1
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Guan Q, Gao Z, Chen Y, Guo C, Chen Y, Sun H. Structural modification strategies of triazoles in anticancer drug development. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116578. [PMID: 38889607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The triazole functional group plays a pivotal role in the composition of biomolecules with potent anticancer activities, including numerous clinically approved drugs. The strategic utilization of the triazole fragment in the rational modification of lead compounds has demonstrated its ability to improve anticancer activities, enhance selectivity, optimize pharmacokinetic properties, and overcome resistance. There has been significant interest in triazole-containing hybrids in recent years due to their remarkable anticancer potential. However, previous reviews on triazoles in cancer treatment have failed to provide tailored design strategies specific to these compounds. Herein, we present an overview of design strategies encompassing a structure-modification approach for incorporating triazoles into hybrid molecules. This review offers valuable references and briefly introduces the synthesis of triazole derivatives, thereby paving the way for further research and advancements in the field of effective and targeted anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Guan
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziming Gao
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Can Guo
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
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2
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de Farias Cabral VP, Rodrigues DS, do Amaral Valente Sá LG, Moreira LEA, da Silva CR, de Andrade Neto JB, da Costa ÉRM, Ferreira TL, de Oliveira LC, de Souza BO, Cavalcanti BC, Magalhães IL, de Moraes MO, Júnior HVN. Analysis of the anti-Candida activity of tricyclic antidepressants in association with amphotericin B and their antifungal mechanisms. Braz J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s42770-024-01459-y. [PMID: 39198376 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01459-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida species are among the priority pathogens in the area of research and development. Due to the problems associated with resistance to antifungals, new therapeutic alternatives are necessary. In this regard, drug repositioning has gained prominence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the activity of three tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) - amitriptyline (AMT), nortriptyline (NOR) and clomipramine (CLO) - isolated or associated with antifungals against strains of Candida spp., as well as to analyze the possible mechanism of action. Among the methods used were broth microdilution tests, tolerance level assessment, checkerboard assays, flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, Candida cells were visualized after treatments by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). AMT presented MIC 50% in the range of 16 to 128 µg/mL, NOR from 8 to 128 µg/mL, and CLO from 8 to 64 µg/mL, with all three TCAs having a fungicidal inhibitory action profile. For these TCAs, there was synergism with amphotericin B (AMB) in 100% of the isolates. In association with fluconazole (FLC) and itraconazole (ITR), there were mostly indifferent interactions. TCAs isolated and associated with AMB reduced cell viability, promoted DNA fragmentation and damage, caused mitochondrial depolarization, externalization of phosphatidylserine, produced reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) and increased carbonyl protein levels, causing morphological changes. The results suggest the antifungal mechanism of the TCAs works via the apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitória Pessoa de Farias Cabral
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Daniel Sampaio Rodrigues
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lívia Gurgel do Amaral Valente Sá
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lara Elloyse Almeida Moreira
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Cecília Rocha da Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - João Batista de Andrade Neto
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Érica Rayanne Mota da Costa
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Thais Lima Ferreira
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Leilson Carvalho de Oliveira
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Oliveira de Souza
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Bruno Coêlho Cavalcanti
- Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Islay Lima Magalhães
- Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes
- Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Hélio Vitoriano Nobre Júnior
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
- Center of Drug Research and Development (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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3
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Cavalcanti BC, Soares BM, Barreto FS, Magalhães HIF, Ferreira JRDO, Almeida ATAD, Araújo Beserra Filho JI, Silva J, Dos Santos HS, Marinho ES, Furtado CLM, Moraes Filho MOD, Pessoa C, Ferreira PMP. Hellebrigenin triggers death of promyelocytic leukemia cells by non-genotoxic ways. Toxicon 2024; 238:107591. [PMID: 38160738 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Bufadienolides are digitalis-like aglycones mainly found in skin secretions of toads. Among their biological properties, the mechanisms of antiproliferative action on tumor cells remain unclear for many compounds, including against leukemia cells. Herein, it was evaluated the mechanisms involved in the antiproliferative and genotoxic actions of hellebrigenin on tumor cell lines and in silico capacity to inhibit the human topoisomerase IIa enzyme. Firstly, its cytotoxic action was investigated by colorimetric assays in human tumor and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Next, biochemical and morphological studies were detailed by light microscopy (trypan blue dye exclusion), immunocytochemistry (BrdU uptake), flow cytometry and DNA/chromosomal damages (Cometa and aberrations). Finally, computational modelling was used to search for topoisomerase inhibition. Hellebrigenin reduced proliferation, BrdU incorporation, viability, and membrane integrity of HL-60 leukemia cells. Additionally, it increased G2/M arrest, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, mitochondrial depolarization, and phosphatidylserine externalization in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast to doxorubicin, hellebrigenin did not cause DNA strand breaks in HL-60 cell line and lymphocytes, and it interacts with ATPase domain residues of human topoisomerase IIa, generating a complex of hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds. So, hellebrigenin presented potent anti-leukemic activity at concentrations as low as 0.06 μM, a value comparable to the clinical anticancer agent doxorubicin, and caused biochemical changes suggestive of apoptosis without genotoxic/clastogenic-related action, but it probably triggers catalytic inhibition of topoisomerase II. These findings also emphasize toad steroid toxins as promising lead antineoplasic compounds with relatively low cytotoxic action on human normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Coêlho Cavalcanti
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (LOE), Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Bruno Marques Soares
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (LOE), Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Francisco Stefânio Barreto
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (LOE), Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Tárcila Alves de Almeida
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology (LabCancer), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - José Ivo Araújo Beserra Filho
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology (LabCancer), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil
| | - Jacilene Silva
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Regional University of Cariri, Crato, Brazil
| | | | - Emmanuel Silva Marinho
- Group of Theoretical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, State University of Ceará, Limoeiro do Norte, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Libardi Miranda Furtado
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (LOE), Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; Experimental Biology Center, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes Filho
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (LOE), Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Pessoa
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology (LOE), Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Michel Pinheiro Ferreira
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancerology (LabCancer), Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina, Brazil.
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4
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Lima DJB, Almeida RG, Jardim GAM, Barbosa BPA, Santos ACC, Valença WO, Scheide MR, Gatto CC, de Carvalho GGC, Costa PMS, Pessoa C, Pereira CLM, Jacob C, Braga AL, da Silva Júnior EN. It takes two to tango: synthesis of cytotoxic quinones containing two redox active centers with potential antitumor activity. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1709-1721. [PMID: 34778772 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00168j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis of 47 new quinone-based derivatives via click chemistry and their subsequent evaluation against cancer cell lines and the control L929 murine fibroblast cell line. These compounds combine two redox centers, such as an ortho-quinone/para-quinone or quinones/selenium with the 1,2,3-triazole nucleus. Several of these compounds present IC50 values below 0.5 μM in cancer cell lines with significantly lower cytotoxicity in the control cell line L929 and good selectivity index. Hence, our study confirms the use of a complete and very diverse range of quinone compounds with potential application against certain cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy J B Lima
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará Fortaleza 60430-270 Ceará Brazil.,Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Saarland 66123 Saarbruecken Germany
| | - Renata G Almeida
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte 31270-901 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Guilherme A M Jardim
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte 31270-901 Minas Gerais Brazil .,Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Santa Catarina 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Breno P A Barbosa
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Saarland 66123 Saarbruecken Germany.,Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte 31270-901 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Augusto C C Santos
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte 31270-901 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Wagner O Valença
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte 31270-901 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Marcos R Scheide
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Santa Catarina 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Claudia C Gatto
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Brasilia Brasilia 70904-970 DF Brazil
| | - Guilherme G C de Carvalho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará Fortaleza 60430-270 Ceará Brazil
| | - Pedro M S Costa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará Fortaleza 60430-270 Ceará Brazil
| | - Claudia Pessoa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará Fortaleza 60430-270 Ceará Brazil
| | - Cynthia L M Pereira
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte 31270-901 Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Claus Jacob
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Saarland 66123 Saarbruecken Germany
| | - Antonio L Braga
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina Florianópolis Santa Catarina 88040-900 Brazil
| | - Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte 31270-901 Minas Gerais Brazil
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5
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Wu LQ, Ma X, Liu ZP. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 3-(1-benzotriazole)-nor-β-lapachones as NQO1-directed antitumor agents. Bioorg Chem 2021; 113:104995. [PMID: 34034133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 3-(1-benzotriazole)-nor-β-lapachones 5a-5l were synthesized as the NQO1-targeted anticancer agents. Most of these compounds displayed good antiproliferative activity against the breast cancer MCF-7, lung cancer A549 and hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells in agreements with their NQO1 activity. Among them, compound 5k was identified as a favorable NQO1 substrate. It could activate the ROS production in a NQO1-dependent manner, arrest tumor cell cycle at G0/G1 phase, promote tumor cell apoptosis, and decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential. In HepG2 xenograft models, 5k significantly suppressed the tumor growth with no influences on animal body weights. Therefore, 5k could be a good lead for further anticancer drug developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qiang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Xin Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, PR China
| | - Zhao-Peng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China.
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6
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Liposomes containing 3-arylamino-nor-β-lapachone derivative: Development, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic activity. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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7
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Etomidate is devoid of genotoxicty and mutagenicity in human lymphocytes and in the Salmonella typhimurium/microsomal activation test. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 68:104946. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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8
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Kharma A, Jacob C, Bozzi ÍAO, Jardim GAM, Braga AL, Salomão K, Gatto CC, Silva MFS, Pessoa C, Stangier M, Ackermann L, da Silva Júnior EN. Electrochemical Selenation/Cyclization of Quinones: A Rapid, Green and Efficient Access to Functionalized Trypanocidal and Antitumor Compounds. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Kharma
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG 31270‐901 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry School of Pharmacy University of Saarland 66123 Saarbruecken Germany
| | - Claus Jacob
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry School of Pharmacy University of Saarland 66123 Saarbruecken Germany
| | - Ícaro A. O. Bozzi
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG 31270‐901 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Guilherme A. M. Jardim
- Department of Chemistry Federal University of Santa Catarina 88040‐900 Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Antonio L. Braga
- Department of Chemistry Federal University of Santa Catarina 88040‐900 Florianópolis SC Brazil
| | - Kelly Salomão
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute FIOCRUZ 21045‐900 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Claudia C. Gatto
- Institute of Chemistry University of Brasilia 70904‐970 Brasilia DF Brazil
| | - Maria Francilene S. Silva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology School of Pharmacy Federal University of Ceará 60430‐270 Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - Claudia Pessoa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology School of Pharmacy Federal University of Ceará 60430‐270 Fortaleza CE Brazil
| | - Maximilian Stangier
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg‐August‐Universität Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie Georg‐August‐Universität Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Eufrânio N. da Silva Júnior
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG 31270‐901 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
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9
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Nicoletti CD, Faria AFM, de Sá Haddad Queiroz M, Dos Santos Galvão RM, Souza ALA, Futuro DO, Faria RX, Ferreira VF. Synthesis and biological evaluation of β-lapachone and nor-β-lapachone complexes with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin as trypanocidal agents. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2020; 52:185-197. [PMID: 32198699 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-020-09826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We study βLAP and its derivative nor-β-Lapachone (NβL) complexes with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin to increase the solubility and bioavailability. The formation of true inclusion complexes between βLAP or NβL in 2-HP-β-CD in solid solution was characterization by FT-IR, DSC, powder X-ray was and was confirmed by one- and two-dimensional 1H NMR experiments. Additionally, the biological activities of βLAP, NβL, ICβLAP, and ICNβL were investigated through trypanocidal assays with T. cruzi and cytotoxicity studies with mouse peritoneal macrophages. Originally, we tested these complexes against T. cruzi viability and observed higher biological activities and lower cytotoxicity when compared to βLAP and NβL. Thus, the complexation of βLAP and NβL with 2-HP-β-CD increases the drug solubility, in addition vectorization was observed, increasing the biological activity against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes T. cruzi forms. Reduced the toxicity of the compounds against mammalian cells. In addition, the selectivity indices higher of the inclusion complexes comparing to substance free and those of benznidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Deckmann Nicoletti
- Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, 24241-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Flávia Martins Faria
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, n° 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 208c, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045900, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Sciences and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcella de Sá Haddad Queiroz
- Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, 24241-000, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Maria Dos Santos Galvão
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, n° 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 208c, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045900, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Sciences and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Débora Omena Futuro
- Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, 24241-000, Brazil
| | - Robson Xavier Faria
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, n° 4365, Pavilhão Carlos Chagas, sala 208c, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045900, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Sciences and Biotechnology, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Vitor Francisco Ferreira
- Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, 24241-000, Brazil
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10
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Cavalcanti BC, de Andrade Neto JB, de Sousa Silva AA, Barreto FS, de Oliveira Ferreira JR, da Silva CR, Aires do Nascimento FBS, do Amaral Valente Sá LG, Magalhães HIF, Nobre Júnior HV, de Moraes MO. Evaluation of Genotoxicity and Mutagenicity of Ketamine on Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes and in Salmonella typhimurium. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 62:104718. [PMID: 31706955 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ketamine is a potent uncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist that provides amnesia, analgesia, environmental dissociation and immobility, where it has its cytotoxic effect well described in the literature. However, the work on its genotoxic/mutagenic potentials are scarce and insufficient and does not allow a reasonable evaluation of its role. Thus, in the present work, we decided to evaluate the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of ketamine on human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and Salmonella typhimurium (TA98, TA97a, TA100, and TA102) through several well-established experimental protocols based on different parameters in the presence or not of exogenous metabolizing S9 fraction. Our data revealed that ketamine induces a weak cytotoxic effect on human PBLs after 24 h and is devoided of hemolytic effects. A small amount of DNA strand breaks levels were detected in the modified comet assay (employment of FPG enzyme) only at highest concentrations (500 and 700 μg/mL) of ketamine, highlighting our pro-oxidant data regarding ketamine. However, the oxidative DNA lesions were almost completely repaired which reflects in the lack of mutagenesis (micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations) on human PBLs and no increases in revertants numbers on S. typhimurium/microsome test (500 to 5000 μg/plate). In summary, ketamine is a weak oxidative DNA damaging agent and is devoid of mutagenic properties on eukaryotic and prokaryotic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Coêlho Cavalcanti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - João Batista de Andrade Neto
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Christus University Center (UNICHRISTUS), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Cecília Rocha da Silva
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Francisca Bruna S Aires do Nascimento
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lívia Gurgel do Amaral Valente Sá
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Hélio Vitoriano Nobre Júnior
- School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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11
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Reis WJ, Bozzi ÍA, Ribeiro MF, Halicki PC, Ferreira LA, Almeida da Silva PE, Ramos DF, de Simone CA, da Silva Júnior EN. Design of hybrid molecules as antimycobacterial compounds: Synthesis of isoniazid-naphthoquinone derivatives and their activity against susceptible and resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:4143-4150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Analysis of the Mechanisms of Action of Naphthoquinone-Based Anti-Acute Myeloid Leukemia Chemotherapeutics. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173121. [PMID: 31466259 PMCID: PMC6749238 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a neoplastic disorder resulting from clonal proliferation of poorly differentiated immature myeloid cells. Distinct genetic and epigenetic aberrations are key features of AML that account for its variable response to standard therapy. Irrespective of their oncogenic mutations, AML cells produce elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). They also alter expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes to promote cell proliferation and survival. Subsequently, selective targeting of redox homeostasis in a molecularly heterogeneous disease, such as AML, has been an appealing approach in the development of novel anti-leukemic chemotherapeutics. Naphthoquinones are able to undergo redox cycling and generate ROS in cancer cells, which have made them excellent candidates for testing against AML cells. In addition to inducing oxidative imbalance in AML cells, depending on their structure, naphthoquinones negatively affect other cellular apparatus causing neoplastic cell death. Here we provide an overview of the anti-AML activities of naphthoquinone derivatives, as well as analysis of their mechanism of action, including induction of reduction-oxidation imbalance, alteration in mitochondrial transmembrane potential, Bcl-2 modulation, initiation of DNA damage, and modulation of MAPK and STAT3 activity, alterations in the unfolded protein response and translocation of FOX-related transcription factors to the nucleus.
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13
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Dias GG, Nascimento TAD, de Almeida AKA, Bombaça ACS, Menna-Barreto RFS, Jacob C, Warratz S, da Silva Júnior EN, Ackermann L. Ruthenium(II)-Catalyzed C-H Alkenylation of Quinones: Diversity-Oriented Strategy for Trypanocidal Compounds. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gleiston G. Dias
- Institute of Exact Sciences; Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Minas Gerais; UFMG 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Tamires A. do Nascimento
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology; Federal University of Alagoas; UFMG 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Andresa K. A. de Almeida
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology; Federal University of Alagoas; UFMG 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | | | | | - Claus Jacob
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry; School of Pharmacy; Saarland University; 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Svenja Warratz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Eufrânio N. da Silva Júnior
- Institute of Exact Sciences; Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Minas Gerais; UFMG 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen; Tammannstraße 2 37077 Göttingen Germany
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14
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Almeida RG, de Carvalho RL, Nunes MP, Gomes RS, Pedrosa LF, de Simone CA, Gopi E, Geertsen V, Gravel E, Doris E, da Silva Júnior EN. Carbon nanotube–ruthenium hybrid towards mild oxidation of sulfides to sulfones: efficient synthesis of diverse sulfonyl compounds. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00384c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ru nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes were used in the mild oxidation of sulfides to sulfones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata G. Almeida
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Renato L. de Carvalho
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Mateus P. Nunes
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Roberto S. Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
- Harvard University
- USA
| | | | | | - Elumalai Gopi
- Service de Chimie Bioorganique et de Marquage (SCBM) CEA
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette
- France
| | | | - Edmond Gravel
- Service de Chimie Bioorganique et de Marquage (SCBM) CEA
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette
- France
| | - Eric Doris
- Service de Chimie Bioorganique et de Marquage (SCBM) CEA
- Université Paris-Saclay
- 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette
- France
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15
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Paier CRK, Maranhão SS, Carneiro TR, Lima LM, Rocha DD, da Silva Santos R, de Farias KM, de Moraes-Filho MO, Pessoa C. Natural products as new antimitotic compounds for anticancer drug development. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e813s. [PMID: 30540125 PMCID: PMC6256996 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e813s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle control genes are frequently mutated in cancer cells, which usually display higher rates of proliferation than normal cells. Dysregulated mitosis leads to genomic instability, which contributes to tumor progression and aggressiveness. Many drugs that disrupt mitosis have been studied because they induce cell cycle arrest and tumor cell death. These antitumor compounds are referred to as antimitotics. Vinca alkaloids and taxanes are natural products that target microtubules and inhibit mitosis, and their derivatives are among the most commonly used drugs in cancer therapy worldwide. However, severe adverse effects such as neuropathies are frequently observed during treatment with microtubule-targeting agents. Many efforts have been directed at developing improved antimitotics with increased specificity and decreased likelihood of inducing side effects. These new drugs generally target specific components of mitotic regulation that are mainly or exclusively expressed during cell division, such as kinases, motor proteins and multiprotein complexes. Such small molecules are now in preclinical studies and clinical trials, and many are products or derivatives from natural sources. In this review, we focused on the most promising targets for the development of antimitotics and discussed the advantages and disadvantages of these targets. We also highlighted the novel natural antimitotic agents under investigation by our research group, including combretastatins, withanolides and pterocarpans, which show the potential to circumvent the main issues in antimitotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Roberto Koscky Paier
- Laboratorio de Oncologia Experimental, Nucleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos (NPDM), Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Sarah Sant'Anna Maranhão
- Laboratorio de Oncologia Experimental, Nucleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos (NPDM), Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, BR
- Programa de Pos graduacao em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, BR
| | - Teiliane Rodrigues Carneiro
- Laboratorio de Oncologia Experimental, Nucleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos (NPDM), Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, BR
- Programa de Pos graduacao em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, BR
- Laboratorio de Avaliacao e Sintese de Substancias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Farmacos e Medicamentos (INCT-INOFAR), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Lídia Moreira Lima
- Laboratorio de Avaliacao e Sintese de Substancias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciencia e Tecnologia de Farmacos e Medicamentos (INCT-INOFAR), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BR
| | - Danilo Damasceno Rocha
- Laboratorio de Oncologia Experimental, Nucleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos (NPDM), Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, BR
| | - Renan da Silva Santos
- Laboratorio de Oncologia Experimental, Nucleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos (NPDM), Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, BR
- Programa de Pos graduacao em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, BR
| | - Kaio Moraes de Farias
- Laboratorio de Oncologia Experimental, Nucleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos (NPDM), Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, BR
- Programa de Pos graduacao em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, BR
| | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes-Filho
- Laboratorio de Oncologia Experimental, Nucleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos (NPDM), Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, BR
- Programa de Pos graduacao em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, BR
- Programa de Pos graduacao em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, BR
| | - Claudia Pessoa
- Laboratorio de Oncologia Experimental, Nucleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos (NPDM), Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, BR
- Programa de Pos graduacao em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, BR
- Programa de Pos graduacao em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia (RENORBIO), Universidade Federal do Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, BR
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16
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da Silva Júnior EN, Jardim GAM, Gomes RS, Liang YF, Ackermann L. Weakly-coordinating N-oxide and carbonyl groups for metal-catalyzed C–H activation: the case of A-ring functionalization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7398-7411. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This feature review is focused on recent challenges based on the functionalizations at C-8 and C-5 positions of heterocyclic and quinoidal compounds – a topic that is still rarely explored in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guilherme A. M. Jardim
- Institute of Exact Sciences
- Department of Chemistry
- Federal University of Minas Gerais
- Belo Horizonte
- Brazil
| | - Roberto S. Gomes
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Technologies
- Federal University of Grande Dourados
- Dourados
- Brazil
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Yu-Feng Liang
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- Gottingen 37077
- Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
- Gottingen 37077
- Germany
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17
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Costa MP, Feitosa ACS, Oliveira FCE, Cavalcanti BC, Dias GG, Caetano EWS, Sales FAM, Freire VN, Di Fiore S, Fischer R, Ladeira LO, da Silva Júnior EN, Pessoa C. Encapsulation of nor-β-lapachone into poly(d,l)-lactide- co-glycolide (PLGA) microcapsules: full characterization, computational details and cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1993-2002. [PMID: 30108718 PMCID: PMC6071939 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00196g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we characterize nor-β-lapachone-loaded (NβL-loaded) microcapsules prepared using an emulsification/solvent extraction technique. Features such as surface morphology, particle size distribution, zeta potential, optical absorption, Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectra, thermal analysis data, drug encapsulation efficiency, drug release kinetics and in vitro cytotoxicity were studied. Spherical microcapsules with a size of 1.03 ± 0.46 μm were produced with an encapsulation efficiency of approximately 19%. Quantum DFT calculations were also performed to estimate typical interaction energies between a single nor-β-lapachone molecule and the surface of the microparticles. The NβL-loaded PLGA microcapsules exhibited a pronounced initial burst release. After the in vitro treatment with NβL-loaded microcapsules, a clear phagocytosis of the spheres was observed in a few minutes. The cytotoxic activity against a set of cancer cell lines was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcília P Costa
- Pharmacy Course , Federal University of Piauí , 64049-550 Teresina , PI , Brazil
| | - Anderson C S Feitosa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Federal University of Ceará , 60430-270 Fortaleza , CE , Brazil .
| | - Fátima C E Oliveira
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Federal University of Ceará , 60430-270 Fortaleza , CE , Brazil .
| | - Bruno C Cavalcanti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Federal University of Ceará , 60430-270 Fortaleza , CE , Brazil .
| | - Gleiston G Dias
- Institute of Exact Sciences , Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , 31270-901 , MG , Brazil . ; Tel: +55 31 34095720
| | - Ewerton W S Caetano
- Department of Secondary School and Teachers College , Federal Institute of Ceará , 60040-531 Fortaleza , CE , Brazil
- Federal Institute of Ceará , 63503-790 Iguatu , CE , Brazil
| | - Francisco A M Sales
- Department of Secondary School and Teachers College , Federal Institute of Ceará , 60040-531 Fortaleza , CE , Brazil
- Federal Institute of Ceará , 63503-790 Iguatu , CE , Brazil
| | - Valder N Freire
- Department of Physics , Federal University of Ceará , 60455-760 Fortaleza , CE , Brazil
| | - Stefano Di Fiore
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME , 52074 , Aachen , Germany
| | - Rainer Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME , 52074 , Aachen , Germany
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology , RWTH Aachen University , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Luiz O Ladeira
- Institute of Exact Sciences , Department of Physics , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , 31270-901 , MG , Brazil
| | - Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Institute of Exact Sciences , Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , 31270-901 , MG , Brazil . ; Tel: +55 31 34095720
| | - Claudia Pessoa
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology , Federal University of Ceará , 60430-270 Fortaleza , CE , Brazil .
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz) , 60180-900 Fortaleza , CE , Brazil
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18
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Cardoso MFDC, Gomes ATPC, Moreira CDS, Simões MMQ, Neves MGPMS, da Rocha DR, da Silva FDC, Moreirinha C, Almeida A, Ferreira VF, Cavaleiro JAS. Efficient Catalytic Oxidation of 3-Arylthio- and 3-Cyclohexylthio-lapachone Derivatives to New Sulfonyl Derivatives and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Activities. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020302. [PMID: 28212345 PMCID: PMC6155948 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
New sulfonyl-lapachones were efficiently obtained through the catalytic oxidation of arylthio- and cyclohexylthio-lapachone derivatives with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a Mn(III) porphyrin complex. The antibacterial activities of the non-oxidized and oxidized lapachone derivatives against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus were evaluated after their incorporation into polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) micelles. The obtained results show that the PVP-formulations of the lapachones 4b–g and of the sulfonyl-lapachones 7e and 7g reduced the growth of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana F do C Cardoso
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-150, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Ana T P C Gomes
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - Caroline Dos S Moreira
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-150, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Mário M Q Simões
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - Maria G P M S Neves
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - David R da Rocha
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-150, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Fernando de C da Silva
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-150, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Catarina Moreirinha
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - Vitor F Ferreira
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói 24020-150, RJ, Brazil.
| | - José A S Cavaleiro
- Department of Chemistry and QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal.
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19
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da Cruz EHG, Silvers MA, Jardim GAM, Resende JM, Cavalcanti BC, Bomfim IS, Pessoa C, de Simone CA, Botteselle GV, Braga AL, Nair DK, Namboothiri INN, Boothman DA, da Silva Júnior EN. Synthesis and antitumor activity of selenium-containing quinone-based triazoles possessing two redox centres, and their mechanistic insights. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 122:1-16. [PMID: 27341379 PMCID: PMC5003678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Selenium-containing quinone-based 1,2,3-triazoles were synthesized using click chemistry, the copper catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, and evaluated against six types of cancer cell lines: HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemia cells), HCT-116 (human colon carcinoma cells), PC3 (human prostate cells), SF295 (human glioblastoma cells), MDA-MB-435 (melanoma cells) and OVCAR-8 (human ovarian carcinoma cells). Some compounds showed IC50 values < 0.3 μM. The cytotoxic potential of the quinones evaluated was also assayed using non-tumor cells, exemplified by peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC), V79 and L929 cells. Mechanistic role for NAD(P)H Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) was also elucidated. These compounds could provide promising new lead derivatives for more potent anticancer drug development and delivery, and represent one of the most active classes of lapachones reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo H G da Cruz
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Molly A Silvers
- Departments of Pharmacology and Radiation Oncology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390-8807, USA
| | - Guilherme A M Jardim
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Jarbas M Resende
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Cavalcanti
- National Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, CEP 60180-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Igor S Bomfim
- National Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, CEP 60180-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Claudia Pessoa
- National Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, CEP 60180-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Fiocruz-Ceará, CEP 60180-900, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Carlos A de Simone
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, 13560-160, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Giancarlo V Botteselle
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Antonio L Braga
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Divya K Nair
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400 076, India
| | | | - David A Boothman
- Departments of Pharmacology and Radiation Oncology, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX, 75390-8807, USA
| | - Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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20
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Controlled Release of Nor-β-lapachone by PLGA Microparticles: A Strategy for Improving Cytotoxicity against Prostate Cancer Cells. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21070873. [PMID: 27384551 PMCID: PMC6273703 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21070873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in males and it has become a major worldwide public health problem. This study characterizes the encapsulation of Nor-β-lapachone (NβL) in poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) microcapsules and evaluates the cytotoxicity of the resulting drug-loaded system against metastatic prostate cancer cells. The microcapsules presented appropriate morphological features and the presence of drug molecules in the microcapsules was confirmed by different methods. Spherical microcapsules with a size range of 1.03 ± 0.46 μm were produced with an encapsulation efficiency of approximately 19%. Classical molecular dynamics calculations provided an estimate of the typical adsorption energies of NβL on PLGA. Finally, the cytotoxic activity of NβL against PC3M human prostate cancer cells was demonstrated to be significantly enhanced when delivered by PLGA microcapsules in comparison with the free drug.
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21
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Berberine Antifungal Activity in Fluconazole-Resistant Pathogenic Yeasts: Action Mechanism Evaluated by Flow Cytometry and Biofilm Growth Inhibition in Candida spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3551-7. [PMID: 27021328 PMCID: PMC4879420 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01846-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of fungal infections and, in particular, the incidence of fungal antibiotic resistance, which is associated with biofilm formation, have significantly increased, contributing to morbidity and mortality. Thus, new therapeutic strategies need to be developed. In this context, natural products have emerged as a major source of possible antifungal agents. Berberine is a protoberberine-type isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the roots, rhizomes, and stem bark of natural herbs, such as Berberis aquifolium, Berberis vulgaris, Berberis aristata, and Hydrastis canadensis, and of Phellodendron amurense. Berberine has been proven to have broad antibacterial and antifungal activity. In the present study, the potential antifungal effect of berberine against fluconazole-resistant Candida and Cryptococcus neoformans strains, as well as against the biofilm form of Candida spp., was assessed. The antifungal effect of berberine was determined by a broth microdilution method (the M27-A3 method of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) and flow cytometry techniques, in which the probable mechanism of action of the compound was also assessed. For biofilm assessment, a colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine the susceptibility of sessile cells. The isolates used in the study belonged to the Laboratory of Bioprospection and Experiments in Yeast (LABEL) of the Federal University of Ceará. After 24 and 72 h, fluconazole-resistant Candida and Cryptococcus neoformans strains showed berberine MICs equal to 8 μg/ml and 16 μg/ml, respectively. Cytometric analysis showed that treatment with berberine caused alterations to the integrity of the plasma and mitochondrial membranes and DNA damage, which led to cell death, probably by apoptosis. Assessment of biofilm-forming isolates after treatment showed statistically significant reductions in biofilm cell activity (P < 0.001).
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22
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Electrochemical, spectroscopic and pharmacological approaches toward the understanding of biflorin DNA damage effects. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Dang Thi TA, Depetter Y, Mollet K, Thi Phuong H, Vu Ngoc D, Pham The C, Thanh Nguyen H, Nguyen Thi TH, Huy Nguyen H, D’hooghe M, Van Nguyen T. Expedient stereoselective synthesis of new dihydropyrano- and dihydrofuranonaphthoquinones. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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24
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Synthesis and evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of 1,2-furanonaphthoquinones tethered to 1,2,3-1H-triazoles in myeloid and lymphoid leukemia cell lines. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:708-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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de Souza NB, de Andrade IM, Carneiro PF, Jardim GAM, de Melo IMM, da Silva EN, Krettli AU. Blood shizonticidal activities of phenazines and naphthoquinoidal compounds against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro and in mice malaria studies. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:546-52. [PMID: 25099332 PMCID: PMC4156448 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the recent advances of atovaquone, a naphthoquinone, through clinical trials as treatment for malarial infection, 19 quinone derivatives with previously reported structures were also evaluated for blood schizonticide activity against the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. These compounds include 2-hydroxy-3-methylamino naphthoquinones (2-9), lapachol (10), nor-lapachol (11), iso-lapachol (12), phthiocol (13) and phenazines (12-20). Their cytotoxicities were also evaluated against human hepatoma and normal monkey kidney cell lines. Compounds 2 and 5 showed the highest activity against P. falciparum chloroquine-resistant blood-stage parasites (clone W2), indicated by their low inhibitory concentration for 50% (IC50) of parasite growth. The therapeutic potential of the active compounds was evaluated according to the selectivity index, which is a ratio of the cytotoxicity minimum lethal dose which eliminates 50% of cells and the in vitro IC50. Naphthoquinones 2 and 5, with activities similar to the reference antimalarial chloroquine, were also active against malaria in mice and suppressed parasitaemia by more than 60% in contrast to compound 11 which was inactive. Based on their in vitro and in vivo activities, compounds 2 and 5 are considered promising molecules for antimalarial treatment and warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel M de Andrade
- Laboratório de Malária, Centro de Pesquisas René-Rachou-Fiocruz, Belo
Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Paula F Carneiro
- Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio de
Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Guilherme AM Jardim
- Laboratório de Química Sintética e Heterocíclica, Departamento de
Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo
Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Isadora MM de Melo
- Laboratório de Química Sintética e Heterocíclica, Departamento de
Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo
Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Eufrânio N da Silva
- Laboratório de Química Sintética e Heterocíclica, Departamento de
Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo
Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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26
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Saluja P, Khurana JM, Nikhil K, Roy P. Task-specific ionic liquid catalyzed synthesis of novel naphthoquinone–urazole hybrids and evaluation of their antioxidant and in vitro anticancer activity. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02917h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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27
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High-throughput screen of natural product libraries for hsp90 inhibitors. BIOLOGY 2014; 3:101-38. [PMID: 24833337 PMCID: PMC4009755 DOI: 10.3390/biology3010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hsp90 has become the target of intensive investigation, as inhibition of its function has the ability to simultaneously incapacitate proteins that function in pathways that represent the six hallmarks of cancer. While a number of Hsp90 inhibitors have made it into clinical trials, a number of short-comings have been noted, such that the search continues for novel Hsp90 inhibitors with superior pharmacological properties. To identify new potential Hsp90 inhibitors, we have utilized a high-throughput assay based on measuring Hsp90-dependent refolding of thermally denatured luciferase to screen natural compound libraries. Over 4,000 compounds were screen with over 100 hits. Data mining of the literature indicated that 51 compounds had physiological effects that Hsp90 inhibitors also exhibit, and/or the ability to downregulate the expression levels of Hsp90-dependent proteins. Of these 51 compounds, seven were previously characterized as Hsp90 inhibitors. Four compounds, anthothecol, garcinol, piplartine, and rottlerin, were further characterized, and the ability of these compounds to inhibit the refolding of luciferase, and reduce the rate of growth of MCF7 breast cancer cells, correlated with their ability to suppress the Hsp90-dependent maturation of the heme-regulated eIF2α kinase, and deplete cultured cells of Hsp90-dependent client proteins. Thus, this screen has identified an additional 44 compounds with known beneficial pharmacological properties, but with unknown mechanisms of action as possible new inhibitors of the Hsp90 chaperone machine.
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28
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da Cruz EHG, Carvalho PHPR, Corrêa JR, Silva DAC, Diogo EBT, de Souza Filho JD, Cavalcanti BC, Pessoa C, de Oliveira HCB, Guido BC, da Silva Filho DA, Neto BAD, da Silva Júnior EN. Design, synthesis and application of fluorescent 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-triazole-linked biologically active lapachone derivatives. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj01499a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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29
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Ferreira FDR, Ferreira SB, Araújo AJ, Marinho Filho JDB, Pessoa C, Moraes MO, Costa-Lotufo LV, Montenegro RC, da Silva FDC, Ferreira VF, da Costa JG, de Abreu FC, Goulart MOF. Arylated α- and β-dihydrofuran naphthoquinones: Electrochemical parameters, evaluation of antitumor activity and their correlation. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.04.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Diogo EBT, Dias GG, Rodrigues BL, Guimarães TT, Valença WO, Camara CA, de Oliveira RN, da Silva MG, Ferreira VF, de Paiva YG, Goulart MOF, Menna-Barreto RFS, de Castro SL, da Silva Júnior EN. Synthesis and anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of naphthoquinone-containing triazoles: electrochemical studies on the effects of the quinoidal moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:6337-48. [PMID: 24074878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In our continued search for novel trypanocidal compounds, twenty-six derivatives of para- and ortho-naphthoquinones coupled to 1,2,3-triazoles were synthesized. These compounds were evaluated against the infective bloodstream form of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Compounds 17-24, 28-30 and 36-38 are described herein for the first time. Three of these novel compounds (28-30) were found to be more potent than the standard drug benznidazole, with IC50/24h values between 6.8 and 80.8μM. Analysis of the toxicity to heart muscle cells led to LC50/24h of <125, 63.1 and 281.6μM for 28, 29 and 30, respectively. Displaying a selectivity index of 34.3, compound 30 will be further evaluated in vivo. The electrochemical properties of selected compounds were evaluated in an attempt to find correlations with trypanocidal activity, and it was observed that more electrophilic quinones were generally more potent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilay B T Diogo
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Departamento de Química, UFMG, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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31
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Sunassee SN, Veale CG, Shunmoogam-Gounden N, Osoniyi O, Hendricks DT, Caira MR, de la Mare JA, Edkins AL, Pinto AV, da Silva Júnior EN, Davies-Coleman MT. Cytotoxicity of lapachol, β-lapachone and related synthetic 1,4-naphthoquinones against oesophageal cancer cells. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 62:98-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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32
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Synergistic effects of amiodarone and fluconazole on Candida tropicalis resistant to fluconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:1691-700. [PMID: 23357774 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00966-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There have recently been significant increases in the prevalence of systemic invasive fungal infections. However, the number of antifungal drugs on the market is limited in comparison to the number of available antibacterial drugs. This fact, coupled with the increased frequency of cross-resistance, makes it necessary to develop new therapeutic strategies. Combination drug therapies have become one of the most widely used and effective strategies to alleviate this problem. Amiodarone (AMD) is classically used for the treatment of atrial fibrillation and is the drug of choice for patients with arrhythmia. Recent studies have shown broad antifungal activity of the drug when administered in combination with fluconazole (FLC). In the present study, we induced resistance to fluconazole in six strains of Candida tropicalis and evaluated potential synergism between fluconazole and amiodarone. The evaluation of drug interaction was determined by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration and by performing flow cytometry. We conclude that amiodarone, when administered in combination with fluconazole, exhibits activity against strains of C. tropicalis that are resistant to fluconazole, which most likely occurs via changes in the integrity of the yeast cell membrane and the generation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and DNA damage that could lead to cell death by apoptosis.
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33
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Araújo A, de Souza A, da Silva Júnior E, Marinho-Filho J, de Moura M, Rocha D, Vasconcellos M, Costa C, Pessoa C, de Moraes M, Ferreira V, de Abreu F, Pinto A, Montenegro R, Costa-Lotufo L, Goulart M. Growth inhibitory effects of 3′-nitro-3-phenylamino nor-beta-lapachone against HL-60: A redox-dependent mechanism. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:585-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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34
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Quevedo O, García-Luis J, Lorenzo-Castrillejo I, Machín F. No Role of Homologous Recombination in Dealing with β-Lapachone Cytotoxicity in Yeast. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:2106-8. [DOI: 10.1021/tx2004618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Quevedo
- Unidad de
Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Carretera
del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jonay García-Luis
- Unidad de
Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Carretera
del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Isabel Lorenzo-Castrillejo
- Unidad de
Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Carretera
del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Félix Machín
- Unidad de
Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Carretera
del Rosario 145, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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