett TN, Braddock DC, Monta A, Webb MR, White AJP. Total synthesis of the marine metabolite (±)-polysiphenol via highly regioselective intramolecular oxidative coupling. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:1980-1984. [PMID: 21875052 DOI: 10.1021/np200596q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
(±)-Polysiphenol (1), an atropisomerically stable 4,5-dibrominated 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene from Polysiphonia ferulacea, was prepared by a biomimetically inspired highly regioselective intramolecular oxidative coupling of a dibrominated dihydrostilbene. The installation of the two bromine atoms prior to oxidative coupling prevents further oxidation to a planar aromatized phenanthrene. By this strategy, the synthesis of (±)-polysiphenol was achieved in four steps in 70% overall yield. Synthesis of the naturally occurring 5,5'-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(3-bromobenzene-1,2-diol) (2) (the likely biogenetic precursor of polysiphenol) and 5,5'-(ethane-1,2-diyl)bis(3,4,6-tribromobenzene-1,2-diol) (9) are also reported. The origins of the regioselectivity in the oxidative coupling are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim N Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, UK
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37
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Chou TC, Wu RT, Liao KC, Wang CH. N-1- and N-2-Anthryl Succinimide Derivatives: C–N Bond Rotational Behaviors and Fluorescence Energy Transfer. J Org Chem 2011; 76:6813-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo200665v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teh-Chang Chou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufong, Taichung, 41369, Taiwan
| | - Ren-Tsung Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufong, Taichung, 41369, Taiwan
| | - Kung-Ching Liao
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan
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Yu A, Xue X, Wang J, Wang H, Wang Y. The effects of insertion of nitrogen atoms on the aromatic nitrogen-containing compounds: a potential approach for designing stable radical molecular materials. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ao Yu
- Central Laboratory, College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xiaosong Xue
- Central Laboratory, College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Jian Wang
- Central Laboratory, College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Huikai Wang
- Central Laboratory, College of Chemistry; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Yongjian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences; Nankai University; Tianjin 300071 China
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39
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Meanwell NA. Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2529-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1013693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1876] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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40
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Duong A, Maris T, Lebel O, Wuest JD. Syntheses and structures of isomeric diaminotriazinyl-substituted 2,2'-bipyridines and 1,10-phenanthrolines. J Org Chem 2011; 76:1333-41. [PMID: 21299206 DOI: 10.1021/jo102191n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isomeric 2,2'-bipyridines 4a-6a and 1,10-phenanthrolines 7a-9a with two diaminotriazinyl (DAT) substituents were synthesized to explore their dual ability to direct association by the chelation of metals and the characteristic hydrogen bonding of DAT groups. Crystals of compounds 4a-6a and 7a-9a were grown under diverse conditions, and their structures were solved by X-ray crystallography. Analysis revealed multiple shared features analogous to those observed in the structures of simpler DAT-substituted pyridines 1-3. For example, the bipyridines and phenanthrolines favor flattened conformations except in the cases of compounds 8a and 9a, where the patterns of substitution prevent the DAT groups from lying in the plane of the phenanthroline core. As expected, the DAT groups form approximately coplanar hydrogen bonds according to standard motifs I-III, which play a key role in directing molecular organization. However, the structures of simple pyridines 1-3, which favor efficiently packed chains and sheets, differ predictably from those of bipyridines 4a-6a and phenanthrolines 7a-9a in two ways: (1) The larger number of DAT groups in compounds 4a-9a typically leads to complex three-dimensional networks held together by a larger number of hydrogen bonds per molecule, and (2) the need to respect multiple directional interactions prevents compounds 4a-9a from forming closely packed structures, and significant quantities of guests are included. Together, these observations confirm the effectiveness of incorporating special groups such as DAT within more complex molecular structures to control association according to reliable patterns. Bipyridines 4a-6a and phenanthrolines 7a-9a promise to be particularly rich sources of new supramolecular chemistry because they have well-defined molecular topologies and a dual ability to direct association by chelating metals and by engaging in multiple hydrogen bonds according to reliable patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Duong
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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41
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Molnár A, Mucsi Z, Vlád G, Simon K, Holczbauer T, Podányi B, Faigl F, Hermecz I. Ring transformation of unsaturated N-bridgehead fused pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones: role of repulsive electrostatic nonbonded interaction. J Org Chem 2011; 76:696-9. [PMID: 21158465 DOI: 10.1021/jo102079k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Thermal ring transformation ability of unsaturated N-bridgehead fused pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones A is governed by both the steric and the electrostatic interactions between the oxygen of the carbonyl group and the substituent in the peri position.
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42
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Tolstoy PM, Guo J, Koeppe B, Golubev NS, Denisov GS, Smirnov SN, Limbach HH. Geometries and Tautomerism of OHN Hydrogen Bonds in Aprotic Solution Probed by H/D Isotope Effects on 13C NMR Chemical Shifts. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:10775-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1027146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Tolstoy
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Germany, and V. A. Fock Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Russia
| | - Jing Guo
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Germany, and V. A. Fock Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Russia
| | - Benjamin Koeppe
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Germany, and V. A. Fock Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Russia
| | - Nikolai S. Golubev
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Germany, and V. A. Fock Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Russia
| | - Gleb S. Denisov
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Germany, and V. A. Fock Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Russia
| | - Sergei N. Smirnov
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Germany, and V. A. Fock Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Russia
| | - Hans-Heinrich Limbach
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University of Berlin, Germany, and V. A. Fock Institute of Physics, St. Petersburg State University, Russia
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