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Möller C, Virzi J, Chang YJ, Keidel A, Chao MR, Hu CW, Cooke MS. DNA modifications: Biomarkers for the exposome? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104449. [PMID: 38636743 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The concept of the exposome is the encompassing of all the environmental exposures, both exogenous and endogenous, across the life course. Many, if not all, of these exposures can result in the generation of reactive species, and/or the modulation of cellular processes, that can lead to a breadth of modifications of DNA, the nature of which may be used to infer their origin. Because of their role in cell function, such modifications have been associated with various major human diseases, including cancer, and so their assessment is crucial. Historically, most methods have been able to only measure one or a few DNA modifications at a time, limiting the information available. With the development of DNA adductomics, which aims to determine the totality of DNA modifications, a far more comprehensive picture of the DNA adduct burden can be gained. Importantly, DNA adductomics can facilitate a "top-down" investigative approach whereby patterns of adducts may be used to trace and identify the originating exposure source. This, together with other 'omic approaches, represents a major tool for unraveling the complexities of the exposome and hence allow a better a understanding of the environmental origins of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Möller
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - Jazmine Virzi
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Yuan-Jhe Chang
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Alexandra Keidel
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Mu-Rong Chao
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Occupational Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Wen Hu
- Department of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Marcus S Cooke
- Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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2
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Kung RW, Takyi NA, Wetmore SD. Effects of a Second Local DNA Damage Event on the Toxicity of the Human Carcinogen 4-Aminobiphenyl: A Molecular Dynamics Study of a Damaged DNA Structure. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:499-511. [PMID: 35147430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of humans to carcinogenic aromatic amines (AAs) occurs daily. AAs are bioactivated in cells into products that attack DNA, primarily leading to N-linked C8-dG adducts. Previous work on DNA containing a single AA-derived adduct (monoadducted DNA) has shown a structure-function relationship between the damaged DNA conformation and cellular outcomes. However, relatively little is known about the conformation and biological outcomes of DNA containing two bulky adducts (diadducted DNA) in close proximity. To fill this current void in the literature, the present work uses quintuplet 0.5 μs MD simulations to understand the structural impact of DNA exposure to the potent bladder carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl (ABP), which is found in cigarette smoke and select dyes, and results in the widely studied N-linked ABPdG adduct. Specifically, 18 unique DNA duplexes were investigated that contain one or two ABPdG adducts in the anti and/or syn glycosidic orientation(s) in all combinations of three G positions in the NarI mutation hotspot for AAs (5'-G1G2CG3CC). Monoadducted DNA displays sequence-dependent conformational heterogeneity, with the G1 site having the greatest anti preference, and highlights the range of helical structures associated with the syn lesion orientation [i.e., stacked (S), intercalated (I), and wedge (W) conformations]. Diadducted DNA results in interesting lesion separation effects on the conformational heterogeneity, including a greater anti preference for neighboring adducts (G1G2) and a greater syn preference for next-nearest neighbor damaged sites (G2G3) compared to monoadducted DNA. As a result, an increase in the number of ABPdG adducts changes the conformational heterogeneity of ABP-exposed DNA depending on the relative positions of the lesions and thereby could result in increased or decreased toxicity upon human exposure to elevated levels of ABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Kung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Nathania A Takyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Stacey D Wetmore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
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Lu K, Hsiao YC, Liu CW, Schoeny R, Gentry R, Starr TB. A Review of Stable Isotope Labeling and Mass Spectrometry Methods to Distinguish Exogenous from Endogenous DNA Adducts and Improve Dose-Response Assessments. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 35:7-29. [PMID: 34910474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains the second most frequent cause of death in human populations worldwide, which has been reflected in the emphasis placed on management of risk from environmental chemicals considered to be potential human carcinogens. The formation of DNA adducts has been considered as one of the key events of cancer, and persistence and/or failure of repair of these adducts may lead to mutation, thus initiating cancer. Some chemical carcinogens can produce DNA adducts, and DNA adducts have been used as biomarkers of exposure. However, DNA adducts of various types are also produced endogenously in the course of normal metabolism. Since both endogenous physiological processes and exogenous exposure to xenobiotics can cause DNA adducts, the differentiation of the sources of DNA adducts can be highly informative for cancer risk assessment. This review summarizes a highly applicable methodology, termed stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry (SILMS), that is superior to previous methods, as it not only provides absolute quantitation of DNA adducts but also differentiates the exogenous and endogenous origins of DNA adducts. SILMS uses stable isotope-labeled substances for exposure, followed by DNA adduct measurement with highly sensitive mass spectrometry. Herein, the utilities and advantage of SILMS have been demonstrated by the rich data sets generated over the last two decades in improving the risk assessment of chemicals with DNA adducts being induced by both endogenous and exogenous sources, such as formaldehyde, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, and ethylene oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Lu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Yun-Chung Hsiao
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Chih-Wei Liu
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rita Schoeny
- Rita Schoeny LLC, 726 Fifth Street NE, Washington, D.C. 20002, United States
| | - Robinan Gentry
- Ramboll US Consulting, Inc., Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Thomas B Starr
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,TBS Associates, 7500 Rainwater Road, Raleigh, North Carolina 27615, United States
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4
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Rose S, Cuvellier M, Ezan F, Carteret J, Bruyère A, Legagneux V, Nesslany F, Baffet G, Langouët S. DMSO-free highly differentiated HepaRG spheroids for chronic toxicity, liver functions and genotoxicity studies. Arch Toxicol 2021; 96:243-258. [PMID: 34762139 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The liver is essential in the elimination of environmental and food contaminants. Given the interspecies differences between rodents and humans, the development of relevant in vitro human models is crucial to investigate liver functions and toxicity in cells that better reflect pathophysiological processes. Classically, the differentiation of the hepatic HepaRG cell line requires high concentration of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which restricts its usefulness for drug-metabolism studies. Herein, we describe undifferentiated HepaRG cells embedded in a collagen matrix in DMSO-free conditions that rapidly organize into polarized hollow spheroids of differentiated hepatocyte-like cells (Hepoid-HepaRG). Our conditions allow concomitant proliferation with high levels of liver-specific functions and xenobiotic metabolism enzymes expression and activities after a few days of culture and for at least 4 weeks. By studying the toxicity of well-known injury-inducing drugs by treating cells with 1- to 100-fold of their plasmatic concentrations, we showed appropriate responses and demonstrate the sensitivity to drugs known to induce various degrees of liver injury. Our results also demonstrated that the model is well suited to estimate cholestasis and steatosis effects of drugs following chronic treatment. Additionally, DNA alterations caused by four genotoxic compounds (Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), Benzo[a]Pyrene (B[a]P), Cyclophosphamide (CPA) and Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS)) were quantified in a dose-dependent manner by the comet and micronucleus assays. Their genotoxic effects were significantly increased after either an acute 24 h treatment (AFB1: 1.5-6 μM, CPA: 2.5-10 μM, B[a]P: 12.5-50 μM, MMS: 90-450 μM) or after a 14-day treatment at much lower concentrations (AFB1: 0.05-0.2 μM, CPA: 0.125-0.5 μM, B[a]P: 0.125-0.5 μM) representative to human exposure. Altogether, the DMSO-free 3D culture of Hepoid-HepaRG provides highly differentiated and proliferating cells relevant for various toxicological in vitro assays, especially for drug-preclinical studies and environmental chemicals risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Rose
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Marie Cuvellier
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Ezan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Jennifer Carteret
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Arnaud Bruyère
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Legagneux
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Fabrice Nesslany
- Genotoxicology Department, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1, Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Georges Baffet
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Sophie Langouët
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France.
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Conan M, Théret N, Langouet S, Siegel A. Constructing xenobiotic maps of metabolism to predict enzymes catalyzing metabolites capable of binding to DNA. BMC Bioinformatics 2021; 22:450. [PMID: 34548010 PMCID: PMC8454073 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-021-04363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The liver plays a major role in the metabolic activation of xenobiotics (drugs, chemicals such as pollutants, pesticides, food additives...). Among environmental contaminants of concern, heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) are xenobiotics classified by IARC as possible or probable carcinogens (2A or 2B). There exist little information about the effect of these HAA in humans. While HAA is a family of more than thirty identified chemicals, the metabolic activation and possible DNA adduct formation have been fully characterized in human liver for only a few of them (MeIQx, PhIP, A\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\alpha$$\end{document}αC). Results We have developed a modeling approach in order to predict all the possible metabolites of a xenobiotic and enzymatic profiles that are linked to the production of metabolites able to bind DNA. Our prediction of metabolites approach relies on the construction of an enriched and annotated map of metabolites from an input metabolite.The pipeline assembles reaction prediction tools (SyGMa), sites of metabolism prediction tools (Way2Drug, SOMP and Fame 3), a tool to estimate the ability of a xenobotics to form DNA adducts (XenoSite Reactivity V1), and a filtering procedure based on Bayesian framework. This prediction pipeline was evaluated using caffeine and then applied to HAA. The method was applied to determine enzymes profiles associated with the maximization of metabolites derived from each HAA which are able to bind to DNA. The classification of HAA according to enzymatic profiles was consistent with their chemical structures. Conclusions Overall, a predictive toxicological model based on an in silico systems biology approach opens perspectives to estimate the genotoxicity of various chemical classes of environmental contaminants. Moreover, our approach based on enzymes profile determination opens the possibility of predicting various xenobiotics metabolites susceptible to bind to DNA in both normal and physiopathological situations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12859-021-04363-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mael Conan
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET, Rennes, France.,Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires, Univ Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France
| | - Nathalie Théret
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET, Rennes, France.,Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires, Univ Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Langouet
- Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail, Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET, Rennes, France.
| | - Anne Siegel
- Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires, Univ Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, Rennes, France.
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6
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Wahyuni EA, Chen CY, Wu HN, Chien CC, Chen SC. Propolis alleviates 4-aminobiphenyl-induced oxidative DNA damage by inhibition of CYP2E1 expression in human liver cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:1504-1513. [PMID: 33847444 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
4-Aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) may cause DNA damage in human liver cells (HepG2 and L-02). Propolis exhibits antioxidant properties through reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. We determined the effects of propolis in alleviating 4-ABP -induced DNA damage using the comet assay. Results revealed that propolis could significantly alleviated oxidative damaged DNA by 4-ABP. Furthermore, we proved that inhibition of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) expression by propolis could contribute to the decreased oxidative DNA damage in the treated cells, as the conversion of 4-ABP into its metabolite, N-hydroxy-ABP (HOABP), was blocked; after all, HOABP showed more genotoxic than its parent chemical, 4-ABP. With the homologous recombination assay, propolis failed to induce DNA repair enzymes. Furthermore, the expression of RAD51, Ku70/Ku80, and OGG1 in treated cells were determined with the western blot, revealing that the expression of these protein were unchanged in comparison with those in nontreated cells. However, propolis could protect the treated cells from DNA damage. In conclusion, propolis could antagonize 4-ABP-induced oxidative DNA damage though the removal of ROS and inhibition of CYP2E1 expression in the treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ari Wahyuni
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Natural Science Education, University of Trunojoyo Madura, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Chien Yi Chen
- Department of Applied Physics and Chemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huery Nuo Wu
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Chien
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Ching Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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7
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Uche UI, Suzuki S, Fulda KG, Zhou Z. Environment-wide association study on childhood obesity in the U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110109. [PMID: 32841636 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is a national public health issue with increasing prevalence. It has been linked to diet, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility, with more recent evidence that it could also result from environmental factors. Studies linking it to environmental factors are limited, unsystematic, incomprehensive, and inconclusive. OBJECTIVE To conduct an environment-wide association study (EWAS) to comprehensively investigate all the environmental factors available in a nationally representative sample of children to determine factors associated with childhood obesity. METHODS We utilized the 1999-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) datasets and included all children/adolescents (6-17 years). Obesity was measured using body mass index and waist to height ratio. A multinomial and binary logistic regression were used adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, creatinine, calorie intake, physical activity, screen time, limitation to physical activities, and socioeconomic status. We then controlled for multiple hypothesis testing and validated our findings on a different cohort of children. RESULTS We found that metals such as beryllium (OR: 3.305 CI: 1.460-7.479) and platinum (OR: 1.346 CI: 1.107-1.636); vitamins such as gamma-tocopherol (OR: 8.297 CI: 5.683-12.114) and delta-tocopherol (OR: 1.841 CI:1.476-2.297); heterocyclic aromatic amines such as 2-Amino-9H-pyrido (2,3-b) indole (OR: 1.323 CI: 1.083-1.617) and 2-Amino-3-methyl-9H-pyriodo(2,3-b)indole (OR: 2.799 CI: 1.442-5.433); polycyclic aromatic amines such as 9- fluorene (OR: 1.509 CI: 1.230-1.851) and 4-phenanthrene (OR: 2.828 CI: 1.632-4.899); and caffeine metabolites such as 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid (OR: 1.22 CI: 1.029-1.414) and 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine (OR: 1.258 CI: 1.075-1.473) were positively and significantly associated with childhood obesity. CONCLUSION Following the unique concept of EWAS, certain environmental factors were associated with childhood obesity. Further studies are required to confirm these associations while investigating their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uloma Igara Uche
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| | - Sumihiro Suzuki
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kimberly G Fulda
- Department of Family Medicine and Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine; North Texas Primary Care Practice-Based Research Network (NorTex) University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Zhengyang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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8
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Hernandez-Castillo C, Termini J, Shuck S. DNA Adducts as Biomarkers To Predict, Prevent, and Diagnose Disease-Application of Analytical Chemistry to Clinical Investigations. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:286-307. [PMID: 31638384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of the chemistry, structure, formation, and metabolism of DNA adducts has been one of the most significant contributions to the field of chemical toxicology. This work provides the foundation to develop analytical methods to measure DNA adducts, define their relationship to disease, and establish clinical tests. Monitoring exposure to environmental and endogenous toxicants can predict, diagnose, and track disease as well as guide therapeutic treatment. DNA adducts are one of the most promising biomarkers of toxicant exposure owing to their stability, appearance in numerous biological matrices, and characteristic analytical properties. In addition, DNA adducts can induce mutations to drive disease onset and progression and can serve as surrogate markers of chemical exposure. In this perspective, we highlight significant advances made within the past decade regarding DNA adduct quantitation using mass spectrometry. We hope to expose a broader audience to this field and encourage analytical chemistry laboratories to explore how specific adducts may be related to various pathologies. One of the limiting factors in developing clinical tests to measure DNA adducts is cohort size; ideally, the cohort would allow for model development and then testing of the model to the remaining cohort. The goals of this perspective article are to (1) provide a summary of analyte levels measured using state-of-the-art analytical methods, (2) foster collaboration, and (3) highlight areas in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hernandez-Castillo
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - John Termini
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Duarte , California 91010 , United States
| | - Sarah Shuck
- Department of Molecular Medicine , Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope Duarte , California 91010 , United States
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9
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Kirkok SK, Kibet JK, Okanga F, Kinyanjui T, Nyamori V. Mechanistic formation of hazardous molecular heterocyclic amines from high temperature pyrolysis of model biomass materials: cellulose and tyrosine. BMC Chem 2019; 13:126. [PMID: 31728453 PMCID: PMC6842190 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0644-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Research inventories on the co-pyrolysis of major biomass components such as cellulose with amino acid materials is scarce in literature despite the fact that such studies are critical in understanding toxic product relations from high temperature cooking, combustion of bio-fuels, cigarette smoking and forest fires. This paper explores, quantitatively, the yields of heterocyclic nitrogenated molecular reaction products of grave mutagenetic concern from the co-pyrolysis of model biomass materials; tyrosine and cellulose. Research has established that heterocyclic amines such as isocyanates are mutagens as well precursors for asthma, and other respiratory disorders. Methods An equimassic mixture of tyrosine and cellulose (50 ± 2 mg) by weight were pyrolyzed in a tubular quartz reactor in flowing nitrogen at 1 atm. Besides, varying combinations of tyrosine and cellulose in the ratios 3:1 and 1:3 were also explored for comparison. The reaction time was set at 2 s so as to simulate combustions events in nature. The pyrolysate was collected over 5 mL dichloromethane and characterized using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer detector. Results Evidently, it was noted that 1-methylindazole was released in high yields at 300 °C, constituting ~ 300 µg in the entire pyrolysis temperature range (200–700 °C). Nonetheless, isoindazole gave the highest yield ~ 730 µg while 1-naphthyl isocyanate gave a total yield of ~ 336 µg in the same temperature range. Remarkably, the change in char yield between 300 and 450 °C for the pyrolysis of 25% tyrosine in 75% cellulose was found to be ~ 48% whereas the change in char yield for the pyrolysis of 75% tyrosine in 25% cellulose was 49%. Conclusion The char and tar yields considered important residues of biomass burning have been reported in this study and found to be consistent with other research output in literature. The striking similarities of % yield of char across all temperatures for various combinations was the most significant observation in this investigation—char yield was independent of the mixing ratio during pyrolysis. From a mechanistic standpoint, it was noted that tyrosine inhibited cellulose based nitrogenated products. Thus N-products dominated the O-products.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel K Kirkok
- 1Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, Egerton, P.O Box 536, Nakuru, 20115 Kenya
| | - Joshua K Kibet
- 1Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, Egerton, P.O Box 536, Nakuru, 20115 Kenya
| | - Francis Okanga
- 1Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, Egerton, P.O Box 536, Nakuru, 20115 Kenya
| | - Thomas Kinyanjui
- 1Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, Egerton, P.O Box 536, Nakuru, 20115 Kenya
| | - Vincent Nyamori
- 2School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000 South Africa
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10
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Tang Y, Zhang JL. Recent developments in DNA adduct analysis using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:31-55. [PMID: 31573133 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The formation of DNA adducts by genotoxic agents is an early event in cancer development, and it may lead to gene mutations, thereby initiating tumor development. The measurement of DNA adducts can provide critical information about the genotoxic potential of a chemical and its mechanism of carcinogenesis. In recent decades, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry has become the most important technique for analyzing DNA adducts. The improvements in resolution achievable with new chromatographic separation techniques coupled with the high specificity and sensitivity and wide dynamic range of new mass spectrometry systems have been used for both qualitative and quantitative analyses of DNA adducts. This review discusses the challenges in qualitative and quantitative analyses of DNA adducts by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and highlights recent developments towards overcoming the limitations of liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry methods. The key steps and new solutions, such as sample preparation, mass spectrometry fragmentation, and method validation, are summarized. In addition, the fundamental principles and latest advances in DNA adductomic approaches are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Lan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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11
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Recent technical and biological development in the analysis of biomarker N-deoxyguanosine-C8-4-aminobiphenyl. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1087-1088:49-60. [PMID: 29709872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
4-Aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) which is primarily formed during tobacco combustion and overheated meat is a major carcinogen responsible for various cancers. Its adducted form, N-deoxyguanosine-C8-4-aminobiphenyl (dG-C8-4-ABP), has long been employed as a biomarker for assessment of the risk for cancer. In this review, the metabolism and carcinogenisity of 4-ABP will be discussed, followed by a discussion of the current common approaches of analyzing dG-C8-4-ABP. The major part of this review will be on the history and recent development of key methods for detection and quantitation of dG-C8-4-ABP in complex biological samples and their biological applications, from the traditional 2P-postlabelling and immunoassay methods to modern liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with the latter as the focus. Many vital biological discoveries based on dG-C8-4-ABP have been published by using the nanoLC-MS with column switching platform in our laboratory, which has also been adopted and further improved by many other researchers. We hope this review can provide a perspective of the challenges that had to be addressed in reaching our present goals and possibly bring new ideas for those who are still working on the frontline of DNA adducts area.
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Cai T, Bellamri M, Ming X, Koh WP, Yu MC, Turesky RJ. Quantification of Hemoglobin and White Blood Cell DNA Adducts of the Tobacco Carcinogens 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole and 4-Aminobiphenyl Formed in Humans by Nanoflow Liquid Chromatography/Ion Trap Multistage Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1333-1343. [PMID: 28493705 PMCID: PMC5550894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic amines covalently bound to hemoglobin (Hb) as sulfinamide adducts at the cysteine 93 residue of the Hb β chain have served as biomarkers to assess exposure to this class of human carcinogens for the past 30 years. In this study, we report that 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC), an abundant carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine formed in tobacco smoke and charred cooked meats, also reacts with Hb to form a sulfinamide adduct. A novel nanoflow liquid chromatography/ion trap multistage mass spectrometry (nanoLC-IT/MS3) method was established to assess exposure to AαC and the tobacco-associated bladder carcinogen 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) through their Hb sulfinamide adducts. Following mild acid hydrolysis of Hb in vitro, the liberated AαC and 4-ABP were derivatized with acetic anhydride to form the N-acetylated amines, which were measured by nanoLC-IT/MS3. The limits of quantification (LOQ) for AαC- and 4-ABP-Hb sulfinamide adducts were ≤7.1 pg/g Hb. In a pilot study, the mean level of Hb sulfinamide adducts of AαC and 4-ABP were, respectively, 3.4-fold and 4.8-fold higher in smokers (>20 cigarettes/day) than nonsmokers. In contrast, the major DNA adducts of 4-ABP, N-(2'-deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-aminobiphenyl, and AαC, N-(2'-deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole, were below the LOQ (3 adducts per 109 bases) in white blood cell (WBC) DNA of smokers and nonsmokers. These findings reaffirm that tobacco smoke is a major source of exposure to AαC. Hb sulfinamide adducts are suitable biomarkers to biomonitor 4-ABP and AαC; however, neither carcinogen binds to DNA in WBC, even in heavy smokers, at levels sufficient for biomonitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cai
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
| | - Medjda Bellamri
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
| | - Xun Ming
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Department of Clinical Sciences, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117549
| | - Mimi C. Yu
- Norris Cancer Center and Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States, 90033 “Retired.”
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
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Bellamri M, Le Hegarat L, Turesky RJ, Langouët S. Metabolism of the Tobacco Carcinogen 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) in Primary Human Hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:657-668. [PMID: 27976871 PMCID: PMC5439433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) is the most abundant carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA) formed in mainstream tobacco smoke. AαC is a liver carcinogen in rodents, but its carcinogenic potential in humans is not known. To obtain a better understanding of the genotoxicity of AαC in humans, we have investigated its metabolism and its ability to form DNA adducts in human hepatocytes. Primary human hepatocytes were treated with AαC at doses ranging from 0.1-50 μM, and the metabolites were characterized by ultra-performance LC/ion trap multistage mass spectrometry (UPLC/MSn). Six major metabolites were identified: a ring-oxidized doubly conjugated metabolite, N2-acetyl-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole-6-yl-oxo-(β-d-glucuronic acid) (N2-acetyl-AαC-6-O-Gluc); two ring-oxidized glucuronide (Gluc) conjugates: 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-3-yl-oxo-(β-d-glucuronic acid) (AαC-3-O-Gluc) and 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-6-yl-oxo-(β-d-glucuronic acid) (AαC-6-O-Gluc); two sulfate conjugates, 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-3-yl sulfate (AαC-3-O-SO3H) and 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-6-yl sulfate (AαC-6-O-SO3H); and the Gluc conjugate, N2-(β-d-glucosidurony1)-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC-N2-Gluc). In addition, four minor metabolites were identified: N2-acetyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-3-yl sulfate (N2-acetyl-AαC-3-O-SO3H), N2-acetyl-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-6-yl sulfate (N2-acetyl-AαC-6-O-SO3H), N2-acetyl-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-3-yl-oxo-(β-d-glucuronic acid) (N2-acetyl-AαC-3-O-Gluc), and O-(β-d-glucosidurony1)-2-hydroxyamino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC-HN2-O-Gluc). The latter metabolite, AαC-HN2-O-Gluc is a reactive intermediate that binds to DNA to form the covalent adduct N-(2'-deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (dG-C8-AαC). Preincubation of hepatocytes with furafylline, a selective mechanism-based inhibitor of P450 1A2, resulted in a strong decrease in the formation of AαC-HN2-O-Gluc and a concomitant decrease in DNA adduct formation. Our findings describe the major pathways of metabolism of AαC in primary human hepatocytes and reveal the importance of N-acetylation and glucuronidation in metabolism of AαC. P450 1A2 is a major isoform involved in the bioactivation of AαC to form the reactive AαC-HN2-O-Gluc conjugate and AαC-DNA adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medjda Bellamri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1085, Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, UMS 3480 Biosit, F-35043 Rennes, France
- ANSES Laboratoire de Fougères, La Haute Marche-Javené, BP 90203, 350302 Fougères, France
| | - Ludovic Le Hegarat
- ANSES Laboratoire de Fougères, La Haute Marche-Javené, BP 90203, 350302 Fougères, France
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiology Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sophie Langouët
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1085, Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, UMS 3480 Biosit, F-35043 Rennes, France
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Bellamri M, Le Hegarat L, Vernhet L, Baffet G, Turesky RJ, Langouët S. Human T lymphocytes bioactivate heterocyclic aromatic amines by forming DNA adducts. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:656-667. [PMID: 27801952 PMCID: PMC5123841 DOI: 10.1002/em.22059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) are formed in cooked meat, poultry and fish but also arise in tobacco smoke and exhaust gases. HAA are potential human carcinogens, which require metabolic activation to exert their genotoxicity. Human tissues can bioactivate HAA to produce reactive intermediates that bind to DNA. HAA DNA adduct formation occurs in human hepatocytes; however, the potential of HAA to form DNA adducts has not been investigated in human T lymphocytes. In this study, we investigated the ability of human T lymphocytes activated with PMA/Ionomycin or CD3/CD28 to express functional CYP1 activity and bioactivate three major HAA: 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), and 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) to form DNA adducts. Adducts were measured by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/multistage scan mass spectrometry. The highest level of DNA adducts occurred for AαC (16 adducts per 109 nucleotides), followed by PhIP (9 adducts per 109 nucleotides). In contrast, DNA adducts formed from MeIQx and the structurally related aromatic amine 4-aminobiphenyl, a known human carcinogen, were below the limit of detection (< 3 adducts per 109 nucleotides). Moreover, we demonstrate that AαC is a potent inducer of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 activity through a transcriptional mechanism involving the AhR pathway. Overall, our results highlight the capacity of activated human T lymphocytes to more efficiently bioactivate AαC to form DNA adducts than other prominent HAA or 4-ABP. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:656-667, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medjda Bellamri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1085, Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, UMS 3480 Biosit, F-35043 Rennes, France
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères, France
| | - Ludovic Le Hegarat
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères, France
| | - Laurent Vernhet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1085, Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, UMS 3480 Biosit, F-35043 Rennes, France
| | - Georges Baffet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1085, Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, UMS 3480 Biosit, F-35043 Rennes, France
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer and Cardiology Research Building, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sophie Langouët
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1085, Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, UMS 3480 Biosit, F-35043 Rennes, France
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Sophie Langouët, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), U1085, Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement et Travail (IRSET), Université de Rennes 1, 2 avenue du Pr L Bernard,, F-35043 Rennes, France. Tel: 02 23 23 48 06;
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Smolensky D, Rathore K, Cekanova M. Molecular targets in urothelial cancer: detection, treatment, and animal models of bladder cancer. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:3305-3322. [PMID: 27784990 PMCID: PMC5063594 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s112113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer remains one of the most expensive cancers to treat in the United States due to the length of required treatment and degree of recurrence. In order to treat bladder cancer more effectively, targeted therapies are being investigated. In order to use targeted therapy in a patient, it is important to provide a genetic background of the patient. Recent advances in genome sequencing, as well as transcriptome analysis, have identified major pathway components altered in bladder cancer. The purpose of this review is to provide a broad background on bladder cancer, including its causes, diagnosis, stages, treatments, animal models, as well as signaling pathways in bladder cancer. The major focus is given to the PI3K/AKT pathway, p53/pRb signaling pathways, and the histone modification machinery. Because several promising immunological therapies are also emerging in the treatment of bladder cancer, focus is also given on general activation of the immune system for the treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Smolensky
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Kusum Rathore
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Maria Cekanova
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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16
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Manderville RA, Wetmore SD. C-Linked 8-aryl guanine nucleobase adducts: biological outcomes and utility as fluorescent probes. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3482-3493. [PMID: 29997840 PMCID: PMC6007177 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00053c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl radical species derived from enzymatic transformations of aromatic mutagens preferentially react at the 8-site of the guanine (G) nucleobase to afford carbon-linked 8arylG adducts. The resulting lesions possess altered biophysical and genetic coding properties compared to the precursor G nucleoside in B-form DNA. Unlike other adducts, these lesions also possess useful fluorescent properties, since direct attachment of the 8aryl ring extends the purine π-system to afford G mimics with red-shifted excitation maxima and emission that can be sensitive to the microenvironment of the 8arylG base within nucleic acid structures. In B-form DNA, 8arylG adducts are disruptive to duplex formation because they prefer to adopt the syn-conformation about the bond connecting the nucleobase to the deoxyribose backbone, which perturbs Watson-Crick (WC) H-bonding with the opposing cytosine (C). Thus, in a B-form duplex, the emissive properties of 8arylG adducts can be employed as a tool to provide insight into adduct conformation, which can be related to their biological outcomes. However, since Gs preferentially adopt the syn-conformation in left-handed Z-DNA and antiparallel G-quadruplex (GQ) structures, 8arylG lesions can be inserted into syn-G positions without disrupting H-bonding interactions. In fact, 8arylG lesions can serve as ideal fluorescent probes in an antiparallel GQ because their emission is sensitive to GQ folding. This perspective outlines recent developments in the biological implications of 8arylG formation together with their utility as fluorescent G analogs for use in DNA-based diagnostic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Manderville
- Department of Chemistry & Toxicology , University of Guelph , Guelph , ON , Canada N1G 2W1 .
| | - Stacey D Wetmore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Lethbridge , Lethbridge , AB , Canada T1K 3M4 .
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Abstract
2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) are carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) that arise during the burning of tobacco and cooking of meats. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) detoxicate many procarcinogens and their metabolites. The genotoxic N-hydroxylated metabolite of AαC, 2-hydroxyamino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (HONH-AαC), undergoes glucuronidation to form the isomeric glucuronide (Gluc) conjugates N(2)-(β-d-glucosidurony1)-2-hydroxyamino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC-HON(2)-Gluc) and O-(β-d-glucosidurony1)-2-hydroxyamino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC-HN(2)-O-Gluc). AαC-HON(2)-Gluc is a stable metabolite but AαC-HN(2)-O-Gluc is a biologically reactive intermediate, which covalently adducts to DNA at levels that are 20-fold higher than HONH-AαC. We measured the rates of formation of AαC-HON(2)-Gluc and AαC-HN(2)-O-Gluc in human organs: highest activity occurred with liver and kidney microsomes, and lesser activity was found with colon and rectum microsomes. AαC-HN(2)-O-Gluc formation was largely diminished in liver and kidney microsomes, by niflumic acid, a selective inhibitor UGT1A9. In contrast, AαC-HON(2)-Gluc formation was less affected and other UGT contribute to N(2)-glucuronidation of HONH-AαC. UGT were reported to catalyze the formation of isomeric Gluc conjugates at the N(2) and N3 atoms of 2-hydroxyamino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (HONH-PhIP), the genotoxic metabolite of PhIP. However, we found that the N3-Gluc of HONH-PhIP also covalently bound to DNA at higher levels than HONH-PhIP. The product ion spectra of this Gluc conjugate acquired by ion trap mass spectrometry revealed that the Gluc moiety was linked to the oxygen atom of HONH-PhIP and not the N3 imidazole atom of the oxime tautomer of HONH-PhIP as was originally proposed. UGT1A9, an abundant UGT isoform expressed in human liver and kidney, preferentially forms the O-linked Gluc conjugates of HONH-AαC and HONH-PhIP as opposed to their detoxicated N(2)-Gluc isomers. The regioselective O-glucuronidation of HONH-AαC and HONH-PhIP, by UGT1A9, is a mechanism of bioactivation of these ubiquitous HAAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cai
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
| | - Lihua Yao
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, 55455
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Kim S, Guo J, O’Sullivan MG, Gallaher DD, Turesky RJ. Comparative DNA adduct formation and induction of colonic aberrant crypt foci in mice exposed to 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, and azoxymethane. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2016; 57:125-36. [PMID: 26734915 PMCID: PMC4752904 DOI: 10.1002/em.21993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Considerable evidence suggests that environmental factors, including diet and cigarette smoke, are involved in the pathogenesis of colon cancer. Carcinogenic nitroso compounds (NOC), such as N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), are present in tobacco and processed red meat, and NOC have been implicated in colon cancer. Azoxymethane (AOM), commonly used for experimental colon carcinogenesis, is an isomer of NDMA, and it produces the same DNA adducts as does NDMA. Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) formed during the combustion of tobacco and high-temperature cooking of meats are also associated with an elevated risk of colon cancer. The most abundant carcinogenic HAA formed in tobacco smoke is 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC), whereas 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (MeIQ) is the most potent carcinogenic HAA formed during the cooking of meat and fish. However, the comparative tumor-initiating potential of AαC, MeIQ, and AOM is unknown. In this report, we evaluate the formation of DNA adducts as a measure of genotoxicity, and the induction of colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and dysplastic ACF, as an early measure of carcinogenic potency of these compounds in the colon of male A/J mice. Both AαC and AOM induced a greater number of DNA adducts than MeIQ in the liver and colon. AOM induced a greater number of ACF and dysplastic ACF than either AαC or MeIQ. Conversely, based on adduct levels, MeIQ-DNA adducts were more potent than AαC- and AOM-DNA adducts at inducing ACF. Long-term feeding studies are required to relate levels of DNA adducts, induction of ACF, and colon cancer by these colon genotoxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangyub Kim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Jingshu Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - M. Gerald O’Sullivan
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Daniel D. Gallaher
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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Turesky RJ, Konorev D, Fan X, Tang Y, Yao L, Ding X, Xie F, Zhu Y, Zhang QY. Effect of Cytochrome P450 Reductase Deficiency on 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole Metabolism and DNA Adduct Formation in Liver and Extrahepatic Tissues of Mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2400-10. [PMID: 26583703 PMCID: PMC4703101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC), a carcinogen formed during the combustion of tobacco and cooking of meat, undergoes cytochrome P450 (P450) metabolism to form the DNA adduct N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (dG-C8-AαC). We evaluated the roles of P450 expressed in the liver and intestine to bioactivate AαC by employing male B6 wild-type (WT) mice, liver-specific P450 reductase (Cpr)-null (LCN) mice, and intestinal epithelium-specific Cpr-null (IECN) mice. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for AαC, 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indol-3-yl sulfate (AαC-3-OSO3H), and N(2)-(β-1-glucosidurony1)-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC-N(2)-Glu) with animals dosed by gavage with AαC (13.6 mg/kg). The uptake of AαC was rapid with no difference in the plasma half-lives (t1/2) of AαC, AαC-3-OSO3H, and AαC-N(2)-Glu among mouse models. The maximal plasma concentrations (Cmax) and the areas under concentration-time curve (AUC0-24h) of AαC and AαC-N(2)-Glu were 4-24-fold higher in LCN than in WT mice, but they were not different between WT and IECN mice. These findings are consistent with the ablation of hepatic P450 activity in LCN mice. However, the Cmax and AUC0-24h of AαC-3-OSO3H in plasma were not substantially different among the mouse models. Similar pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained with WT and LCN mice treated with a lower AαC dose (1.36 mg kg(-1)). dG-C8-AαC was detected at similar levels in the livers of all three mouse models at the high AαC dose; levels of dG-C8-AαC in colon, bladder, and lung were greater in LCN than in WT mice and were the same in colon of IECN and WT mice. At the low AαC dose, dG-C8-AαC occurred at ∼ 40% lower levels in liver of LCN mouse than in WT mouse liver, but adduct levels remained higher in extrahepatic tissues of LCN mice. Therefore, hepatic P450 plays an important role in detoxication of AαC, but other hepatic or extrahepatic enzymes contribute to the bioactivation of AαC. P450s expressed in the intestine do not appreciably contribute to bioactivation of AαC in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Turesky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Dmitri Konorev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Fan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Yijin Tang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Lihua Yao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Xinxin Ding
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, SUNY Polytechnic Institute , Albany, New York 12203, United States
| | - Fang Xie
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Yi Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Albany, New York 12201, United States
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Konorev D, Koopmeiners JS, Tang Y, Franck Thompson EA, Jensen JA, Hatsukami DK, Turesky RJ. Measurement of the Heterocyclic Amines 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole and 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in Urine: Effects of Cigarette Smoking. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2390-9. [PMID: 26574651 PMCID: PMC4699441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) are carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) formed during the combustion of tobacco and during the high-temperature cooking of meats. Human enzymes biotransform AαC and PhIP into reactive metabolites, which can bind to DNA and lead to mutations. We sought to understand the relative contribution of smoking and diet to the exposure of AαC and PhIP, by determining levels of AαC, its ring-oxidized conjugate 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole-3-yl sulfate (AαC-3-OSO3H), and PhIP in urine of smokers on a free-choice diet before and after a six week tobacco smoking cessation study. AαC and AαC-3-OSO3H were detected in more than 90% of the urine samples of all subjects during the smoking phase. The geometric mean levels of urinary AαC during the smoking and cessation phases were 24.3 pg/mg creatinine and 3.2 pg/mg creatinine, and the geometric mean levels of AαC-3-OSO3H were 47.3 pg/mg creatinine and 3.7 pg/mg creatinine. These decreases in the mean levels of AαC and AαC-3-OSO3H were, respectively, 87% and 92%, after the cessation of tobacco (P < 0.0007). However, PhIP was detected in <10% of the urine samples, and the exposure to PhIP was not correlated to smoking. Epidemiological studies have reported that smoking is a risk factor for cancer of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. It is noteworthy that AαC is a hepatocellular carcinogen and induces aberrant crypt foci, early biomarkers of colon cancer, in rodents. Our urinary biomarker data demonstrate that tobacco smoking is a significant source of AαC exposure. Further studies are warranted to examine the potential role of AαC as a risk factor for hepatocellular and gastrointestinal cancer in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Konorev
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Joseph S Koopmeiners
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Yijin Tang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health , Albany, New York 12201, United States
| | | | - Joni A Jensen
- Tobacco Use Programs, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Tobacco Use Programs, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Pathak KV, Bellamri M, Wang Y, Langouët S, Turesky RJ. 2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) Adducts and Thiol Oxidation of Serum Albumin as Potential Biomarkers of Tobacco Smoke. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16304-18. [PMID: 25953894 PMCID: PMC4481229 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.646539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AαC) is a carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine formed during the combustion of tobacco. AαC undergoes bioactivation to form electrophilic N-oxidized metabolites that react with DNA to form adducts, which can lead to mutations. Many genotoxicants and toxic electrophiles react with human serum albumin (albumin); however, the chemistry of reactivity of AαC with proteins has not been studied. The genotoxic metabolites, 2-hydroxyamino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (HONH-AαC), 2-nitroso-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (NO-AαC), N-acetyloxy-2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (N-acetoxy-AαC), and their [(13)C6]AαC-labeled homologues were reacted with albumin. Sites of adduction of AαC to albumin were identified by data-dependent scanning and targeted bottom-up proteomics approaches employing ion trap and Orbitrap MS. AαC-albumin adducts were formed at Cys(34), Tyr(140), and Tyr(150) residues when albumin was reacted with HONH-AαC or NO-AαC. Sulfenamide, sulfinamide, and sulfonamide adduct formation occurred at Cys(34) (AαC-Cys(34)). N-Acetoxy-AαC also formed an adduct at Tyr(332). Albumin-AαC adducts were characterized in human plasma treated with N-oxidized metabolites of AαC and human hepatocytes exposed to AαC. High levels of N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-AαC (dG-C8-AαC) DNA adducts were formed in hepatocytes. The Cys(34) was the sole amino acid of albumin to form adducts with AαC. Albumin also served as an antioxidant and scavenged reactive oxygen species generated by metabolites of AαC in hepatocytes; there was a strong decrease in reduced Cys(34), whereas the levels of Cys(34) sulfinic acid (Cys-SO2H), Cys(34)-sulfonic acid (Cys-SO3H), and Met(329) sulfoxide were greatly increased. Cys(34) adduction products and Cys-SO2H, Cys-SO3H, and Met(329) sulfoxide may be potential biomarkers to assess exposure and oxidative stress associated with AαC and other arylamine toxicants present in tobacco smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khyatiben V Pathak
- From the Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 and
| | - Medjda Bellamri
- UMR INSERM 1085 IRSET, Rennes 1 University, UMS 3480 Biosit, F-35043 Rennes, France
| | - Yi Wang
- From the Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 and
| | - Sophie Langouët
- UMR INSERM 1085 IRSET, Rennes 1 University, UMS 3480 Biosit, F-35043 Rennes, France
| | - Robert J Turesky
- From the Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 and
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Gavina JMA, Yao C, Feng YL. Recent developments in DNA adduct analysis by mass spectrometry: a tool for exposure biomonitoring and identification of hazard for environmental pollutants. Talanta 2014; 130:475-94. [PMID: 25159438 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA adducts represent an important category of biomarkers for detection and exposure surveillance of potential carcinogenic and genotoxic chemicals in the environment. Sensitive and specific analytical methods are required to detect and differentiate low levels of adducts from native DNA from in vivo exposure. In addition to biomonitoring of environmental pollutants, analytical methods have been developed for structural identification of adducts which provides fundamental information for determining the toxic pathway of hazardous chemicals. In order to achieve the required sensitivity, mass spectrometry has been increasingly utilized to quantify adducts at low levels as well as to obtain structural information. Furthermore, separation techniques such as chromatography and capillary electrophoresis can be coupled to mass spectrometry to increase the selectivity. This review will provide an overview of advances in detection of adducted and modified DNA by mass spectrometry with a focus on the analysis of nucleosides since 2007. Instrument advances, sample and instrument considerations, and recent applications will be summarized in the context of hazard assessment. Finally, advances in biomonitoring applying mass spectrometry will be highlighted. Most importantly, the usefulness of DNA adducts measurement and detection will be comprehensively discussed as a tool for assessment of in vitro and in vivo exposure to environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennilee M A Gavina
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, AL: 0800C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Chunhe Yao
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, AL: 0800C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Yong-Lai Feng
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, AL: 0800C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9.
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MicroRNA regulation of DNA repair gene expression in 4-aminobiphenyl-treated HepG2 cells. Toxicology 2014; 322:69-77. [PMID: 24857880 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the role of miRNAs in DNA damage response in HepG2 cells following exposure to 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP). The arylamine 4-ABP is a human carcinogen. Using the Comet assay, we showed that 4-ABP (18.75-300μM) induces DNA damage in HepG2 cells after 24h. DNA damage signaling pathway-based PCR arrays were used to investigate expression changes in genes involved in DNA damage response. Results showed down-regulation of 16 DNA repair-related genes in 4-ABP-treated cells. Among them, the expression of selected six genes (UNG, LIG1, EXO1, XRCC2, PCNA, and FANCG) from different DNA repair pathways was decreased with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In parallel, using the miRNA array, we reported that the expression of 27 miRNAs in 4-ABP-treated cells was at least 3-fold higher than that in the control group. Of these differential 27 miRNAs, the most significant expression of miRNA-513a-5p and miRNA-630 was further validated by qRT-PCR, and was predicted to be implicated in the deregulation of FANCG and RAD18 genes, respectively, via bioinformatic analysis. Both FANCG and RAD18 proteins were found to be down-regulated in 4-ABP-treated cells. In addition, overexpression and knockdown of miRNA-513a-5p and miRNA-630 reduced and increased the expression of FANCG and RAD18 proteins, respectively. Based on the above results, we indicated that miRNA-513a-5p and miRNA-630 could play a role in the suppression of DNA repair genes, and eventually lead to DNA damage.
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