1
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Baggi N, Hölzel H, Schomaker H, Moreno K, Moth-Poulsen K. Flow-Integrated Preparation of Norbornadiene Precursors for Solar Thermal Energy Storage. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301184. [PMID: 37747153 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage systems are getting increased attention related to renewable energy storage applications. Particularly, 2,3-difunctionalized norbornadiene-quadricyclane (NBD-QC) switches bearing a nitrile (CN) group as one of the two substituents are investigated as promising MOST candidates thanks to their high energy storage densities and their red-shifted absorbance. Moreover, such NBD systems can be prepared in large quantities (a requirement for MOST-device applications) in flow through Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and appropriately functionalized propynenitriles. However, these acetylene precursors are traditionally prepared in batch from their corresponding acetophenones using reactive chemicals potentially leading to health and physical hazards, especially when working on a several-grams scale. Here, we develop a multistep flow-chemistry route to enhance the production of these crucial precursors. Furthermore, we assess the atom economy (AE) and the E-factor showing improved green metrics compared to classical batch methods. Our results pave the way for a complete flow synthesis of NBDs with a positive impact on green chemistry aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Baggi
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hannes Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- AutoSyn AB, Plockerotegatan 207, SE-422 57, Hisings Backa, Sweden
| | - Kevin Moreno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Prieschl M, Sagmeister P, Moessner C, Sedelmeier J, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Continuous Flow-Facilitated CB2 Agonist Synthesis, Part 2: Cyclization, Chlorination, and Amination. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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3
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Process performance and kinetics of the esterification of diketene to methyl acetoacetate in helical continuous-flow microreactors. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Paganelli S, Tassini R, Piccolo O. Sustainable Synthesis of Aryl and Heteroaryl Aldehydes. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Paganelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi Università Ca' Foscari Venezia via Torino 155 30172 Venezia Mestre Italy
- CIRCC - Consorzio Interuniversitario per le Reattività Chimiche e la Catalisi Via Celsio Ulpiani 27 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Riccardo Tassini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi Università Ca' Foscari Venezia via Torino 155 30172 Venezia Mestre Italy
- Stucchi Servizi Ecologici S.r.l. Via Rio del Vallone 2 20040 Cambiago (MI) Italy
| | - Oreste Piccolo
- Studio di Consulenza Scientifica (SCSOP) Via Bornò 523896 Sirtori (LC) Italy
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5
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Roy S, Yadaw A, Roy S, Sirasani G, Gangu A, Brown JD, Armstrong JD, Stringham RW, Gupton BF, Senanayake CH, Snead DR. Facile and Scalable Methodology for the Pyrrolo[2,1- f][1,2,4]triazine of Remdesivir. Org Process Res Dev 2022; 26:82-90. [PMID: 35095258 PMCID: PMC8787819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine (1) is an important regulatory starting material in the production of the antiviral drug remdesivir. Compound 1 was produced through a newly developed synthetic methodology utilizing simple building blocks such as pyrrole, chloramine, and formamidine acetate by examining the mechanistic pathway for the process optimization exercise. Triazine 1 was obtained in 55% overall yield in a two-vessel-operated process. This work describes the safety of the process, impurity profiles and control, and efforts toward the scale-up of triazine for the preparation of kilogram quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarabindu Roy
- Kolkata
- R&D Centre, TCG Lifesciences Private
Limited, Chemistry, Block
BN, Plot 7, Salt Lake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India
| | - Ajay Yadaw
- Kolkata
- R&D Centre, TCG Lifesciences Private
Limited, Chemistry, Block
BN, Plot 7, Salt Lake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India
| | - Subho Roy
- Kolkata
- R&D Centre, TCG Lifesciences Private
Limited, Chemistry, Block
BN, Plot 7, Salt Lake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India
| | - Gopal Sirasani
- TCG
GreenChem, Inc., 737
North 5th Street, Suite 467, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Aravind Gangu
- TCG
GreenChem, Inc., 737
North 5th Street, Suite 467, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Jack D. Brown
- TCG
GreenChem, Inc., 737
North 5th Street, Suite 467, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Joseph D. Armstrong
- TCG
GreenChem, Inc., 737
North 5th Street, Suite 467, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Rodger W. Stringham
- Medicines
for All Institute, 737
N 5th Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United
States
| | - B. Frank Gupton
- Medicines
for All Institute, 737
N 5th Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United
States
| | - Chris H. Senanayake
- TCG
GreenChem, Inc., 737
North 5th Street, Suite 467, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - David R. Snead
- Medicines
for All Institute, 737
N 5th Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United
States
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6
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Sagmeister P, Kaldre D, Sedelmeier J, Moessner C, Püntener K, Kummli D, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Intensified Continuous Flow Synthesis and Workup of 1,5-Disubstituted Tetrazoles Enhanced by Real-Time Process Analytics. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dainis Kaldre
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Sedelmeier
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Moessner
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Püntener
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Kummli
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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7
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Carrera M, De Coen L, Coppens M, Dermaut W, Stevens CV. A Vilsmeier Chloroformylation by Continuous Flow Chemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Carrera
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, Gent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Laurens De Coen
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, Gent B-9000, Belgium
| | | | - Wim Dermaut
- Agfa-Gevaert NV, Septestraat 27, Mortsel B-2640, Belgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, Gent B-9000, Belgium
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8
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Paymode D, Cardoso FSP, Agrawal T, Tomlin JW, Cook DW, Burns JM, Stringham RW, Sieber JD, Gupton BF, Snead DR. Expanding Access to Remdesivir via an Improved Pyrrolotriazine Synthesis: Supply Centered Synthesis. Org Lett 2020; 22:7656-7661. [PMID: 32931286 PMCID: PMC7536717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolotriazine 1 is an important precursor to remdesivir. Initial results toward an efficient synthesis are disclosed consisting of sequential cyanation, amination, and triazine formation beginning from pyrrole. This route makes use of highly abundant, commoditized raw material inputs. The yield of triazine was doubled from 31% to 59%, and the synthetic step count was reduced from 4 to 2. These efforts help to secure the remdesivir supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh
J. Paymode
- Chemical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
| | - Flavio S. P. Cardoso
- Chemical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
| | - Toolika Agrawal
- Chemical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
| | - John W. Tomlin
- Chemical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
| | - Daniel W. Cook
- Analytical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
| | - Justina M. Burns
- Analytical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
| | - Rodger W. Stringham
- Analytical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
| | - Joshua D. Sieber
- Chemical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
| | - B. Frank Gupton
- Chemical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
| | - David R. Snead
- Chemical
Development, Medicines for All Institute, 737 North Fifth Street, Box 980100, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0100, United States
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9
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Chen Y, Cantillo D, Kappe CO. Visible Light-Promoted Beckmann Rearrangements: Separating Sequential Photochemical and Thermal Phenomena in a Continuous Flow Reactor. European J Org Chem 2019; 2019:2163-2171. [PMID: 31423105 PMCID: PMC6686973 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The Beckmann rearrangement of oximes to amides typically requires strong acids or highly reactive, hazardous electrophiles and/or elevated temperatures to proceed. A very attractive alternative is the in situ generation of Vilsmeier-Haack reagents, by means of photoredox catalysis, as promoters for the thermal Beckmann rearrangement. Investigation of the reaction parameters for this light-induced method using a one-pot strategy has shown that the reaction is limited by the different temperatures required for each of the two sequential steps. Using a continuous flow reactor, the photochemical and thermal processes have been separated by integrating a flow photoreactor unit at low temperature for the electrophile generation with a second reactor unit, at high temperature, where the rearrangement takes place. This strategy has enabled excellent conversions and yields for a diverse set of oximes, minimizing the formation of side products obtained with the original one-pot method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuesu Chen
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Inffeldgasse 138010, GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010, GrazAustria
| | - David Cantillo
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Inffeldgasse 138010, GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010, GrazAustria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW)Inffeldgasse 138010, GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010, GrazAustria
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10
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Bogdan AR, Dombrowski AW. Emerging Trends in Flow Chemistry and Applications to the Pharmaceutical Industry. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6422-6468. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Bogdan
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Amanda W. Dombrowski
- Discovery Chemistry and Technology, AbbVie, Inc. 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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11
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Adjustable 2-cyano-3,4-difluoro-1H-pyrrole-based luminescent liquid crystals: Synthesis, properties and substituent effect. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Bana P, Lakó Á, Kiss NZ, Béni Z, Szigetvári Á, Kóti J, Túrós GI, Éles J, Greiner I. Synthesis of Urea Derivatives in Two Sequential Continuous-Flow Reactors. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Bana
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Lakó
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Zsuzsa Kiss
- Department
of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Béni
- Gedeon Richter Plc., PO Box 27, 1475 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - János Kóti
- Gedeon Richter Plc., PO Box 27, 1475 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - János Éles
- Gedeon Richter Plc., PO Box 27, 1475 Budapest, Hungary
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13
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Jensen RK, Thykier N, Enevoldsen MV, Lindhardt AT. A High Mobility Reactor Unit for R&D Continuous Flow Transfer Hydrogenations. Org Process Res Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.6b00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus K. Jensen
- Department of Engineering,
Section of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangøvej
2, 8200 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Thykier
- Department of Engineering,
Section of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangøvej
2, 8200 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Martin V. Enevoldsen
- Department of Engineering,
Section of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangøvej
2, 8200 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anders T. Lindhardt
- Department of Engineering,
Section of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangøvej
2, 8200 Aarhus C, Denmark
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14
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Bana P, Örkényi R, Lövei K, Lakó Á, Túrós GI, Éles J, Faigl F, Greiner I. The route from problem to solution in multistep continuous flow synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 25:6180-6189. [PMID: 28087127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the field of continuous flow chemistry allow the multistep preparation of complex molecules such as APIs (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients) in a telescoped manner. Numerous examples of laboratory-scale applications are described, which are pointing towards novel manufacturing processes of pharmaceutical compounds, in accordance with recent regulatory, economical and quality guidances. The chemical and technical knowledge gained during these studies is considerable; nevertheless, connecting several individual chemical transformations and the attached analytics and purification holds hidden traps. In this review, we summarize innovative solutions for these challenges, in order to benefit chemists aiming to exploit flow chemistry systems for the synthesis of biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Bana
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Örkényi
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klára Lövei
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Gyömrői út 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Lakó
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - János Éles
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Gyömrői út 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Faigl
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, H-1521 Budapest, Hungary; MTA-BME Organic Chemical Technology Research Group, Budafoki út 8, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Greiner
- Gedeon Richter Plc., Gyömrői út 19-21, H-1103 Budapest, Hungary.
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15
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Hu T, Baxendale IR, Baumann M. Exploring Flow Procedures for Diazonium Formation. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070918. [PMID: 27428944 PMCID: PMC6274498 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of diazonium salts is historically an important transformation extensively utilized in dye manufacture. However the highly reactive nature of the diazonium functionality has additionally led to the development of many new reactions including several carbon-carbon bond forming processes. It is therefore highly desirable to determine optimum conditions for the formation of diazonium compounds utilizing the latest processing tools such as flow chemistry to take advantage of the increased safety and continuous manufacturing capabilities. Herein we report a series of flow-based procedures to prepare diazonium salts for subsequent in-situ consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Ian R Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Marcus Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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16
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Tijssen KCH, Bart J, Tiggelaar RM, Janssen JWGH, Kentgens APM, van Bentum PJM. Spatially resolved spectroscopy using tapered stripline NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 263:136-146. [PMID: 26796112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic field B0 gradients are essential in modern Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Although RF/B1 gradients can be used to fulfill a similar role, this is not used in common practice because of practical limitations in the design of B1 gradient coils. Here we present a new method to create B1 gradients using stripline RF coils. The conductor-width of a stripline NMR chip and the strength of its radiofrequency field are correlated, so a stripline chip can be tapered to produce any arbitrary shaped B1 field gradient. Here we show the characterization of this tapered stripline configuration and demonstrate three applications: magnetic resonance imaging on samples with nL-μL volumes, reaction monitoring of fast chemical reactions (10(-2)-10(1)s) and the compensation of B0 field gradients to obtain high-resolution spectra in inhomogeneous magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen C H Tijssen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob Bart
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M Tiggelaar
- Mesa+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - J W G Hans Janssen
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arno P M Kentgens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P Jan M van Bentum
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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17
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Blanco-Ania D, Gawade SA, Zwinkels LJL, Maartense L, Bolster MG, Benningshof JCJ, Rutjes FPJT. Rapid and Scalable Access into Strained Scaffolds through Continuous Flow Photochemistry. Org Process Res Dev 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Blanco-Ania
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sagar Ashok Gawade
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J. L. Zwinkels
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Maartense
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Deadman BJ, O'Mahony RM, Lynch D, Crowley DC, Collins SG, Maguire AR. Taming tosyl azide: the development of a scalable continuous diazo transfer process. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3423-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00246c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In situ generation and use of tosyl azide in flow enables enhanced safety and ready scale-up in diazo transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Deadman
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Rosella M. O'Mahony
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Denis Lynch
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Daniel C. Crowley
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Stuart G. Collins
- Department of Chemistry
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
| | - Anita R. Maguire
- Department of Chemistry and School of Pharmacy
- Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre
- University College Cork
- Ireland
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19
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Pellegatti L, Sedelmeier J. Synthesis of Vildagliptin Utilizing Continuous Flow and Batch Technologies. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.5b00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörg Sedelmeier
- Novartis
Pharma AG, Fabrikstrasse 14, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Hawbaker N, Wittgrove E, Christensen B, Sach N, Blackmond DG. Dispersion in Compartmentalized Flow Systems: Influence of Flow Patterns on Reactivity. Org Process Res Dev 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/op500360w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Hawbaker
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Eric Wittgrove
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bianca Christensen
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Neal Sach
- La
Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 10770
Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Donna G. Blackmond
- Department
of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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21
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Chanda A, Daly AM, Foley DA, LaPack MA, Mukherjee S, Orr JD, Reid GL, Thompson DR, Ward HW. Industry Perspectives on Process Analytical Technology: Tools and Applications in API Development. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op400358b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arani Chanda
- Analytical Research
Laboratories, Eisai Inc., 4 Corporate
Drive, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - Adrian M. Daly
- Process
Analytical
Sciences Group, Pfizer Global Supply, Ringaskiddy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - David A. Foley
- Analytical Research
and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Mark A. LaPack
- Small Molecule Design & Development, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, United States
| | - Samrat Mukherjee
- Process R&D, GPRD, AbbVie Inc., Dept. R452, Bldg. R13-4, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - John D. Orr
- Analytical Research
Laboratories, Eisai Inc., 4 Corporate
Drive, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - George L. Reid
- Analytical Research
and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Duncan R. Thompson
- Analytical Sciences,
Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Howard W. Ward
- Analytical Research
and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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22
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Battilocchio C, Bhawal BN, Chorghade R, Deadman BJ, Hawkins JM, Ley SV. Flow-Based, Cerium Oxide Enhanced, Low-Level Palladium Sonogashira and Heck Coupling Reactions by Perovskite Catalysts. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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23
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Hamlin TA, Leadbeater NE. Raman spectroscopy as a tool for monitoring mesoscale continuous-flow organic synthesis: Equipment interface and assessment in four medicinally-relevant reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1843-52. [PMID: 24062851 PMCID: PMC3778413 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An apparatus is reported for real-time Raman monitoring of reactions performed using continuous-flow processing. Its capability is assessed by studying four reactions, all involving formation of products bearing α,β-unsaturated carbonyl moieties; synthesis of 3-acetylcoumarin, Knoevenagel and Claisen–Schmidt condensations, and a Biginelli reaction. In each case it is possible to monitor the reactions and also in one case, by means of a calibration curve, determine product conversion from Raman spectral data as corroborated by data obtained using NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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24
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Baumann M, Baxendale IR. The rapid generation of isothiocyanates in flow. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1613-9. [PMID: 24062820 PMCID: PMC3778409 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Isothiocyanates are versatile starting materials for a wide range of chemical reactions. However, their high nucleophilic susceptibility means they are best prepared and used immediately. We report here on a flow platform for the fast and efficient formation of isothiocyanates by the direct conversion of easily prepared chloroximes. To expedite this chemistry a flow insert cartridge containing two immobilised reagents is used to affect the chemical transformation which typically eliminates the requirements for any conventional work-up or purification of the reaction stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Baumann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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25
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Dragone V, Sans V, Rosnes MH, Kitson PJ, Cronin L. 3D-printed devices for continuous-flow organic chemistry. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:951-9. [PMID: 23766811 PMCID: PMC3678713 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a study in which the versatility of 3D-printing is combined with the processing advantages of flow chemistry for the synthesis of organic compounds. Robust and inexpensive 3D-printed reactionware devices are easily connected using standard fittings resulting in complex, custom-made flow systems, including multiple reactors in a series with in-line, real-time analysis using an ATR-IR flow cell. As a proof of concept, we utilized two types of organic reactions, imine syntheses and imine reductions, to show how different reactor configurations and substrates give different products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Dragone
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. Web: http://www.croninlab.com
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26
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van Gool JJF, van den Broek SAMW, Ripken RM, Nieuwland PJ, Koch K, Rutjes FPJT. Highly Controlled Gas/Liquid Processes in a Continuous Lab-Scale Device. Chem Eng Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201200553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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27
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Protasova LN, Bulut M, Ormerod D, Buekenhoudt A, Berton J, Stevens CV. Latest Highlights in Liquid-Phase Reactions for Organic Synthesis in Microreactors. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op4000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. N. Protasova
- Department of Separation and
Conversion Technology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - J. Berton
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent,
Belgium
| | - C. V. Stevens
- Department of Sustainable Organic
Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent,
Belgium
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28
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Battilocchio C, Deadman BJ, Nikbin N, Kitching MO, Baxendale IR, Ley SV. A Machine-Assisted Flow Synthesis of SR48692: A Probe for the Investigation of Neurotensin Receptor-1. Chemistry 2013; 19:7917-30. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201300696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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29
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Tan LM, Sem ZY, Chong WY, Liu X, Hendra, Kwan WL, Lee CLK. Continuous Flow Sonogashira C–C Coupling Using a Heterogeneous Palladium–Copper Dual Reactor. Org Lett 2012; 15:65-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol303046e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Tan
- Center for Biomedical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, School of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, and Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 20 Dover Road, Singapore 138682, Singapore
| | - Zhi-Yu Sem
- Center for Biomedical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, School of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, and Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 20 Dover Road, Singapore 138682, Singapore
| | - Wei-Yuan Chong
- Center for Biomedical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, School of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, and Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 20 Dover Road, Singapore 138682, Singapore
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- Center for Biomedical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, School of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, and Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 20 Dover Road, Singapore 138682, Singapore
| | - Hendra
- Center for Biomedical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, School of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, and Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 20 Dover Road, Singapore 138682, Singapore
| | - Wei Lek Kwan
- Center for Biomedical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, School of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, and Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 20 Dover Road, Singapore 138682, Singapore
| | - Chi-Lik Ken Lee
- Center for Biomedical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, School of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Singapore Polytechnic, 500 Dover Road, Singapore 139651, Singapore, and Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 20 Dover Road, Singapore 138682, Singapore
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30
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Delville MM, van Gool JJ, van Wijk IM, van Hest JC, Rutjes FP. Synthesis of Methoxyisopropyl (MIP)-Protected (R)-Mandelonitrile and Derivatives in a Flow Reactor. J Flow Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-12-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Becker R, van den Broek S(BA, Nieuwland PJ, Koch K, Rutjes FP. Optimisation and Scale-up of α-Bromination of Acetophenone in a Continuous Flow Microreactor. J Flow Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jfc-d-12-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Pellegatti L, Buchwald SL. Continuous-Flow Preparation and Use of β-Chloro Enals Using the Vilsmeier Reagent. Org Process Res Dev 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/op300168z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Pellegatti
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts
Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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