1
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He T, Klare HFT, Oestreich M. Arenium-ion-catalysed halodealkylation of fully alkylated silanes. Nature 2023; 623:538-543. [PMID: 37821704 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
'Organic silicon' is not found in nature but modern chemistry is hard to imagine without silicon bound to carbon. Although silicon-containing commodity chemicals such as those emerging from the 'direct process'1-4 look simple, it is not trivial to selectively prepare aryl-substituted and alkyl-substituted (functionalized) silicon compounds, known as silanes. Chlorosilanes such as Me4-nSiCln (n = 1-3) as well as SiCl4 (n = 4) are common starting points for the synthesis of silicon-containing molecules. Yet these methods often suffer from challenging separation problems5. Conversely, silanes with four alkyl groups are considered synthetic dead ends. Here we introduce an arenium-ion-catalysed halodealkylation that effectively converts Me4Si and related quaternary silanes into a diverse range of functionalized derivatives. The reaction uses an alkyl halide and an arene (co)solvent: the alkyl halide is the halide source that eventually engages in a Friedel-Crafts alkylation with the arene to regenerate the catalyst6, whereas the arenium ion acts as a strong Brønsted acid for the protodealkylation step7. The advantage of the top-down halodealkylation methodology over reported bottom-up procedures is demonstrated, for example, in the synthesis of a silicon drug precursor. Moreover, chemoselective chlorodemethylation of the rather inert Me3Si group attached to an alkyl chain followed by oxidative degradation is shown to be an entry into Tamao-Fleming-type alcohol formation8,9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik F T Klare
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Reiß F, Villinger A, Brand H, Baumann W, Hollmann D, Schulz A. Low-Temperature Isolation of a Labile Silylated Hydrazinium-yl Radical Cation, [(Me 3 Si) 2 N-N(H)SiMe 3 ] .. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200854. [PMID: 35404528 PMCID: PMC9321631 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of silylated hydrazine, (Me3 Si)2 N-N(H)SiMe3 , with silver salts led to the formation of a highly labile hydrazinium-yl radical cation, [(Me3 Si)2 N-N(H)SiMe3 ].+ , at very low temperatures (decomposition > -40 °C). EPR, NMR, DFT and Raman studies revealed the formation of a nitrogen-centered radical cation along the N-N unit of the hydrazine. In the presence of the weakly coordinating anion [Al{OCH(CF3 )2 }4 ]- , crystallization and structural characterization in the solid state were achieved. The hydrazinium-yl radical cation has a significantly shortened N-N bond and a nearly planar N2 Si3 framework, in contrast to the starting material. According to DFT calculations, the shortened N-N bond has a total bond order of 1.5 with a π-bond order of 0.5. The π bond can be regarded as a three-π-electron, two-center bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Reiß
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Harald Brand
- Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Wolfgang Baumann
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Dirk Hollmann
- Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 3a18059RostockGermany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
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3
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Barthélemy A, Glootz K, Scherer H, Hanske A, Krossing I. Ga +-catalyzed hydrosilylation? About the surprising system Ga +/HSiR 3/olefin, proof of oxidation with subvalent Ga + and silylium catalysis with perfluoroalkoxyaluminate anions. Chem Sci 2022; 13:439-453. [PMID: 35126976 PMCID: PMC8729802 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05331k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Already 1 mol% of subvalent [Ga(PhF)2]+[pf]- ([pf]- = [Al(ORF)4]-, RF = C(CF3)3) initiates the hydrosilylation of olefinic double bonds under mild conditions. Reactions with HSiMe3 and HSiEt3 as substrates efficiently yield anti-Markovnikov and anti-addition products, while bulkier substrates such as HSiiPr3 are less reactive. Investigating the underlying mechanism by gas chromatography and STEM analysis, we unexpectedly found that H2 and metallic Ga0 formed. Without the addition of olefins, the formation of R3Si-F-Al(ORF)3 (R = alkyl), a typical degradation product of the [pf]- anion in the presence of a small silylium ion, was observed. Electrochemical analysis revealed a surprisingly high oxidation potential of univalent [Ga(PhF)2]+[pf]- in weakly coordinating, but polar ortho-difluorobenzene of E 1/2(Ga+/Ga0; oDFB) = +0.26-0.37 V vs. Fc+/Fc (depending on the scan rate). Apparently, subvalent Ga+, mainly known as a reductant, initially oxidizes the silane and generates a highly electrophilic, silane-supported, silylium ion representing the actual catalyst. Consequently, the [Ga(PhF)2]+[pf]-/HSiEt3 system also hydrodefluorinates C(sp3)-F bonds in 1-fluoroadamantane, 1-fluorobutane and PhCF3 at room temperature. In addition, both catalytic reactions may be initiated using only 0.2 mol% of [Ph3C]+[pf]- as a silylium ion-generating initiator. These results indicate that silylium ion catalysis is possible with the straightforward accessible weakly coordinating [pf]- anion. Apparently, the kinetics of hydrosilylation and hydrodefluorination are faster than that of anion degradation under ambient conditions. These findings open up new windows for main group catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Barthélemy
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Kim Glootz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Harald Scherer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Annaleah Hanske
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF), Universität Freiburg Albertstr. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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4
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Bläsing K, Labbow R, Schulz A, Villinger A. Silylated Sulfuric Acid: Preparation of a Tris(trimethylsilyl)oxosulfonium [(Me 3 Si-O) 3 SO] + Salt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13798-13802. [PMID: 33913571 PMCID: PMC8251596 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of silylated sulfuric acid, O2 S(OSiMe3 )2 (T2 SO4 , T=Me3 Si; also known as bis(trimethylsilyl) sulfate), has been studied in detail with the aim of synthesizing the formal autosilylation products of silylated sulfuric acid, [T3 SO4 ]+ and [TSO4 ]- , in analogy to the known protonated species, [H3 SO4 ]+ and [HSO4 ]- . The synthesis of the [TSO4 ]- ion only succeeds when a base, such as OPMe3 that forms a weakly coordinating cation upon silylation, is reacted with T2 SO4 , resulting in the formation of [Me3 POT]+ [TSO4 ]- . [T3 SO4 ]+ salts could be isolated starting from T2 SO4 in the reaction with [T-H-T]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- or T+ [CHB11 Br6 H5 ]- when a weakly coordinating anion is used as counterion. All silylated compounds could be crystallized and structurally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bläsing
- Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Rene Labbow
- Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 3a18059RostockGermany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Strasse 3a18059RostockGermany
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5
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Bläsing K, Labbow R, Schulz A, Villinger A. Silylierte Schwefelsäure: Herstellung eines Tris(trimethylsilyl)oxosulfonium[(Me
3
Si‐O)
3
SO]
+
‐Salzes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bläsing
- Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Rene Labbow
- Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
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6
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Klare HFT, Albers L, Süsse L, Keess S, Müller T, Oestreich M. Silylium Ions: From Elusive Reactive Intermediates to Potent Catalysts. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5889-5985. [PMID: 33861564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The history of silyl cations has all the makings of a drama but with a happy ending. Being considered reactive intermediates impossible to isolate in the condensed phase for decades, their actual characterization in solution and later in solid state did only fuel the discussion about their existence and initially created a lot of controversy. This perception has completely changed today, and silyl cations and their donor-stabilized congeners are now widely accepted compounds with promising use in synthetic chemistry. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the fundamental facts and principles of the chemistry of silyl cations, including reliable ways of their preparation as well as their physical and chemical properties. The striking features of silyl cations are their enormous electrophilicity and as such reactivity as super Lewis acids as well as fluorophilicity. Known applications rely on silyl cations as reactants, stoichiometric reagents, and promoters where the reaction success is based on their steady regeneration over the course of the reaction. Silyl cations can even be discrete catalysts, thereby opening the next chapter of their way into the toolbox of synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik F T Klare
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Albers
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lars Süsse
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Keess
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17 Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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7
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Höllerhage T, Schuhknecht D, Mistry A, Spaniol TP, Yang Y, Maron L, Okuda J. Calcium Hydride Catalysts for Olefin Hydrofunctionalization: Ring-Size Effect of Macrocyclic Ligands on Activity. Chemistry 2021; 27:3002-3007. [PMID: 33185286 PMCID: PMC7898310 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The fifteen-membered NNNNN macrocycle Me5 PACP (Me5 PACP=1,4,7,10,13-pentamethyl-1,4,7,10,13-pentaazacyclopentadecane) stabilized the [CaH]+ fragment as a dimer with a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal coordination geometry at calcium. The hydride complex was prepared by protonolysis of calcium dibenzyl with the conjugate acid of Me5 PACP followed by hydrogenolysis or treating with n OctSiH3 of the intermediate calcium benzyl cation. The calcium hydride catalyzed the hydrogenation and hydrosilylation of unactivated olefins faster than the analogous calcium complex stabilized by the twelve-membered NNNN macrocycle Me4 TACD (Me4 TACD=1,4,7,10-tetramethyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane). Kinetic investigations indicate that higher catalytic efficiency for the Me5 PACP stabilized calcium hydride is due to easier dissociation of the dimer in solution when compared to the Me4 TACD analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Höllerhage
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
| | - Danny Schuhknecht
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
| | - Alisha Mistry
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
| | - Thomas P. Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
| | - Yan Yang
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNOUniversité de Toulouse135 avenue de Rangueil31077ToulouseFrance
| | - Laurent Maron
- CNRS, INSA, UPS, UMR 5215, LPCNOUniversité de Toulouse135 avenue de Rangueil31077ToulouseFrance
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
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8
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Merk A, Bührmann L, Kordts N, Görtemaker K, Schmidtmann M, Müller T. Intramolecular Halo Stabilization of Silyl Cations-Silylated Halonium- and Bis-Halo-Substituted Siliconium Borates. Chemistry 2021; 27:3496-3503. [PMID: 33184927 PMCID: PMC7898513 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The stabilizing neighboring effect of halo substituents on silyl cations was tested for a series of peri‐halo substituted acenaphthyl‐based silyl cations 3. The chloro‐ (3 b), bromo‐ (3 c), and iodo‐ (3 d) stabilized cations were synthesized by the Corey protocol. Structural and NMR spectroscopic investigations for cations 3 b–d supported by the results of density functional calculations, which indicate their halonium ion nature. According to the fluorobenzonitrile (FBN) method, the silyl Lewis acidity decreases along the series of halonium ions 3, the fluoronium ion 3 a being a very strong and the iodonium ion 3 d a moderate Lewis acid. Halonium ions 3 b and 3 c react with starting silanes in a substituent redistribution reaction and form siliconium ions 4 b and 4 c. The structure of siliconium borate 4 c2[B12Br12] reveals the trigonal bipyramidal coordination environment of the silicon atom with the two bromo substituents in the apical positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Merk
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
| | - Lukas Bührmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
| | - Natalie Kordts
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
| | - Katharina Görtemaker
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany, European Union
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9
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He T, Wang G, Long PW, Kemper S, Irran E, Klare HFT, Oestreich M. Intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation with a silylium-ion-activated cyclopropyl group: formation of tricyclic ring systems from benzyl-substituted vinylcyclopropanes and hydrosilanes. Chem Sci 2020; 12:569-575. [PMID: 34163787 PMCID: PMC8178999 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05553k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A trityl-cation-initiated annulation of benzyl-substituted vinylcyclopropanes (VCPs) with hydrosilanes is reported. Two Si–C(sp3) bonds and one C(sp2)–C(sp3) bond are formed in this process where an intramolecular 6-endo-tet Friedel–Crafts alkylation of a silylium-ion-activated cyclopropane ring is the rate-determining key step. The reaction mechanism is proposed based on computations and is in agreement with experimental observations. The new reaction leads to an unprecedented silicon-containing 6/6/5-fused ring system. A phenethyl-substituted VCP derivative yields another unknown tricycle having 6/6/6 ring fusion by reacting in a related but different way involving a 6-exo-tet ring closure. Downstream to alkene hydrosilylation, the opening of the cyclopropane ring in benzyl-substituted VCPs is interlinked with an SEAr of the aryl group.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Guoqiang Wang
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Peng-Wei Long
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Kemper
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Elisabeth Irran
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Hendrik F T Klare
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
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10
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Bläsing K, Labbow R, Michalik D, Reiß F, Schulz A, Villinger A, Walker S. On Silylated Oxonium and Sulfonium Ions and Their Interaction with Weakly Coordinating Borate Anions. Chemistry 2020; 26:1640-1652. [PMID: 31738450 PMCID: PMC7028070 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Attempts have been made to prepare salts with the labile tris(trimethylsilyl)chalconium ions, [(Me3 Si)3 E]+ (E=O, S), by reacting [Me3 Si-H-SiMe3 ][B(C6 F5 )4 ] and Me3 Si[CB] (CB- =carborate=[CHB11 H5 Cl6 ]- , [CHB11 Cl11 ]- ) with Me3 Si-E-SiMe3 . In the reaction of Me3 Si-O-SiMe3 with [Me3 Si-H-SiMe3 ][B(C6 F5 )4 ], a ligand exchange was observed in the [Me3 Si-H-SiMe3 ]+ cation leading to the surprising formation of the persilylated [(Me3 Si)2 (Me2 (H)Si)O]+ oxonium ion in a formal [Me2 (H)Si]+ instead of the desired [Me3 Si]+ transfer reaction. In contrast, the expected homoleptic persilylated [(Me3 Si)3 S]+ ion was formed and isolated as [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- and [CB]- salt, when Me3 Si-S-SiMe3 was treated with either [Me3 Si-H-SiMe3 ][B(C6 F5 )4 ] or Me3 Si[CB]. However, the addition of Me3 Si[CB] to Me3 Si-O-SiMe3 unexpectedly led to the release of Me4 Si with simultaneous formation of a cyclic dioxonium dication of the type [Me3 Si-μO-SiMe2 ]2 [CB]2 in an anion-mediated reaction. DFT studies on structure, bonding and thermodynamics of the [(Me3 Si)3 E]+ and [(Me3 Si)2 (Me2 (H)Si)E]+ ion formation are presented as well as mechanistic investigations on the template-driven transformation of the [(Me3 Si)3 E]+ ion into a cyclic dichalconium dication [Me3 Si-μE-SiMe2 ]2 2+ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bläsing
- Anorganische Chemie, Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Rene Labbow
- Anorganische Chemie, Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Dirk Michalik
- Anorganische Chemie, Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
- MaterialdesignLeibniz-Institut für KatalyseA.-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Fabian Reiß
- Anorganische Chemie, Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
- MaterialdesignLeibniz-Institut für KatalyseA.-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Anorganische Chemie, Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
- MaterialdesignLeibniz-Institut für KatalyseA.-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Anorganische Chemie, Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Svenja Walker
- Anorganische Chemie, Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockA.-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
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11
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Guo C, Li M, Chen J, Luo Y. Highly selective redistribution of primary arylsilanes to secondary arylsilanes catalyzed by Ln(CH2C6H4NMe2-o)3@SBA-15. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:117-120. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07493g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The organometallic–inorganic hybrid materials Ln(CH2C6H4NMe2-o)3@SBA-15 (Ln = La, Y) were prepared, which demonstrated extremely high selectivity (>99%) in catalyzing the redistribution of primary arylsilanes to secondary arylsilanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjun Guo
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo 315211
- P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo 315211
- P. R. China
| | - Jue Chen
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo Institute of Technology
- Zhejiang University
- Ningbo 315100
- P. R. China
| | - Yunjie Luo
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Ningbo University
- Ningbo 315211
- P. R. China
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12
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Liu Z, Shi X, Cheng J. Selective homo- and cross-desilacoupling of aryl and benzyl primary silanes catalyzed by a barium complex. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:8340-8346. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01158d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The selective catalytic desilacoupling of primary arylsilanes with primary benzylsilane or arylsilanes was achieved by barium complex [(TpAd,iPr)Ba(CH2C6H4NMe2-o)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Xianghui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Jianhua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
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13
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Ibad MF, Schulz A, Villinger A. Facile Route to Silver Triarene Borate Salts, [Ag(arene)3][B(C6F5)4]: Thermodynamics, Structure, and Bonding. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farooq Ibad
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie, Abteilung Anorganische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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14
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Felgenhauer P, Labbow R, Schulz A, Villinger A. Synthesis and Characterization of Silylated Phosphonium [P(OSiMe 3) 4] + and Phosphate [O 2P(OSiMe 3) 2] - Salts. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:9348-9353. [PMID: 29985595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Starting from an optimized synthesis of silylated phosphoric acid, OP(OSiMe3)3, a borate salt bearing the [P(OSiMe3)4]+ cation was generated in the reaction of OP(OSiMe3)3 with [Me3Si-H-SiMe3][B(C6F5)4], isolated, and fully characterized. Analogously to the protonated species, phosphoric acid (H3PO4) reaction of OP(OSiMe3)3 with a base led to the formation of the unknown [O2P(OSiMe3)2]- anion, which could be crystallized as potassium salt and structurally characterized, too. Both [P(OSiMe3)4]+ and [O2P(OSiMe3)2]- can be regarded as the formal autoprotolysis products of OP(OSiMe3)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Felgenhauer
- Institut für Chemie , Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg , Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 , 26129 Oldenburg , Germany
| | - René Labbow
- Institut für Chemie , Universität Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie , Universität Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a , 18059 Rostock , Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der Universität Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie , Universität Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
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15
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Hydrosilane synthesis via catalytic hydrogenolysis of halosilanes using a metal-ligand bifunctional iridium catalyst. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Omann L, Pudasaini B, Irran E, Klare HFT, Baik MH, Oestreich M. Thermodynamic versus kinetic control in substituent redistribution reactions of silylium ions steered by the counteranion. Chem Sci 2018; 9:5600-5607. [PMID: 30061992 PMCID: PMC6048699 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01833b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An in-depth experimental and theoretical study of the substituent exchange reaction of silylium ions is presented. Apart from the substitution pattern at the silicon atom, the selectivity of this process is predominantly influenced by the counteranion, which is introduced with the trityl salt in the silylium ion generation. In contrast to Müller's protocol for the synthesis of triarylsilylium ions under kinetic control, the use of Reed's carborane anions leads to contact ion pairs, allowing selective formation of trialkylsilylium ions under thermodynamic control. DFT calculations finally revealed an unexpected mechanism for the rate-determining alkyl exchange step, which is initiated by an unusual 1,2-silyl migration in the intermediate ipso-disilylated arenium ion. The resulting ortho-disilylated arenium ion can then undergo an alkyl transfer via a low-barrier five-centered transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Omann
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , Strasse des 17. Juni 115 , 10623 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Bimal Pudasaini
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Daejeon , 34141 , Republic of Korea
| | - Elisabeth Irran
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , Strasse des 17. Juni 115 , 10623 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Hendrik F T Klare
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , Strasse des 17. Juni 115 , 10623 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Daejeon , 34141 , Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon , 34141 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , Strasse des 17. Juni 115 , 10623 Berlin , Germany .
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17
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Hepp A, Labbow R, Reiß F, Schulz A, Villinger A. Carba-closo
-dodecaborates - Synthesis, Structure, and Energetics. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201800219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Universität Münster; Correnstrasse 28-30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - René Labbow
- Institut für Chemie; Abteilung für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Fabian Reiß
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie; Abteilung für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Deutschland
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie; Abteilung für Anorganische Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
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18
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Bähr S, Oestreich M. A Neutral RuII
Hydride Complex for the Regio- and Chemoselective Reduction of N
-Silylpyridinium Ions. Chemistry 2018; 24:5613-5622. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bähr
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 115 10623 Berlin Germany
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19
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Komiyama T, Minami Y, Furuya Y, Hiyama T. Palladium/Copper Dual Catalysis for the Cross‐Coupling of Aryl(trialkyl)silanes with Aryl Bromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Komiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry Chuo University 1-13-27, Kasuga Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
| | - Yasunori Minami
- Research and Development Initiative Chuo University 1-13-27, Kasuga Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
| | - Yuki Furuya
- Department of Applied Chemistry Chuo University 1-13-27, Kasuga Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
| | - Tamejiro Hiyama
- Research and Development Initiative Chuo University 1-13-27, Kasuga Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
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20
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Komiyama T, Minami Y, Furuya Y, Hiyama T. Palladium/Copper Dual Catalysis for the Cross‐Coupling of Aryl(trialkyl)silanes with Aryl Bromides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1987-1990. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Komiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry Chuo University 1-13-27, Kasuga Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
| | - Yasunori Minami
- Research and Development Initiative Chuo University 1-13-27, Kasuga Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
| | - Yuki Furuya
- Department of Applied Chemistry Chuo University 1-13-27, Kasuga Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
| | - Tamejiro Hiyama
- Research and Development Initiative Chuo University 1-13-27, Kasuga Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 112-8551 Japan
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21
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Ma Y, Zhang L, Luo Y, Nishiura M, Hou Z. B(C 6F 5) 3-Catalyzed C-Si/Si-H Cross-Metathesis of Hydrosilanes. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:12434-12437. [PMID: 28836780 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The substituent redistribution of hydrosilanes on silicon through C-Si and Si-H bond cleavage and reformation is of great interest and importance, but this transformation is usually difficult to achieve in a selective fashion. By using electron-rich aromatic hydrosilanes, we have achieved for the first time the selective C-Si/Si-H bond homo- and cross-metathesis of a series of hydrosilanes in the presence of a boron catalyst B(C6F5)3. This protocol features simple reaction conditions, high chemoselectivity, wide substrate scope, and high functionality tolerance, offering a new pathway for the synthesis of multisubstituted functional silanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhong Ma
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Liang Zhang
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yong Luo
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nishiura
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science , 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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22
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Omann L, Oestreich M. Catalytic Access to Indole-Fused Benzosiloles by 2-Fold Electrophilic C–H Silylation with Dihydrosilanes. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Omann
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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23
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Elektrophile aromatische Substitution mit Siliciumelektrophilen: die katalytische Friedel‐Crafts‐C‐H‐Silylierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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24
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Bähr S, Oestreich M. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution with Silicon Electrophiles: Catalytic Friedel-Crafts C-H Silylation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:52-59. [PMID: 27762042 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a fundamental reaction in synthetic chemistry. It converts C-H bonds of sufficiently nucleophilic arenes into C-X and C-C bonds using either stoichiometrically added or catalytically generated electrophiles. These reactions proceed through Wheland complexes, cationic intermediates that rearomatize by proton release. Hence, these high-energy intermediates are nothing but protonated arenes and as such strong Brønsted acids. The formation of protons is an issue in those rare cases where the electrophilic aromatic substitution is reversible. This situation arises in the electrophilic silylation of C-H bonds as the energy of the intermediate Wheland complex is lowered by the β-silicon effect. As a consequence, protonation of the silylated arene is facile, and the reverse reaction usually occurs to afford the desilylated arene. Several new approaches to overcome this inherent challenge of C-H silylation by SE Ar were recently disclosed, and this Minireview summarizes this progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bähr
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Oestreich
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 115, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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25
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Mitzenheim C, Braun T, Laubenstein R, Braun B, Herrmann R. Hydrodealkoxylation reactions of silyl ligands at platinum: reactivity of SiH₃ and SiH₂Me complexes. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:6394-404. [PMID: 26948049 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt04923g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The platinum(ii) complex [Pt(H)2(dcpe)] (; dcpe = 1,2-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane) reacts with an excess of the dialkoxymethylsilanes (HSiMe(OR)2; R = Me, Et) to give the bis(silyl) complex [Pt(SiH2Me)2(dcpe)] () and trialkoxymethylsilanes by hydrodealkoxylation reactions. These rearrangements of the silyl ligands involve Si-O bond activations. The exchange of the alkoxy moieties against silicon-bound hydrogen atoms occurs stepwise. The intermediate complexes [Pt(H){SiMe(OEt)2}(dcpe)] (), [Pt{SiMe(OEt)2}2(dcpe)] (), [Pt{SiHMe(OEt)}2(dcpe)] () and [Pt{SiHMe(OMe)}2(dcpe)] () were detected. Treatment of the complex with an excess of dichloromethylsilane yields the bis(silyl) complex [Pt(SiMeCl2)2(dcpe)] (). The hydrido silyl complex [Pt(H)(SiMeCl2)(dcpe)] () was identified as an intermediate. The reactions of the complexes [Pt(SiH3)2(dcpe)] () and [Pt(SiH2Me)2(dcpe)] () with iodomethane lead to a transfer of the SiH3 and SiH2Me ligands. Methylsilane and dimethylsilane, respectively, as well as the platinum diiodo complex [Pt(I)2(dcpe)] () were identified as main products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathérine Mitzenheim
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Thomas Braun
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Reik Laubenstein
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Beatrice Braun
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Roy Herrmann
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Chemistry, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany.
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26
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Bläsing K, Ellinger S, Harloff J, Schulz A, Sievert K, Täschler C, Villinger A, Zur Täschler C. Lewis Acid Catalyzed Synthesis of Cyanidoborates. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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27
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Bläsing K, Ellinger S, Harloff J, Schulz A, Sievert K, Täschler C, Villinger A, Zur Täschler C. Lewis Acid Catalyzed Synthesis of Cyanidophosphates. Chemistry 2016; 22:4175-88. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bläsing
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | | | - Jörg Harloff
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Abteilung Materialdesign; Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Katharina Sievert
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | | | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie; Universität Rostock; Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
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28
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29
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Tanaka S, Tanaka Y, Chiba M, Hattori T. Lewis acid-mediated β-selective hydrocarboxylation of α,α-diaryl- and α-arylalkenes with R3SiH and CO2. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Chen J, Chen EYX. Elusive Silane-Alane Complex [SiH⋅⋅⋅Al]: Isolation, Characterization, and Multifaceted Frustrated Lewis Pair Type Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201502400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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Chen J, Chen EYX. Elusive Silane-Alane Complex [SiH⋅⋅⋅Al]: Isolation, Characterization, and Multifaceted Frustrated Lewis Pair Type Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6842-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201502400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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32
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Reißmann M, Schäfer A, Panisch R, Schmidtmann M, Bolte M, Müller T. Cyclic Silylated Onium Ions of Group 15 Elements. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:2393-402. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502968z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matti Reißmann
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - André Schäfer
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Robin Panisch
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische
und Analytische Chemie, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max von Laue-Strasse
7, D-60438 Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institut für Chemie, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky Strasse 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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33
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Pollice R, Dastbaravardeh N, Marquise N, Mihovilovic MD, Schnürch M. Mechanistic and Kinetic Studies of the Direct Alkylation of Benzylic Amines: A Formal C(sp 3)-H Activation Proceeds Actually via a C(sp 2)-H Activation Pathway. ACS Catal 2015; 5:587-595. [PMID: 25838971 PMCID: PMC4372103 DOI: 10.1021/cs501924c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic investigations of a Rh(I)-catalyzed direct C-H alkylation of benzylic amines with alkenes, formally an C(sp3)-H activation, reveal this reaction to proceed via imine intermediates and, hence, via C(sp2)-H activation. The reaction shows a primary kinetic isotope effect of 4.3 at the benzylic C-H position together with a reversible H-D exchange at the same position, which indicates that there are at least two distinct steps in which the corresponding C-H bonds are broken. The imine intermediates are shown to be converted to the final product under the reaction conditions, and a time course analysis of the alkylated imine intermediate shows that it is formed before the final amine product in the course of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Pollice
- Institute of Applied Synthetic
Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | | | - Nada Marquise
- Institute of Applied Synthetic
Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Marko D. Mihovilovic
- Institute of Applied Synthetic
Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Michael Schnürch
- Institute of Applied Synthetic
Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/163-OC, Vienna 1060, Austria
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