1
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Esarev IV, Karge B, Zeng H, Lippmann P, Jones PG, Schrey H, Brönstrup M, Ott I. Silver Organometallics that are Highly Potent Thioredoxin and Glutathione Reductase Inhibitors: Exploring the Correlations of Solution Chemistry with the Strong Antibacterial Effects. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:1753-1766. [PMID: 38606463 PMCID: PMC11091889 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The antibacterial activity of silver species is well-established; however, their mechanism of action has not been adequately explored. Furthermore, issues of low-molecular silver compounds with cytotoxicity, stability, and solubility hamper their progress to drug leads. We have investigated silver N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) halido complexes [(NHC)AgX, X = Cl, Br, and I] as a promising new type of antibacterial silver organometallics. Spectroscopic studies and conductometry established a higher stability for the complexes with iodide ligands, and nephelometry indicated that the complexes could be administered in solutions with physiological chloride levels. The complexes showed a broad spectrum of strong activity against pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. However, there was no significant activity against Gram-positive strains. Further studies clarified that tryptone and yeast extract, as components of the culture media, were responsible for this lack of activity. The reduction of biofilm formation and a strong inhibition of both glutathione and thioredoxin reductases with IC50 values in the nanomolar range were confirmed for selected compounds. In addition to their improved physicochemical properties, the compounds with iodide ligands did not display cytotoxic effects, unlike the other silver complexes. In summary, silver NHC complexes with iodide secondary ligands represent a useful scaffold for nontoxic silver organometallics with improved physicochemical properties and a distinct mechanism of action that is based on inhibition of thioredoxin and glutathione reductases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Esarev
- Institute
of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Bianka Karge
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for
Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Haoxuan Zeng
- Department
of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for
Infection Research GmbH and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig,
Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute
of Microbiology, Technische Universität
Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Petra Lippmann
- Institute
of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter G. Jones
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Technische
Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hedda Schrey
- Department
of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for
Infection Research GmbH and German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover/Braunschweig,
Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute
of Microbiology, Technische Universität
Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department
of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for
Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute
of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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2
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Neshat A, Mahdavi A, Yousefshahi MR, Cheraghi M, Eigner V, Kucerakova M, Dusek M, Rezaie F, Kaboudin B. Heteroleptic Silver(I) and Gold(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Structural Characterization, Computational Analysis, Tyrosinase Inhibitory, and Biological Effects. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16710-16724. [PMID: 37788161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Derivatization of (NHC)M-Cl (M = Ag, Au) with selected sulfur donors from the family of dialkyldithiophosphates and bis(2-mercapto-1-methylimidazolyl)borate ligands gave a series of heteroleptic mononuclear complexes. In single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, Ag(I) complexes adopted a trigonal planar geometry, while Au(I) complexes are near-linear. TD-DFT and hole-electron analyses of the selected complexes gave insight into the electronic features of the metal complexes. In vitro cellular tests were conducted on the human cancerous breast cell line MCF-7 using 2 and 8. The antibacterial activities of complexes 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, and IPr-Ag-Cl were also screened against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus PTCC 1112) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli PTCC 1330) bacteria. Antityrosinase and hemolytic effects of the selected compounds were also determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Neshat
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Mahdavi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Yousefshahi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Mahdi Cheraghi
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Vaclav Eigner
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8 18221, The Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kucerakova
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8 18221, The Czech Republic
| | - Michal Dusek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8 18221, The Czech Republic
| | - Forough Rezaie
- Department of Chemistry, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahwaz 6135783151, Iran
| | - Babak Kaboudin
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), 444 Prof. Sobouti Blvd., Gava Zang, Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran
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3
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Nishad RC, Kumar S, Rit A. Self‐Assembly of a Bis‐NHC Ligand and Coinage Metal Ions: Unprecedented Metal‐Driven Chemistry between the Tri‐ and Tetranuclear Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206788. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev C. Nishad
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Shashi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
| | - Arnab Rit
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai 600036 India
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4
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Fontes JV, Santos IA, Rosa LB, Lima RLA, Jardim ACG, Miguel DC, Abbehausen C. Antileishmanial and Anti‐Chikungunya Activity of Cu(I)‐N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josielle V. Fontes
- Institute of Chemistry University of Campinas - UNICAMP PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Igor A. Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlandia MG Brazil
| | - Letícia B. Rosa
- Institute of Biology University of Campinas - UNICAMP 13083-862 Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Rochanna L. A. Lima
- Institute of Chemistry University of Campinas - UNICAMP PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Ana C. G. Jardim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Federal University of Uberlândia Uberlandia MG Brazil
| | - Danilo C. Miguel
- Institute of Biology University of Campinas - UNICAMP 13083-862 Campinas SP Brazil
| | - Camilla Abbehausen
- Institute of Chemistry University of Campinas - UNICAMP PO Box 6154 13083-970 Campinas SP Brazil
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5
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Nishad RC, Kumar S, Rit A. Self‐Assembly of a Bis‐NHC Ligand and Coinage Metal Ions: Unprecedented Metal Driven Chemistry between the Tri‐ and Tetranuclear Species. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev C. Nishad
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras Department of Chemistry INDIA
| | - Shashi Kumar
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras Department of Chemistry INDIA
| | - Arnab Rit
- Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Department of Chemistry Sardar patel Road 600036 Chennai INDIA
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6
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Longhi A, Baron M, Rancan M, Bottaro G, Orian L, Graiff C, Roverso M, Menegazzo I, Armelao L, Bogialli S, Tubaro C. Silver(I) and gold(I) complexes with bitriazole‐based N‐heterocyclic carbene ligand: solid state features and behavior in solution. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Longhi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova Padova Italy
| | - Marco Baron
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova Padova Italy
| | - Marzio Rancan
- ICMATE‐CNR, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Padova Italy
| | | | - Laura Orian
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova Padova Italy
| | - Claudia Graiff
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Parma Parma Italy
| | - Marco Roverso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova Padova Italy
| | - Ileana Menegazzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova Padova Italy
| | - Lidia Armelao
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova Padova Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Tecnologie dei Materiali, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Roma Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova Padova Italy
- ICMATE‐CNR, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Padova Italy
| | - Cristina Tubaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Università degli Studi di Padova Padova Italy
- ICMATE‐CNR, c/o Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche Padova Italy
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7
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Thiazol-2-ylidenes as N-Heterocyclic carbene ligands with enhanced electrophilicity for transition metal catalysis. Commun Chem 2022; 5:60. [PMID: 36697942 PMCID: PMC9814509 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have emerged as a dominant direction in ligand development in transition metal catalysis. In particular, strong σ-donation in combination with tunable steric environment make NHCs to be among the most common ligands used for C-C and C-heteroatom bond formation. Herein, we report the study on steric and electronic properties of thiazol-2-ylidenes. We demonstrate that the thiazole heterocycle and enhanced π-electrophilicity result in a class of highly active carbene ligands for electrophilic cyclization reactions to form valuable oxazoline heterocycles. The evaluation of steric, electron-donating and π-accepting properties as well as structural characterization and coordination chemistry is presented. This mode of catalysis can be applied to late-stage drug functionalization to furnish attractive building blocks for medicinal chemistry. Considering the key role of N-heterocyclic ligands, we anticipate that N-aryl thiazol-2-ylidenes will be of broad interest as ligands in modern chemical synthesis.
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8
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Rosa LB, Galuppo C, Lima RLA, Fontes JV, Siqueira FS, Júdice WAS, Abbehausen C, Miguel DC. Antileishmanial activity and insights into the mechanisms of action of symmetric Au(I) benzyl and aryl-N-heterocyclic carbenes. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 229:111726. [PMID: 35065320 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis and L. braziliensis are the main etiological agents of the American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL). Taking into account the limited effectiveness and high toxicity of the current drug arsenal to treat ATL, novel options are urgently needed. Inspired by the fact that gold-based compounds are promising candidates for antileishmanial drugs, we studied the biological action of a systematic series of six (1)-(6) symmetric Au(I) benzyl and aryl-N-heterocyclic carbenes. All compounds were active at low micromolar concentrations with 50% effective concentrations ranging from 1.57 to 8.30 μM against Leishmania promastigotes. The mesityl derivative (3) proved to be the best candidate from this series, with a selectivity index ~13 against both species. The results suggest an effect of the steric and electronic parameters of the N-substituent in the activity. Intracellular infections were drastically reduced after 24h of (2)-(5) incubation in terms of infection rate and amastigote burden. Further investigations showed that our compounds induced significant parasites' morphological alterations and membrane permeability. Also, (3) and (6) were able to reduce the residual activity of three Leishmania recombinant cysteine proteases, known as possible targets for Au(I) complexes. Our promising results open the possibility of exploring gold complexes as leishmanicidal molecules to be further screened in in vivo models of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia B Rosa
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina Galuppo
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rochanna L A Lima
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Josielle V Fontes
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Siqueira
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biochemical Research, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner A S Júdice
- Interdisciplinary Center for Biochemical Research, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Camilla Abbehausen
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Danilo C Miguel
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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9
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Ang PL, Nguyen VH, Yip JHK. Hetero- and homoleptic binuclear gold(I)-thiolate and -halide complexes - ligand exchange kinetics and supramolecular structures. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3081-3095. [PMID: 35113094 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Heteroleptic and homoleptic binuclear Au(I) complexes [Au2(μ-PAnP)(SPh)(X)] (X = Cl- or Br-), [Au2(μ-PAnP)(SPh)2] and [Au2(μ-PAnP)(SPhCO2H)2] (SPh = benzenethiolate and SPhCO2H = 4-thiolatobenzoic acid) containing the bridging diphosphine, 9,10-bis(diphenylphosphino)anthracene (PAnP), were synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. [Au2(μ-PAnP)(SPh)2] exists as a monomer in its crystals but [Au2(μ-PAnP)(SPhCO2H)2] polymerizes into zig-zag chains via intermolecular hydrogen bonding. [Au2(μ-PAnP)(SPh)(Cl)] forms cyclophane-like dimers of Ci symmetry in crystals via intermolecular aurophilic interactions (Au-Au distance = 3.3081(5) Å). Recrystallization of [Au2(μ-PAnP)(SPh)(Br)] invariably led to crystals composed of [Au2(μ-PAnP)(SPh)(Br)] and [Au2(μ-PAnP)(Br)2]. Despite the chemically different P atoms in the heteroleptic [Au2(μ-PAnP)(SPh)(Cl)] and [Au2(μ-PAnP)(SPh)(Br)], solutions of the complexes show only a single signal in their 31P{1H} NMR spectra at room temperature which resolved into two singlets of equal intensity at 183 K. Identical signals which show the same thermal behavior were observed in solutions of [Au2(μ-PAnP)(SPh)2] and [Au2(μ-PAnP)(X)2] in 1 : 1 molar ratios, indicating that there are three exchanging species, [Au2(μ-PAnP)(SPh)(X)], [Au2(μ-PAnP)(SPh)2] and [Au2(μ-PAnP)(X)2], in solution. A solution of [Au2(μ-PAnP)(Cl)2] and [Au2(μ-PAnP)(Br)2] in 1 : 1 molar ratio shows two singlets, implying that the exchange is not due to the dissociation of either PAnP or halide ligands, but rather it involves the exchange of the thiolate and the halide ligands (SPh- ↔ X-). A mixture of [(PPh3)Au(SPh)] and [(PPh3)Au(Cl)] (1 : 1 molar ratio) showed only one signal in its room temperature 31P{1H} NMR spectrum, indicating that the ligand exchange can happen intermolecularly. Self-exchange of SPh- ligands is possible as the room temperature 31P NMR spectrum of a mixture of [Au2(μ-PAnP)(SPh)2] and [Au2(μ-PAnP)(SPhCO2H)2] displayed only one signal. The rate constants of the exchange were determined by fitting the line shapes of the 31P NMR signals at different temperatures. The activation energies (Eas), obtained from Arrhenius plots, for the SPh- ↔ Cl- and SPh- ↔ Br- exchange are 36.9 ± 0.7 and 33.7 ± 1.0 kJ mol-1, respectively. The activation enthalpy and activation entropy, obtained from Eyring plots, for the SPh- ↔ Cl- and SPh- ↔ Br- exchange are 35.0 ± 0.7 kJ mol-1 and -25.7 ± 3.2 J K-1, and 32.0 ± 1.0 kJ mol-1 and -21.8 ± 4.7 J K-1, respectively. Based on the kinetic results, two possible mechanisms were proposed for the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Lin Ang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Van Ha Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore.
| | - John H K Yip
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore.
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Savchuk M, Bocquin L, Albalat M, Jean M, Vanthuyne N, Nava P, Humbel S, Hérault D, Clavier H. Transition metal complexes bearing atropisomeric saturated NHC ligands. Chirality 2021; 34:13-26. [PMID: 34740283 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
From achiral imidazolinium salts, chiral transition metal complexes containing an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand were prepared (metal = palladium, copper, silver, gold, rhodium). Axial chirality in these complexes results from the formation of the metal-carbene bond leading to the restriction of rotation of dissymmetric N-aryl substituents about the C-N bond. When these complexes exhibited a sufficient configurational stability, a resolution by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on preparative scale enabled isolation of enantiomers with excellent enantiopurities (>99% ee) and good yields. A study of the enantiomerization barriers revealed the effect of the backbone nature as well as the type of transition metal on its values. Nevertheless, the evaluation of palladium-based complexes in asymmetric intramolecular α-arylation of amides demonstrated that the ability to induce an enantioselectivity cannot be correlated to the configurational stability of the precatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Savchuk
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Lucas Bocquin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Muriel Albalat
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Jean
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Paola Nava
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Humbel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Damien Hérault
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Hervé Clavier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
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Ségaud N, Johnson C, Farre A, Albrecht M. Exploring the stability of the NHC-metal bond using thiones as probes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10600-10603. [PMID: 34569555 PMCID: PMC8506647 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02740a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The metal-carbon bond in N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) metal complexes, which are ubiquitous in modern homogeneous catalysis, is often conjectured to be robust. Here, carbene dissociation was evaluated from a series of complexes with metals of relevance in catalysis containing either an Arduengo-type 2-imidazolylidene or a mesoionic 1,2,3-triazolylidene ligand through thione formation, revealing remarkable kinetic lability of the NHC-metal bond for, e.g. IrIII, RhIII, and NiII complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Ségaud
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Chloë Johnson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Albert Farre
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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12
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Schwarz N, Sun X, Yadav R, Köppe R, Simler T, Roesky PW. Application of the Redox-Transmetalation Procedure to Access Divalent Lanthanide and Alkaline-Earth NHC Complexes*. Chemistry 2021; 27:12857-12865. [PMID: 34165229 PMCID: PMC8518399 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Divalent lanthanide and alkaline-earth complexes supported by N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have been accessed by redox-transmetalation between air-stable NHC-AgI complexes and the corresponding metals. By using the small ligand 1,3-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMe), two series of isostructural complexes were obtained: the tetra-NHC complexes [LnI2 (IMe)4 ] (Ln=Eu and Sm) and the bis-NHC complexes [MI2 (IMe)2 (THF)2 ] (M=Yb, Ca and Sr). In the former, distortions in the NHC coordination were found to originate from intermolecular repulsions in the solid state. Application of the redox-transmetalation strategy with the bulkier 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMes) ligand yielded [SrI2 (IMes)(THF)3 ], while using a similar procedure with Ca metal led to [CaI2 (THF)4 ] and uncoordinated IMes. DFT calculations were performed to rationalise the selective formation of the bis-NHC adduct in [SrI2 (IMe)2 (THF)2 ] and the tetra-NHC adduct in [SmI2 (IMe)4 ]. Since the results in the gas phase point towards preferential formation of the tetra-NHC complexes for both metal centres, the differences between both arrangements are a result of solid-state effects such as slightly different packing forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Schwarz
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Ravi Yadav
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Ralf Köppe
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Thomas Simler
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire (LCM) CNRS, École PolytechniqueInstitut Polytechnique de Paris91120PalaiseauFrance
| | - Peter W. Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Engesserstraße 1576131KarlsruheGermany
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Planer S, Frosch J, Koneczny M, Trzybiński D, Woźniak K, Grela K, Tamm M. Heterobimetallic Coinage Metal-Ruthenium Complexes Supported by Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:15217-15225. [PMID: 34342923 PMCID: PMC8597159 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The lithium complexes [(WCA‐NHC)Li(toluene)] of anionic N‐heterocyclic carbenes with a weakly coordinating borate moiety (WCA‐NHC, WCA=B(C6F5)3, NHC=IDipp=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazolin‐2‐ylidene) were used for the preparation of silver(I) or copper(I) WCA‐NHC complexes. While the reactions in THF with AgCl or CuCl afforded anionic mono‐ and dicarbene complexes with solvated lithium counterions [Li(THF)n]+ (n=3, 4), the reactions in toluene proceeded with elimination of LiCl and formation of the neutral phosphine and arene complexes [(WCA‐NHC)M(PPh3)] and [(WCA‐NHC)M(η2‐toluene)] (M=Ag, Cu). The latter were used for the preparation of chlorido‐ and iodido‐bridged heterobimetallic Ag/Ru and Cu/Ru complexes [(WCA‐NHC)M(μ‐X)2Ru(PPh3)(η6‐p‐cymene)] (M=Ag, Cu, X=Cl; M=Ag, X=I). Surprisingly, these complexes resisted the elimination of CuCl, AgCl, or AgI, precluding WCA‐NHC transmetalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Planer
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of WarsawŻwirki i Wigury 10102-089WarsawPoland
| | - Jenni Frosch
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Marvin Koneczny
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Damian Trzybiński
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of WarsawŻwirki i Wigury 10102-089WarsawPoland
| | - Krzysztof Woźniak
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of WarsawŻwirki i Wigury 10102-089WarsawPoland
| | - Karol Grela
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of WarsawŻwirki i Wigury 10102-089WarsawPoland
| | - Matthias Tamm
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
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14
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Wang Z, Tzouras NV, Nolan SP, Bi X. Silver N-heterocyclic carbenes: emerging powerful catalysts. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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15
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Goetzfried SK, Koenig SMC, Gallati CM, Gust R. Internal and External Influences on Stability and Ligand Exchange Reactions in Bromido[3-ethyl-4-aryl-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propyl-1,3-dihydro-2 H-imidazol-2-ylidene]gold(I) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8546-8553. [PMID: 34097405 PMCID: PMC8277168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The ligand scrambling
reaction of gold(I) complexes is a phenomenon
occurring primarily in L–AuI–X (L = phosphine, N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC), and thiol; X = halide and
thiol) complexes and has been observed among others for e.g., the
bromido[3-ethyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-ylidene]gold(I) complex (7a),
which underwent ligand rearrangement in aqueous solutions. In this
study, we investigated the influence of substituents on the 4-aryl
ring of the related (NHC)AuIBr complexes (1a–9a) in terms of the conversion to the [(NHC)2AuI]+ (1b–9b) and [(NHC)2AuIIIBr2]+ (1c–9c) species. Furthermore,
the influence of external factors such as solvent, temperature, concentration,
and presence of halides (Cl–, Br–, and I–) or hydroxyl ions was studied to gain
a deeper understanding of the ligand rearrangement reaction. The substituent
on the 4-aryl ring has a marginal impact on the scrambling reaction.
Out of the investigated organic solvents (dimethylformamide (DMF),
dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), and acetonitrile
(ACN)), only ACN separates single complex molecules. In all other
solvents, relatively stable ((NHC)AuIBr)2 dimers
are present. The addition of water to ACN solutions forces the formation
of such dimeric units, starting the transformation to [(NHC)2AuI]+ and [(NHC)2AuIIIBr2]+. The rate-determining step is the release
of Br– from a T-shape intermediate because an excess
of KBr terminates this reaction. Furthermore, it is obvious that only
single molecules react with halides. The aurophilic interactions between
two (NHC)AuIBr molecules are too strong in the presence
of water and largely impeded reaction with halides. As a single molecule,
the reaction with Cl– (e.g., in a 0.9% NaCl solution)
is notable, while I– even leads to a fast and quantitative
conversion to (NHC)AuII and finally to [(NHC)2AuI]+. Internal
and external factors of the ligand scrambling reaction
in (NHC)AuIBr complexes were investigated by the means
of HPLC. The data represent the impact of substituents, temperature,
solvent, concentration and addition of halides on the conversion to
the respective [(NHC)2AuI]+ and the
oxidation to the [(NHC)2AuIIIBr2]+ complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Katharina Goetzfried
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Sophie Marie Charlotte Koenig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Caroline Marie Gallati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
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16
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Facile N9-Alkylation of Xanthine Derivatives and Their Use as Precursors for N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123705. [PMID: 34204439 PMCID: PMC8234118 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The xanthine-derivatives 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine, 1,3-dimethyl-7-benzylxanthine and 1,3-dimethyl-7-(4-chlorobenzyl)xanthine are readily ethylated at N9 using the cheap alkylating agents ethyl tosylate or diethyl sulfate. The resulting xanthinium tosylate or ethyl sulfate salts can be converted into the corresponding PF6- and chloride salts. The reaction of these xanthinium salts with silver(I) oxide results in the formation of different silver(I) carbene-complexes. In the presence of ammonia, ammine complexes [Ag(NHC)(NH3)]PF6 are formed, whilst with Et2NH, the bis(carbene) salts [Ag(NHC)2]PF6 were isolated. Using the xanthinium chloride salts neutral silver(I) carbenes [Ag(NHC)Cl] were prepared. These silver complexes were used in a variety of transmetallation reactions to give the corresponding gold(I), ruthenium(II) as well as rhodium(I) and rhodium(III) complexes. The compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic methods as well as X-ray diffraction.
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17
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Cervantes‐Reyes A, Saxl T, Stein PM, Rudolph M, Rominger F, Asiri AM, Hashmi ASK. Expanded Ring NHC Silver Carboxylate Complexes as Efficient and Reusable Catalysts for the Carboxylative Cyclization of Unsubstituted Propargylic Derivatives. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2367-2374. [PMID: 33687152 PMCID: PMC8252382 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Stabilized by a bulky N-heterocyclic carbene [BP DPr, 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,3-diazonine-2-ylidene] ligand, new silver carboxylate complexes of the form BP DPrAgO2 C-R (R=Me, Ph) have been synthesized and fully characterized in solution and in the solid state and implemented as sole catalysts (base-, additive-, and, in some cases, solvent-free) in the challenging fixation of carbon dioxide to unsubstituted propargylic derivatives for the synthesis of oxazolidinones and α-methylene cyclic carbonates. Derived from X-ray diffraction studies, the molecular geometry and the concept of buried volume were employed to describe the structural and steric features of these silver complexes. Their stability and efficiency as catalysts have been demonstrated by the synthesis of 29 carboxylation products (72-98 % yield) at low catalyst loadings (0.01-1.5 mol%). Characteristics are high turnover numbers (up to 9400), catalyst recyclability (up to 96 % yield after the 7th cycle with no decomposition of the silver complex), and the possibility to scale-up the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Saxl
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Philipp M. Stein
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Matthias Rudolph
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
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18
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Strausser SL, Jenkins DM. Synthesis of d10 N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes with a Perimidine Scaffold. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shelby L. Strausser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - David M. Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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19
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Rawat VK, Higashida K, Sawamura M. Use of Imidazo[1,5‐
a
]pyridin‐3‐ylidene as a Platform for Metal‐Imidazole Cooperative Catalysis: Silver‐Catalyzed Cyclization of Alkyne‐Tethered Carboxylic Acids. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Kumar Rawat
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
| | - Kosuke Higashida
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
| | - Masaya Sawamura
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Hokkaido University Sapporo 060-0810 Japan
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD) Hokkaido University Sapporo 001-0021 Japan
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20
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Taira T, Yanagimoto T, Sakai K, Sakai H, Imura T. Au( i)-, Ag( i)-, and Pd( ii)-coordination-driven diverse self-assembly of an N-heterocyclic carbene-based amphiphile. RSC Adv 2021; 11:17865-17870. [PMID: 35480220 PMCID: PMC9033218 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02719k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Au(i)-, Ag(i)-, and Pd(ii)-coordination-driven diverse self-assembly of an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-based amphiphile was demonstrated herein. The transition metals had significant effects over the whole system, setting the self-assembly direction of the NHC-based amphiphile. More specifically, Au(i)- and Ag(i)-coordination to the NHC-based amphiphile promoted the formation of spherical and hexagonal structures, while Pd(ii)-coordination promoted the formation of cylindrical and lamellar structures. Au(i)-, Ag(i)-, and Pd(ii)-coordination-driven diverse self-assembly of an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-based amphiphile was demonstrated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Taira
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Takaya Yanagimoto
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Chiba 278-8510
- Japan
| | - Kenichi Sakai
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Chiba 278-8510
- Japan
| | - Hideki Sakai
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Tokyo University of Science
- Chiba 278-8510
- Japan
| | - Tomohiro Imura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
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21
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Goetzfried SK, Gallati CM, Cziferszky M, Talmazan RA, Wurst K, Liedl KR, Podewitz M, Gust R. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Gold(I) Complexes: Mechanism of the Ligand Scrambling Reaction and Their Oxidation to Gold(III) in Aqueous Solutions. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:15312-15323. [PMID: 33006470 PMCID: PMC7581288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) gold(I) complexes offer great
prospects in medicinal chemistry as antiproliferative, anticancer,
and antibacterial agents. However, further development requires a
thorough understanding of their reaction behavior in aqueous media.
Herein, we report the conversion of the bromido[3-ethyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propylimidazol-2-ylidene]gold(I)
((NHC)AuIBr, 1) complex in acetonitrile/water
mixtures to the bis[3-ethyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propylimidazol-2-ylidene]gold(I)
([(NHC)2AuI]+, 7), which
is subsequently oxidized to the dibromidobis[3-ethyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propylimidazol-2-ylidene]gold(III)
([(NHC)2AuIIIBr2]+, 9). By combining experimental data from HPLC, NMR, and (LC-)/HR-MS
with computational results from DFT calculations, we outline a detailed
ligand scrambling reaction mechanism. The key step is the formation
of the stacked ((NHC)AuIBr)2 dimer (2) that rearranges to the T-shaped intermediate Br(NHC)2AuI–AuIBr (3). The dissociation
of Br– from 3 and recombination lead
to (NHC)2AuI–AuIBr2 (5) followed by the separation into [(NHC)2AuI]+ (7) and [AuIBr2]− (8). [AuIBr2]− is not stable in an aqueous environment
and degrades in an internal redox reaction to Au0 and Br2. The latter in turn oxidizes 7 to the gold(III)
species 9. The reported ligand rearrangement of the (NHC)AuIBr complex differs from that found for related silver(I) analogous.
A detailed understanding of this scrambling mechanism is of utmost
importance for the interpretation of their biological activity and
will help to further optimize them for biomedical and other applications. By means of experimental data from HPLC
and (LC-)MS in combination with DFT calculations, we present a detailed
mechanism for the ligand scrambling reaction of (NHC)AuIBr to the corresponding [(NHC)2AuI]+ complex and the oxidation to the [(NHC)2AuIIIBr2]+ species in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina K Goetzfried
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Caroline M Gallati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Monika Cziferszky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Radu A Talmazan
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Klaus Wurst
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Klaus R Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Maren Podewitz
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
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22
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Manar KK, Chakrabortty S, Porwal VK, Prakash D, Thakur SK, Choudhury AR, Singh S. Two‐Coordinate Cu(I) and Au(I) Complexes Supported by BICAAC and CAAC Ligands. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishna K. Manar
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81 SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306 Punjab India
| | - Soumyadeep Chakrabortty
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81 SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306 Punjab India
| | - Vishal Kumar Porwal
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81 SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306 Punjab India
| | - Darsana Prakash
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81 SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306 Punjab India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Thakur
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81 SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306 Punjab India
| | - Angshuman Roy Choudhury
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81 SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306 Punjab India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81 SAS Nagar, Mohali 140306 Punjab India
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23
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Cervantes‐Reyes A, Rominger F, Hashmi ASK. Sterically Demanding Ag I and Cu I N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis, Structures, Steric Parameters, and Catalytic Activity. Chemistry 2020; 26:5530-5540. [PMID: 32104933 PMCID: PMC7216994 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and full characterization of new air-stable AgI and CuI complexes bearing structurally bulky expanded-ring N-heterocyclic carbene (erNHC) ligands is presented. The condensation of protonated NHC salts with Ag2 O afforded a collection of AgI complexes, and their first use as ligand transfer reagents led to novel isostructural CuI or AuI complexes. In situ deprotonation of the NHC salts in the presence of a copper(I) source, provides a library of new CuI complexes. The solid-state structures feature large N-CNHC -N angles (118-128°) and almost identical angles between the aryl groups on the nitrogen atoms and the plane of the N-C-N unit of the carbene (i.e. torsion angles close to 0°). Among the steric parameters, the percent buried volume (%Vbur ) values span easily in the 50-57 % range, and that one of (9-Dipp)CuBr complex (%Vbur =57.5) overcomes to other known erNHC-metal complexes reported to date. Preliminary catalytic experiments in the copper-catalyzed coupling between N-tosylhydrazone and phenylacetylene, afforded 76-93 % product at the 0.5-2.5 mol % catalyst loading, proving the stability of CuI erNHC complexes at elevated temperatures (100 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - A. Stephen K. Hashmi
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Chemistry DepartmentFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21589Saudi Arabia
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24
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Abstract
In this contribution, we provide a comprehensive overview of C-H activation methods promoted by NHC-transition metal complexes, covering the literature since 2002 (the year of the first report on metal-NHC-catalyzed C-H activation) through June 2019, focusing on both NHC ligands and C-H activation methods. This review covers C-H activation reactions catalyzed by group 8 to 11 NHC-metal complexes. Through discussing the role of NHC ligands in promoting challenging C-H activation methods, the reader is provided with an overview of this important area and its crucial role in forging carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds by directly engaging ubiquitous C-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry , Rutgers University , 73 Warren Street , Newark , New Jersey 07102 , United States
| | - Guangrong Meng
- Department of Chemistry , Rutgers University , 73 Warren Street , Newark , New Jersey 07102 , United States
| | - Steven P Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Sustainable Chemistry , Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry , Rutgers University , 73 Warren Street , Newark , New Jersey 07102 , United States
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25
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Ségaud N, McMaster J, van Koten G, Albrecht M. Imidazolylidene Cu(II) Complexes: Synthesis Using Imidazolium Carboxylate Precursors and Structure Rearrangement Pathways. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:16047-16058. [PMID: 31714752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Copper(II) complexes of type (NHC)CuX2 (X = OAc, Cl, Br, BF4, and NO3) bearing monodentate N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) were prepared by in situ decarboxylation of imidazolium carboxylates as a new synthetic methodology for Cu(II)-NHC complexes. In contrast to the classical deprotonation method, the decarboxylation protocol does not require anaerobic conditions and provides access to complexes with NHCs that are unstable as free carbenes such as N,N'-diisopropyl-imidazolylidene and N,N'-dimethyl-imidazolylidene. Spectroscopic evidence of the formation of the Cu-CNHC bond is provided by UV-vis and EPR, in particular by the 44 MHz carbene hyperfine coupling constant using a 13C-labeled imidazolylidene ligand. A variation of the nature of the carbene N-substituents and the anions bound to the Cu(II) center is possible with this methodology. These variations strongly influence the stability of the complexes. Structural rearrangement and ligand reorganization was observed during recrystallization, which are comprised of heterolytic Cu-CNHC bond dissociation for unstable NHC ligands as well as homolytic Cu-X bond cleavage and disproportionation reactions depending on the nature of the anion X in the copper complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Ségaud
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3 , 3012 Bern , Switzerland
| | - Jonathan McMaster
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham, University Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Gerard van Koten
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Materials Science, Faculty of Science , Utrecht University , 3584CG Utrecht , The Netherlands
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3 , 3012 Bern , Switzerland
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26
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Recent progress of d10 iodoargentate(I)/iodocuprate(I) hybrids: Structural diversity, directed synthesis, and photochromic/thermochromic properties. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Garmendia S, Lawrenson SB, Arno MC, O'Reilly RK, Taton D, Dove AP. Catalytically Active
N
‐Heterocyclic Carbene Release from Single‐Chain Nanoparticles Following a Thermolysis‐Driven Unfolding Strategy. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900071. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofiem Garmendia
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères OrganiquesUniversité de Bordeaux IPB‐ENSCBP F‐33607 Pessac Cedex France
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 16 Avenue Pey‐Berland F‐33607 Pessac Cedex France
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
- School of ChemistryThe University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Stefan B. Lawrenson
- School of ChemistryThe University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Maria C. Arno
- School of ChemistryThe University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Rachel K. O'Reilly
- School of ChemistryThe University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Daniel Taton
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères OrganiquesUniversité de Bordeaux IPB‐ENSCBP F‐33607 Pessac Cedex France
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 16 Avenue Pey‐Berland F‐33607 Pessac Cedex France
| | - Andrew P. Dove
- School of ChemistryThe University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
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28
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Mir R, Rowshanpour R, Dempsey K, Pilkington M, Dudding T. Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohols Catalyzed by a Dicyclopropenylidene-Ag(I) Complex. J Org Chem 2019; 84:5726-5731. [PMID: 30896944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The unprecedented synthesis, single-crystal X-ray structure, and first catalytic application of a dicarbene-Ag(I) complex [Ag(BAC)2][CO2CF3] (BAC = bis(diisopropyl)aminocyclopropenylidene) is reported. This novel complex provides a versatile catalytic platform for selective aerobic oxidation of benzylic alcohols to aldehyde or ketone products in high yields. Ease of experimental execution coupled with the use of abundant atmospheric molecular oxygen as an oxidant and low catalyst loading are inherit strengths of these oxidations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Mir
- Department of Chemistry , Brock University , 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way , St. Catharines , Ontario , Canada L2S 3A1
| | - Rozhin Rowshanpour
- Department of Chemistry , Brock University , 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way , St. Catharines , Ontario , Canada L2S 3A1
| | - Katie Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry , Brock University , 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way , St. Catharines , Ontario , Canada L2S 3A1
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry , Brock University , 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way , St. Catharines , Ontario , Canada L2S 3A1
| | - Travis Dudding
- Department of Chemistry , Brock University , 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way , St. Catharines , Ontario , Canada L2S 3A1
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29
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Thirukovela NS, Balaboina R, Kankala S, Vadde R, Vasam CS. Activation of nitriles by silver(I) N-heterocyclic carbenes: An efficient on-water synthesis of primary amides. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Ren C, Zeng J, Zou G. Nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling of O,N-chelated diarylborinates with aryl chlorides and mesylates. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05503c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Practical nickel catalysis for efficient cross-coupling of O,N-chelated diarylborinates with aryl chlorides and mesylates based on air-stable yet readily activated organonickel precursor, trans-NiCl(Ph)(PPh3)2, and sterically unsymmetrical N-heterocyclic carbene in situ generated from imidazolium precursor with trihydrate potassium phosphate in toluene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ren
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- 130 Meilong Rd
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Jingshu Zeng
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- 130 Meilong Rd
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Gang Zou
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science & Technology
- 130 Meilong Rd
- Shanghai
- China
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31
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Lo H, Copéret C. CO2Hydrogenation to Formate with Immobilized Ru‐Catalysts Based on Hybrid Organo‐Silica Mesostructured Materials. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung‐Kun Lo
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1–5 Zurich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BiosciencesETH Zürich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1–5 Zurich 8093 Switzerland
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32
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Wang G, Pecher L, Frenking G, Dias HVR. Vinyltrifluoroborate Complexes of Silver Supported by N
-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guocang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; 76019 Arlington Texas USA
| | - Lisa Pecher
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35032 Marburg Germany
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Fachbereich Chemie; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4 35032 Marburg Germany
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC); P.K. 1072 20080 Donostia, Euskadi Spain
| | - H. V. Rasika Dias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; 76019 Arlington Texas USA
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33
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Vivancos Á, Segarra C, Albrecht M. Mesoionic and Related Less Heteroatom-Stabilized N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis, Catalysis, and Other Applications. Chem Rev 2018; 118:9493-9586. [PMID: 30014699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mesoionic carbenes are a subclass of the family of N-heterocyclic carbenes that generally feature less heteroatom stabilization of the carbenic carbon and hence impart specific donor properties and reactivity schemes when coordinated to a transition metal. Therefore, mesoionic carbenes and their complexes have attracted considerable attention both from a fundamental point of view as well as for application in catalysis and beyond. As a follow-up of an earlier Chemical Reviews overview from 2009, the organometallic chemistry of N-heterocyclic carbenes with reduced heteroatom stabilization is compiled for the 2008-2017 period, including specifically the chemistry of complexes containing 1,2,3-triazolylidenes, 4-imidazolylidenes, and related 5-membered N-heterocyclic carbenes with reduced heteratom stabilization such as (is)oxazolylidenes, pyrrazolylidenes, and thiazolylidenes, as well as pyridylidenes as 6-membered N-heterocyclic carbenes with reduced heteroatom stabilization. For each ligand subclass, metalation strategies, electronic and steric properties, and applications, in particular, in metal-mediated catalysis, are compiled. Mesoionic carbenes demonstrate particularly high activity in (water) oxidation, hydrogen transfer reactions, and cyclization reactions. Unique features of these ligands are identified such as their dipolar structure, their specific donor properties, as well as stability aspects of the ligand and the complexes, which provides opportunities for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela Vivancos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3 , CH-3012 Bern , Switzerland.,Departamento de Química Inorgánica , Universidad de Murcia , Apartado 4021 , 30071 Murcia , Spain
| | - Candela Segarra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3 , CH-3012 Bern , Switzerland.,Instituto de Tecnología Química , Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas , Avenida de los Naranjos s/n , 46022 Valencia , Spain
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Bern , Freiestrasse 3 , CH-3012 Bern , Switzerland
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34
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Kaub C, Lebedkin S, Li A, Kruppa SV, Strebert PH, Kappes MM, Riehn C, Roesky PW. Bimetallic d 10 -Metal Complexes of a Bipyridine Substituted N-Heterocyclic Carbene. Chemistry 2018; 24:6094-6104. [PMID: 29377298 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hybrid ligand 3-(2,2'-bipyridine-6-ylmethyl)-1-mesityl-1H-imidazolylidene (NHCBipy ) featuring both carbene and N-donor sites, was selectively complexed with various d10 metal cations in order to examine its coordination behavior with regard to homo and heterometallic structures. Respective silver complexes can be obtained by the silver oxide route and are suitable transmetallation reagents for the synthesis of gold(I) compounds. Starting from the mononuclear complexes [(NHCBipy )AuCl], [(NHCBipy )Au(C6 F5 )] and [(NHCBipy )2 Au][ClO4 ], open-chain as well as cyclic heterobimetallic complexes containing Cu+ , Ag+ , Zn2+ , Cd2+ , and Hg2+ were synthesized. Furthermore, the homobimetallic species [(NHCBipy )2 M2 ][ClO4 ]2 (M=Cu, Ag) were obtained. All bimetallic compounds were fully characterized including single-crystal X-ray analysis. Their photoluminescence (PL) properties were investigated in the solid state at temperatures between 15 and 295 K and compared with those of the mononuclear species. There is a clear difference in PL properties between the open chain and the cyclic heterobimetallic complexes. The latter species show different PL properties, depending on the metals involved. In addition, collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments were performed on electrosprayed cations of the cyclic heterobimetallic compounds, to compare the metal binding at the carbene and N-donor sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Kaub
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technologie (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sergei Lebedkin
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Alina Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sebastian V Kruppa
- Department of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52-54, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Patrick H Strebert
- Department of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52-54, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Riehn
- Department of Chemistry, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52-54, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.,Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, TU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Str. 46, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technologie (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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35
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Rieb J, Dominelli B, Mayer D, Jandl C, Drechsel J, Heydenreuter W, Sieber SA, Kühn FE. Influence of wing-tip substituents and reaction conditions on the structure, properties and cytotoxicity of Ag(i)- and Au(i)-bis(NHC) complexes. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:2722-2735. [PMID: 28174778 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt04559f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The formation of different conformers of dinuclear silver(i) and gold(i) 1,1'-(2-hydroxyethane-1,1-diyl) bridge-functionalized bis(NHC) complexes with various wing-tip substituents (R = methyl, isopropyl and mesityl) has been investigated using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and SC-XRD as well as DFT calculations. The ratio of anti/syn isomers strongly depends both on wing-tip substituents and the metal. Moreover, the reaction temperature plays a significant role during the transmetallation process for the ratio of gold(i) conformers, which is further affected by purification procedures. All obtained Au(i)-bis(NHC) complexes have been applied in a standard MTT assay performed for screening the antiproliferative activity against human lung and liver cancer cells. Strong evidence for a significant influence of both wing-tip substituents and conformation on the cytotoxic properties of the applied complexes has been found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rieb
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Molecular Catalysis, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Bruno Dominelli
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Molecular Catalysis, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - David Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Molecular Catalysis, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany.
| | - Christian Jandl
- Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 1, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Jonas Drechsel
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Heydenreuter
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Stephan A Sieber
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Fritz E Kühn
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Molecular Catalysis, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, D-85747 Garching bei München, Germany.
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36
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Baquero EA, Tricard S, Coppel Y, Flores JC, Chaudret B, de Jesús E. Water-soluble platinum nanoparticles stabilized by sulfonated N-heterocyclic carbenes: influence of the synthetic approach. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:4093-4104. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt00240a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
On the surface: Pt nanoparticles with NHC ligands at the surface have been prepared in water using different organometallic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A. Baquero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica
- Instituto de Investigación Química “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR)
- Universidad de Alcalá
- Campus Universitario
- Madrid
| | - Simon Tricard
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets
- UMR5215 INSA-CNRS-UPS
- Institut des Sciences appliquées
- 31077 Toulouse
- France
| | - Yannick Coppel
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination
- CNRS
- Université de Toulouse
- 31077 Toulouse
- France
| | - Juan C. Flores
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica
- Instituto de Investigación Química “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR)
- Universidad de Alcalá
- Campus Universitario
- Madrid
| | - Bruno Chaudret
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie des Nano-Objets
- UMR5215 INSA-CNRS-UPS
- Institut des Sciences appliquées
- 31077 Toulouse
- France
| | - Ernesto de Jesús
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica
- Instituto de Investigación Química “Andrés M. del Río” (IQAR)
- Universidad de Alcalá
- Campus Universitario
- Madrid
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37
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Roy MMD, Ferguson MJ, McDonald R, Rivard E. Approaching monocoordination at a silver(i) cation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:483-486. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08418h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of highly electrophilic [(NHC)Ag]+ complexes (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) have been prepared which approach the limit of monocoordination for silver(i).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. D. Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- 11227 Saskatchewan Drive
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | - Michael J. Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- 11227 Saskatchewan Drive
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | - Robert McDonald
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- 11227 Saskatchewan Drive
- Edmonton
- Canada
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Alberta
- 11227 Saskatchewan Drive
- Edmonton
- Canada
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38
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Nascimento DL, Davy EC, Fogg DE. Merrifield resin-assisted routes to second-generation catalysts for olefin metathesis. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy02278f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphine-scavenging Merrifield resins can significantly facilitate the synthesis of highly active Ru metathesis catalysts, including the second-generation Grubbs, Hoveyda, and indenylidene catalysts (GII, HII, InII).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L. Nascimento
- Centre for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Emma C. Davy
- Centre for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
| | - Deryn E. Fogg
- Centre for Catalysis Research & Innovation, and Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences
- University of Ottawa
- Ottawa
- Canada
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39
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Mottais A, Berchel M, Sibiril Y, Laurent V, Gill D, Hyde S, Jaffrès PA, Montier T, Le Gall T. Antibacterial effect and DNA delivery using a combination of an arsonium-containing lipophosphoramide with an N-heterocyclic carbene-silver complex - Potential benefits for cystic fibrosis lung gene therapy. Int J Pharm 2017; 536:29-41. [PMID: 29138047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF), the most common chronic genetic disorder among the Caucasian population, is a life-threatening disease mainly due to respiratory failures resulting from chronic infections and inflammation. Although research in the pharmacological field has recently made significant progress, gene therapy still remains a promising strategy to cure CF, especially because it should be applicable to any patient whatever the mutation profile. Until now, little attention has been paid to bacterial lung infections with regard to gene delivery to the airways; yet, this could greatly impact on the success of gene therapy. Previously, we have reported arsonium-containing lipophosphoramides as poly-functional nanocarriers capable of simultaneous antibacterial action against Gram-positive bacteria and gene transfer into eukaryotic cells. In the present work, we show that such nanoparticles can also be combined with an N-heterocyclic carbene-silver complex in order to extend the spectrum of antibacterial activity, including towards the Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Importantly, this is demonstrated not only using standard in vitro protocols but also a clinically-relevant aerosol delivery method. Furthermore, antibacterial effects are compatible with efficient and safe gene delivery into human bronchial epithelial cells. The poly-functionality of combinations of such chemical compounds may thus show benefits for CF lung gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélique Mottais
- "Gene Transfer and Gene Therapy Team", INSERM UMR 1078, IBSAM, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Histocompatibilité, UFR Médecine et Sciences de la Santé, CHRU Brest, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Mathieu Berchel
- CEMCA, UMR CNRS 6521, IBSAM, UFR Sciences, 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Yann Sibiril
- "Gene Transfer and Gene Therapy Team", INSERM UMR 1078, IBSAM, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Histocompatibilité, UFR Médecine et Sciences de la Santé, CHRU Brest, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Véronique Laurent
- "Gene Transfer and Gene Therapy Team", INSERM UMR 1078, IBSAM, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Histocompatibilité, UFR Médecine et Sciences de la Santé, CHRU Brest, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Deborah Gill
- "Gene Medicine Group", Radcliffe Department of Medicine (Clinical Laboratory Sciences), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Hyde
- "Gene Medicine Group", Radcliffe Department of Medicine (Clinical Laboratory Sciences), John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Paul-Alain Jaffrès
- CEMCA, UMR CNRS 6521, IBSAM, UFR Sciences, 6 Avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Tristan Montier
- "Gene Transfer and Gene Therapy Team", INSERM UMR 1078, IBSAM, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Histocompatibilité, UFR Médecine et Sciences de la Santé, CHRU Brest, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29238 Brest, France.
| | - Tony Le Gall
- "Gene Transfer and Gene Therapy Team", INSERM UMR 1078, IBSAM, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire et Histocompatibilité, UFR Médecine et Sciences de la Santé, CHRU Brest, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, 29238 Brest, France.
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40
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Karaca Ö, Scalcon V, Meier-Menches SM, Bonsignore R, Brouwer JMJL, Tonolo F, Folda A, Rigobello MP, Kühn FE, Casini A. Characterization of Hydrophilic Gold(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes as Potent TrxR Inhibitors Using Biochemical and Mass Spectrometric Approaches. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:14237-14250. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Özden Karaca
- Molecular
Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, CF103AT Cardiff, U.K
| | - Valeria Scalcon
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Jurriaan M. J. L. Brouwer
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
- Groningen
Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan
1, 9713GV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Federica Tonolo
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Folda
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Rigobello
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Fritz E. Kühn
- Molecular
Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Angela Casini
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, CF103AT Cardiff, U.K
- Groningen
Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan
1, 9713GV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute
of Advanced Studies, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 2a, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
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41
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González-Abrego DO, Zuno-Cruz FJ, Carpio-Granillo M, Andrade-López N, Cruz-Borbolla J, Martínez-Macias C, Mendoza-Espinosa D, Rosales-Hoz MJ, Leyva MA, Torres-Lubián JR, López-Jiménez JA, Jancik V, Sánchez-Cabrera G. Synthetic, spectroscopic and structural behavior of unsaturated functionalized N -heterocyclic carbene complexes of group 11. Polyhedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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Romanov AS, Bochmann M. Synthesis, structures and photoluminescence properties of silver complexes of cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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43
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Ruiz J, Sol D, Van der Maelen JF, Vivanco M. Base-Promoted Transmetalation Reactions of Protic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Acyclic Diamino Carbenes from MnI to AuI: A Mechanistic Study. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ruiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e
Inorgánica and ‡Departamento
de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad
de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Daniel Sol
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e
Inorgánica and ‡Departamento
de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad
de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan F. Van der Maelen
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e
Inorgánica and ‡Departamento
de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad
de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Marilín Vivanco
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e
Inorgánica and ‡Departamento
de Química Física y Analítica, Facultad
de Química, Universidad de Oviedo, E-33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Suriboot J, Hu Y, Malinski TJ, Bazzi HS, Bergbreiter DE. Controlled Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization with Polyisobutylene-Bound Pyridine-Ligated Ru(II) Catalysts. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:714-721. [PMID: 31457158 PMCID: PMC6640752 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the use of polyisobutylene (PIB) to phase-anchor pyridine ligands that form a phase-separable Grubbs third-generation catalyst. We further show that this complex is useful in ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) reactions. These PIB-bound pyridine-ligated Grubbs catalysts provide the same benefits of control over polymer chain growth and polydispersity of the product as their low-molecular-weight analogs and reduce Ru leaching in ROMP products from approximately 16% (820 ppm residues) as seen with a similar pyridine-ligated catalyst to a value of approximately 3% (160 ppm residues). These labile ligands are shown to be as effective at generating separable metal complexes as less labile PIB-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene catalyst ligands that are typically used for immobilization but that require a multistep synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakkrit Suriboot
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Yue Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Thomas J. Malinski
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Hassan S. Bazzi
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University at
Qatar, P.O. Box 23874 Doha, Qatar
| | - David E. Bergbreiter
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77840, United States
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46
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Simler T, Braunstein P, Danopoulos AA. Coinage metal complexes with bridging hybrid phosphine-NHC ligands: synthesis of di- and tetra-nuclear complexes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:5122-39. [PMID: 26886084 DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00275g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of P-NHC-type hybrid ligands containing both PR2 and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) donors on meta-bis-substituted phenylene backbones, L(Cy), L(tBu) and L(Ph) (R = Cy, tBu, Ph, respectively), was accessed through a modular synthesis from a common precursor, and their coordination chemistry with coinage metals was explored and compared. Metallation of L(Ph)·n(HBr) (n = 1, 2) with Ag2O gave the pseudo-cubane [Ag4Br4(L(Ph))2], isostructural to [Ag4Br4(L(R))2] (R = Cy, tBu) (T. Simler, P. Braunstein and A. A. Danopoulos, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2015, 54, 13691), whereas metallation of ·HBF4 (R = Ph, tBu) led to the dinuclear complexes [Ag2(L(R))2](BF4)2 which, in the solid state, feature heteroleptic Ag centres and a 'head-to-tail' (HT) arrangement of the bridging ligands. In solution, interconversion with the homoleptic 'head-to-head' (HH) isomers is facilitated by ligand fluxionality. 'Head-to-tail' [Cu2Br2(L(R))2] (R = Cy, tBu) dinuclear complexes were obtained from L(R)·HBr and [Cu5(Mes)5], Mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, which also feature bridging ligands and heteroleptic Cu centres. Although the various ligands L(R)l ed to structurally analogous complexes for R = Cy, tBu and Ph, the rates of dynamic processes occurring in solution are dependent on R, with faster rates for R = Ph. Transmetallation of both NHC and P donor groups from [Ag4Br4(L(tBu))2] to AuI by reaction with [AuCl(THT)] (THT = tetrahydrothiophene) led to L(tBu) transfer and to the dinuclear complex [Au2Cl2L(tBu)] with one L(tBu) ligand bridging the two Au centres. Except for the silver pseudo-cubanes, all other complexes do not exhibit metallophilic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Simler
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Braunstein
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Andreas A Danopoulos
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, Institut de Chimie (UMR 7177 CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France and Institute for Advanced Study (USIAS), Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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47
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Sabater S, Müller-Bunz H, Albrecht M. Carboxylate-Functionalized Mesoionic Carbene Precursors: Decarboxylation, Ruthenium Bonding, and Catalytic Activity in Hydrogen Transfer Reactions. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sabater
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Departamento
de Quimica Inorganica y Organica, Universitat Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat
s/n, 12071 Castellon, Spain
| | - Helge Müller-Bunz
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Bidal YD, Santoro O, Melaimi M, Cordes DB, Slawin AMZ, Bertrand G, Cazin CSJ. Generalization of the Copper to Late‐Transition‐Metal Transmetallation to Carbenes beyond N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes. Chemistry 2016; 22:9404-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick D. Bidal
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Orlando Santoro
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - David B. Cordes
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry University of St Andrews St Andrews KY16 9ST UK
| | | | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (UMI 3555) Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
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Ortiz AM, Sánchez-Méndez A, de Jesús E, Flores JC, Gómez-Sal P, Mendicuti F. Poly(benzyl ether) Dendrimers Functionalized at the Core with Palladium Bis(N-Heterocyclic Carbene) Complexes as Catalysts for the Heck Coupling Reaction. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:1304-14. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b02629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alba M. Ortiz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Edificio de Farmacia, Campus Universitario, E28871 Alcalá
de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Sánchez-Méndez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Edificio de Farmacia, Campus Universitario, E28871 Alcalá
de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto de Jesús
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Edificio de Farmacia, Campus Universitario, E28871 Alcalá
de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Flores
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Edificio de Farmacia, Campus Universitario, E28871 Alcalá
de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Gómez-Sal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Edificio de Farmacia, Campus Universitario, E28871 Alcalá
de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Mendicuti
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Alcalá, E28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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50
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Farrell K, Müller-Bunz H, Albrecht M. Versatile bonding and coordination modes of ditriazolylidene ligands in rhodium(iii) and iridium(iii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:15859-15871. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01760f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Metalation of novel ditriazolium salts containing a trimethylene (–CH2CH2CH2–) or dimethylether linker (–CH2OCH2–) was probed with different rhodium(iii) and iridium(iii) precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Farrell
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- University College Dublin
- Belfield
- Ireland
| | - Helge Müller-Bunz
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- University College Dublin
- Belfield
- Ireland
| | - Martin Albrecht
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- University College Dublin
- Belfield
- Ireland
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
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