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Tomlinson L, Ramsden D, Leite SB, Beken S, Bonzo JA, Brown P, Candarlioglu PL, Chan TS, Chen E, Choi CK, David R, Delrue N, Devine PJ, Ford K, Garcia MI, Gosset JR, Hewitt P, Homan K, Irrechukwu O, Kopec AK, Liras JL, Mandlekar S, Raczynski A, Sadrieh N, Sakatis MZ, Siegel J, Sung K, Sunyovszki I, Van Vleet TR, Ekert JE, Hardwick RN. Considerations from an International Regulatory and Pharmaceutical Industry (IQ MPS Affiliate) Workshop on the Standardization of Complex In Vitro Models in Drug Development. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300131. [PMID: 37814378 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
In May 2022, there is an International Regulatory and Pharmaceutical Industry (Innovation and Quality [IQ] Microphysiological Systems [MPS] Affiliate) Workshop on the standardization of complex in vitro models (CIVMs) in drug development. This manuscript summarizes the discussions and conclusions of this joint workshop organized and executed by the IQ MPS Affiliate and the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A key objective of the workshop is to facilitate discussions around opportunities and/or needs for standardization of MPS and chart potential pathways to increase model utilization in the context of regulatory decision making. Participation in the workshop included 200 attendees from the FDA, IQ MPS Affiliate, and 26 global regulatory organizations and affiliated parties representing Europe, Japan, and Canada. It is agreed that understanding global perspectives regarding the readiness of CIVM/MPS models for regulatory decision making and potential pathways to gaining acceptance is useful to align on globally. The obstacles are currently too great to develop standards for every context of use (COU). Instead, it is suggested that a more tractable approach may be to think of broadly applicable standards that can be applied regardless of COU and/or organ system. Considerations and next steps for this effort are described.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sonja Beken
- Federal Agency for Medicines and Health Products, Brussels, 1210, Belgium
| | - Jessica A Bonzo
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Paul Brown
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | | | - Tom S Chan
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, 06877, USA
| | - Eugene Chen
- DMPK, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Colin K Choi
- Preclinical Safety, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Rhiannon David
- Clinical Pharmacology & Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Nathalie Delrue
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 75016, France
| | - Patrick J Devine
- Discovery Toxicology, Bristol Myers Squibb, San Diego, CA, 09130, USA
| | - Kevin Ford
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Martha Iveth Garcia
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | | | - Philip Hewitt
- Chemical and Preclinical Safety, Merck Healthcare KGaA, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kimberly Homan
- Complex in Vitro Systems Group, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Onyi Irrechukwu
- Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Johnson and Johnson Innovation Medicine, Spring House, PA, 19002, USA
| | - Anna K Kopec
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, 06340, USA
| | - Jennifer L Liras
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism-Medicine Design, Pfizer, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Sandhya Mandlekar
- Clinical Pharmacology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Arek Raczynski
- Preclinical Safety Assessment, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, MA, 02210, USA
| | - Nakissa Sadrieh
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Melanie Z Sakatis
- Non-Clinical Safety, In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GSK R&D, Ware, SG12 9TJ, UK
| | - Jeffrey Siegel
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of New Drugs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Kyung Sung
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Office of Cellular Therapy and Human Tissue, Cellular and Tissue Therapy Branch, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Ilona Sunyovszki
- Translational Cellular Sciences, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
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Miao X, Dear GJ, Beaumont C, Vitulli G, Collins G, Gorycki PD, Harrell AW, Sakatis MZ. Cyanide Trapping of Iminium Ion Reactive Metabolites: Implications for Clinical Hepatotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:698-710. [PMID: 38619497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Reactive metabolite formation is a major mechanism of hepatotoxicity. Although reactive electrophiles can be soft or hard in nature, screening strategies have generally focused on the use of glutathione trapping assays to screen for soft electrophiles, with many data sets available to support their use. The use of a similar assay for hard electrophiles using cyanide as the trapping agent is far less common, and there is a lack of studies with sufficient supporting data. Using a set of 260 compounds with a defined hepatotoxicity status by the FDA, a comprehensive literature search yielded cyanide trapping data on an unbalanced set of 20 compounds that were all clinically hepatotoxic. Thus, a further set of 19 compounds was selected to generate cyanide trapping data, resulting in a more balanced data set of 39 compounds. Analysis of the data demonstrated that the cyanide trapping assay had high specificity (92%) and a positive predictive value (83%) such that hepatotoxic compounds would be confidently flagged. Structural analysis of the adducts formed revealed artifactual methylated cyanide adducts to also occur, highlighting the importance of full structural identification to confirm the nature of the adduct formed. The assay was demonstrated to add the most value for compounds containing typical structural alerts for hard electrophile formation: half of the severe hepatotoxins with these structural alerts formed cyanide adducts, while none of the severe hepatotoxins with no relevant structural alerts formed adducts. The assay conditions used included cytosolic enzymes (e.g., aldehyde oxidase) and an optimized cyanide concentration to minimize the inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes by cyanide. Based on the demonstrated added value of this assay, it is to be initiated for use at GSK as part of the integrated hepatotoxicity strategy, with its performance being reviewed periodically as more data is generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiusheng Miao
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Gordon J Dear
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Claire Beaumont
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Giovanni Vitulli
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Gary Collins
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Peter D Gorycki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Andrew W Harrell
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
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Yin DE, Palin AC, Lombo TB, Mahon RN, Poon B, Wu DY, Atala A, Brooks KM, Chen S, Coyne CB, D’Souza MP, Fackler OT, Furler O’Brien RL, Garcia-de-Alba C, Jean-Philippe P, Karn J, Majji S, Muotri AR, Ozulumba T, Sakatis MZ, Schlesinger LS, Singh A, Spiegel HM, Struble E, Sung K, Tagle DA, Thacker VV, Tidball AM, Varthakavi V, Vunjak-Novakovic G, Wagar LE, Yeung CK, Ndhlovu LC, Ott M. 3D human tissue models and microphysiological systems for HIV and related comorbidities. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:526-543. [PMID: 38071144 PMCID: PMC11065605 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) human tissue models/microphysiological systems (e.g., organs-on-chips, organoids, and tissue explants) model HIV and related comorbidities and have potential to address critical questions, including characterization of viral reservoirs, insufficient innate and adaptive immune responses, biomarker discovery and evaluation, medical complexity with comorbidities (e.g., tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2), and protection and transmission during pregnancy and birth. Composed of multiple primary or stem cell-derived cell types organized in a dedicated 3D space, these systems hold unique promise for better reproducing human physiology, advancing therapeutic development, and bridging the human-animal model translational gap. Here, we discuss the promises and achievements with 3D human tissue models in HIV and comorbidity research, along with remaining barriers with respect to cell biology, virology, immunology, and regulatory issues.
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Hu XM, Hou YY, Teng XR, Liu Y, Li Y, Li W, Li Y, Ai CZ. Prediction of cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation using machine learning models and in vitro validation. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1457-1467. [PMID: 38492097 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03701-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450)-mediated bioactivation, which can lead to the hepatotoxicity through the formation of reactive metabolites (RMs), has been regarded as the major problem of drug failures. Herein, we purposed to establish machine learning models to predict the bioactivation of P450. On the basis of the literature-derived bioactivation dataset, models for Benzene ring, Nitrogen heterocycle and Sulfur heterocycle were developed with machine learning methods, i.e., Random Forest, Random Subspace, SVM and Naïve Bayes. The models were assessed by metrics like "Precision", "Recall", "F-Measure", "AUC" (Area Under the Curve), etc. Random Forest algorithms illustrated the best predictability, with nice AUC values of 0.949, 0.973 and 0.958 for the test sets of Benzene ring, Nitrogen heterocycle and Sulfur heterocycle models, respectively. 2D descriptors like topological indices, 2D autocorrelations and Burden eigenvalues, etc. contributed most to the models. Furthermore, the models were applied to predict the occurrence of bioactivation of an external verification set. Drugs like selpercatinib, glafenine, encorafenib, etc. were predicted to undergo bioactivation into toxic RMs. In vitro, IC50 shift experiment was performed to assess the potential of bioactivation to validate the prediction. Encorafenib and tirbanibulin were observed of bioactivation potential with shifts of 3-6 folds or so. Overall, this study provided a reliable and robust strategy to predict the P450-mediated bioactivation, which will be helpful to the assessment of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in clinic and the design of new candidates with lower toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Man Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Yao Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ru Teng
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Liu
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Dagong Road, Panjin, 124221, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Translational Medicine Research Institute, College of Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, 136 Jiangyangzhong Road, Yangzhou, 225001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Zhi Ai
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources/Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yucai Road, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Kim KY, Jeong YJ, Park SY, Park EJ, Jeon JH, Song IS, Liu KH. Evaluation of the Drug-Induced Liver Injury Potential of Saxagliptin through Reactive Metabolite Identification in Rats. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:106. [PMID: 38258116 PMCID: PMC10819019 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A liver injury was recently reported for saxagliptin, which is a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor. However, the underlying mechanisms of saxagliptin-induced liver injury remain unknown. This study aimed to evaluate whether saxagliptin, a potent and selective DPP-4 inhibitor that is globally used for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus, binds to the nucleophiles in vitro. Four DPP-4 inhibitors, including vildagliptin, were evaluated for comparison. Only saxagliptin and vildagliptin, which both contain a cyanopyrrolidine group, quickly reacted with L-cysteine to enzyme-independently produce thiazolinic acid metabolites. This saxagliptin-cysteine adduct was also found in saxagliptin-administered male Sprague-Dawley rats. In addition, this study newly identified cysteinyl glycine conjugates of saxagliptin and 5-hydroxysaxagliptin. The observed metabolic pathways were hydroxylation and conjugation with cysteine, glutathione, sulfate, and glucuronide. In summary, we determined four new thiazoline-containing thiol metabolites (cysteine and cysteinylglycine conjugates of saxagliptin and 5-hydroxysaxagliptin) in saxagliptin-administered male rats. Our results reveal that saxagliptin can covalently bind to the thiol groups of cysteine residues of endogenous proteins in vivo, indicating the potential for saxagliptin to cause drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Young Kim
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (K.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-J.P.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Yeo-Jin Jeong
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (K.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-J.P.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - So-Young Park
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (K.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-J.P.); (J.-H.J.)
- Mass Spectrometry Based Convergence Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ji Park
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (K.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-J.P.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Ji-Hyeon Jeon
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (K.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-J.P.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Im-Sook Song
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (K.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-J.P.); (J.-H.J.)
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- BK21 FOUR KNU Community-Based Intelligent Novel Drug Discovery Education Unit, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea; (K.-Y.K.); (Y.-J.J.); (S.-Y.P.); (E.-J.P.); (J.-H.J.)
- Mass Spectrometry Based Convergence Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Ogese MO, Lister A, Farrell L, Gardner J, Kafu L, Ali SE, Gibson A, Hillegas A, Meng X, Pirmohamed M, Williams GS, Sakatis MZ, Naisbitt DJ. A blinded in vitro analysis of the intrinsic immunogenicity of hepatotoxic drugs: implications for preclinical risk assessment. Toxicol Sci 2023; 197:38-52. [PMID: 37788119 PMCID: PMC10734620 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro preclinical drug-induced liver injury (DILI) risk assessment relies largely on the use of hepatocytes to measure drug-specific changes in cell function or viability. Unfortunately, this does not provide indications toward the immunogenicity of drugs and/or the likelihood of idiosyncratic reactions in the clinic. This is because the molecular initiating event in immune DILI is an interaction of the drug-derived antigen with MHC proteins and the T-cell receptor. This study utilized immune cells from drug-naïve donors, recently established immune cell coculture systems and blinded compounds with and without DILI liabilities to determine whether these new methods offer an improvement over established assessment methods for the prediction of immune-mediated DILI. Ten blinded test compounds (6 with known DILI liabilities; 4 with lower DILI liabilities) and 5 training compounds, with known T-cell-mediated immune reactions in patients, were investigated. Naïve T-cells were activated with 4/5 of the training compounds (nitroso sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin, Bandrowski's base, and carbamazepine) and clones derived from the priming assays were activated with drug in a dose-dependent manner. The test compounds with DILI liabilities did not stimulate T-cell proliferative responses during dendritic cell-T-cell coculture; however, CD4+ clones displaying reactivity were detected toward 2 compounds (ciprofloxacin and erythromycin) with known liabilities. Drug-responsive T-cells were not detected with the compounds with lower DILI liabilities. This study provides compelling evidence that assessment of intrinsic drug immunogenicity, although complex, can provide valuable information regarding immune liabilities of some compounds prior to clinical studies or when immune reactions are observed in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monday O Ogese
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L693GE, UK
- Development Science, UCB Biopharma, Slough, Berkshire SL1 3WE, UK
| | - Adam Lister
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L693GE, UK
| | - Liam Farrell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L693GE, UK
| | - Joshua Gardner
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L693GE, UK
| | - Laila Kafu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L693GE, UK
| | - Serat-E Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L693GE, UK
| | - Andrew Gibson
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Aimee Hillegas
- Immunological Toxicology, In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaoli Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L693GE, UK
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L693GE, UK
| | - Geoffrey S Williams
- Immunological Toxicology, In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GSK, David Jack Centre for R&D, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Melanie Z Sakatis
- Global Investigative Safety, In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GSK, David Jack Centre for R&D, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, UK
| | - Dean J Naisbitt
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L693GE, UK
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7
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Sandhu H, Garg P. Machine Learning Enables Accurate Prediction of Quinone Formation during Drug Metabolism. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1876-1890. [PMID: 37885227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism helps in the elimination of drugs from the human body by making them more hydrophilic. Sometimes, drugs can be bioactivated to highly reactive metabolites or intermediates during metabolism. These reactive metabolites are often responsible for the toxicities associated with the drugs. Identification of reactive metabolites of drug candidates can be very helpful in the initial stages of drug discovery. Quinones are soft electrophiles that are generated as reactive intermediates during metabolism. Quinones make up more than 40% of the reactive metabolites. In this work, a reliable data set of 510 molecules was used to develop machine learning and deep learning-based predictive models to predict the formation of quinone-type metabolites. For representing molecules, two-dimensional (2D) descriptors, PubChem fingerprints, electro-topological state (E-state) fingerprints, and metabolic reactivity-based descriptors were used. Developed models were compared to the existing Xenosite web server using the untouched test set of 102 molecules. The best model achieved an accuracy of 86.27%, while the Xenosite server could achieve an accuracy of only 52.94% on the test set. Descriptor analysis revealed that the presence of greater numbers of polar moieties in a molecule can prevent the formation of quinone-type metabolites. In addition, the presence of a nitrogen atom in an aromatic ring and the presence of metabolophores V51, V52, and V53 (SMARTCyp descriptors) decrease the probability of quinone formation. Finally, a tool based on the best machine learning models was developed, which is accessible at http://14.139.57.41/quinonepred/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Sandhu
- Department of pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Prabha Garg
- Department of pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
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Wang S, Argikar UA, Cheruzel L, Cho S, Crouch RD, Dhaware D, Heck CJS, Johnson KM, Kalgutkar AS, King L, Liu J, Ma B, Maw H, Miller GP, Seneviratne HK, Takahashi RH, Wei C, Khojasteh SC. Bioactivation and reactivity research advances - 2022 year in review‡. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:267-300. [PMID: 37608698 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2244193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
With the 50th year mark since the launch of Drug Metabolism and Disposition journal, the field of drug metabolism and bioactivation has advanced exponentially in the past decades (Guengerich 2023).This has, in a major part, been due to the continued advances across the whole spectrum of applied technologies in hardware, software, machine learning (ML), and artificial intelligence (AI). LC-MS platforms continue to evolve to support key applications in the field, and automation is also improving the accuracy, precision, and throughput of these supporting assays. In addition, sample generation and processing is being aided by increased diversity and quality of reagents and bio-matrices so that what is being analyzed is more relevant and translatable. The application of in silico platforms (applied software, ML, and AI) is also making great strides, and in tandem with the more traditional approaches mentioned previously, is significantly advancing our understanding of bioactivation pathways and how these play a role in toxicity. All of this continues to allow the area of bioactivation to evolve in parallel with associated fields to help bring novel or improved medicines to patients with urgent or unmet needs.Shuai Wang and Cyrus Khojasteh, on behalf of the authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Upendra A Argikar
- Non-clinical Development, Bill and Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel D Crouch
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Carley J S Heck
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Kevin M Johnson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Inotiv, Maryland Heights, MO, USA
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lloyd King
- Quantitative Drug Discovery, UCB Biopharma UK, Slough, UK
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hlaing Maw
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Herana Kamal Seneviratne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Cong Wei
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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9
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Carpentier N, Van der Meeren L, Skirtach AG, Devisscher L, Van Vlierberghe H, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. Gelatin-Based Hybrid Hydrogel Scaffolds: Toward Physicochemical Liver Mimicry. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4333-4347. [PMID: 35914189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There exists a clear need to develop novel materials that could serve liver tissue engineering purposes. Those materials need to be researched for the development of bioengineered liver tissue as an alternative to donor livers, as well as for materials that could be applied for scaffolds to develop an in vitro model for drug-induced liver injury (DILI) detection . In this paper, the hydrogels oxidized dextran-gelatin (Dexox-Gel) and norbornene-modified dextran-thiolated gelatin (DexNB-GelSH) were developed, and their feasibility toward processing via indirect 3D-printing was investigated with the aim to develop hydrogel scaffolds that physicochemically mimic native liver tissue. Furthermore, their in vitro biocompatibility was assessed using preliminary biological tests using HepG2 cells. Both materials were thoroughly physicochemically characterized and benchmarked to the methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) reference material. Due to inferior properties, Dexox-gel was not further processed into 3D-hydrogel scaffolds. This research revealed that DexNB-GelSH exhibited physicochemical properties that were in excellent agreement with the properties of natural liver tissue in contrast to GelMA. In combination with an equally good biological evaluation of DexNB-GelSH in comparison with GelMA based on an MTS proliferation assay and an albumin quantification assay, DexNB-GelSH can be considered promising in the field of liver tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Carpentier
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Louis Van der Meeren
- Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - André G Skirtach
- Nano-Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Lindsey Devisscher
- Gut-Liver Immunopharmacology Unit, Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences; Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Vlierberghe
- Hepatology Research Unit, Dpt Internal Medicine and Pediatrics; Liver Research Center Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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10
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Peng T, Rao J, Zhang T, Wang Y, Li N, Gao Q, Feng X, Song Z, Wang K, Qiu F. Elucidation of the relationship between evodiamine-induced liver injury and CYP3A4-mediated metabolic activation by UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5619-5635. [PMID: 37433953 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04831-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Evodiamine (EVD), which has been reported to cause liver damage, is the main constituent of Evodia rutaecarpa (Juss.) Benth and may be bioactivated into reactive metabolites mediated by cytochrome P450. However, the relationships between bioactivation and EVD-induced hepatotoxicity remain unknown. In this study, comprehensive hepatotoxicity evaluation was explored, which demonstrated that EVD caused hepatotoxicity in both time- and dose-dependent manners in mice. By application of UPLC-Q/TOF-MS/MS, two GSH conjugates (GM1 and GM2) derived from reactive metabolites of EVD were identified, in microsomal incubation systems exposed to EVD with glutathione (GSH) as trapping agents. CYP3A4 was proved to be the main metabolic enzyme. Correspondingly, the N-acetyl-L-cysteine conjugate derived from the degradation of GM2 was detected in the urine of mice after exposure to EVD. For the first time, the iminoquinone intermediate was found in EVD-pretreated rat bile by the high-resolution MS platform. Pretreatment with ketoconazole protected the animals from hepatotoxicity, decreased the protein expression of cleaved caspase-1 and -3, but increased the area under the serum-concentration-time curve of EVD in blood determined by UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS. Depletion of GSH by buthionine sulfoximine exacerbated EVD-induced hepatotoxicity. These results implicated that the CYP3A4-mediated metabolic activation was responsible for the observed hepatotoxicity induced by EVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Peng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinqiu Rao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Gao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinchi Feng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co Ltd, Tianjin, 300410, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Hosack T, Damry D, Biswas S. Drug-induced liver injury: a comprehensive review. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2023; 16:17562848231163410. [PMID: 36968618 PMCID: PMC10031606 DOI: 10.1177/17562848231163410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a challenge in clinical practice and is
still a diagnosis of exclusion. Although it has a low incidence amongst the
general population, DILI accounts for most cases of acute liver failure with a
fatality rate of up to 50%. While multiple mechanisms of DILI have been
postulated, there is no clear causal relationship between drugs, risk factors
and mechanisms of DILI. Current best practice relies on a combination of high
clinical suspicion, thorough clinical history of risk factors and timeline, and
extensive hepatological investigations as supported by the international Roussel
Uclaf Causality Assessment Method criteria, the latter considered a key
diagnostic algorithm for DILI. This review focuses on DILI classification, risk
factors, clinical evaluation, future biomarkers and management, with the aim of
facilitating physicians to correctly identify DILI early in presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Djamil Damry
- Department of Gastroenterology &
Hepatology, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Buckinghamshire Health NHS Trust,
Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, UK
| | - Sujata Biswas
- Department of Gastroenterology &
Hepatology, Stoke Mandeville Hospital, Buckinghamshire Health NHS Trust,
Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, UK
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12
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Pérez-Rodríguez D, Penedo MA, Rivera-Baltanás T, Peña-Centeno T, Burkhardt S, Fischer A, Prieto-González JM, Olivares JM, López-Fernández H, Agís-Balboa RC. MiRNA Differences Related to Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031891. [PMID: 36768211 PMCID: PMC9916039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a serious mental disorder that is typically treated with antipsychotic medication. Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is the condition where symptoms remain after pharmacological intervention, resulting in long-lasting functional and social impairments. As the identification and treatment of a TRS patient requires previous failed treatments, early mechanisms of detection are needed in order to quicken the access to effective therapy, as well as improve treatment adherence. In this study, we aim to find a microRNA (miRNA) signature for TRS, as well as to shed some light on the molecular pathways potentially involved in this severe condition. To do this, we compared the blood miRNAs of schizophrenia patients that respond to medication and TRS patients, thus obtaining a 16-miRNA TRS profile. Then, we assessed the ability of this signature to separate responders and TRS patients using hierarchical clustering, observing that most of them are grouped correctly (~70% accuracy). We also conducted a network, pathway analysis, and bibliography search to spot molecular pathways potentially altered in TRS. We found that the response to stress seems to be a key factor in TRS and that proteins p53, SIRT1, MDM2, and TRIM28 could be the potential mediators of such responses. Finally, we suggest a molecular pathway potentially regulated by the miRNAs of the TRS profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Rodríguez
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Maria Aránzazu Penedo
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Grupo de Neurofarmacología de Las Adicciones y Los Trastornos Degenerativos (NEUROFAN), Universidad CEU San Pablo, 28925 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Rivera-Baltanás
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Tonatiuh Peña-Centeno
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Burkhardt
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- Department for Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - José M. Prieto-González
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo Trastornos del Movimiento, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Manuel Olivares
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Área Sanitaria de Vigo, 36312 Vigo, Spain
| | - Hugo López-Fernández
- SING Research Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- CINBIO, Department of Computer Science, ESEI-Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Informática, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
- Correspondence: (H.L.-F.); (R.C.A.-B.)
| | - Roberto Carlos Agís-Balboa
- NeuroEpigenetics Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Translational Neuroscience Group, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), Área Sanitaria de Vigo-Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, SERGAS-UVIGO, CIBERSAM-ISCIII, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Grupo Trastornos del Movimiento, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (H.L.-F.); (R.C.A.-B.)
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13
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Mirahmad M, Sabourian R, Mahdavi M, Larijani B, Safavi M. In vitro cell-based models of drug-induced hepatotoxicity screening: progress and limitation. Drug Metab Rev 2022; 54:161-193. [PMID: 35403528 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2022.2064487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the major causes of post-approval withdrawal of therapeutics. As a result, there is an increasing need for accurate predictive in vitro assays that reliably detect hepatotoxic drug candidates while reducing drug discovery time, costs, and the number of animal experiments. In vitro hepatocyte-based research has led to an improved comprehension of the underlying mechanisms of chemical toxicity and can assist the prioritization of therapeutic choices with low hepatotoxicity risk. Therefore, several in vitro systems have been generated over the last few decades. This review aims to comprehensively present the development and validation of 2D (two-dimensional) and 3D (three-dimensional) culture approaches on hepatotoxicity screening of compounds and highlight the main factors affecting predictive power of experiments. To this end, we first summarize some of the recognized hepatotoxicity mechanisms and related assays used to appraise DILI mechanisms and then discuss the challenges and limitations of in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mirahmad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Sabourian
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdavi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Safavi
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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14
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Ivanov SM, Lagunin AA, Filimonov DA, Poroikov VV. Relationships between the Structure and Severe Drug-Induced Liver Injury for Low, Medium, and High Doses of Drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:402-411. [PMID: 35172101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of structure-activity relationships (SARs) for predicting severe drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is essential since in vivo and in vitro preclinical methods cannot detect many druglike compounds disrupting liver functions. To date, plenty of SAR models for the prediction of DILI have been developed; however, none of them considered the route of drug administration and daily dose, which may introduce significant bias into prediction results. We have created a dataset of 617 drugs with parenteral and oral administration routes and consistent information on DILI severity. We have found a clear relationship between route, dose, and DILI severity. According to SAR, nearly 40% of moderate- and non-DILI-causing drugs would cause severe DILI if they were administered at high oral doses. We have proposed the following approach to predict severe DILI. New compounds recommended to be used at low oral doses (<∼10 mg daily), or parenterally, can be considered not causing severe DILI. DILI for compounds administered at medium oral doses (∼10-100 mg daily; 22.2% of drugs under consideration) can be considered unpredictable because reasonable SAR models were not obtained due to the small size and heterogeneity of the corresponding dataset. The DILI potential of the compounds recommended to be used at high oral doses (more than ∼100 mg daily) can be estimated using SAR modeling. The balanced accuracy of the approach calculated by a 10-fold cross-validation procedure is 0.803. The developed approach can be used to estimate severe DILI for druglike compounds proposed to use at low and high oral doses or parenterally at the early stages of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M Ivanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str., 10/8, Moscow 119121, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Str., 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Alexey A Lagunin
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str., 10/8, Moscow 119121, Russia.,Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova Str., 1, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Filimonov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str., 10/8, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Poroikov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Str., 10/8, Moscow 119121, Russia
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15
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Wang S, Zhang L, Luo Y, Bai Y, Huang Y, Zhao S. A Circular Dichroism and Photoacoustic Dual-Mode Probe for Detection In Vitro and Imaging In Vivo of Hydroxyl Radicals. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2453-2464. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shulong Wang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yanni Luo
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yulong Bai
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Shulin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
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16
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Schofield CA, Walker TM, Taylor MA, Patel M, Vlachou DF, Macina JM, Vidgeon-Hart MP, Williams A, McGill PJ, Newman CF, Sakatis MZ. Evaluation of a Three-Dimensional Primary Human Hepatocyte Spheroid Model: Adoption and Industrialization for the Enhanced Detection of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2485-2499. [PMID: 34797640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a leading cause of compound attrition during both preclinical and clinical drug development, and early strategies are in place to tackle this recurring problem. Human-relevant in vitro models that are more predictive of hepatotoxicity hazard identification, and that could be employed earlier in the drug discovery process, would improve the quality of drug candidate selection and help reduce attrition. We present an evaluation of four human hepatocyte in vitro models of increasing culture complexity (i.e., two-dimensional (2D) HepG2 monolayers, hepatocyte sandwich cultures, three-dimensional (3D) hepatocyte spheroids, and precision-cut liver slices), using the same tool compounds, viability end points, and culture time points. Having established the improved prediction potential of the 3D hepatocyte spheroid model, we describe implementing this model into an industrial screening setting, where the challenge was matching the complexity of the culture system with the scale and throughput required. Following further qualification and miniaturization into a 384-well, high-throughput screening format, data was generated on 199 compounds. This clearly demonstrated the ability to capture a greater number of severe hepatotoxins versus the current routine 2D HepG2 monolayer assay while continuing to flag no false-positive compounds. The industrialization and miniaturization of the 3D hepatocyte spheroid complex in vitro model demonstrates a significant step toward reducing drug attrition and improving the quality and safety of drugs, while retaining the flexibility for future improvements, and has replaced the routine use of the 2D HepG2 monolayer assay at GlaxoSmithKline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Schofield
- Functional Genomics, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy M Walker
- Oncology Cell Therapy, Oncology Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Maxine A Taylor
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, Herts SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | - Metul Patel
- Screening, Profiling and Mechanistic Biology, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Denise F Vlachou
- Molecular Design U.K., Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Justyna M Macina
- Screening, Profiling and Mechanistic Biology, Medicinal Science and Technology, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Martin P Vidgeon-Hart
- Non Clinical Safety, In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, Herts SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Williams
- Pathology U.K., In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, Herts SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J McGill
- Bioimaging U.K., In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, Herts SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
| | - Carla F Newman
- Bioimaging U.K., In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Z Sakatis
- Non Clinical Safety, In Vitro/In Vivo Translation, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, Herts SG12 0DP, United Kingdom
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17
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Kang W, Podtelezhnikov AA, Tanis KQ, Pacchione S, Su M, Bleicher KB, Wang Z, Laws GM, Griffiths TG, Kuhls MC, Chen Q, Knemeyer I, Marsh DJ, Mitra K, Lebron J, Sistare FD. Development and Application of a Transcriptomic Signature of Bioactivation in an Advanced In Vitro Liver Model to Reduce Drug-induced Liver Injury Risk Early in the Pharmaceutical Pipeline. Toxicol Sci 2021; 177:121-139. [PMID: 32559289 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Early risk assessment of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) potential for drug candidates remains a major challenge for pharmaceutical development. We have previously developed a set of rat liver transcriptional biomarkers in short-term toxicity studies to inform the potential of drug candidates to generate a high burden of chemically reactive metabolites that presents higher risk for human DILI. Here, we describe translation of those NRF1-/NRF2-mediated liver tissue biomarkers to an in vitro assay using an advanced micropatterned coculture system (HEPATOPAC) with primary hepatocytes from male Wistar Han rats. A 9-day, resource-sparing and higher throughput approach designed to identify new chemical entities with lower reactive metabolite-forming potential was qualified for internal decision making using 93 DILI-positive and -negative drugs. This assay provides 81% sensitivity and 90% specificity in detecting hepatotoxicants when a positive test outcome is defined as the bioactivation signature score of a test drug exceeding the threshold value at an in vitro test concentration that falls within 3-fold of the estimated maximum drug concentration at the human liver inlet following highest recommended clinical dose administrations. Using paired examples of compounds from distinct chemical series and close structural analogs, we demonstrate that this assay can differentiate drugs with lower DILI risk. The utility of this in vitro transcriptomic approach was also examined using human HEPATOPAC from a single donor, yielding 68% sensitivity and 86% specificity when the aforementioned criteria are applied to the same 93-drug test set. Routine use of the rat model has been adopted with deployment of the human model as warranted on a case-by-case basis. This in vitro transcriptomic signature-based strategy can be used early in drug discovery to derisk DILI potential from chemically reactive metabolites by guiding structure-activity relationship hypotheses and candidate selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Kang
- Safety Assessment & Laboratory Animal Resources
| | | | | | | | - Ming Su
- Safety Assessment & Laboratory Animal Resources
| | | | - Zhibin Wang
- Safety Assessment & Laboratory Animal Resources
| | | | | | | | - Qing Chen
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Ian Knemeyer
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics & Drug Metabolism, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | | | | | - Jose Lebron
- Safety Assessment & Laboratory Animal Resources
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18
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Zhong T, Zhuang Z, Dong X, Wong KH, Wong WT, Wang J, He D, Liu S. Predicting Antituberculosis Drug-Induced Liver Injury Using an Interpretable Machine Learning Method: Model Development and Validation Study. JMIR Med Inform 2021; 9:e29226. [PMID: 34283036 PMCID: PMC8335604 DOI: 10.2196/29226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) is a pandemic, being one of the top 10 causes of death and the main cause of death from a single source of infection. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the most common and serious side effect during the treatment of TB. Objective We aim to predict the status of liver injury in patients with TB at the clinical treatment stage. Methods We designed an interpretable prediction model based on the XGBoost algorithm and identified the most robust and meaningful predictors of the risk of TB-DILI on the basis of clinical data extracted from the Hospital Information System of Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control from 2014 to 2019. Results In total, 757 patients were included, and 287 (38%) had developed TB-DILI. Based on values of relative importance and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, machine learning tools selected patients’ most recent alanine transaminase levels, average rate of change of patients’ last 2 measures of alanine transaminase levels, cumulative dose of pyrazinamide, and cumulative dose of ethambutol as the best predictors for assessing the risk of TB-DILI. In the validation data set, the model had a precision of 90%, recall of 74%, classification accuracy of 76%, and balanced error rate of 77% in predicting cases of TB-DILI. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve score upon 10-fold cross-validation was 0.912 (95% CI 0.890-0.935). In addition, the model provided warnings of high risk for patients in advance of DILI onset for a median of 15 (IQR 7.3-27.5) days. Conclusions Our model shows high accuracy and interpretability in predicting cases of TB-DILI, which can provide useful information to clinicians to adjust the medication regimen and avoid more serious liver injury in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhong
- Department of Tuberculosis Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zian Zhuang
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Department of Biostatistics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoli Dong
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ka Hing Wong
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wing Tak Wong
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Tuberculosis Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daihai He
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shengyuan Liu
- Department of Tuberculosis Control, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, China
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19
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Wu Y, Zeng F, Sun L, Chen J, Wu S. ALP-activated probe for diagnosis of liver injury by multispectral optoacoustic tomography. Methods Enzymol 2021; 657:301-330. [PMID: 34353492 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we highlight the advantages of multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT) technique and the activatable photoacoustic probes in the biomedical field, and give a brief introduction to enzyme-activated probes for disease diagnosis and therapeutic outcome evaluation. We also present a detailed description of the procedures for the synthesis of an activatable small molecule probe C1X-OR1 and confirmation of its specific response to alkaline phosphatase in solution and cells. With MSOT, the liposomal C1X-OR1 can be utilized for detection of hepatic ALP as well as for in vivo diagnosis of drug-induced liver injury in a three-dimensional manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lihe Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuizhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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20
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Abstract
The purine alkaloid caffeine is the most widely consumed psychostimulant drug in the world and has multiple beneficial pharmacological activities, for example, in neurodegenerative diseases. However, despite being an extensively studied bioactive natural product, the mechanistic understanding of caffeine's pharmacological effects is incomplete. While several molecular targets of caffeine such as adenosine receptors and phosphodiesterases have been known for decades and inspired numerous medicinal chemistry programs, new protein interactions of the xanthine are continuously discovered providing potentially improved pharmacological understanding and a molecular basis for future medicinal chemistry. In this Perspective, we gather knowledge on the confirmed protein interactions, structure activity relationship, and chemical biology of caffeine on well-known and upcoming targets. The diversity of caffeine's molecular activities on receptors and enzymes, many of which are abundant in the CNS, indicates a complex interplay of several mechanisms contributing to neuroprotective effects and highlights new targets as attractive subjects for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Faudone
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Silvia Arifi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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21
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Vall A, Sabnis Y, Shi J, Class R, Hochreiter S, Klambauer G. The Promise of AI for DILI Prediction. Front Artif Intell 2021; 4:638410. [PMID: 33937745 PMCID: PMC8080874 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2021.638410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a common reason for the withdrawal of a drug from the market. Early assessment of DILI risk is an essential part of drug development, but it is rendered challenging prior to clinical trials by the complex factors that give rise to liver damage. Artificial intelligence (AI) approaches, particularly those building on machine learning, range from random forests to more recent techniques such as deep learning, and provide tools that can analyze chemical compounds and accurately predict some of their properties based purely on their structure. This article reviews existing AI approaches to predicting DILI and elaborates on the challenges that arise from the as yet limited availability of data. Future directions are discussed focusing on rich data modalities, such as 3D spheroids, and the slow but steady increase in drugs annotated with DILI risk labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Vall
- LIT AI Lab, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.,Institute for Machine Learning, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Jiye Shi
- UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | | | - Sepp Hochreiter
- LIT AI Lab, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.,Institute for Machine Learning, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.,Institute of Advanced Research in Artificial Intelligence (IARAI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Günter Klambauer
- LIT AI Lab, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.,Institute for Machine Learning, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
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22
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Fritsche E, Haarmann-Stemmann T, Kapr J, Galanjuk S, Hartmann J, Mertens PR, Kämpfer AAM, Schins RPF, Tigges J, Koch K. Stem Cells for Next Level Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006252. [PMID: 33354870 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The call for a paradigm change in toxicology from the United States National Research Council in 2007 initiates awareness for the invention and use of human-relevant alternative methods for toxicological hazard assessment. Simple 2D in vitro systems may serve as first screening tools, however, recent developments infer the need for more complex, multicellular organotypic models, which are superior in mimicking the complexity of human organs. In this review article most critical organs for toxicity assessment, i.e., skin, brain, thyroid system, lung, heart, liver, kidney, and intestine are discussed with regards to their functions in health and disease. Embracing the manifold modes-of-action how xenobiotic compounds can interfere with physiological organ functions and cause toxicity, the need for translation of such multifaceted organ features into the dish seems obvious. Currently used in vitro methods for toxicological applications and ongoing developments not yet arrived in toxicity testing are discussed, especially highlighting the potential of models based on embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells of human origin. Finally, the application of innovative technologies like organs-on-a-chip and genome editing point toward a toxicological paradigm change moves into action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Fritsche
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | | | - Julia Kapr
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Saskia Galanjuk
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Julia Hartmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
| | - Angela A M Kämpfer
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Julia Tigges
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Katharina Koch
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
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23
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Villanueva-Paz M, Morán L, López-Alcántara N, Freixo C, Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Cubero FJ. Oxidative Stress in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI): From Mechanisms to Biomarkers for Use in Clinical Practice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:390. [PMID: 33807700 PMCID: PMC8000729 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a type of hepatic injury caused by an uncommon drug adverse reaction that can develop to conditions spanning from asymptomatic liver laboratory abnormalities to acute liver failure (ALF) and death. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in DILI are poorly understood. Hepatocyte damage can be caused by the metabolic activation of chemically active intermediate metabolites that covalently bind to macromolecules (e.g., proteins, DNA), forming protein adducts-neoantigens-that lead to the generation of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which can eventually lead to cell death. In parallel, damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) stimulate the immune response, whereby inflammasomes play a pivotal role, and neoantigen presentation on specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules trigger the adaptive immune response. A wide array of antioxidant mechanisms exists to counterbalance the effect of oxidants, including glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPX), which are pivotal in detoxification. These get compromised during DILI, triggering an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants defense systems, generating oxidative stress. As a result of exacerbated oxidative stress, several danger signals, including mitochondrial damage, cell death, and inflammatory markers, and microRNAs (miRNAs) related to extracellular vesicles (EVs) have already been reported as mechanistic biomarkers. Here, the status quo and the future directions in DILI are thoroughly discussed, with a special focus on the role of oxidative stress and the development of new biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, CIBERehd, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (M.V.-P.); (M.I.L.)
| | - Laura Morán
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.); (N.L.-A.)
- Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria López-Alcántara
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.); (N.L.-A.)
| | - Cristiana Freixo
- CINTESIS, Center for Health Technology and Services Research, do Porto University School of Medicine, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Raúl J. Andrade
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, CIBERehd, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (M.V.-P.); (M.I.L.)
| | - M Isabel Lucena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, CIBERehd, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (M.V.-P.); (M.I.L.)
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (L.M.); (N.L.-A.)
- 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
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24
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Ma H, An W, Wang Y, Sun H, Huang R, Huang J. Deep Graph Learning with Property Augmentation for Predicting Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:495-506. [PMID: 33347312 PMCID: PMC9887540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a crucial factor in determining the qualification of potential drugs. However, the DILI property is excessively difficult to obtain due to the complex testing process. Consequently, an in silico screening in the early stage of drug discovery would help to reduce the total development cost by filtering those drug candidates with a high risk to cause DILI. To serve the screening goal, we apply several computational techniques to predict the DILI property, including traditional machine learning methods and graph-based deep learning techniques. While deep learning models require large training data to tune huge model parameters, the DILI data set only contains a few hundred annotated molecules. To alleviate the data scarcity problem, we propose a property augmentation strategy to include massive training data with other property information. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed method significantly outperforms all existing baselines on the DILI data set by obtaining a 81.4% accuracy using cross-validation with random splitting, 78.7% using leave-one-out cross-validation, and 76.5% using cross-validation with scaffold splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hehuan Ma
- Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Weizhi An
- Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Yuhong Wang
- National Center for Advancing Translating Sciences, NIH Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongmao Sun
- National Center for Advancing Translating Sciences, NIH Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translating Sciences, NIH Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Junzhou Huang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
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25
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Béquignon OJ, Pawar G, van de Water B, Cronin MT, van Westen GJ. Computational Approaches for Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) Prediction: State of the Art and Challenges. SYSTEMS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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26
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Takemura A, Ito K. [The trends in predicting drug-induced liver injury]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2020; 155:401-405. [PMID: 33132258 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.20049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the major reason for the discontinuation of new drug development and the withdrawal of drugs from the market. Hence, the evaluation systems which predict the onset of DILI in the pre-clinical stage are needed. To date, many researchers have conducted the mechanism of DILI, but the DILI prediction is poor because of the complexity of DILI. In this regard, based on the information obtained from basic research and clinical case, several pharmaceutical companies have been developed DILI prediction methods with high sensitivity and specificity by combining multiple targets. Another reason for low predictability is derived from the conventional culture method which causes a rapid decrease in hepatocyte function. To overcome these problems, the construction of a high-level in vitro evaluation system has been developed and applied to DILI evaluation. On the other hand, these in vitro evaluation methods require a lot of labor and cost so, in silico prediction methods have also been constructed in recent years. Based on this point, this article reviews the trends in DILI prediction systems in the non-clinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Takemura
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Kousei Ito
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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27
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Kakutani N, Iwai T, Ohno Y, Kobayashi S, Nomura Y. Evaluation of covalent binding of flutamide and its risk assessment using 19F-NMR. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:88-94. [PMID: 32876521 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1817626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The formation of reactive metabolites (RMs) is a problem in drug development that sometimes results in severe hepatotoxicity. As detecting RMs themselves is difficult, a covalent binding assay using expensive radiolabelled tracers is usually performed for candidate selection. This study aimed to provide a practical approach toward the risk assessment of hepatotoxicity induced by covalent binding before candidate selection. We focused on flutamide because it contains a trifluoromethyl group that shows a strong singlet peak by 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. The covalent binding of flutamide was evaluated using quantitative NMR and its risk for hepatotoxicity was assessed by estimating the RM burden, an index that reflects the body burden associated with RM exposure by determining the extent of covalent binding, clinical dose and in vivo clearance. The extent of covalent binding and RM burden was 296 pmol/mg/h and 37.9 mg/day, respectively. Flutamide was categorised as high risk with an RM burden >10 mg/day consistent with its clinical hepatotoxicity. These results indicate that a combination of covalent binding assay using 19F-NMR and RM burden is useful for the risk assessment of RMs without using radiolabelled compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kakutani
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwai
- Product Development Laboratories, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ohno
- Product Development Laboratories, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Satoru Kobayashi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Nomura
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Japan
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28
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Zhang C, Crawford JJ, Landry ML, Chen H, Kenny JR, Khojasteh SC, Lee W, Ma S, Young WB. Strategies to Mitigate the Bioactivation of Aryl Amines. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1950-1959. [PMID: 32508087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The bioactivation of xenobiotics to yield reactive metabolites can lead to tolerability and toxicity concerns within a drug discovery program. Development of strategies for mitigating the metabolic liability of commonly encountered toxicophores, such as anilines, relies on an understanding of the relative tendency of these functionalities to undergo bioactivation. In this report, we present the first systematic study of the structure-activity relationships of the bioactivation of aryl amine fragments (molecular weight < 250 Da) using a glutathione (GSH) trapping assay in the presence of human liver microsomes and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. This study demonstrates that conversion of anilines to nitrogen-containing heteroarylamines results in a lower abundance of GSH conjugates in the order phenyl > pyrimidine ≈ pyridine > pyridazine. Introduction of electron-withdrawing functionality on the aromatic ring had a less pronounced effect on the extent of GSH conjugation. Examination of more drug-like compounds sourced from in-house drug discovery programs revealed similar trends in bioactivation between matched pairs containing (hetero)aryl amines. This study provides medicinal chemists with insights and qualitative guidance for the minimization of risks related to aryl amine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghong Zhang
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James J Crawford
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew L Landry
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Huifen Chen
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jane R Kenny
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy Lee
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shuguang Ma
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy B Young
- Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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29
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Norman BH. Drug Induced Liver Injury (DILI). Mechanisms and Medicinal Chemistry Avoidance/Mitigation Strategies. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11397-11419. [PMID: 32511920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a common cause of attrition in drug discovery and development and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of preclinical and clinical drug terminations. This perspective outlines many of the known DILI mechanisms and assessment methods used to evaluate and mitigate DILI risk. Literature assessments and retrospective analyses using verified DILI-associated drugs from the Liver Tox Knowledge Base (LTKB) have been used to derive the predictive value of each end point, along with combination approaches of multiple methods. In vitro assays to assess inhibition of the bile salt export pump (BSEP), mitotoxicity, reactive metabolite (RM) formation, and hepatocyte cytolethality, along with physicochemical properties and clinical dose provide useful DILI predictivity. This Perspective also highlights some of the strategies used by medicinal chemists to reduce DILI risk during the optimization of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan H Norman
- Norman Drug Discovery Training and Consulting, LLC, 8540 Bluefin Circle, Indianapolis, Indiana 46236, United States
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30
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Walker PA, Ryder S, Lavado A, Dilworth C, Riley RJ. The evolution of strategies to minimise the risk of human drug-induced liver injury (DILI) in drug discovery and development. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2559-2585. [PMID: 32372214 PMCID: PMC7395068 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02763-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Early identification of toxicity associated with new chemical entities (NCEs) is critical in preventing late-stage drug development attrition. Liver injury remains a leading cause of drug failures in clinical trials and post-approval withdrawals reflecting the poor translation between traditional preclinical animal models and human clinical outcomes. For this reason, preclinical strategies have evolved over recent years to incorporate more sophisticated human in vitro cell-based models with multi-parametric endpoints. This review aims to highlight the evolution of the strategies adopted to improve human hepatotoxicity prediction in drug discovery and compares/contrasts these with recent activities in our lab. The key role of human exposure and hepatic drug uptake transporters (e.g. OATPs, OAT2) is also elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Walker
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd., No.24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK.
| | - Stephanie Ryder
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd., No.24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Andrea Lavado
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd., No.24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Clive Dilworth
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd., No.24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK.,Alderley Park Accelerator, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Robert J Riley
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd., No.24 Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
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31
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Managing the challenge of drug-induced liver injury: a roadmap for the development and deployment of preclinical predictive models. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 19:131-148. [DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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32
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Delafresnaye L, Bloesser FR, Kockler KB, Schmitt CW, Irshadeen IM, Barner‐Kowollik C. All Eyes on Visible‐Light Peroxyoxalate Chemiluminescence Read‐Out Systems. Chemistry 2019; 26:114-127. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Delafresnaye
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australia
| | - Fabian R. Bloesser
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australia
| | - Katrin B. Kockler
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australia
| | - Christian W. Schmitt
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australia
| | - Ishrath M. Irshadeen
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australia
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street QLD 4000 Brisbane Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstr. 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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Williams DP, Lazic SE, Foster AJ, Semenova E, Morgan P. Predicting Drug-Induced Liver Injury with Bayesian Machine Learning. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:239-248. [PMID: 31535850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug induced liver injury (DILI) can require significant risk management in drug development and on occasion can cause morbidity or mortality, leading to drug attrition. Optimizing candidates preclinically can minimize hepatotoxicity risk, but it is difficult to predict due to multiple etiologies encompassing DILI, often with multifactorial and overlapping mechanisms. In addition to epidemiological risk factors, physicochemical properties, dose, disposition, lipophilicity, and hepatic metabolic function are also relevant for DILI risk. Better human-relevant, predictive models are required to improve hepatotoxicity risk assessment in drug discovery. Our hypothesis is that integrating mechanistically relevant hepatic safety assays with Bayesian machine learning will improve hepatic safety risk prediction. We present a quantitative and mechanistic risk assessment for candidate nomination using data from in vitro assays (hepatic spheroids, BSEP, mitochondrial toxicity, and bioactivation), together with physicochemical (cLogP) and exposure (Cmaxtotal) variables from a chemically diverse compound set (33 no/low-, 40 medium-, and 23 high-severity DILI compounds). The Bayesian model predicts the continuous underlying DILI severity and uses a data-driven prior distribution over the parameters to prevent overfitting. The model quantifies the probability that a compound falls into either no/low-, medium-, or high-severity categories, with a balanced accuracy of 63% on held-out samples, and a continuous prediction of DILI severity along with uncertainty in the prediction. For a binary yes/no DILI prediction, the model has a balanced accuracy of 86%, a sensitivity of 87%, a specificity of 85%, a positive predictive value of 92%, and a negative predictive value of 78%. Combining physiologically relevant assays, improved alignment with FDA recommendations, and optimal statistical integration of assay data leads to improved DILI risk prediction.
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Mahmoud SY, Svensson F, Zoufir A, Módos D, Afzal AM, Bender A. Understanding Conditional Associations between ToxCast in Vitro Readouts and the Hepatotoxicity of Compounds Using Rule-Based Methods. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 33:137-153. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samar Y. Mahmoud
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Fredrik Svensson
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Azedine Zoufir
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Dezső Módos
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Avid M. Afzal
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Bender
- Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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Lauschke VM, Shafagh RZ, Hendriks DFG, Ingelman-Sundberg M. 3D Primary Hepatocyte Culture Systems for Analyses of Liver Diseases, Drug Metabolism, and Toxicity: Emerging Culture Paradigms and Applications. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800347. [PMID: 30957976 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that the maintenance of relevant liver functions ex vivo requires models in which the cells exhibit an in vivo-like phenotype, often achieved by reconstitution of appropriate cellular interactions. Multiple different models have been presented that differ in the cells utilized, media, and culture conditions. Furthermore, several technologically different approaches have been presented including bioreactors, chips, and plate-based systems in fluidic or static media constituting of chemically diverse materials. Using such models, the ability to predict drug metabolism, drug toxicity, and liver functionality have increased tremendously as compared to conventional in vitro models in which cells are cultured as 2D monolayers. Here, the authors highlight important considerations for microphysiological systems for primary hepatocyte culture, review current culture paradigms, and discuss their opportunities for studies of drug metabolism, hepatotoxicity, liver biology, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Biomedicum 5B, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reza Z Shafagh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Biomedicum 5B, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Delilah F G Hendriks
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Biomedicum 5B, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.,Present address: Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Centre (UMC) Utrecht, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacogenetics, Biomedicum 5B, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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Mizuno K, Takeuchi K, Umehara K, Nakajima M. Identification of Novel Metabolites of Vildagliptin in Rats: Thiazoline-Containing Thiol Adducts Formed via Cysteine or Glutathione Conjugation. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:809-817. [PMID: 31097424 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.086546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vildagliptin (VG), a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, is used for treating type 2 diabetes. On rare occasions, VG causes liver injury as an adverse reaction. One case report suggested the involvement of immune responses in the hepatotoxicity, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We recently reported that VG binds covalently in vitro to l-cysteine to produce a thiazoline acid metabolite, M407, implying that the covalent binding may trigger the immune-mediated hepatotoxicity. There was no evidence, however, that such a thiazoline acid metabolite was formed in vivo. In the present study, we administered a single oral dose of VG to male Sprague-Dawley rats, and detected M407 in plasma. The sum of urinary and fecal excretions of M407 reached approximately 2% of the dose 48 hours postdosing. Using bile duct-cannulated rats, we demonstrated that M407 was secreted into bile as a glucuronide, designated as M583. Another newly identified thiazoline metabolite of VG, the cysteinylglycine conjugate M464, was detected in urine, feces, and bile. The formation of M464 was confirmed by in vitro incubation of VG with glutathione even in the absence of metabolic enzymes. A glutathione adduct against the nitrile moiety M611 was also detected in vitro but not in vivo. In summary, we found three new thiazoline-containing thiol adduct metabolites in VG-administered rats. Nonenzymatic covalent binding of VG would likely occur in humans, and it may be relevant to predicting adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Mizuno
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, Japan (K.M., K.T.); Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, Japan (K.U.); Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa Japan (K.M., M.N.); and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (M.N.)
| | - Kenji Takeuchi
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, Japan (K.M., K.T.); Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, Japan (K.U.); Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa Japan (K.M., M.N.); and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (M.N.)
| | - Ken Umehara
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, Japan (K.M., K.T.); Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, Japan (K.U.); Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa Japan (K.M., M.N.); and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (M.N.)
| | - Miki Nakajima
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, Japan (K.M., K.T.); Nonclinical Research Center, Tokushima Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kawauchi-cho, Tokushima, Japan (K.U.); Drug Metabolism and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa Japan (K.M., M.N.); and WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan (M.N.)
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Vorrink SU, Zhou Y, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Lauschke VM. Prediction of Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity Using Long-Term Stable Primary Hepatic 3D Spheroid Cultures in Chemically Defined Conditions. Toxicol Sci 2019; 163:655-665. [PMID: 29590495 PMCID: PMC5974779 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High failure rates of drug candidates in the clinics, restricted-use warnings as well as withdrawals of drugs in postmarketing stages are of substantial concern for the pharmaceutical industry and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) constitutes one of the most frequent reasons for such safety failures. Importantly, as DILI cannot be accurately predicted using animal models, animal safety tests are commonly complemented with assessments in human in vitro systems. 3D spheroid cultures of primary human hepatocytes in chemically defined conditions, hereafter termed CD-spheroids, have recently emerged as a microphysiological model system in which hepatocytes retain their molecular phenotypes and hepatic functions for multiple weeks in culture. However, their predictive power for the detection of hepatotoxic liabilities has not been systematically assessed. Therefore, we here evaluated the hepatotoxicity of 123 drugs with or without direct implication in clinical DILI events. Importantly, using ATP quantifications as the single endpoint, the model accurately distinguished between hepatotoxic and nontoxic structural analogues and exceeded both sensitivity and specificity of all previously published in vitro assays at substantially lower exposure levels, successfully detecting 69% of all hepatotoxic compounds without producing any false positive results (100% specificity). Furthermore, the platform supports the culture of spheroids of primary hepatocytes from preclinical animal models, thereby allowing the identification of animal-specific toxicity events. We anticipate that CD-spheroids represent a powerful and versatile tool in drug discovery and preclinical drug development that can reliably flag hepatotoxic drug candidates and provide guidance for the selection of the most suitable animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine U Vorrink
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Yitian Zhou
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
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38
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Jiang H, Yang L, Xing X, Yan M, Guo X, Hou A, Man W, Yang B, Wang Q, Kuang H. A UPLC-MS/MS application for comparisons of the hepatotoxicity of raw and processed Xanthii Fructus by energy metabolites. RSC Adv 2019; 9:2756-2762. [PMID: 35520491 PMCID: PMC9059864 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08272c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ripe fruit of Xanthium strumarium L. (Xanthii Fructus) cannot be widely used as a Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) owing to its hepatotoxicity. However, Xanthii Fructus (XF) can be used effectively and safely after correct processing based on traditional experience, although a high hepatotoxicity risk remains owing to improper usage. Therefore, the processing methods used must be clarified to ensure safety. The adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) level in tissues is an important indicator reflecting the functional status of liver cells. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of XF using UPLC-MS/MS. The hepatotoxicity of raw XF (RXF) and XF processed by intermediary energy metabolites (PXF) is compared. The method is evaluated for its analytical performance and successfully applied to the quantification of ATP, adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP), adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP), atractyloside, and carboxyatractyloside in mouse liver. The hepatotoxicity results also indicate that the toxicity of XF is decreased after processing, perhaps due to the decrease in atractyloside and carboxyatractyloside contents. Importantly, the experimental evidence provides a rationale for the reduction in toxicity. These data show that mouse livers are damaged between the days 20 and 30 of RXF oral administration, and that the ATP level is decreased. Importantly, no significant difference is observed between the PXF treatment group and control group, while the RXF treatment group is significantly different. Therefore, processing can reduce the toxicity of XF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 PR China
| | - Liu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 PR China
| | - Xudong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 PR China
| | - Meiling Yan
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 PR China
| | - Xinyue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 PR China
| | - Ajiao Hou
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 PR China
| | - Wenjing Man
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 PR China
| | - Bingyou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 PR China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 PR China
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangzhou 528458 PR China
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 PR China
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Chen M, Zhu J, Ashby K, Wu L, Liu Z, Gong P, Zhang C, Borlak J, Hong H, Tong W. Predicting the Risks of Drug-Induced Liver Injury in Humans Utilizing Computational Modeling. CHALLENGES AND ADVANCES IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2019:259-278. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-16443-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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40
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Liu X, Fan N, Wu L, Wu C, Zhou Y, Li P, Tang B. Lighting up alkaline phosphatase in drug-induced liver injury using a new chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer nanoprobe. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12479-12482. [PMID: 30338324 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07211f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a new nanoprobe based on chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer for in vivo imaging of drug-induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP). This probe exhibits the perfect degrees of high sensitivity and specificity for real-time monitoring of ALP levels to directly evaluate drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Nannan Fan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Lijie Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Chuanchen Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Yongqing Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
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Identification of a novel metabolite of vildagliptin in humans: Cysteine targets the nitrile moiety to form a thiazoline ring. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:312-321. [PMID: 30172711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor vildagliptin (VG) is used to treat type 2 diabetes. In rare cases, VG-induced liver injury has been reported. One case report suggested that immune responses were involved in the hepatotoxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms of VG-induced hepatotoxicity are uncertain. In the present study, we investigated whether VG has the potential to covalently bind to macromolecules in cells, a process that could initiate immune-mediated hepatotoxicity. For comparison, M20.7, a major metabolite of VG, and other DPP-4 inhibitors were also evaluated. We found that VG and anagliptin (ANG), which both contain a cyanopyrrolidine moiety, rapidly reacted in non-enzymatic manners on co-incubation with l-cysteine. Both VG and ANG had half-lives of 20-30 min. In contrast, incubation with GSH, rather than l-cysteine, failed to decrease the concentrations of VG or ANG. M20.7, sitagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin, having no cyanopyrrolidine moiety, were stable on incubation with l-cysteine or GSH. Structural analysis of the VG- and ANG-cysteine adducts, designated M407 and M487, respectively, revealed that the nitrile moieties of VG and ANG were irreversibly converted to a thiazoline acid. In conclusion, we found that VG and ANG have the potential to covalently bind to a thiol residue of l-cysteine in proteins. Such binding may lead to unpredictable immune responses in humans. l-Cysteine, rather than GSH, would likely be useful to detect the potential for covalent binding that could initiate immune-mediated hepatotoxicity.
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Jiao X, Xiao Y, Li Y, Liang M, Xie X, Wang X, Tang B. Evaluating Drug-Induced Liver Injury and Its Remission via Discrimination and Imaging of HClO and H 2S with a Two-Photon Fluorescent Probe. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7510-7516. [PMID: 29781282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has aroused wide concern. Finding new markers or indicators as well as detoxification molecules for DILI is of great significance and good application prospect, which can help develop effective preclinical screening methodology and corresponding treatment protocols. Herein, in this article, DILI caused by antidepressant drugs of duloxetine and fluoxetine and its remission were evaluated by a two-photon fluorescent probe, RPC-1, through discriminating and imaging HClO and H2S simultaneously. By being applied both in vitro and in vivo, RPC-1 revealed slight up-regulation of HClO and negligible liver damage after administration of either of the two drugs. In contrast, an apparent up-regulation of HClO and obvious liver damage was observed after combined administration of the drugs. Meanwhile, the pretreatment of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) resulted in the increasing of endogenous H2S level, which contributed to the remission of DILI. The histological analysis and serological test both gave good consistency with the imaging results. These findings demonstrate that HClO may be an appropriate indicator of DILI, and H2S plays an important role in the antidotal effect of NAC. We envision that RPC-1 can be used as a powerful tool to predict clinical DILI and study the effect of antidote, as well as explore the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Jiao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China
| | - Yong Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China
| | - Muwen Liang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China
| | - Xilei Xie
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science , Shandong Normal University , Jinan 250014 , P. R. China
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Tong J, Mo QG, Ma BX, Ge LL, Zhou G, Wang YW. The protective effects of Cichorium glandulosum seed and cynarin against cyclophosphamide and its metabolite acrolein-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo and in vitro. Food Funct 2018; 8:209-219. [PMID: 27966724 DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01531j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CP) is a widely utilized chemotherapy drug. CP and its metabolite, acrolein, could induce hepatotoxicity. In this study, Cichorium glandulosum seed (CGS) effectively mitigated CP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Protection of cynarin, the major compound of CGS, against acrolein cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells was studied. Pretreatment with cynarin could improve cell survival against acrolein cytotoxicity. Cynarin restored the balance of glutathione (GSH) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inhibited mitochondrial depolarization. The kinetics of Nrf2 expression in cytosolic and nuclear fractions were observed after acrolein exposure. Intracellular Nrf2 expression was triggered within 6 h of exposure but did not translocate to the nucleus. Cynarin pretreatment ameliorated the expression and activity of GSH S-transferase and triggered Nrf2 nuclear translocation. In conclusion, treatment with CGS and cynarin protects liver injury against CP and acrolein hepatotoxicity via improvement of GSH activity and activation of the Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tong
- Institute of TCM and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
| | - Qi-Gui Mo
- Institute of TCM and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
| | - Bing-Xin Ma
- Institute of TCM and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
| | - Lan-Lan Ge
- Institute of TCM and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
| | - Gao Zhou
- Institute of TCM and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China.
| | - You-Wei Wang
- Institute of TCM and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China. and MOE Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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Reinen J, Smit M, Wenker M. Evaluation of Strategies for the Assessment of Drug–Drug Interactions Involving Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 43:737-750. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-018-0485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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45
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Leeson PD. Impact of Physicochemical Properties on Dose and Hepatotoxicity of Oral Drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:494-505. [PMID: 29722540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A database containing maximum daily doses of 1841 marketed oral drugs was used to examine the influence of physicochemical properties on dose and hepatotoxicity (drug induced liver injury, DILI). Drugs in the highest ∼20% dose range had significantly reduced mean lipophilicity and molecular weight, increased fractional surface area, increased % of acids, and decreased % of bases versus drugs in the lower ∼60% dose range. Drugs in the ∼20-40% dose range had intermediate mean properties, similar to the mean values for the full drug set. Drugs that are both large and highly lipophilic almost invariably do not have doses in the upper ∼20% range. The results show that oral druglike physicochemical properties are different according to these dose ranges, and this is consistent with maintenance of acceptable safety profiles as efficacious exposure increases. Verified DILI annotations from a compilation of >1000 approved drugs (Chen, M.; et al. Drug Discov. Today, 2016, 21, 648 ) were used. The drugs classified as "No DILI" ( n = 163) had significantly lower dose and lipophilicity, and higher Fsp3 (fraction of carbon atoms that are sp3 hybridized) versus the "Most DILI" ( n = 163) drugs. The percentages of acids were reduced and bases increased in the "No DILI" versus the "Most DILI" groups. Drugs classified as "Less DILI" or "Ambiguous DILI" had intermediate mean values of dose, lipophilicity, Fsp3, and % acids and bases. The impact of lipophilicity and Fsp3 on DILI increases in the upper 20% versus the lower 80% dose range, and a simple decision tree model predicted "No DILI" versus "Most DILI" outcomes with 82% accuracy. The model correctly classified 19 of 22 drugs (86%) that failed in development due to human hepatotoxicity. Because many oral drugs lacking DILI annotations are predicted to be "Most DILI", the model is best used preclinically in conjunction with experimental DILI mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Leeson
- Paul Leeson Consulting Ltd , The Malt House, Main Street, Congerstone , Nuneaton, Warks CV13 6LZ , U.K
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46
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Claesson A, Minidis A. Systematic Approach to Organizing Structural Alerts for Reactive Metabolite Formation from Potential Drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:389-411. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alf Claesson
- Awametox AB, Lilldalsvägen 17 A, SE-14461 Rönninge, Sweden
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Norman BH, Fisher MJ, Schiffler MA, Kuklish SL, Hughes NE, Czeskis BA, Cassidy KC, Abraham TL, Alberts JJ, Luffer-Atlas D. Identification and Mitigation of Reactive Metabolites of 2-Aminoimidazole-Containing Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 Inhibitors Terminated Due to Clinical Drug-Induced Liver Injury. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2041-2051. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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48
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Light DS, Aleo MD, Kenna JG. Interpretation, Integration, and Implementation of In Vitro Assay Data: The Predictive Toxicity Challenge. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7677-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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49
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Identification of enzymes responsible for nitrazepam metabolism and toxicity in human. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 140:150-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.06.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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50
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Hunt CM, Papay JI, Stanulovic V, Regev A. Drug rechallenge following drug-induced liver injury. Hepatology 2017; 66:646-654. [PMID: 28295448 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Drug-induced hepatocellular injury is identified internationally by alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels equal to or exceeding 5× the upper limit of normal (ULN) appearing within 3 months of drug initiation, after alternative causes are excluded. Upon withdrawing the suspect drug, ALT generally decrease by 50% or more. With drug readministration, a positive rechallenge has recently been defined by an ALT level of 3-5× ULN or greater. Nearly 50 drugs are associated with positive rechallenge after drug-induced liver injury (DILI): antimicrobials; and central nervous system, cardiovascular and oncology therapeutics. Drugs associated with high rates of positive rechallenge exhibit multiple risk factors: daily dose >50 mg, an increased incidence of ALT elevations in clinical trials, immunoallergic clinical injury, and mitochondrial impairment in vitro. These drug factors interact with personal genetic, immune, and metabolic factors to influence positive rechallenge rates and outcomes. Drug rechallenge following drug-induced liver injury is associated with up to 13% mortality in prospective series of all prescribed drugs. In recent oncology trials, standardized systems have enabled safer drug rechallenge with weekly liver chemistry monitoring during the high-risk period and exclusion of patients with hypersensitivity. However, high positive rechallenge rates with other innovative therapeutics suggest that caution should be taken with rechallenge of high-risk drugs. CONCLUSION For critical medicines, drug rechallenge may be appropriate when 1) no safer alternatives are available, 2) the objective benefit exceeds the risk, and 3) patients are fully informed and consent, can adhere to follow-up, and alert providers to hepatitis symptoms. To better understand rechallenge outcomes and identify key risk factors for positive rechallenge, additional data are needed from controlled clinical trials, prospective registries, and large health care databases. (Hepatology 2017;66:646-654).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Hunt
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.,Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Julie I Papay
- Global Patient Safety, UCB BioSciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Vid Stanulovic
- Accelsiors Clinical Research Organization and Consultancy, Budapest, Hungary.,Semmelweis University School of Pharmacy, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Arie Regev
- Global Patient Safety, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN
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