1
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Dewangan S, Mishra A, Halder B, Mishra A, Dhiman R, Chatterjee S. Unsymmetrically bi-functionalized 1,1’-ferrocenyl bi-hydrazone and hydrazone-cyanovinyl molecules as fluorescent “on-off” sensor: Synthesis, cytotoxicity and cancer cell imaging behavior. Inorganica Chim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2023.121511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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2
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Beirne DF, Dalla Via M, Velasco-Torrijos T, Montagner D. Metal-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Targeted metal-drug conjugates. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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3
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Wedal JC, Ziller JW, Evans WJ. Exploring the use of the pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl ligand in uranium chemistry: the crystal structure of (C5Ph5)UI2(THF)2
†. Aust J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/ch21318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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4
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Ferraz de Paiva RE, Vieira EG, Rodrigues da Silva D, Wegermann CA, Costa Ferreira AM. Anticancer Compounds Based on Isatin-Derivatives: Strategies to Ameliorate Selectivity and Efficiency. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:627272. [PMID: 33614708 PMCID: PMC7889591 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.627272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we compare and discuss results of compounds already reported as anticancer agents based on isatin-derivatives, metalated as well as non-metallated. Isatin compounds can be obtained from plants, marine animals, and is also found in human fluids as a metabolite of amino acids. Its derivatives include imines, hydrazones, thiosemicarbazones, among others, already focused on numerous anticancer studies. Some of them have entered in pre-clinical and clinical tests as antiangiogenic compounds or inhibitors of crucial proteins. As free ligands or coordinated to metal ions, such isatin derivatives showed promising antiproliferative properties against different cancer cells, targeting different biomolecules or organelles. Binding to metal ions usually improves its biological properties, indicating a modulation by the metal and by the ligand in a synergistic process. They also reveal diverse mechanisms of action, being able of binding DNA, generating reactive species that cause oxidative damage, and inhibiting selected proteins. Strategies used to improve the efficiency and selectivity of these compounds comprise structural modification of the ligands, metalation with different ions, syntheses of mononuclear and dinuclear species, and use of inserted or anchored compounds in selected drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Guimarães Vieira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Rodrigues da Silva
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Anchau Wegermann
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Costa Ferreira
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Sansook S, Hassell-Hart S, Ocasio C, Spencer J. Ferrocenes in medicinal chemistry; a personal perspective. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.121017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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6
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Hassell-Hart S, Runcie A, Krojer T, Doyle J, Lineham E, Ocasio CA, Neto BAD, Fedorov O, Marsh G, Maple H, Felix R, Banks R, Ciulli A, Picaud S, Filippakopoulos P, von Delft F, Brennan P, Stewart HJS, Chevassut TJ, Walker M, Austin C, Morley S, Spencer J. Synthesis and Biological Investigation of (+)-JD1, an Organometallic BET Bromodomain Inhibitor. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Storm Hassell-Hart
- Chemistry Department, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Andrew Runcie
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH Scotland, U.K
| | - Tobias Krojer
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Jordan Doyle
- Chemistry Department, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Ella Lineham
- Biochemistry Department, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QQ, U.K
| | - Cory A. Ocasio
- Chemistry Department, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Brenno A. D. Neto
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy
Ribeiro, Brasília, Q3 Distrito Federal 70904-970, Brazil
| | - Oleg Fedorov
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Graham Marsh
- Bio-Techne (Tocris), The Watkins Building, Atlantic Road,
Avonmouth, Bristol BS11 9QD, U.K
| | - Hannah Maple
- Bio-Techne (Tocris), The Watkins Building, Atlantic Road,
Avonmouth, Bristol BS11 9QD, U.K
| | - Robert Felix
- Bio-Techne (Tocris), The Watkins Building, Atlantic Road,
Avonmouth, Bristol BS11 9QD, U.K
| | - Rebecca Banks
- Bio-Techne (Tocris), The Watkins Building, Atlantic Road,
Avonmouth, Bristol BS11 9QD, U.K
| | - Alessio Ciulli
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, James Black Centre, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH Scotland, U.K
| | - Sarah Picaud
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | | | - Frank von Delft
- Diamond Light Source (DLS), Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
| | - Paul Brennan
- Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Helen J. S. Stewart
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9PS, U.K
| | | | - Martin Walker
- Eurofins Integrated Discovery UK Ltd., Fyfield Business & Research Park, Fyfield Road, Ongar, Essex CM5 0GS, U.K
| | - Carol Austin
- Eurofins Integrated Discovery UK Ltd., Fyfield Business & Research Park, Fyfield Road, Ongar, Essex CM5 0GS, U.K
| | - Simon Morley
- Biochemistry Department, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QQ, U.K
| | - John Spencer
- Chemistry Department, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
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7
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Dewangan S, Mishra S, Mawatwal S, Dhiman R, Parida R, Giri S, Wölper C, Chatterjee S. Synthesis of Ferrocene Tethered Heteroaromatic Compounds Using Solid Supported Reaction Method, their Cytotoxic Evaluation and Fluorescence Behavior. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Dewangan
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Rourkela Orissa-769008 India
| | - Sasmita Mishra
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Rourkela Orissa-769008 India
| | - Shradha Mawatwal
- Department of Life ScienceNational Institute of Technology Rourkela Orissa-769008 India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Department of Life ScienceNational Institute of Technology Rourkela Orissa-769008 India
| | - Rakesh Parida
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Rourkela Orissa-769008 India
| | - Santanab Giri
- Department of Applied SciencesHaldia Institute of Technology, ICARE Complex Haldia-721657, W.B India
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Department for X-Ray DiffractionInstitut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen D-45117 Essen Germany
| | - Saurav Chatterjee
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Rourkela Orissa-769008 India
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8
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Yagnam S, Rami Reddy E, Trivedi R, Krishna NV, Giribabu L, Rathod B, Prakasham RS, Sridhar B. 1,2,3-Triazole derivatives of 3-ferrocenylidene-2-oxindole: Synthesis, characterization, electrochemical and antimicrobial evaluation. Appl Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Swetha Yagnam
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR CSIR-IICT Campus; Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
| | - Eda Rami Reddy
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
| | - Rajiv Trivedi
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR CSIR-IICT Campus; Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
| | - Narra Vamshi Krishna
- Polymer and Functional Materials Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
| | - Lingamallu Giribabu
- Polymer and Functional Materials Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR CSIR-IICT Campus; Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
| | - Balaji Rathod
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
| | - Reddy Shetty Prakasham
- Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR CSIR-IICT Campus; Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
| | - Balasubramanian Sridhar
- Centre for X-ray Crystallography; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR CSIR-IICT Campus; Hyderabad 500007 Telangana India
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9
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Sansook S, Ocasio CA, Day IJ, Tizzard GJ, Coles SJ, Fedorov O, Bennett JM, Elkins JM, Spencer J. Synthesis of kinase inhibitors containing a pentafluorosulfanyl moiety. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:8655-8660. [PMID: 28984325 PMCID: PMC5708334 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02289a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-methylidene-1H-indol-2(3H)-ones substituted with a 5- or 6-pentafluorosulfanyl group has been synthesized by a Knoevenagel condensation reaction of SF5-substituted oxindoles with a range of aldehydes. The resulting products were characterized by X-ray crystallography studies and were tested for biological activity versus a panel of cell lines and protein kinases. Some exhibited single digit nM activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supojjanee Sansook
- Dept of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - Cory A Ocasio
- Dept of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - Iain J Day
- Dept of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QJ, UK.
| | - Graham J Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service, Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service, Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Oleg Fedorov
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - James M Bennett
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-886, Brazil
| | - Jonathan M Elkins
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-886, Brazil
| | - John Spencer
- Dept of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QJ, UK.
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10
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Chemistry of the highly stable hindered cobalt sandwich compound (η5-Cp)Co(η4-C4Ph4) and its derivatives. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Martin EK, Pagano N, Sherlock ME, Harms K, Meggers E. Synthesis and anticancer activity of ruthenium half-sandwich complexes comprising combined metal centrochirality and planar chirality. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Kottas GS, Brotin T, Schwab PFH, Gala K, Havlas Z, Kirby JP, Miller JR, Michl J. Tetraarylcyclobutadienecyclopentadienylcobalt Complexes: Synthesis, Electronic Spectra, Magnetic Circular Dichroism, Linear Dichroism, and TD DFT Calculations. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om400403j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregg S. Kottas
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Thierry Brotin
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Peter F. H. Schwab
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Kamal Gala
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Zdeněk Havlas
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - James P. Kirby
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 555A, Upton, New
York 11973, United States
| | - John R. Miller
- Chemistry
Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 555A, Upton, New
York 11973, United States
| | - Josef Michl
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
- Institute
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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13
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Fu C, Harms K, Zhang L, Meggers E. DNA Mismatch Recognition by a Hexacoordinate Silicon Sandwich–Ruthenium Hybrid Complex. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500367a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fu
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Harms
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lilu Zhang
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
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14
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Dörr M, Meggers E. Metal complexes as structural templates for targeting proteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 19:76-81. [PMID: 24561508 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews recent advances in the design and discovery of inert metal complexes as protein binders. In these metal-based probes or drug candidates, the metal is supposed to exert a purely structural role by organizing the coordinating ligands in the three dimensional space to achieve a shape and functional group complementarity with the targeted protein pockets. Presented examples of sandwich, half-sandwich and octahedral d(6)-metal complexes reinforce previous perceptions that metal complexes are highly promising scaffolds for the design of small-molecule protein binders and complement the molecular diversity of organic chemistry by opening untapped chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Dörr
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Eric Meggers
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Amin J, Chuckowree IS, Wang M, Tizzard GJ, Coles SJ, Spencer J. Synthesis of Oxindole-Based Bioorganometallic Kinase Inhibitors Incorporating One or More Ferrocene Groups. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om400359m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Amin
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex
BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Irina S. Chuckowree
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex
BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Minghua Wang
- Terrence Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular
Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario
M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- UK National
Crystallography Service, School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO171BJ,
U.K
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK National
Crystallography Service, School
of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO171BJ,
U.K
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex
BN1 9QJ, U.K
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16
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Amin J, Chuckowree I, Tizzard GJ, Coles SJ, Wang M, Bingham JP, Hartley JA, Spencer J. Targeting Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor with Ferrocene-Based Kinase Inhibitors. Organometallics 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/om300974d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jahangir Amin
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex
BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Irina Chuckowree
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex
BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Graham J. Tizzard
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO171BJ, U.K
| | - Simon J. Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO171BJ, U.K
| | - Minghua Wang
- Terrence Donnelly
Center for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - John P. Bingham
- CRUK Drug−DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building,
72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, U.K
| | - John A. Hartley
- CRUK Drug−DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O’Gorman Building,
72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, U.K
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East Sussex
BN1 9QJ, U.K
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17
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Patra M, Gasser G. Organometallic Compounds: An Opportunity for Chemical Biology? Chembiochem 2012; 13:1232-52. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Monserrat JP, Al-Safi RI, Tiwari KN, Quentin L, Chabot GG, Vessières A, Jaouen G, Neamati N, Hillard EA. Ferrocenyl chalcone difluoridoborates inhibit HIV-1 integrase and display low activity towards cancer and endothelial cells. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6195-7. [PMID: 21889342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We report here the discovery of a potent series of HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors based on the ferrocenyl chalcone difluoridoborate structure. Ten new compounds have been synthesized and were generally found to have similar inhibitory activities against the IN 3' processing and strand transfer (ST) processes. IC(50) values were found to be in the low micromolar range, and significantly lower than those found for the non-coordinated ferrocenyl chalcones and other ferrocene molecules. The ferrocenyl chalcone difluoridoborates furthermore exhibited low cytotoxicity against cancer cells and low morphological activity against epithelial cells.
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