1
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Tiruye HM, Economopoulos S, Jørgensen KB. Synthesis of polycyclic aromatic quinones by continuous flow electrochemical oxidation: anodic methoxylation of polycyclic aromatic phenols (PAPs). Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1746-1757. [PMID: 39076291 PMCID: PMC11285069 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation of polycyclic aromatic phenols (PAPs) has been developed in a microfluidic cell to synthesize polycyclic aromatic quinones (PAQs). Methanol was used as nucleophile to trap the phenoxonium cation formed in the oxidation as an acetal, that later were hydrolysed to the quinone. Formation of hydrogen gas as the cathode reaction caused challenges in the flow cell and were overcome by recycling the reaction mixture through the cell at increased flow rate several times. The specific quinones formed were guided by the position of an initial hydroxy group on the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. An available para-position in the PAPs gave p-quinones, while hydroxy groups in the 2- or 3-position led to o-quinones. The substrates were analysed by cyclic voltammetry for estitmation of the HOMO/LUMO energies to shed more light on this transformation. The easy separation of the supporting electrolyte from the product will allow recycling and makes this a green transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiwot M Tiruye
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, P.O Box 8600 Forus, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Solon Economopoulos
- Advanced Optoelectronic Nanomaterials Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kåre B Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, P.O Box 8600 Forus, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
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2
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Xiao Y, Shen Y, Song H, Gao F, Mao Z, Lv Q, Qin C, Yuan L, Wu D, Chu H, Wang M, Du M, Zheng R, Zhang Z. AKR1C2 genetic variants mediate tobacco carcinogens metabolism involving bladder cancer susceptibility. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:2269-2279. [PMID: 38662237 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03737-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Tobacco carcinogens metabolism-related genes (TCMGs) could generate reactive metabolites of tobacco carcinogens, which subsequently contributed to multiple diseases. However, the association between genetic variants in TCMGs and bladder cancer susceptibility remains unclear. In this study, we derived TCMGs from metabolic pathways of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and tobacco-specific nitrosamines, and then explored genetic associations between TCMGs and bladder cancer risk in two populations: a Chinese population of 580 cases and 1101 controls, and a European population of 5930 cases and 5468 controls, along with interaction and joint analyses. Expression patterns of TCMGs were sourced from Nanjing Bladder Cancer (NJBC) study and publicly available datasets. Among 43 TCMGs, we observed that rs7087341 T > A in AKR1C2 was associated with a reduced risk of bladder cancer in the Chinese population [odds ratio (OR) = 0.84, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.72-0.97, P = 1.86 × 10-2]. Notably, AKR1C2 rs7087341 showed an interaction effect with cigarette smoking on bladder cancer risk (Pinteraction = 5.04 × 10-3), with smokers carrying the T allele increasing the risk up to an OR of 3.96 (Ptrend < 0.001). Genetically, rs7087341 showed an allele-specific transcriptional regulation as located at DNA-sensitive regions of AKR1C2 highlighted by histone markers. Mechanistically, rs7087341 A allele decreased AKR1C2 expression, which was highly expressed in bladder tumors that enhanced metabolism of tobacco carcinogens, and thereby increased DNA adducts and reactive oxygen species formation during bladder tumorigenesis. These findings provided new insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Xiao
- Departments of Environmental Genomics and Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health; Institute of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Department of Urology, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University (The Third People's Hospital of Yancheng), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Second Chinese Medicine Hospital, Nanjing, 210017, China
| | - Hui Song
- Departments of Environmental Genomics and Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Fang Gao
- Departments of Environmental Genomics and Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhenguang Mao
- Departments of Environmental Genomics and Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Qiang Lv
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Chao Qin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Departments of Environmental Genomics and Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Haiyan Chu
- Departments of Environmental Genomics and Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Meilin Wang
- Departments of Environmental Genomics and Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Mulong Du
- Departments of Environmental Genomics and Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Rui Zheng
- Departments of Environmental Genomics and Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Departments of Environmental Genomics and Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, School of Public Health; Institute of Clinical Research, The Affiliated Taizhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University; Department of Urology, The Yancheng School of Clinical Medicine of Nanjing Medical University (The Third People's Hospital of Yancheng), Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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3
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Scaramboni C, Campos MLAM, Dorta DJ, de Oliveira DP, de Medeiros SRB, de Oliveira Galvão MF, Dreij K. Reactive oxygen species-dependent transient induction of genotoxicity by retene in human liver HepG2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2023:105628. [PMID: 37302535 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2023.105628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Retene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emitted mainly by biomass combustion, and despite its ubiquity in atmospheric particulate matter (PM), studies concerning its potential hazard to human health are still incipient. In this study, the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of retene were investigated in human HepG2 liver cells. Our data showed that retene had minimal effect on cell viability, but induced DNA strand breaks, micronuclei formation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Stronger effects were observed at earlier time points than at longer, indicating transient genotoxicity. Retene activated phosphorylation of Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), an indicator of replication stress and chromosomal instability, which was in accordance with increased formation of micronuclei. A protective effect of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) towards ROS generation and DNA damage signaling was observed, suggesting oxidative stress as a key mechanism of the observed genotoxic effects of retene in HepG2 cells. Altogether our results suggest that retene may contribute to the harmful effects caused by biomass burning PM and represent a potential hazard to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Scaramboni
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria Lucia Arruda Moura Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Daniel Junqueira Dorta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle Palma de Oliveira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Su AL, Mesaros CA, Krzeminski J, El-Bayoumy K, Penning TM. Role of Human Aldo-Keto Reductases in the Nitroreduction of 1-Nitropyrene and 1,8-Dinitropyrene. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:2296-2309. [PMID: 36399404 PMCID: PMC9772043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
1-Nitropyrene (1-NP) and 1,8-dinitropyrene (1,8-DNP) are diesel exhaust constituents and are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as probable (Group 2A) or possible (Group 2B) human carcinogens. These nitroarenes undergo metabolic activation by nitroreduction to result in the formation of DNA adducts. Human aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) 1C1-1C3 catalyze the nitroreduction of 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-nitro-7H-benz[de]anthracen-7-one, 3-NBA), but the extent of AKR contribution toward the nitroreduction of additional nitroarenes, including 1-NP and 1,8-DNP, is currently unknown. In the present study, we investigated the ability of human recombinant AKRs to catalyze 1-NP and 1,8-DNP nitroreduction by measuring the formation of the respective six-electron reduced amine products in discontinuous ultraviolet-reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography enzymatic assays. We found that AKR1C1-1C3 were able to catalyze the formation of 1-aminopyrene (1-AP) and 1-amino-8-nitropyrene (1,8-ANP) in our reactions with 1-NP and 1,8-DNP, respectively. We determined kinetic parameters (Km, kcat, and kcat/Km) and found that out of the three isoforms, AKR1C1 had the highest catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for 1-AP formation, whereas AKR1C3 had the highest catalytic efficiency for 1,8-ANP formation. Use of ultra-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry verified amine product identity and provided evidence for the formation of nitroso- and hydroxylamino-intermediates in our reactions. Our study expands the role of AKR1C1-1C3, which are expressed in human lung cells, in the metabolic activation of nitroarenes that can lead to DNA adduct formation, mutation, and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Su
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Clementina A Mesaros
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jacek Krzeminski
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
| | - Karam El-Bayoumy
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey Pennsylvania 17033-2360, United States
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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5
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Tiruye HM, Jørgensen KB. Oxidative synthesis of ortho-quinones from hydroxy-PAHs by stabilized formulation of 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (SIBX). Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Liu H, Li G, Sturgis EM, Shete S, Dahlstrom KR, Du M, Amos CI, Christiani DC, Lazarus P, Wei Q. Genetic variants in CYP2B6 and HSD17B12 associated with risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Int J Cancer 2022; 151:553-564. [PMID: 35404482 PMCID: PMC9203942 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) metabolism-related genes play an important role in the development of cancers. We assessed the associations of genetic variants in genes involved in the metabolism of PAHs and TSNA with risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) in European populations using two published genome-wide association study datasets. In the single-locus analysis, we identified two SNPs (rs145533669 and rs35246205) in CYP2B6 to be associated with risk of SCCHN (P = 1.57 × 10-4 and .004, respectively), two SNPs (EPHX1 rs117522494 and CYP2B6 rs145533669) to be associated with risk of oropharyngeal cancer (P = .001 and .004, respectively), and one SNP (rs4359199 in HSD17B12) to be associated with risk of oral cancer (P = .006). A significant interaction effect was found between rs4359199 and drinking status on risks of SCCHN and oropharyngeal cancer (P < .05). eQTL and sQTL analyzes revealed that two SNPs (CYP2B6 rs35246205 and HSD17B12 rs4359199) were correlated with alternative splicing or mRNA expression levels of the corresponding genes in liver cells (P < .05 for both). In silico functional annotation suggested that these two SNPs may regulate mRNA expression by affecting the binding of transcription factors. Results from phenome-wide association studies presented significant associations between these genes and risks of other cancers, smoking behavior and alcohol dependence (P < .05). Thus, our study provided some insight into the underlying genetic mechanism of head and neck cancer, which warrants future functional validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guojun Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Erich M. Sturgis
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sanjay Shete
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristina R. Dahlstrom
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mulong Du
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 101 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing, 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Christopher I. Amos
- The Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - David C. Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99210, USA
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, USA
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7
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Grishanova AY, Perepechaeva ML. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor in Oxidative Stress as a Double Agent and Its Biological and Therapeutic Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6719. [PMID: 35743162 PMCID: PMC9224361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has long been implicated in the induction of a battery of genes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous compounds. AhR is a ligand-activated transcription factor necessary for the launch of transcriptional responses important in health and disease. In past decades, evidence has accumulated that AhR is associated with the cellular response to oxidative stress, and this property of AhR must be taken into account during investigations into a mechanism of action of xenobiotics that is able to activate AhR or that is susceptible to metabolic activation by enzymes encoded by the genes that are under the control of AhR. In this review, we examine various mechanisms by which AhR takes part in the oxidative-stress response, including antioxidant and prooxidant enzymes and cytochrome P450. We also show that AhR, as a participant in the redox balance and as a modulator of redox signals, is being increasingly studied as a target for a new class of therapeutic compounds and as an explanation for the pathogenesis of some disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria L. Perepechaeva
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Timakova Str. 2, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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Reynolds WJ, Bowman A, Hanson PS, Critchley A, Griffiths B, Chavan B, Birch‐Machin MA. Adaptive responses to air pollution in human dermal fibroblasts and their potential roles in aging. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:855-865. [PMID: 34632319 PMCID: PMC8493965 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The damaging effects of air pollution on the skin are becoming increasingly researched and the outcomes of this research are now a major influence in the selection and development of protective ingredients for skincare formulations. However, extensive research has not yet been conducted into the specific cellular defense systems that are being affected after exposure to such pollutants. Research investigating the affected systems is integral to the development of suitable interventions that are capable of augmenting the systems most impacted by air pollutant exposure. The following studies involved exposing primary human dermal fibroblasts to different concentrations of particulate matter and analyzing its effects on mitochondrial complex activity, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 localization using immunocytochemistry and protein expression of electron transport chain complex proteins, sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) using western blotting. Particulate matter-induced alterations in both mitochondrial complex protein and activity, indicating oxidative stress, which was also complimented by increased expression of antioxidant proteins GSTP1/2 and SOD2. Particulate matter also seemed to modify expression of the proteins SIRT1 and PGC-1α which are heavily involved in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism. Given the reported results indicating that particulate matter induces damage through oxidative stress and has a profound effect on mitochondrial homeostasis, interventions involving targeted mitochondrial antioxidants may help to minimize the damaging downstream effects of pollutant-induced oxidative stress originating from the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wil J. Reynolds
- Dermatological Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Amy Bowman
- Dermatological Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Peter S. Hanson
- Mental HealthDementia and Neurodegeneration, Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | | | | | | | - Mark A. Birch‐Machin
- Dermatological Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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9
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Luo K, Carmella SG, Zhao Y, Tang MK, Hecht SS. Identification and quantification of phenanthrene ortho-quinones in human urine and their association with lipid peroxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115342. [PMID: 32805605 PMCID: PMC8892176 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although human exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) has been associated with in vivo oxidative damage, and hydroxyPAH metabolites have been used as biomarkers to assess PAH-induced oxidative stress, few studies have looked at the likely causative compounds for oxidative stress in humans - PAH quinones. We developed a method using pre-column derivatization - liquid chromatography-heated electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HESI-MS/MS) to analyze ortho-phenanthrene quinones (PheQs) in human urine. 1,2-PheQ and 3,4-PheQ were identified and quantified in 3 mL of human urine; their total concentrations were higher in cigarette smokers (0.79 ± 0.98 nmol/6h urine) than in nonsmokers (0.20 ± 0.98 nmol/6h urine) (p < 0.01). The total of 1,2-PheQ and 3,4-PheQ were more strongly correlated with urinary (Z)-7-[1R,2R,3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxy-2-[(E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-enyl]cyclopentyl]hept-5-enoic acid (8-iso-PGF2α), a biomarker of lipid peroxidation (R2 = 0.53, p < 0.001), than the other phenanthrene metabolites including phenanthrene tetraol (PheT), phenanthrene-1,2-dihydrodiol (1,2-PheD), and total phenanthrene phenols (OHPhe), consistent with the concept that PheQs and likely other PAH quinones play a causal role in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in humans. Thus, PheQs may be suitable as biomarkers to assess human exposure to oxygenated PAH and the subsequent oxidative damage. This study provides unique support, by analysis of human urinary metabolites, for the PAH quinone mediated oxidative damage hypothesis of PAH carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Luo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Steven G Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yingchun Zhao
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mei Kuen Tang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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10
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Shukla H, Gaje G, Koucheki A, Lee HY, Sun X, Trush MA, Zhu H, Li YR, Jia Z. NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase-1 mediates Benzo-[a]-pyrene-1,6-quinone-induced cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species production in human EA.hy926 endothelial cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 404:115180. [PMID: 32739527 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies conducted in the past have reported deaths in the human population due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) on exposure to air particulate matter (APM). BP-1,6-quinone (BP-1,6-Q) is one of the significant components of APM. However, the mechanism(s) by which it can exert its toxicity in endothelial cells is not yet completely understood. NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) is expressed highly in myocardium and vasculature tissues of the heart and plays a vital role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. This study, demonstrated that BP-1,6-Q diminishes NQO1 enzyme activity in a dose-dependent manner in human EA.hy926 endothelial cells. The decrease in the NQO1 enzyme causes potentiation in BP-1,6-Q-mediated toxicity in EA.hy926 endothelial cells. The enhancement of NQO1 in endothelial cells showed cytoprotection against BP-1,6-Q-induced cellular toxicity, lipid, and protein damage suggesting an essential role of NQO1 in cytoprotection against BP-1,6-Q toxicity. Using various biochemical assays and genetic approaches, results from this study further demonstrated that NQO1 also plays a crucial role in BP-1,6-Q-induced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These findings will contribute to elucidating BP-1,6-Q mediated toxicity and its role in the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halley Shukla
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Gabriella Gaje
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Ashkon Koucheki
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Ho Young Lee
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Xiaolun Sun
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Michael A Trush
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hong Zhu
- Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, NC, USA
| | - Y Robert Li
- Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Buies Creek, NC, USA
| | - Zhenquan Jia
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, USA.
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Vargas-Mendoza N, Morales-González Á, Morales-Martínez M, Soriano-Ursúa MA, Delgado-Olivares L, Sandoval-Gallegos EM, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Álvarez-González I, Madrigal-Santillán E, Morales-Gonzalez JA. Flavolignans from Silymarin as Nrf2 Bioactivators and Their Therapeutic Applications. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8050122. [PMID: 32423098 PMCID: PMC7277158 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Silymarin (SM) is a mixture of flavolignans extracted from the seeds of species derived from Silybum marianum, commonly known as milk thistle or St. Mary'sthistle. These species have been widely used in the treatment of liver disorders in traditional medicine since ancient times. Several properties had been attributed to the major SM flavolignans components, identified as silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, isosilychristin, and silydianin. Previous research reported antioxidant and protective activities, which are probably related to the activation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (Nrf2), known as a master regulator of the cytoprotector response. Nrf2 is a redox-sensitive nuclear transcription factor able to induce the downstream-associated genes. The disruption of Nrf2 signaling has been associated with different pathological conditions. Some identified phytochemicals from SM had shown to participate in the Nrf2 signaling pathway; in particular, they have been suggested as activators that disrupt interactions in the Keap1-Nrf2 system, but also as antioxidants or with additional actions regarding Nrf2 regulation. Thus, the study of these molecules makes them appear attractive as novel targets for the treatment or prevention of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Vargas-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Ángel Morales-González
- Escuela Superior de Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Juan de Dios Bátiz s/n esquina Miguel Othón de Mendizabal, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Mexico City CP 07738, Mexico;
| | - Mauricio Morales-Martínez
- Licenciatura en Nutrición, Universidad Intercontinental, Insurgentes Sur 4303, Santa Úrsula Xitla, Alcaldía Tlalpan, Mexico City CP 14420, Mexico;
| | - Marvin A. Soriano-Ursúa
- Academia de Fisiología Humana, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Luis Delgado-Olivares
- Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinario, Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Circuito Actopan-Tilcuauttla, s/n, Ex hacienda La Concepción, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo CP 42160, Mexico; (L.D.-O.); (E.M.S.-G.)
| | - Eli Mireya Sandoval-Gallegos
- Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinario, Área Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo. Circuito Actopan-Tilcuauttla, s/n, Ex hacienda La Concepción, San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo CP 42160, Mexico; (L.D.-O.); (E.M.S.-G.)
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, “Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos”. Av. Wilfrido Massieu. Col., Zacatenco, Mexico City 07738, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.Á.-G.)
| | - Isela Álvarez-González
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, “Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos”. Av. Wilfrido Massieu. Col., Zacatenco, Mexico City 07738, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.Á.-G.)
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (E.M.-S.); (J.A.M.-G.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (E.M.-S. & J.A.M.-G.)
| | - José A. Morales-Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México Escuela Superior de Medicina, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
- Correspondence: (E.M.-S.); (J.A.M.-G.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (E.M.-S. & J.A.M.-G.)
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Vogel CFA, Van Winkle LS, Esser C, Haarmann-Stemmann T. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a target of environmental stressors - Implications for pollution mediated stress and inflammatory responses. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101530. [PMID: 32354640 PMCID: PMC7327980 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor regulating the expression of genes, for instance encoding the monooxygenases cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and CYP1A2, which are important enzymes in metabolism of xenobiotics. The AHR is activated upon binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and related ubiquitous environmental chemicals, to mediate their biological and toxic effects. In addition, several endogenous and natural compounds can bind to AHR, thereby modulating a variety of physiological processes. In recent years, ambient particulate matter (PM) associated with traffic related air pollution (TRAP) has been found to contain significant amounts of PAHs. PM containing PAHs are of increasing concern as a class of agonists, which can activate the AHR. Several reports show that PM and AHR-mediated induction of CYP1A1 results in excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), causing oxidative stress. Furthermore, exposure to PM and PAHs induce inflammatory responses and may lead to chronic inflammatory diseases, including asthma, cardiovascular diseases, and increased cancer risk. In this review, we summarize findings showing the critical role that the AHR plays in mediating effects of environmental pollutants and stressors, which pose a risk of impacting the environment and human health. PAHs present on ambient air pollution particles are ligands of the cellular AHR. AHR-dependent induction of CYP1, AKR, NOX and COX-2 genes can be a source of ROS generation. AHR signaling and NRF2 signaling interact to regulate the expression of antioxidant genes. Air pollution and ROS can affect inflammation, which is partially triggered by AHR and associated immune responses. Skin, lung, and the cardiovascular system are major target sites for air pollution-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph F A Vogel
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Laura S Van Winkle
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 5616, USA
| | - Charlotte Esser
- IUF - Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Vargas-Mendoza N, Morales-González Á, Madrigal-Santillán EO, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Álvarez-González I, García-Melo LF, Anguiano-Robledo L, Fregoso-Aguilar T, Morales-Gonzalez JA. Antioxidant and Adaptative Response Mediated by Nrf2 during Physical Exercise. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060196. [PMID: 31242588 PMCID: PMC6617290 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a powerful nuclear transcription factor that coordinates an antioxidant cytoprotector system complex stimulated by the increase in inoxidative stress (OS). In the present manuscript, we conduct a review on the evidence that shows the effect different modalities of physical exercise exert on the antioxidant metabolic response directed by Nrf2. During physical exercise, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased; therefore, if the endogenous and exogenous antioxidant defenses are unable to control the elevation of ROS, the resulting OS triggers the activation of the transcriptional factor Nrf2 to induce the antioxidant response. On a molecular basis related to physical exercise, hormesis maintenance (exercise preconditioning) and adaptative changes in training are supported by a growing body of evidence, which is important for detailing the health benefits that involve greater resistance to environmental aggressions, better tolerance to constant changes, and increasing the regenerative capacity of the cells in such a way that it may be used as a tool to support the prevention or treatment of diseases. This may have clinical implications for future investigations regarding physical exercise in terms of understanding adaptations in high-performance athletes but also as a therapeutic model in several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Vargas-Mendoza
- México Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, CP 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (E.O.M.-S.)
| | - Ángel Morales-González
- Escuela Superior de Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Juan de Dios Bátiz s/n esquina Miguel Othón de Mendizabal, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, CP 07738 Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Correspondence: (A.M.-G.); (J.A.M.-G.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (A.M.-G. & J.A.M.-G.)
| | - Eduardo Osiris Madrigal-Santillán
- México Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, CP 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (E.O.M.-S.)
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, “Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos”. Av. WilfridoMassieu. Col., Lindavista, 07738 Ciudad de México, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.A.-G.); (L.F.G.-M.)
| | - Isela Álvarez-González
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, “Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos”. Av. WilfridoMassieu. Col., Lindavista, 07738 Ciudad de México, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.A.-G.); (L.F.G.-M.)
| | - Luis Fernando García-Melo
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, “Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos”. Av. WilfridoMassieu. Col., Lindavista, 07738 Ciudad de México, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.A.-G.); (L.F.G.-M.)
| | - Liliana Anguiano-Robledo
- Laboratorio de Farmacología Molecular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 11340 Ciudad de México, Mexico;
| | - Tomás Fregoso-Aguilar
- Departamento de Fisiología, Laboratorio de Hormonas y Conducta, ENCB Campus Zacatenco, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07700 Ciudad de México, Mexico;
| | - José A. Morales-Gonzalez
- México Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, CP 11340 Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (E.O.M.-S.)
- Correspondence: (A.M.-G.); (J.A.M.-G.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (A.M.-G. & J.A.M.-G.)
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14
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Berrandou T, Mulot C, Cordina-Duverger E, Arveux P, Laurent-Puig P, Truong T, Guénel P. Association of breast cancer risk with polymorphisms in genes involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics and interaction with tobacco smoking: A gene-set analysis. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:1896-1908. [PMID: 30303517 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in xenobiotics metabolism (XM) are suspected to play a role in breast cancer risk. However, previous findings based on a SNP by SNP approach need to be replicated taking into account the combined effects of multiple SNPs. We used a gene-set analysis method to study the association between breast cancer risk and genetic variation in XM genes (seen as a set of SNPs) and in the XM pathway (seen as a set of genes). We also studied the interaction between variants in XM genes and tobacco smoking. The analysis was conducted in a case-control study of 1,125 cases and 1,172 controls. Using a dedicated chip, genotyping data of 585 SNPs in 68 XM genes were available. Genetic variation in the whole XM pathway was significantly associated with premenopausal breast cancer risk (p = 0.008). This association was mainly driven by genetic variation in NAT2, CYP2C18, CYP2C19, AKR1C2 and ALDH1A3. The association between the XM gene pathway and breast cancer was observed among current and previous smokers, but not among never smokers (p = 0.013 for interaction between XM genes and tobacco smoking status). The association with breast cancer risk indicates that XM genes variants may play a role in breast carcinogenesis through their detoxification function of environmental pollutants, such as those contained in tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takiy Berrandou
- INSERM, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Cancer and Environment team, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Claire Mulot
- INSERM, UMR-S 1147, CRB EPIGENETEC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Emilie Cordina-Duverger
- INSERM, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Cancer and Environment team, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Patrick Arveux
- Breast and Gynaecologic Cancer Registry of Côte d'Or, Georges-François Leclerc Comprehensive Cancer Care Centre, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Laurent-Puig
- INSERM, UMR-S 1147, CRB EPIGENETEC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Thérèse Truong
- INSERM, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Cancer and Environment team, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Pascal Guénel
- INSERM, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Cancer and Environment team, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Strehse JS, Protopapas N, Maser E. Carbonyl reductase sniffer from the model organism daphnia: Cloning, substrate determination and inhibitory sensitivity. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 307:29-36. [PMID: 30991043 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyl reductases (CRs) represent a fundamental enzymatic defense mechanism against oxidative stress. While commonly two carbonyl reductases (CBR1 and CBR3) are found in mammalian genomes, invertebrate model organisms like Drosophila melanogaster express no CR but a functional homolog to human CBR1, termed sniffer. The importance of sniffer could be demonstrated in D. melanogaster where it protected against age-dependent neurodegeneration. Interestingly, the microcrustacean Daphnia harbors four copies of the CR gene (CR1, CR2, CR3, CR4) in addition to one sniffer gene. Due to this unique equipment Daphnia is an ideal model organism to investigate the function of sniffer. Recombinant sniffer from D. magna und D. pules were produced in E. coli, purified by Ni-affinity chromatography and tested with a variety of aliphatic and aromatic diketones, reactive aldehydes and precursors of advanced glycation end products (AGE). The highest catalytic activities were determined for sniffer from D. pulex with the aromatic dicarbonyls 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (kcat/Km = 2.6 s-1 x μM-1) and isatin (kcat/Km = 1.5 s-1 x μM-1). While sniffer from D. magna displayed preference for the same two substances, the respective catalytic activities were noticeably lower. Kinetic constants with aliphatic diketones were generally lower than those with aromatic dicarbonyls for both sniffer enzymes. The best aliphatic diketone as substrate for sniffer from D. magna and D. pulex was hexane-3,4-dione with kcat/Km = 0.23 s-1 μM-1 and kcat/Km = 0.35 s-1 μM-1, respectively. Poor or no detectable activity of the two sniffer enzymes was seen with the aliphatic diketones 2,5-hexanedione and 3,5-heptanedione, the aldehydes butanal, hexanal, decanal, crotonaldehyde, acrolein, trans-2-hexenal, and the AGE precursors glyoxal, methylglyoxal, furfural and glyceraldehyde, indicating no physiological function in the metabolism of short-chain aldehydes. Substrate inhibition for both sniffer enzymes was observed with the quinone substrates 1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone. From a variety of pesticides endosulfan turned out as an effective inhibitor of the sniffer enzymes (Ki = 9.2 μM for sniffer from D. magna, Ki = 12.0 μM for sniffer from D. pulex). In conclusion, the present results on sniffer from the protein superfamily of the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) in Daphnia ssp. complement earlier studies on carbonyl reductases in the same species and indicate that Daphnia is an interesting model to study the overall response to carbonyl stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Strehse
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Protopapas
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
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Quinone and nitrofurantoin redox cycling by recombinant cytochrome b5 reductase. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 359:102-107. [PMID: 30222979 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
NADH cytochrome b5 reductase mediates electron transfer from NADH to cytochrome b5 utilizing flavin adenine dinucleotide as a redox cofactor. Reduced cytochrome b5 is an important cofactor in many metabolic reactions including cytochrome P450-mediated xenobiotic metabolism, steroid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism, hemoglobin reduction, and methionine and plasmalogen synthesis. Using recombinant human enzyme, we discovered that cytochrome b5 reductase mediates redox cycling of a variety of quinones generating superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and, in the presence of transition metals, hydroxyl radicals. Redox cycling activity was oxygen-dependent and preferentially utilized NADH as a co-substrate; NADH was 5-10 times more active than NADPH in supporting redox cycling. Redox cycling activity was greatest for 9,10-phenanthrenequinone and 1,2-naphthoquinone, followed by 1,4-naphthoquinone and 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (menadione), nitrofurantoin and 2-hydroxyestradiol. Using menadione as the substrate, quinone redox cycling was found to inhibit reduction of cytochrome b5 by cytochrome b5 reductase, as measured by heme spectral changes in cytochrome b5. Under anaerobic conditions where redox cycling is inhibited, menadione had no effect on the reduction of cytochrome b5. Chemical redox cycling by cytochrome b5 reductase may be important in generating cytotoxic reactive oxygen species in target tissues. This activity, together with the inhibition of cytochrome b5 reduction by redox-active chemicals and consequent deficiencies in available cellular cytochrome b5, are likely to contribute to tissue injury following exposure to quinones and related redox active chemicals.
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Gibbs-Flournoy EA, Gilmour MI, Higuchi M, Jetter J, George I, Copeland L, Harrison R, Moser VC, Dye JA. Differential exposure and acute health impacts of inhaled solid-fuel emissions from rudimentary and advanced cookstoves in female CD-1 mice. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 161:35-48. [PMID: 29100208 PMCID: PMC6143295 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an urgent need to provide access to cleaner end user energy technologies for the nearly 40% of the world's population who currently depend on rudimentary cooking and heating systems. Advanced cookstoves (CS) are designed to cut emissions and solid-fuel consumption, thus reducing adverse human health and environmental impacts. STUDY PREMISE We hypothesized that, compared to a traditional (Tier 0) three-stone (3-S) fire, acute inhalation of solid-fuel emissions from advanced natural-draft (ND; Tier 2) or forced-draft (FD; Tier 3) stoves would reduce exposure biomarkers and lessen pulmonary and innate immune system health effects in exposed mice. RESULTS Across two simulated cooking cycles (duration ~ 3h), emitted particulate mass concentrations were reduced 80% and 62% by FD and ND stoves, respectively, compared to the 3-S fire; with corresponding decreases in particles visible within murine alveolar macrophages. Emitted carbon monoxide was reduced ~ 90% and ~ 60%, respectively. Only 3-S-fire-exposed mice had increased carboxyhemoglobin levels. Emitted volatile organic compounds were FD ≪ 3-S-fire ≤ ND stove; increased expression of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism (COX-2, NQO1, CYP1a1) was detected only in ND- and 3-S-fire-exposed mice. Diminished macrophage phagocytosis was observed in the ND group. Lung glutathione was significantly depleted across all CS groups, however the FD group had the most severe, ongoing oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with reports associating exposure to solid fuel stove emissions with modulation of the innate immune system and increased susceptibility to infection. Lower respiratory infections continue to be a leading cause of death in low-income economies. Notably, 3-S-fire-exposed mice were the only group to develop acute lung injury, possibly because they inhaled the highest concentrations of hazardous air toxicants (e.g., 1,3-butadiene, toluene, benzene, acrolein) in association with the greatest number of particles, and particles with the highest % organic carbon. However, no Tier 0-3 ranked CS group was without some untoward health effect indicating that access to still cleaner, ideally renewable, energy technologies for cooking and heating is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Ian Gilmour
- National Health and Environmental Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Mark Higuchi
- National Health and Environmental Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - James Jetter
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Ingrid George
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Lisa Copeland
- National Health and Environmental Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Randy Harrison
- National Health and Environmental Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Virginia C Moser
- National Health and Environmental Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Janice A Dye
- National Health and Environmental Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
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Matsunaga T, Kamase K, Takasawa H, Yamaji Y, Endo S, El-Kabbani O, Ikari A. Facilitation of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone-elicited neuroblastoma cell apoptosis by NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 279:10-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Sheng X, Parmentier JH, Tucci J, Pei H, Cortez-Toledo O, Dieli-Conwright CM, Oberley MJ, Neely M, Orgel E, Louie SG, Mittelman SD. Adipocytes Sequester and Metabolize the Chemotherapeutic Daunorubicin. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:1704-1713. [PMID: 29117945 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with poorer outcome for many cancers. Previously, we observed that adipocytes protect acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells from the anthracycline, daunorubicin. In this study, it is determined whether adipocytes clear daunorubicin from the tumor microenvironment (TME). Intracellular daunorubicin concentrations were evaluated using fluorescence. Daunorubicin and its largely inactive metabolite, daunorubicinol, were analytically measured in media, cells, and tissues using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Expression of daunorubicin-metabolizing enzymes, aldo-keto reductases (AKR1A1, AKR1B1, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, and AKR7A2) and carbonyl reductases (CBR1, CBR3), in human adipose tissue, were queried using public databases and directly measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunoblot. Adipose tissue AKR activity was measured by colorimetric assay. Adipocytes absorbed and efficiently metabolized daunorubicin to daunorubicinol, reducing its antileukemia effect in the local microenvironment. Murine studies confirmed adipose tissue conversion of daunorubicin to daunorubicinol in vivo Adipocytes expressed high levels of AKR and CBR isoenzymes that deactivate anthracyclines. Indeed, adipocyte protein levels of AKR1C1, AKR1C2, and AKR1C3 are higher than all other human noncancerous cell types. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that adipocytes metabolize and inactivate a therapeutic drug. Adipocyte-mediated daunorubicin metabolism reduces active drug concentration in the TME. These results could be clinically important for adipocyte-rich cancer microenvironments such as omentum, breast, and marrow. As AKR and CBR enzymes metabolize several drugs, and can be expressed at higher levels in obese individuals, this proof-of-principle finding has important implications across many diseases.Implications: Adipocyte absorption and metabolism of chemotherapies can reduce cytotoxicity in cancer microenvironments, potentially contributing to poorer survival outcomes. Mol Cancer Res; 15(12); 1704-13. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Sheng
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jean-Hugues Parmentier
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jonathan Tucci
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hua Pei
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Omar Cortez-Toledo
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Christina M Dieli-Conwright
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matthew J Oberley
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michael Neely
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Etan Orgel
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stan G Louie
- School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steven D Mittelman
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California. .,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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20
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Huang M, Mesaros C, Hackfeld LC, Hodge RP, Blair IA, Penning TM. Potential Metabolic Activation of Representative Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 1-Methylphenanthrene and 9-Ethylphenanthrene Associated with the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in Human Hepatoma (HepG2) Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:2140-2150. [PMID: 29035516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to petrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs) is the major human health hazard associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Alkylated phenanthrenes are the most abundant PPAHs present in the crude oil and could contaminate the food chain. We describe the metabolism of a C1-phenanthrene regioisomer 1-methylphenanthrene (1-MP) and a C2-phenanthrene regioisomer 9-ethylphenanthrene (9-EP) in human HepG2 cells. The structures of the metabolites were identified by HPLC-UV-fluorescence detection and LC-MS/MS. Side chain hydroxylation of 1-MP and 9-EP was observed as the major metabolic pathway. The formation of 1-(hydroxymethyl)-phenanthrene was confirmed by reference to an authentic synthetic standard. However, formation of the bioactivated sulfate was not detected. Tetraols were also identified as signature metabolites of 1-MP and 9-EP, indicating that metabolic activation occurred via the diol-epoxide pathway. O-Monosulfonated-catechols were discovered as signature metabolites of the o-quinone pathway of metabolic activation of 1-MP and 9-EP, respectively. The identification of O-monosulfonated-catechols supports the metabolic activation of 1-MP and 9-EP by P450 and AKR isozymes followed by metabolic detoxification of the o-quinone through interception of redox cycling by phase II isozymes. The signature metabolites identified could be used as biomarkers of human exposure to 1-MP and 9-EP resulting from oil spills.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Linda C Hackfeld
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Core, Center in Environmental Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston , Galveston, Texas 77555-1110, United States
| | - Richard P Hodge
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Core, Center in Environmental Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston , Galveston, Texas 77555-1110, United States
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21
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Penning TM. Genotoxicity of ortho-quinones: reactive oxygen species versus covalent modification. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017. [PMID: 29527287 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00223h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
o-Quinones are formed metabolically from natural and synthetic estrogens as well as upon exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and contribute to estrogen and PAH carcinogenesis by genotoxic mechanisms. These mechanisms include the production of reactive oxygen species to produce DNA strand breaks and oxidatively damaged nucleobases; and the formation of covalent depurinating and stable DNA adducts. Unrepaired DNA-lesions can lead to mutation in critical growth control genes and cellular transformation. The genotoxicity of the o-quinones is exacerbated by nuclear translocation of estrogen o-quinones by the estrogen receptor and by the nuclear translocation of PAH o-quinones by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. The properties of o-quinones, their formation and detoxication mechanisms, quinone-mediated DNA lesions and their mutagenic properties support an important role in hormonal and chemical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Department of Systems Pharmacology & Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6160, USA
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22
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Huang M, Mesaros C, Hackfeld LC, Hodge RP, Zang T, Blair IA, Penning TM. Potential Metabolic Activation of a Representative C4-Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Retene (1-Methyl-7-isopropyl-phenanthrene) Associated with the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in Human Hepatoma (HepG2) Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1093-1101. [PMID: 28278373 PMCID: PMC5593134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to petrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs) in the food chain is the major human health hazard associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. C4-Phenanthrenes are representative PPAHs present in the crude oil and could contaminate the seafood. We describe the metabolism of a C4-phenanthrene regioisomer retene (1-methyl-7-isopropyl-phenanthrene) in human HepG2 cells as a model for metabolism in human hepatocytes. Retene because of its sites of alkylation cannot be metabolized to a diol-epoxide. The structures of the metabolites were identified by HPLC-UV-fluorescence detection and LC-MS/MS. O-Monosulfonated-retene-catechols were discovered as signature metabolites of the ortho-quinone pathway of PAH activation catalyzed by aldo-keto reductases. We also found evidence for the formation of bis-ortho-quinones where the two dicarbonyl groups were present on different rings of retene. The identification of O-monosulfonated-retene-catechol and O-bismethyl-O-monoglucuronosyl-retene-bis-catechol supports metabolic activation of retene by P450 and aldo-keto reductase isozymes followed by metabolic detoxification of the ortho-quinone through interception of redox cycling by catechol-O-methyltransferase, uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase, and sulfotransferase isozymes. We propose that catechol conjugates could be used as biomarkers of human exposure to retene resulting from oil spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Huang
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
| | - Linda C. Hackfeld
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Core, Center in Environmental Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555-1110, United States
| | - Richard P. Hodge
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Core, Center in Environmental Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555-1110, United States
| | - Tianzhu Zang
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
| | - Ian A. Blair
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
| | - Trevor M. Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
- Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
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23
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Penning TM. Aldo-Keto Reductase Regulation by the Nrf2 System: Implications for Stress Response, Chemotherapy Drug Resistance, and Carcinogenesis. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:162-176. [PMID: 27806574 PMCID: PMC5241174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Human aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) are NAD(P)H-dependent oxidoreductases that convert aldehydes and ketones to primary and secondary alcohols for subsequent conjugation reactions and can be referred to as "phase 1" enzymes. Among all the human genes regulated by the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway, they are consistently the most overexpressed in response to Nrf2 activators. Although these enzymes play clear cytoprotective roles and deal effectively with carbonyl stress, their upregulation by the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway also has a potential dark-side, which can lead to chemotherapeutic drug resistance and the metabolic activation of lung carcinogens (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). They also play determinant roles in 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone metabolism to R- and S-4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol. The overexpression of AKR genes as components of the "smoking gene" battery raises the issue as to whether this is part of a smoking stress response or acquired susceptibility to lung cancer. Human AKR genes also regulate retinoid, prostaglandin, and steroid hormone metabolism and can regulate the local concentrations of ligands available for nuclear receptors (NRs). The prospect exists that signaling through the Keap1/Nrf2 system can also effect NR signaling, but this has remained largely unexplored. We present the case that chemoprevention through the Keap1/Nrf2 system may be context dependent and that the Nrf2 "dose-response curve" for electrophilic and redox balance may not be monotonic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M. Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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24
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Huang M, Mesaros C, Zhang S, Blair IA, Penning TM. Potential Metabolic Activation of a Representative C2-Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon 6-Ethylchrysene Associated with the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in Human Hepatoma (HepG2) Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:991-1002. [PMID: 27054409 PMCID: PMC4916485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Exposure to polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is the major
human health hazard associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
C2-Chrysenes are representative PAHs present in crude oil and could
contaminate the food chain. We describe the metabolism of a C2-chrysene
regioisomer, 6-ethylchrysene (6-EC), in human HepG2 cells. The structures
of the metabolites were identified by HPLC-UV-fluorescence detection
and LC-MS/MS. 6-EC-tetraol isomers were identified as signature metabolites
of the diol-epoxide pathway. O-Monomethyl-O-monosulfonated-6-EC-catechol,
its monohydroxy products, and N-acetyl-l-cysteine(NAC)-6-EC-ortho-quinone were discovered as signature metabolites
of the ortho-quinone pathway. Potential dual metabolic activation
of 6-EC involving the formation of bis-electrophiles, i.e., a mono-diol-epoxide
and a mono-ortho-quinone within the same structure, bis-diol-epoxides,
and bis-ortho-quinones was observed as well. The identification of
6-EC-tetraol, O-monomethyl-O-monosulfonated-6-EC-catechol, its monohydroxy
products, and NAC-6-EC-ortho-quinone supports potential metabolic
activation of 6-EC by P450 and AKR enzymes followed by metabolic detoxification
of the ortho-quinone through interception of its redox cycling capability
by catechol-O-methyltransferase and sulfotransferase enzymes. The
tetraols and catechol conjugates could be used as biomarkers of human
exposure to 6-EC resulting from oil spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Huang
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and ‡Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
| | - Clementina Mesaros
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and ‡Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
| | - Suhong Zhang
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and ‡Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
| | - Ian A Blair
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and ‡Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
| | - Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and ‡Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
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25
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Reddy KP, Reddy PS. Testicular and epididymal toxicity induced by benzo(a)pyrene, alcohol, and their combination in Wistar rats. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:420-433. [PMID: 30090357 PMCID: PMC6062366 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00420a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholism and cigarette smoking are pervasive problems that have been implicated in human health. In this study, independent and combinative toxicities of alcohol and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) were tested for reproductive toxicity in rats. Male Wistar rats were exposed to BaP (100 μg per kg body weight) on alternative days and alcohol (2 g per kg body weight per day) daily, either individually or in combination for 60 days. Exposure to BaP or alcohol significantly decreased the fertility index and reduced the number of implantations associated with elevated pre- and post-implantation losses. The relative weights of testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland were significantly decreased in BaP or alcohol administered rats. Exposure to BaP or alcohol significantly decreased daily sperm production, sperm density, percentages of motile, viable, HOS-tail swelled sperm, testicular 3β- and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity levels, mRNA levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, and serum testosterone levels. Further, in silico studies revealed the binding of BaP at the hydrophobic tunnel of StAR protein. Additional studies disclosed stable interactions of BaP with the amide group of ASN150 and the hydroxyl group of THR263 by forming three hydrogen bonds. Our results also showed that treatment of rats with BaP or alcohol caused a marked increase in levels of superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and lipid peroxidation in testis and epididymis. Conversely, glutathione levels and activity levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in testis as well as epididymis decreased significantly in the experimental rats. Under the same conditions, increased fragmented DNA levels were observed in sperm. The results of the present study indicate that exposure to BaP or alcohol adversely affected the male reproductive functions, which may be, at least in part, due to androgen deficiency and/or oxidative stress-related mechanisms. Consistently, the present results also showed higher reproductive toxicity upon exposure to combinations of BaP and alcohol than upon their individual treatments. Therefore, this combination was classified as additive and synergistic responses of BaP and alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pratap Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology , Sri Venkateswara University , Tirupati - 517502 , India
- Department of Zoology , Sri Venkateswara University , Tirupati - 517502 , India . ; ; Tel: +91-9247593000
| | - P Sreenivasula Reddy
- Department of Zoology , Sri Venkateswara University , Tirupati - 517502 , India . ; ; Tel: +91-9247593000
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26
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Huang M, Zhang L, Mesaros C, Hackfeld LC, Hodge RP, Blair IA, Penning TM. Metabolism of an Alkylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon 5-Methylchrysene in Human Hepatoma (HepG2) Cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2045-58. [PMID: 26395544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the food chain is the major human health hazard associated with the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. C1-chrysenes are representative PAHs present in the crude oil and have been detected in contaminated sea food in amounts that exceed their permissible safety thresholds. We describe the metabolism of the most carcinogenic C1-chrysene regioisomer, 5-methylchrysene (5-MC), in human HepG2 cells. The structures of the metabolites were identified by HPLC-UV-fluorescence detection and LC-MS/MS. 5-MC-tetraol, a signature metabolite of the diol-epoxide pathway, was identified as reported previously. Novel O-monosulfonated-5-MC-catechol isomers and O-monomethyl-O-monosulfonated-5-MC-catechol were discovered, and evidence for their precursor ortho-quinones was obtained. The identities of O-monosulfonated-5-MC-1,2-catechol, O-monomethyl-O-monosulfonated-5-MC-1,2-catechol, and 5-MC-1,2-dione were validated by comparison to authentic synthesized standards. Dual metabolic activation of 5-MC involving the formation of bis-electrophiles, i.e., a mono-diol-epoxide and a mono-ortho-quinone within the same structure, bis-diol-epoxides, and bis-ortho-quinones is reported for the first time. Evidence was also obtained for minor metabolic conversion of 5-MC to form monohydroxylated-quinones and bis-phenols. The identification of 5-MC-tetraol, O-monosulfonated-5-MC-1,2-catechol, O-monomethyl-O-monosulfonated-5-MC-1,2-catechol, and 5-MC-1,2-dione supports metabolic activation of 5-MC by P450 and AKR isozymes followed by metabolic detoxification of the ortho-quinone through interception of redox cycling by COMT and SULT isozymes. The major metabolites, O-monosulfonated-catechols and tetraols, could be used as biomarkers of human exposure to 5-MC resulting from oil spills.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Linda C Hackfeld
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Core, Center in Environmental Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston , Galveston, Texas 77555-1110, United States
| | - Richard P Hodge
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Core, Center in Environmental Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston , Galveston, Texas 77555-1110, United States
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27
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Bailey LA, Nascarella MA, Kerper LE, Rhomberg LR. Hypothesis-based weight-of-evidence evaluation and risk assessment for naphthalene carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 46:1-42. [PMID: 26202831 PMCID: PMC4732411 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1061477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation of naphthalene causes olfactory epithelial nasal tumors in rats (but not in mice) and benign lung adenomas in mice (but not in rats). The limited available human data have not identified an association between naphthalene exposure and increased respiratory cancer risk. Assessing naphthalene's carcinogenicity in humans, therefore, depends entirely on experimental evidence from rodents. We evaluated the respiratory carcinogenicity of naphthalene in rodents, and its potential relevance to humans, using our Hypothesis-Based Weight-of-Evidence (HBWoE) approach. We systematically and comparatively reviewed data relevant to key elements in the hypothesized modes of action (MoA) to determine which is best supported by the available data, allowing all of the data from each realm of investigation to inform interpretation of one another. Our analysis supports a mechanism that involves initial metabolism of naphthalene to the epoxide, followed by GSH depletion, cytotoxicity, chronic inflammation, regenerative hyperplasia, and tumor formation, with possible weak genotoxicity from downstream metabolites occurring only at high cytotoxic doses, strongly supporting a non-mutagenic threshold MoA in the rat nose. We also conducted a dose-response analysis, based on the likely MoA, which suggests that the rat nasal MoA is not relevant in human respiratory tissues at typical environmental exposures. Our analysis illustrates how a thorough WoE evaluation can be used to support a MoA, even when a mechanism of action cannot be fully elucidated. A non-mutagenic threshold MoA for naphthalene-induced rat nasal tumors should be considered as a basis to determine human relevance and to guide regulatory and risk-management decisions.
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28
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Peng C, Muthusamy S, Xia Q, Lal V, Denison MS, Ng JC. Micronucleus formation by single and mixed heavy metals/loids and PAH compounds in HepG2 cells. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:593-602. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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29
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Modesto JL, Hull A, Angstadt AY, Berg A, Gallagher CJ, Lazarus P, Muscat JE. NNK reduction pathway gene polymorphisms and risk of lung cancer. Mol Carcinog 2015; 54 Suppl 1:E94-E102. [PMID: 24976539 PMCID: PMC6296469 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The tobacco-specific nitrosamine NNK is a potent carcinogen found in tobacco smoke and implicated in the development of lung cancer. The major route of NNK metabolism is carbonyl reduction by AKR1C1, AKR1C2, CBR1, and 11β-HSD1 to form NNAL. This study investigated the potential role of variants in this pathway on lung cancer risk by examining 53 tag-SNPs representing the common variations in AKR1C1, AKR1C2, CBR1, and HSD11B1 in 456 lung cancer cases and 807 controls. One SNP in CBR1 (rs2835267) was significantly associated with overall risk of lung cancer, but did not pass multiple testing adjustment (OR: 0.76 95% CI: 0.58-0.99, P = 0.048, FDR P = 0.20). After stratification and multiple testing correction, three SNPs showed significance. One SNP (rs2835267) in CBR1 showed a significant decreased risk for smokers with a high pack-years (OR: 0.3595% CI: 0.17-0.69, P = 0.018) and in SCC (OR: 0.4895% CI: 0.29-0.76, P = 0.018). Another SNP located in CBR1 (rs3787728) also showed a significant decreased risk in SCC (OR: 0.4695% CI: 0.26-0.80, P = 0.024) and small cell carcinoma (only in current smokers) (OR: 0.06895% CI: 0.01-0.42, P = 0.028). The HSD11B1 SNP (rs4844880) showed a significant increased risk for adenocarcinoma within former smokers (OR: 3.9495% CI: 1.68-9.22, P = 0.011). Haplotype analysis found significance with six haplotypes and lung cancer risk. These findings indicate that select variants in genes in the carbonyl reduction pathway of NNK may alter the risk of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Modesto
- Molecular Epidemiology and Cancer Control Program, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Departments of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Anna Hull
- Department of Biology, Lincoln University, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea Y Angstadt
- Molecular Epidemiology and Cancer Control Program, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Departments of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Arthur Berg
- Departments of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Carla J Gallagher
- Molecular Epidemiology and Cancer Control Program, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Departments of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Departments of Pharmacology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Spokane, Washington
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Molecular Epidemiology and Cancer Control Program, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Departments of Public Health Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
Cytosolic SULT1A1 participates in the bioconversion of a plethora of endogenous and xenobiotic substances. Genetic variation in this important enzyme such as SNPs can vary by ethnicity and have functional consequences on its activity. Most SULT1A1 genetic variability studies have been centered on the SULT1A1*1/2 SNP. Highlighted here are not only this SNP, but other genetic variants associated with SULT1A1 that could modify drug efficacy and xenobiotic metabolism. Some studies have investigated how differential metabolism of xenobiotic substances influences susceptibility to or protection from cancer in multiple sites. This review will focus primarily on the impact of SULT1A1 genetic variation on the response to anticancer therapeutic agents and subsequently how it relates to environmental and dietary exposure to both cancer-causing and cancer-preventative compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Daniels
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, COM Department of Medical Genetics, 4301 W. Markham, #580 Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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31
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Human aldo-keto reductases and the metabolic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1901-17. [PMID: 25279998 PMCID: PMC4237494 DOI: 10.1021/tx500298n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) are promiscuous
NAD(P)(H) dependent
oxidoreductases implicated in the metabolic activation of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). These enzymes catalyze the oxidation
of non-K-region trans-dihydrodiols to the corresponding o-quinones with the concomitant production of reactive oxygen
species (ROS). The PAH o-quinones are Michael acceptors
and can form adducts but are also redox-active and enter into futile
redox cycles to amplify ROS formation. Evidence exists to support
this metabolic pathway in humans. The human recombinant AKR1A1 and
AKR1C1–AKR1C4 enzymes all catalyze the oxidation of PAH trans-dihydrodiols to PAH o-quinones. Many
human AKRs also catalyze the NADPH-dependent reduction of the o-quinone products to air-sensitive catechols, exacerbating
ROS formation. Moreover, this pathway of PAH activation occurs in
a panel of human lung cell lines, resulting in the production of ROS
and oxidative DNA damage in the form of 8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanosine.
Using stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry,
this pathway of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) metabolism was found to contribute equally with the diol-epoxide
pathway to the activation of this human carcinogen in human lung cells.
Evaluation of the mutagenicity of anti-B[a]P-diol epoxide with B[a]P-7,8-dione on
p53 showed that the o-quinone produced by AKRs was
the more potent mutagen, provided that it was permitted to redox cycle,
and that the mutations observed were G to T transversions, reminiscent
of those observed in human lung cancer. It is concluded that there
is sufficient evidence to support the role of human AKRs in the metabolic
activation of PAH in human lung cell lines and that they may contribute
to the causation of human lung cancer.
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Effect of dietary α-lipoic acid on the mRNA expression of genes involved in drug metabolism and antioxidation system in rat liver. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:295-308. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the mRNA levels of hepatic proteins involved in the drug metabolism of rats fed α-lipoic acid were evaluated by DNA microarray and real-time PCR analyses. Experimental diets containing 0, 0·1, 0·25 and 0·5 % (w/w) α-lipoic acid were fed to four groups of rats consisting of seven animals each for 21 d. DNA microarray analysis revealed that the diet containing 0·5 % α-lipoic acid significantly (P< 0·05) increased the mRNA levels of various phase I drug-metabolising enzymes up to 15-fold and phase II enzymes up to 52-fold in an isoenzyme-specific manner. α-Lipoic acid also up-regulated the mRNA levels of some members of the ATP-binding cassette transporter superfamily, presumed to be involved in the exportation of xenobiotics, up to 6·6-fold. In addition, we observed that α-lipoic acid increased the mRNA levels of many proteins involved in antioxidation, such as members of the thiol redox system (up to 5·5-fold), metallothioneins (up to 12-fold) and haeme oxygenase 1 (1·5-fold). These results were confirmed using real-time PCR analysis, and α-lipoic acid dose dependently increased the mRNA levels of various proteins involved in drug metabolism and antioxidation. Consistent with these observations, α-lipoic acid dose dependently increased the hepatic concentration of glutathione and the activities of glutathione reductase and glutathione transferase measured using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene as substrates, but decreased the hepatic and serum concentrations of malondialdehyde. In conclusion, the present study unequivocally demonstrated that α-lipoic acid increases the mRNA expression of proteins involved in drug metabolism and antioxidation in the liver.
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Huang M, Zhang L, Mesaros C, Zhang S, Blaha MA, Blair IA, Penning TM. Metabolism of a representative oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) phenanthrene-9,10-quinone in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:852-63. [PMID: 24646012 PMCID: PMC4028327 DOI: 10.1021/tx500031p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Exposure
to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the food
chain is the major human health hazard associated with the Deepwater
Horizon oil spill. Phenanthrene is a representative PAH present in
crude oil, and it undergoes biological transformation, photooxidation,
and chemical oxidation to produce its signature oxygenated derivative,
phenanthrene-9,10-quinone. We report the downstream metabolic fate
of phenanthrene-9,10-quinone in HepG2 cells. The structures of the
metabolites were identified by HPLC–UV–fluorescence
detection and LC–MS/MS. O-mono-Glucuronosyl-phenanthrene-9,10-catechol
was identified, as reported previously. A novel bis-conjugate, O-mono-methyl-O-mono-sulfonated-phenanthrene-9,10-catechol,
was discovered for the first time, and evidence for both of its precursor
mono conjugates was obtained. The identities of these four metabolites
were unequivocally validated by comparison to authentic enzymatically
synthesized standards. Evidence was also obtained for a minor metabolic
pathway of phenanthrene-9,10-quinone involving bis-hydroxylation followed
by O-mono-sulfonation. The identification of 9,10-catechol
conjugates supports metabolic detoxification of phenanthrene-9,10-quinone
through interception of redox cycling by UGT, COMT, and SULT isozymes
and indicates the possible use of phenanthrene-9,10-catechol conjugates
as biomarkers of human exposure to oxygenated PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Huang
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and ‡Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
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Influence of Exposure to Benzo[a]pyrene on Mice Testicular Germ Cells during Spermatogenesis. J Toxicol 2013; 2013:387850. [PMID: 24454362 PMCID: PMC3885195 DOI: 10.1155/2013/387850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the toxicological effect of exposure to benzo(a)pyrene, B[a]P, on germ cells during spermatogenesis. Mice were exposed to B[a]P at 1, 10, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day for 30 days via oral ingestion. Germ cells, including spermatogonia, spermatocytes, pachytene spermatocytes, and round spermatids, were recovered from testes of mice exposed to B[a]P, while mature spermatozoa were isolated from vas deferens. Reproductive organs were collected and weighed. Apoptotic response of germ cells and mature spermatozoa were qualified using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxy-UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. B[a]P exposure at ≤10 mg/kg/day for 30 days did not significantly alter concentrations of germ cells and mature spermatozoa and apoptotic response in germ cells and mature spermatozoa. Exposure to B[a]P at 50 and 100 mg/kg/day induced testicular atrophy and yielded a significant reduction in the concentrations of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, pachytene spermatocytes, and round spermatid cells as compared with the control. Also, mature spermatozoa experienced decreased concentrations and viability. B[a]P-exposed mice experienced a significant increase in apoptotic germ cells as compared to the control mice. However, the mice dose concentrations were not relevant for comparison to human exposure.
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Zhang L, Huang M, Blair IA, Penning TM. Interception of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione by UDP glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) in human lung cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1570-8. [PMID: 24047243 PMCID: PMC3829198 DOI: 10.1021/tx400268q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental and tobacco
carcinogens. Proximate carcinogenic PAH trans-dihydrodiols
are activated by human aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) to yield electrophilic
and redox-active o-quinones. Interconversion among
benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-7,8-dione,
a representative PAH o-quinone, and its corresponding
catechol generates a futile redox-cycle with the concomitant production
of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We investigated whether glucuronidation
of B[a]P-7,8-catechol by human UDP glucuronosyltransferases
(UGTs) could intercept the catechol in three different human lung
cells. RT-PCR showed that UGT1A1, 1A3, and 2B7 were only expressed
in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. The corresponding recombinant
UGTs were examined for their kinetic constants and product profile
using B[a]P-7,8-catechol as a substrate. B[a]P-7,8-dione was reduced to B[a]P-7,8-catechol
by dithiothreitol under anaerobic conditions and then further glucuronidated
by the UGTs in the presence of uridine-5′-diphosphoglucuronic
acid as a glucuronic acid group donor. UGT1A1 catalyzed the glucuronidation
of B[a]P-7,8-catechol and generated two isomeric O-monoglucuronsyl-B[a]P-7,8-catechol products
that were identified by RP-HPLC and by LC-MS/MS. By contrast, UGT1A3
and 2B7 catalyzed the formation of only one monoglucuronide, which
was identical to that formed in A549 cells. The kinetic profiles of
three UGTs followed Michaelis–Menten kinetics. On the basis
of the expression levels of UGT1A3 and UGT2B7 and the observation
that a single monoglucuronide was produced in A549 cells, we suggest
that the major UGT isoforms in A549 cells that can intercept B[a]P-7,8-catechol are UGT1A3 and 2B7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and ‡Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6160, United States
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Gurbani D, Bharti SK, Kumar A, Pandey AK, Ana GR, Verma A, Khan AH, Patel DK, Mudiam M, Jain SK, Roy R, Dhawan A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their quinones modulate the metabolic profile and induce DNA damage in human alveolar and bronchiolar cells. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013; 216:553-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Yang S, Jan YH, Gray JP, Mishin V, Heck DE, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Sepiapterin reductase mediates chemical redox cycling in lung epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:19221-37. [PMID: 23640889 PMCID: PMC3696693 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.402164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the lung, chemical redox cycling generates highly toxic reactive oxygen species that can cause alveolar inflammation and damage to the epithelium, as well as fibrosis. In this study, we identified a cytosolic NADPH-dependent redox cycling activity in mouse lung epithelial cells as sepiapterin reductase (SPR), an enzyme important for the biosynthesis of tetrahydrobiopterin. Human SPR was cloned and characterized. In addition to reducing sepiapterin, SPR mediated chemical redox cycling of bipyridinium herbicides and various quinones; this activity was greatest for 1,2-naphthoquinone followed by 9,10-phenanthrenequinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, menadione, and 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. Whereas redox cycling chemicals inhibited sepiapterin reduction, sepiapterin had no effect on redox cycling. Additionally, inhibitors such as dicoumarol, N-acetylserotonin, and indomethacin blocked sepiapterin reduction, with no effect on redox cycling. Non-redox cycling quinones, including benzoquinone and phenylquinone, were competitive inhibitors of sepiapterin reduction but noncompetitive redox cycling inhibitors. Site-directed mutagenesis of the SPR C-terminal substrate-binding site (D257H) completely inhibited sepiapterin reduction but had minimal effects on redox cycling. These data indicate that SPR-mediated reduction of sepiapterin and redox cycling occur by distinct mechanisms. The identification of SPR as a key enzyme mediating chemical redox cycling suggests that it may be important in generating cytotoxic reactive oxygen species in the lung. This activity, together with inhibition of sepiapterin reduction by redox-active chemicals and consequent deficiencies in tetrahydrobiopterin, may contribute to tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Yang
- From the Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Yi-Hua Jan
- the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Joshua P. Gray
- the Department of Science, United States Coast Guard Academy, New London, Connecticut 06320, and
| | - Vladimir Mishin
- the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Diane E. Heck
- the Department of Environmental Health Science, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York 10595
| | - Debra L. Laskin
- the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
| | - Jeffrey D. Laskin
- From the Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854
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Barrón-Vivanco BS, Rothenberg SJ, Medina-Díaz IM, Robledo-Marenco L, Rojas-García AE, Hernández-Cadena L, Poblete-Naredo I, Elizondo G, Albores A. AKRs expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes from smokers: the role of body mass index. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 32:418-26. [PMID: 22872607 DOI: 10.1177/0960327112455071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) metabolize a wide range of substrates, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), generating metabolites (o-quinones) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are capable of initiating and promoting carcinogenesis. Exposure to PAHs, their metabolites, and ROS further increase AKRs isoform expression that may amplify oxidative damage. Human AKR enzymes are highly polymorphic, and allelic variants may contribute to different AKRs expression in individuals. Despite the importance of AKRs in PAHs metabolism, there are no studies that evaluate, in general human populations, the effect of PAHs on AKRs expression in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of tobacco smoke exposure, and AKR1A1*2 and AKR1C3*2 polymorphisms, on AKR1A1 and AKR1C1-AKR1C3 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in PBLs from smokers. In the smoker group, there is a statistically significant positive association between AKR1A1, AKR1C1, and AKR1C3 mRNA induction and urine cotinine levels in individuals with a body mass index (BMI) less than 25. However, AKR1A1*2 and AKR1C3*2 alleles did not influence AKR1A1 and AKR1C1-AKR1C3 mRNA levels. These results suggest that AKRs induction by PAHs in smokers' PBLs is associated with BMI; therefore, the role of adipose tissue accumulation in PAHs' effects needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Barrón-Vivanco
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Col San Pedro Zacatenco, Mexico City, Mexico
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Zhang L, Jin Y, Huang M, Penning TM. The Role of Human Aldo-Keto Reductases in the Metabolic Activation and Detoxication of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Interconversion of PAH Catechols and PAH o-Quinones. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:193. [PMID: 23162467 PMCID: PMC3499756 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are ubiquitous environmental pollutants. They are procarcinogens requiring metabolic activation to elicit their deleterious effects. Aldo-keto reductases (AKR) catalyze the oxidation of proximate carcinogenic PAH trans-dihydrodiols to yield electrophilic and redox-active PAH o-quinones. AKRs are also found to be capable of reducing PAH o-quinones to form PAH catechols. The interconversion of o-quinones and catechols results in the redox-cycling of PAH o-quinones to give rise to the generation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent oxidative DNA damage. On the other hand, PAH catechols can be intercepted through phase II metabolism by which PAH o-quinones could be detoxified and eliminated. The aim of the present review is to summarize the role of human AKRs in the metabolic activation/detoxication of PAH and the relevance of phase II conjugation reactions to human lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Sen S, Bhojnagarwala P, Francey L, Lu D, Jeffrey Field TMP. p53 Mutagenesis by benzo[a]pyrene derived radical cations. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2117-26. [PMID: 22768918 PMCID: PMC3650728 DOI: 10.1021/tx300201p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a major human carcinogen in combustion products such as cigarette smoke and diesel exhaust, is metabolically activated into DNA-reactive metabolites via three different enzymatic pathways. The pathways are the anti-(+)-benzo[a]pyrene 7,8-diol 9,10-epoxide pathway (P450/epoxide hydrolase catalyzed) (B[a]PDE), the benzo[a]pyrene o-quinone pathway (aldo ketose reductase (AKR) catalyzed) and the B[a]P radical cation pathway (P450 peroxidase catalyzed). We used a yeast p53 mutagenesis system to assess mutagenesis by B[a]P radical cations. Because radical cations are short-lived, they were generated in situ by reacting B[a]P with cumene hydroperoxide (CuOOH) and horse radish peroxidase (HRP) and then monitoring the generation of the more stable downstream products, B[a]P-1,6-dione and B[a]P-3,6-dione. On the basis of B[a]P-1,6 and 3,6-dione formation, approximately 4 μM of radical cation was generated. In the mutagenesis assays, the radical cations produced in situ showed a dose-dependent increase in mutagenicity from 0.25 μM to 10 μM B[a]P with no significant increase seen with further escalation to 50 μM B[a]P. However, mutagenesis was 200-fold less than with the AKR pathway derived B[a]P, 7-8-dione. Mutant p53 plasmids, which yield red colonies, were recovered from the yeast to study the pattern and spectrum of mutations. The mutation pattern observed was G to T (31%) > G to C (29%) > G to A (14%). The frequency of codons mutated by the B[a]P radical cations was essentially random and not enriched at known cancer hotspots. The quinone products of radical cations, B[a]P-1,6-dione and B[a]P-3,6-dione were more mutagenic than the radical cation reactions, but still less mutagenic than AKR derived B[a]P-7,8-dione. We conclude that B[a]P radical cations and their quinone products are weakly mutagenic in this yeast-based system compared to redox cycling PAH o-quinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Sen
- Department of Pharmacology and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084 USA
| | - Pratik Bhojnagarwala
- Department of Pharmacology and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084 USA
| | - Lauren Francey
- Department of Pharmacology and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084 USA
| | - Ding Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084 USA
| | - Trevor M. Penning Jeffrey Field
- Department of Pharmacology and Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084 USA
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Wu A, Xu D, Lu D, Penning TM, Blair IA, Harvey RG. Synthesis of 13C4-labelled oxidized metabolites of the carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[ a]pyrene. Tetrahedron 2012; 68:10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.130. [PMID: 24244053 PMCID: PMC3826453 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.05.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that are implicated in causing lung cancer. BaP is a component of tobacco smoke that is transformed enzymatically to active forms that interact with DNA. We reported previously development of a sensitive stable isotope dilution LC/MS method for analysis of BaP metabolites. We now report efficient syntheses of 13C4-BaP and the complete set of its 13C4-labelled oxidized metabolites needed as internal standards They include the metabolites not involved in carcinogenesis (Group A) and the metabolites implicated in initiation of cancer (Group B). The synthetic approach is novel, entailing use of Pd-catalyzed Suzuki, Sonogashira, and Hartwig cross-coupling reactions combined with PtCl2-catalyzed cyclization of acetylenic compounds. This synthetic method requires fewer steps, employs milder conditions, and product isolation is simpler than conventional methods of PAH synthesis. The syntheses of 13C4-BaP and 13C4-BaP-8-ol each require only four steps, and the 13C-atoms are all introduced in a single step. 13C4-BaP-8-ol serves as the synthetic precursor of all the oxidized metabolites of 13C-BaP implicated in initiation of cancer. The isotopic purities of the synthetic 13C4-BaP metabolites were estimated to be ≥99.9%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anhui Wu
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Daiwang Xu
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
| | - Ding Lu
- The Centers for Cancer Pharmacology and Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Trevor M. Penning
- The Centers for Cancer Pharmacology and Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Ian A. Blair
- The Centers for Cancer Pharmacology and Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Ronald G. Harvey
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States
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Zhang L, Huang M, Blair IA, Penning TM. Detoxication of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione by sulfotransferases (SULTs) in human lung cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29909-20. [PMID: 22782890 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.386052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are environmental and tobacco carcinogens. Human aldo-keto reductases catalyze the metabolic activation of proximate carcinogenic PAH trans-dihydrodiols to yield electrophilic and redox-active o-quinones. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione a representative PAH o-quinone is reduced back to the corresponding catechol to generate a futile redox-cycle. We investigated whether sulfonation of PAH catechols by human sulfotransferases (SULT) could intercept the catechol in human lung cells. RT-PCR identified SULT1A1, -1A3, and -1E1 as the isozymes expressed in four human lung cell lines. The corresponding recombinant SULTs were examined for their substrate specificity. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione was reduced to benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-catechol by dithiothreitol under anaerobic conditions and then further sulfonated by the SULTs in the presence of 3'-[(35)S]phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate as the sulfonate group donor. The human SULTs catalyzed the sulfonation of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-catechol and generated two isomeric benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-catechol O-monosulfate products that were identified by reversed phase HPLC and by LC-MS/MS. The various SULT isoforms produced the two isomers in different proportions. Two-dimensional (1)H and (13)C NMR assigned the two regioisomers of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-catechol monosulfate as 8-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene-7-O-sulfate (M1) and 7-hydroxy-benzo[a]pyrene-8-O-sulfate (M2), respectively. The kinetic profiles of three SULTs were different. SULT1A1 gave the highest catalytic efficiency (k(cat)/K(m)) and yielded a single isomeric product corresponding to M1. By contrast, SULT1E1 showed distinct substrate inhibition and formed both M1 and M2. Based on expression levels, catalytic efficiency, and the fact that the lung cells only produce M1, it is concluded that the major isoform that can intercept benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-catechol is SULT1A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Centers of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6084, USA
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43
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Huang M, Liu X, Basu SS, Zhang L, Kushman ME, Harvey RG, Blair IA, Penning TM. Metabolism and distribution of benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione (B[a]P-7,8-dione) in human lung cells by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry: detection of an adenine B[a]P-7,8-dione adduct. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:993-1003. [PMID: 22480306 DOI: 10.1021/tx200463s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dione (B[a]P-7,8-dione) is produced in human lung cells by the oxidation of (±)-B[a]P-7,8-trans-dihydrodiol, which is catalyzed by aldo-keto reductases (AKRs). However, information relevant to the cell-based metabolism of B[a]P-7,8-dione is lacking. We studied the metabolic fate of 2 μM 1,3-[(3)H(2)]-B[a]P-7,8-dione in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, human bronchoalveolar H358 cells, and immortalized human bronchial epithelial HBEC-KT cells. In these three cell lines, 1,3-[(3)H(2)]-B[a]P-7,8-dione was rapidly consumed, and radioactivity was distributed between the organic and aqueous phase of ethyl acetate-extracted media, as well as in the cell lysate pellets. After acidification of the media, several metabolites of 1,3-[(3)H(2)]-B[a]P-7,8-dione were detected in the organic phase of the media by high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet-radioactivity monitoring (HPLC-UV-RAM). The structures of B[a]P-7,8-dione metabolites varied in the cell lines and were identified as B[a]P-7,8-dione conjugates with glutathione (GSH) and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), 8-O-monomethylated-catechol, catechol monosulfate, and monoglucuronide, and monohydroxylated-B[a]P-7,8-dione by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). We also obtained evidence for the first time for the formation of an adenine adduct of B[a]P-7,8-dione. Among these metabolites, the identity of the GSH-B[a]P-7,8-dione and the NAC-B[a]P-7,8-dione was further validated by comparison to authentic synthesized standards. The pathways of B[a]P-7,8-dione metabolism in the three human lung cell lines are formation of GSH and NAC conjugates, reduction to the catechol followed by phase II conjugation reactions leading to its detoxification, monohydroxylation, as well as formation of the adenine adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Huang
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology and Center for Cancer Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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