1
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Wu S, Daston G, Rose J, Blackburn K, Fisher J, Reis A, Selman B, Naciff J. Identifying chemicals based on receptor binding/bioactivation/mechanistic explanation associated with potential to elicit hepatotoxicity and to support structure activity relationship-based read-across. Curr Res Toxicol 2023; 5:100108. [PMID: 37363741 PMCID: PMC10285556 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2023.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is the most common target organ in toxicology studies. The development of chemical structural alerts for identifying hepatotoxicity will play an important role in in silico model prediction and help strengthen the identification of analogs used in structure activity relationship (SAR)- based read-across. The aim of the current study is development of an SAR-based expert-system decision tree for screening of hepatotoxicants across a wide range of chemistry space and proposed modes of action for clustering of chemicals using defined core chemical categories based on receptor-binding or bioactivation. The decision tree is based on ∼ 1180 different chemicals that were reviewed for hepatotoxicity information. Knowledge of chemical receptor binding, metabolism and mechanistic information were used to group these chemicals into 16 different categories and 102 subcategories: four categories describe binders to 9 different receptors, 11 categories are associated with possible reactive metabolites (RMs) and there is one miscellaneous category. Each chemical subcategory has been associated with possible modes of action (MOAs) or similar key structural features. This decision tree can help to screen potential liver toxicants associated with core structural alerts of receptor binding and/or RMs and be used as a component of weight of evidence decisions based on SAR read-across, and to fill data gaps.
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2
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Song D, Zhao H, Wang L, Wang F, Fang L, Zhao X. Ethanol extract of Sophora japonica flower bud, an effective potential dietary supplement for the treatment of hyperuricemia. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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3
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Wang C, Yu Q, Jiang X, Deng Y, Sun F, Li X, Tao Y, Lin P, Ma Y, Zhu Y, Li C, Cao Y. A Drug-Drug Interaction Study of a Novel Selective Urate Reabsorption Inhibitor, SHR4640, and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitor, Febuxostat, in Patients With Primary Hyperuricemia. J Clin Pharmacol 2023; 63:239-249. [PMID: 36131360 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
SHR4640 is a novel, selective urate reabsorption inhibitor. As the mode of action of SHR4640 differs from that of a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, such as febuxostat, coadministration of these drugs may be a treatment option for patients with primary hyperuricemia. We assessed the potential drug-drug interaction between SHR4640 and febuxostat. In this single-center, open-label, randomized, drug-drug interaction study, subjects received 80 mg febuxostat or 10 mg SHR4640 alone daily in the first week, whereas during the second week a combination of SHR4640 and febuxostat was administered daily to all subjects. Plasma concentrations of SHR4640 and febuxostat were analyzed. We compared their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters and assessed both safety and tolerability. Compared with febuxostat alone, the geometric mean ratios (90%CIs) of the maximum concentration (Cmax ) and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve over the dosing interval τ (AUC0-τ ) for febuxostat after coadministration were 1.284 (1.016 to 1.621) and 0.984 (0.876 to 1.106), respectively. The geometric mean ratios (90%CIs) of Cmax and AUC0-τ for SHR4640 after coadministration compared with SHR4640 alone were 0.910 (0.839 to 0.988) and 0.929 (0.893 to 0.966), respectively. Febuxostat had no effect on SHR4640 pharmacokinetic parameters, as the 90%CIs of the geometric mean ratios were all within the range of 0.80 to 1.25. The coadministration of febuxostat and SHR4640 was well tolerated. The coadministration of SHR4640 with febuxostat was not associated with any clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interactions. SHR4640 combined with febuxostat had a synergistic effect on reducing uric acid in the pharmacodynamics, with the AUC decreasing from 7440 to 3170 h μmol/L compared with febuxostat alone and from 5730 to 2960 h μmol/L compared with SHR4640 alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjing Wang
- Clinical Trial Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Clinical Trial Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yujie Deng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Feifei Sun
- Clinical Trial Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Li
- Clinical Trial Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Clinical Trial Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Pingping Lin
- Clinical Trial Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yaping Ma
- Clinical Trial Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuxian Zhu
- Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengqian Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Clinical Trial Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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4
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Song D, Xie C, Yang R, Ma A, Zhao H, Zou F, Zhang X, Zhao X. An application of citric acid as a carrier for solid dispersion to improve the dissolution and uric acid-lowering effect of kaempferol. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2022-0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Kaempferol (KPF) is a flavonoid compound, which has a variety of pharmacological activities, and widely exists in daily diet. However, its application is limited due to poor solubility. Citric acid (CA) is a common food additive with high solubility. In this study, solid dispersion (SD) was prepared with CA as the carrier to improve the solubility of KPF. KPF-CA-SD (weight ratio 1:20) was obtained by ultrasonic for 20 min at 40 °C. The in vitro dissolution of KPF in SD was increased from about 50% to more than 80%. The physicochemical characterizations were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope. In hyperuricemia mice, KPF-SD (equivalent to 100 mg/kg KPF) can effectively reduce serum uric acid and exert nephroprotective effects. In conclusion, the preparation of SD with CA might provide a safe and effective selection to facilitate application of KPF in food and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Material Medica , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Changqing Xie
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Rong Yang
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Aijinxiu Ma
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Honghui Zhao
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Fengmao Zou
- School of Traditional Chinese Material Medica , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Xiangrong Zhang
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Faculty of Functional Food and Wine , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016 , China
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5
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Discovery of novel benzbromarone analogs with improved pharmacokinetics and benign toxicity profiles as antihyperuricemic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 242:114682. [PMID: 36001935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Benzbromarone (BM) is a potent URAT1 inhibitor approved for the treatment of gout. However, the low URAT1-selectivity and hepatotoxcity limit its clinical use. To solve these problems, we rationally designed and synthesized a series of BM derivatives by chemotype hybridization and bioisosteric replacement. Most compounds exhibited potent inhibitory activities against URAT1 with IC50 values ranging from 5.83 μM to 0.80 μM. Among them, JNS4 exhibited the highest URAT1 inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 0.80 μM, comparable to that of BM (IC50 = 0.53 μM). Molecular dynamic simulations showed that JNS4 formed π-cation interaction with R477, the same as BM. Different from BM, JNS4 bound to W357 and H245 via π-π interactions and formed a hydrogen bond with S35, which might contribute to the high URAT1 binding affinity of JNS4. JNS4 hardly inhibited GLUT9 (IC50 > 20 μM), another urate reabsorption transporter. In addition, JNS4 showed little inhibitory effects against OAT1 and ABCG2 with IC50 of 4.04 μM and 10.16 μM, respectively. Importantly, JNS4 displayed higher in vivo urate-lowering effects at doses of 1-4 mg/kg in a mouse model of hyperuricemia, as compared to BM and lesinurad. Furthermore, JNS4 possessed favorable pharmacokinetic properties with an oral bioavailability of 55.28%, significantly higher than that of BM (36.11%). Moreover, JNS4 demonstrated benign toxicity profiles (no cytotoxicities against HepG2 and HK2 cells; no hepatic and renal toxicities observed in vivo). Collectively, these results suggest that JNS4 represents a novel, safe and selective URAT1 inhibitor with excellent druggabilities and is worthy of further investigation as an anti-hyperuricemic agent.
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6
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Jia X, Wen X, Russo DP, Aleksunes LM, Zhu H. Mechanism-driven modeling of chemical hepatotoxicity using structural alerts and an in vitro screening assay. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129193. [PMID: 35739723 PMCID: PMC9262097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Traditional experimental approaches to evaluate hepatotoxicity are expensive and time-consuming. As an advanced framework of risk assessment, adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) describe the sequence of molecular and cellular events underlying chemical toxicities. We aimed to develop an AOP that can be used to predict hepatotoxicity by leveraging computational modeling and in vitro assays. We curated 869 compounds with known hepatotoxicity classifications as a modeling set and extracted assay data from PubChem. The antioxidant response element (ARE) assay, which quantifies transcriptional responses to oxidative stress, showed a high correlation to hepatotoxicity (PPV=0.82). Next, we developed quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models to predict ARE activation for compounds lacking testing results. Potential toxicity alerts were identified and used to construct a mechanistic hepatotoxicity model. For experimental validation, 16 compounds in the modeling set and 12 new compounds were selected and tested using an in-house ARE-luciferase assay in HepG2-C8 cells. The mechanistic model showed good hepatotoxicity predictivity (accuracy = 0.82) for these compounds. Potential false positive hepatotoxicity predictions by only using ARE results can be corrected by incorporating structural alerts and vice versa. This mechanistic model illustrates a potential toxicity pathway for hepatotoxicity, and this strategy can be expanded to develop predictive models for other complex toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Jia
- The Rutgers Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
| | - Xia Wen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Daniel P Russo
- The Rutgers Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Hao Zhu
- The Rutgers Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Camden, NJ 08102, USA; Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102, USA.
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7
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Jones RS, Leung C, Chang JH, Brown S, Liu N, Yan Z, Kenny JR, Broccatelli F. Application of empirical scalars to enable early prediction of human hepatic clearance using IVIVE in drug discovery: an evaluation of 173 drugs. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:DMD-AR-2021-000784. [PMID: 35636770 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of in vitro data to predict drug pharmacokinetics (PK) in vivo has been a consistent practice in early drug discovery for decades. However, its success is hampered by mispredictions attributed to uncharacterized biological phenomena/experimental artifacts. Predicted drug clearance (CL) from experimental data (i.e. hepatocyte intrinsic clearance: CLint, fraction unbound in plasma: fu,p) is often systematically underpredicted using the well-stirred model (WSM). The objective of this study was to evaluate using empirical scalars in the WSM to correct for CL mispredictions. Drugs (N=28) were used to generate numerical scalars on CLint (α), and fu,p (β) to minimize the error (AAFE) for CL predictions. These scalars were validated using an additional dataset (N=28 drugs) and applied to a non-redundant AstraZeneca (AZ) dataset available in the literature (N=117 drugs) for a total of 173 compounds. CL predictions using the WSM were improved for most compounds using an α value of 3.66 (~64%<2-fold) compared to no scaling (~46%<2-fold). Similarly, using a β value of 0.55 or combination of α and β scalars (values of 1.74 and 0.66, respectively) resulted in a similar improvement in predictions (~64%<2-fold and ~65%<2-fold, respectively). For highly bound compounds (fu,p{less than or equal to}0.01), AAFE was substantially reduced across all scaling methods. Using the β scalar alone or a combination of α and β appeared optimal; and produce larger magnitude corrections for highly-bound compounds. Some drugs are still disproportionally mispredicted, however the improvements in prediction error and simplicity of applying these scalars suggests its utility for early-stage CL predictions. Significance Statement In early drug discovery, prediction of human clearance using in vitro experimental data plays an essential role in triaging compounds prior to in vivo studies. These predictions have been systematically underestimated. Here we introduce empirical scalars calibrated on the extent of plasma protein binding that appear to improve clearance prediction across multiple datasets. This approach can be used in early phases of drug discovery prior to the availability of pre-clinical data for early quantitative predictions of human clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jae H Chang
- Preclinical Development Sciences, ORIC Pharmaceuticals, United States
| | | | | | | | - Jane R Kenny
- Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Genentech Inc, United States
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8
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Aviles P, Altares R, van Andel L, Lubomirov R, Fudio S, Rosing H, Marquez del Pino FM, Tibben MM, Benedit G, Nan-Offeringa L, Luepke Estefan XE, Francesch A, Zeaiter A, Cuevas C, Schellens JH, Beijnen JH. Metabolic Disposition of Lurbinectedin, a Potent Selective Inhibitor of Active Transcription of Protein-Coding Genes, in Nonclinical Species and Patients. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:327-340. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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9
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Uda J, Kobashi S, Ashizawa N, Matsumoto K, Iwanaga T. Novel monocyclic amide-linked phenol derivatives without mitochondrial toxicity have potent uric acid-lowering activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 40:127900. [PMID: 33684442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although benzbromarone (BBR) is a conventional, highly potent uricosuric drug, it is not a standard medicine because it causes rare but fatal fulminant hepatitis. We transformed the bis-aryl ketone structure of BBR to generate novel monocyclic amide-linked phenol derivatives that should possess uric acid excretion activity without adverse properties associated with BBR. The derivatives were synthesized and tested for uric acid uptake inhibition (UUI) in two assays using either urate transporter 1-expressing cells or primary human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. We also evaluated their inhibitory activity against mitochondrial respiration as a critical mitochondrial toxicity parameter. Some derivatives with UUI activity had no mitochondrial toxicity, including compound 3f, which effectively lowered the plasma uric acid level in Cebus apella. Thus, 3f is a promising candidate for further development as a uricosuric agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Uda
- Medical R&D Division, FUJI YAKUHIN CO., LTD., Laboratory 1, 1-32-3, Nishiomiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-0078 Japan.
| | - Seiichi Kobashi
- Medical R&D Division, FUJI YAKUHIN CO., LTD., Laboratory 1, 1-32-3, Nishiomiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-0078 Japan
| | - Naoki Ashizawa
- Medical R&D Division, FUJI YAKUHIN CO., LTD., Laboratory 2, 636-1, Iidashinden, Nishi-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-0068, Japan
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- Medical R&D Division, FUJI YAKUHIN CO., LTD., Laboratory 2, 636-1, Iidashinden, Nishi-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-0068, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwanaga
- Medical R&D Division, FUJI YAKUHIN CO., LTD., Laboratory 2, 636-1, Iidashinden, Nishi-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-0068, Japan
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10
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Hughes TB, Flynn N, Dang NL, Swamidass SJ. Modeling the Bioactivation and Subsequent Reactivity of Drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:584-600. [PMID: 33496184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilically reactive drug metabolites are implicated in many adverse drug reactions. In this mechanism-termed bioactivation-metabolic enzymes convert drugs into reactive metabolites that often conjugate to nucleophilic sites within biological macromolecules like proteins. Toxic metabolite-product adducts induce severe immune responses that can cause sometimes fatal disorders, most commonly in the form of liver injury, blood dyscrasia, or the dermatologic conditions toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. This study models four of the most common metabolic transformations that result in bioactivation: quinone formation, epoxidation, thiophene sulfur-oxidation, and nitroaromatic reduction, by synthesizing models of metabolism and reactivity. First, the metabolism models predict the formation probabilities of all possible metabolites among the pathways studied. Second, the exact structures of these metabolites are enumerated. Third, using these structures, the reactivity model predicts the reactivity of each metabolite. Finally, a feedfoward neural network converts the metabolism and reactivity predictions to a bioactivation prediction for each possible metabolite. These bioactivation predictions represent the joint probability that a metabolite forms and that this metabolite subsequently conjugates to protein or glutathione. Among molecules bioactivated by these pathways, we predicted the correct pathway with an AUC accuracy of 89.98%. Furthermore, the model predicts whether molecules will be bioactivated, distinguishing bioactivated and nonbioactivated molecules with 81.06% AUC. We applied this algorithm to withdrawn drugs. The known bioactivation pathways of alclofenac and benzbromarone were identified by the algorithm, and high probability bioactivation pathways not yet confirmed were identified for safrazine, zimelidine, and astemizole. This bioactivation model-the first of its kind that jointly considers both metabolism and reactivity-enables drug candidates to be quickly evaluated for a toxicity risk that often evades detection during preclinical trials. The XenoSite bioactivation model is available at http://swami.wustl.edu/xenosite/p/bioactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B Hughes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Noah Flynn
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Na Le Dang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - S Joshua Swamidass
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8118, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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11
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Tang LWT, Verma RK, Fan H, Chan ECY. Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 3A4 by Benzbromarone. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 99:266-276. [PMID: 33436520 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzbromarone (BBR), a potent uricosuric agent for the management of gout, is known to cause fatal fulminant hepatitis. Although the mechanism of BBR-induced idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity remains unelucidated, cytochrome P450 enzyme-mediated bioactivation of BBR to electrophilic reactive metabolites is commonly regarded as a key molecular initiating event. However, apart from causing aberrant toxicities, reactive metabolites may result in mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) of cytochrome P450. Here, we investigated and confirmed that BBR inactivated CYP3A4 in a time-, concentration-, and NADPH-dependent manner with K I, k inact, and partition ratio of 11.61 µM, 0.10 minutes-1, and 110, respectively. Coincubation with ketoconazole, a competitive inhibitor of CYP3A4, attenuated the MBI of CYP3A4 by BBR, whereas the presence of glutathione and catalase did not confer such protection. The lack of substantial recovery of enzyme activity postdialysis and after oxidation with potassium ferricyanide, combined with the absence of a Soret peak in spectral difference scans, implied that MBI of CYP3A4 by BBR did not occur through the formation of quasi-irreversible metabolite-intermediate complexes. Analysis of the reduced CO-difference spectrum revealed an ∼44% reduction in ferrous-CO binding and hinted that inactivation is mediated via irreversible covalent adduction to both the prosthetic heme moiety and the apoprotein. Finally, our in silico covalent docking analysis further suggested the modulation of substrate binding to CYP3A4 via the covalent adduction of epoxide-derived reactive intermediates of BBR to two key cysteine residues (Cys239 and Cys58) vicinal to the entrance of the orthosteric binding site. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Although the bioactivation of benzbromarone (BBR) to reactive metabolites has been well characterized, its potential to cause mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) of cytochrome P450 has not been fully investigated. This study reports the MBI of CYP3A4 by BBR via irreversible covalent adduction and develops a unique covalent docking methodology to predict the structural molecular determinants underpinning the inactivation for the first time. These findings lay the groundwork for future investigation of clinically relevant drug-drug interactions implicating BBR and mechanisms of BBR-induced idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Wei Tat Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.W.T.T., E.C.Y.C.) and Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (R.K.V., H.F.)
| | - Ravi Kumar Verma
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.W.T.T., E.C.Y.C.) and Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (R.K.V., H.F.)
| | - Hao Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.W.T.T., E.C.Y.C.) and Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (R.K.V., H.F.)
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore (L.W.T.T., E.C.Y.C.) and Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore (R.K.V., H.F.)
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12
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Uda J, Kobashi S, Miyata S, Ashizawa N, Matsumoto K, Iwanaga T. Discovery of Dotinurad (FYU-981), a New Phenol Derivative with Highly Potent Uric Acid Lowering Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2017-2023. [PMID: 33062187 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To derive new uricosuric agents, novel phenol derivatives were synthesized to overcome the disadvantages of benzbromarone (BBR), attributed by its structural features. Herein, we report the discovery of new phenol derivatives with a 1,1-dioxo-1,2-dihydro-3H-1,3-benzothiazole scaffold. The selected compound 11 (dotinurad, FYU-981) demonstrated remarkable inhibitory activity on uric acid uptake by primary human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTECs) and URAT1-mediated uric acid transport, with weak inhibitory activity against mitochondrial respiration. Dotinurad also displayed favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and higher potency in decreasing uric acid than BBR did in Cebus monkeys. Dotinurad has been approved as a new uricosuric medicine in Japan. Our strategy, which focuses on the structural features resulting in unfavorable effects, could be applied to the future developments of other drugs with disadvantages, particularly those having a bis-aryl ketone structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Uda
- Research Laboratories 1, Medical R&D Division, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., 1-32-3, Nishiomiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-0078, Japan
| | - Seiichi Kobashi
- Research Laboratories 1, Medical R&D Division, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., 1-32-3, Nishiomiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-0078, Japan
| | - Sachiho Miyata
- Research Laboratories 1, Medical R&D Division, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., 1-32-3, Nishiomiya, Nishi-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-0078, Japan
| | - Naoki Ashizawa
- Research Laboratories 2, Medical R&D Division, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., 636-1, Iidashinden, Nishi-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-0068, Japan
| | - Koji Matsumoto
- Research Laboratories 2, Medical R&D Division, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., 636-1, Iidashinden, Nishi-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-0068, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwanaga
- Research Laboratories 2, Medical R&D Division, Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd., 636-1, Iidashinden, Nishi-ku, Saitama-shi, Saitama 331-0068, Japan
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13
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Yamane M, Igarashi F, Yamauchi T, Nakagawa T. Main contribution of UGT1A1 and CYP2C9 in the metabolism of UR-1102, a novel agent for the treatment of gout. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:61-71. [PMID: 32813611 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1812012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
UR-1102, a novel uricosuric agent for treating gout, has been confirmed to exhibit a pharmacological effect in patients. We clarified its metabolic pathway, estimated the contribution of each metabolic enzyme, and assessed the impact of genetic polymorphisms using human in vitro materials. Glucuronide, sulfate and oxidative metabolites of UR-1102 were detected in human hepatocytes. The intrinsic clearance by glucuronidation or oxidation in human liver microsomes was comparable, but sulfation in the cytosol was much lower, indicating that the rank order of contribution was glucuronidation ≥ oxidation > sulfation. Recombinant UGT1A1 and UGT1A3 showed high glucuronidation of UR-1102. We took advantage of a difference in the inhibitory sensitivity of atazanavir to the UGT isoforms and estimated the fraction metabolised (fm) with UGT1A1 to be 70%. Studies using recombinant CYPs and CYP isoform-specific inhibitors showed that oxidation was mediated exclusively by CYP2C9. The effect of UGT1A1 and CYP2C9 inhibitors on UR-1102 metabolism in hepatocytes did not differ markedly between the wild type and variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Yamane
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Japan
| | | | | | - Toshito Nakagawa
- Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Japan
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The uricosuric benzbromarone disturbs the mitochondrial redox homeostasis and activates the NRF2 signaling pathway in HepG2 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:216-226. [PMID: 32198009 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Emerging club drugs: 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB) is more toxic than its isomer 6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (6-APB) in hepatocyte cellular models. Arch Toxicol 2019; 94:609-629. [PMID: 31838565 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
New phenylethylamine derivatives are among the most commonly abused new psychoactive substances. They are synthesized and marketed in lieu of classical amphetaminic stimulants, with no previous safety testing. Our study aimed to determine the in vitro hepatotoxicity of two benzofurans [6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (6-APB) and 5-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB)] that have been misused as 'legal highs'. Cellular viability was assessed through the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay, following 24-h drug exposure of human hepatoma HepaRG cells (EC50 2.62 mM 5-APB; 6.02 mM 6-APB), HepG2 cells (EC50 3.79 mM 5-APB; 8.18 mM 6-APB) and primary rat hepatocytes (EC50 964 μM 5-APB; 1.94 mM 6-APB). Co-incubation of primary hepatocytes, the most sensitive in vitro model, with CYP450 inhibitors revealed a role of metabolism, in particular by CYP3A4, in the toxic effects of both benzofurans. Also, 6-APB and 5-APB concentration-dependently enhanced oxidative stress (significantly increased reactive species and oxidized glutathione, and decreased reduced glutathione levels) and unsettled mitochondrial homeostasis, with disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and decline of intracellular ATP. Evaluation of cell death mechanisms showed increased caspase-8, -9, and -3 activation, and nuclear morphological changes consistent with apoptosis; at concentrations higher than 2 mM, however, necrosis prevailed. Concentration-dependent formation of acidic vesicular organelles typical of autophagy was also observed for both drugs. Overall, 5-APB displayed higher hepatotoxicity than its 6-isomer. Our findings provide new insights into the potential hepatotoxicity of these so-called 'safe drugs' and highlight the putative risks associated with their use as psychostimulants.
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Wang H, Wang W, Gong B, Wang Z, Feng Y, Zhang W, Wang S, Peng Y, Zheng J. Glutathione Conjugation and Protein Adduction Derived from Oxidative Debromination of Benzbromarone in Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1281-1290. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Azevedo VF, Kos IA, Vargas-Santos AB, da Rocha Castelar Pinheiro G, Dos Santos Paiva E. Benzbromarone in the treatment of gout. Adv Rheumatol 2019; 59:37. [PMID: 31391099 DOI: 10.1186/s42358-019-0080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzbromarone is a uricosuric drug that has been used in the treatment of gout over the last 30 years. Due to its potent inhibition of the dominant apical (luminal) urate exchanger in the human proximal tubule URAT1, it reduces the urate reabsorption, diminishing serum urate levels and therefore preventing gout flares. Through several clinical trials, Benzbromarone has been proved effective and safe, inclusive in patients with chronic kidney disease and as combination therapy with allopurinol. Due to hepatotoxicity reports, it was withdrawn from the European market by the manufacturer, however many authors have questioned the product's withdrawal due to a lack of clinical evidence in order to support its hepatotoxicity. Benzbromarone is still available in several European countries, New Zealand, Brazil and several other countries. Despite the product's marketing over more than 20 years after the first hepatotoxicity reports, we have found only five reports in our literature search, and no prospective or retrospective study correlating hepatotoxicity with benzbromarone use. SHORT CONCLUSION Benzbromarone is a safe and effective molecule for the treatment of gout. However, due to in vitro and in vivo data related to hepatotoxicity, it is prudent to prescribe it with some caution, especially for patients with an already known liver condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valderilio Feijó Azevedo
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Rua General Carneiro 181, Centro, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. .,Edumed Educação em Saúde, Rua Bispo Dom José, 2495, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Igor Age Kos
- Edumed Educação em Saúde, Rua Bispo Dom José, 2495, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Zhang MY, Niu JQ, Wen XY, Jin QL. Liver failure associated with benzbromarone: A case report and review of the literature. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7:1717-1725. [PMID: 31367632 PMCID: PMC6658378 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v7.i13.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benzbromarone is a uricosuric agent that reduces proximal tubular reabsorption of uric acid. Because of hepatotoxicity, it has been withdrawn from the market in Europe. Recently, some benefit-risk assessments of benzbromarone suggest that benzbromarone has greater benefits than risks, and the application of benzbromarone in the treatment of gout and hyperuricemia is still under debate.
CASE SUMMARY A 39-year-old man was admitted to the hospital for icterus and nausea, and he was treated with benzbromarone (100 mg/d) for 4 mo because of hyperuricemia. He had a 10-year history of beer drinking (alcohol: about 28 g/d). Laboratory data showed severe liver injury and serious coagulation dysfunction; tests for autoimmune antibodies, viral hepatitis, and human immunodeficiency virus were negative. Despite administration of liver function-protecting drugs and efficient supportive treatment, the patient deteriorated quickly after hospitalization and developed grade II encephalopathy within a few days. The patient accepted continuous plasma exchange six times; however, his condition did not improve. Based on suggestions from multidisciplinary consultation, the patient underwent liver transplantation 26 d after admission. Liver specimen pathology results showed massive necrosis consistent with drug-induced liver injury, supporting the diagnosis of acute liver failure associated with benzbromarone. The patient recovered quickly thereafter.
CONCLUSION This case highlights that clinicians should be on the alert for the severe hepatotoxicity of benzbromarone. Before prescribing benzbromarone, physicians should evaluate the high-risk factors that may lead to liver injury and provide suggestions for monitoring benzbromarone's hepatotoxicity during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jun-Qi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Wen
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qing-Long Jin
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin Province, China
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Peel S, Corrigan AM, Ehrhardt B, Jang KJ, Caetano-Pinto P, Boeckeler M, Rubins JE, Kodella K, Petropolis DB, Ronxhi J, Kulkarni G, Foster AJ, Williams D, Hamilton GA, Ewart L. Introducing an automated high content confocal imaging approach for Organs-on-Chips. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:410-421. [PMID: 30663729 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00829a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Organ-Chips are micro-engineered systems that aim to recapitulate the organ microenvironment. Implementation of Organ-Chips within the pharmaceutical industry aims to improve the probability of success of drugs reaching late stage clinical trial by generating models for drug discovery that are of human origin and have disease relevance. We are adopting the use of Organ-Chips for enhancing pre-clinical efficacy and toxicity evaluation and prediction. Whilst capturing cellular phenotype via imaging in response to drug exposure is a useful readout in these models, application has been limited due to difficulties in imaging the chips at scale. Here we created an end-to-end, automated workflow to capture and analyse confocal images of multicellular Organ-Chips to assess detailed cellular phenotype across large batches of chips. By automating this process, we not only reduced acquisition time, but we also minimised process variability and user bias. This enabled us to establish, for the first time, a framework of statistical best practice for Organ-Chip imaging, creating the capability of using Organ-Chips and imaging for routine testing in drug discovery applications that rely on quantitative image data for decision making. We tested our approach using benzbromarone, whose mechanism of toxicity has been linked to mitochondrial damage with subsequent induction of apoptosis and necrosis, and staurosporine, a tool inducer of apoptosis. We also applied this workflow to assess the hepatotoxic effect of an active AstraZeneca drug candidate illustrating its applicability in drug safety assessment beyond testing tool compounds. Finally, we have demonstrated that this approach could be adapted to Organ-Chips of different shapes and sizes through application to a Kidney-Chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Peel
- AstraZeneca IMED Biotech Unit, Discovery Sciences, Cambridge, UK.
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Ohe T, Umezawa R, Kitagawara Y, Yasuda D, Takahashi K, Nakamura S, Abe A, Sekine S, Ito K, Okunushi K, Morio H, Furihata T, Anzai N, Mashino T. Synthesis of novel benzbromarone derivatives designed to avoid metabolic activation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3708-3711. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Johnsi Rani P, Vishnuvardhan C, Nimbalkar RD, Garg P, Satheeshkumar N. Metabolite characterization of ambrisentan, in in vitro and in vivo matrices by UHPLC/QTOF/MS/MS: Detection of glutathione conjugate of epoxide metabolite evidenced by in vitro GSH trapping assay. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 155:320-328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Sun P, Zhu JJ, Wang T, Huang Q, Zhou YR, Yu BW, Jiang HL, Wang HY. Benzbromarone aggravates hepatic steatosis in obese individuals. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Biomimetic trapping cocktail to screen reactive metabolites: use of an amino acid and DNA motif mixture as light/heavy isotope pairs differing in mass shift. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3847-3857. [PMID: 29654341 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Candidate drugs that can be metabolically transformed into reactive electrophilic products, such as epoxides, quinones, and nitroso compounds, are of special concern because subsequent covalent binding to bio-macromolecules can cause adverse drug reactions, such as allergic reactions, hepatotoxicity, and genotoxicity. Several strategies have been reported for screening reactive metabolites, such as a covalent binding assay with radioisotope-labeled drugs and a trapping method followed by LC-MS/MS analyses. Of these, a trapping method using glutathione is the most common, especially at the early stage of drug development. However, the cysteine of glutathione is not the only nucleophilic site in vivo; lysine, histidine, arginine, and DNA bases are also nucleophilic. Indeed, the glutathione trapping method tends to overlook several types of reactive metabolites, such as aldehydes, acylglucuronides, and nitroso compounds. Here, we introduce an alternate way for screening reactive metabolites as follows: A mixture of the light and heavy isotopes of simplified amino acid motifs and a DNA motif is used as a biomimetic trapping cocktail. This mixture consists of [2H0]/[2H3]-1-methylguanidine (arginine motif, Δ 3 Da), [2H0]/[2H4]-2-mercaptoethanol (cysteine motif, Δ 4 Da), [2H0]/[2H5]-4-methylimidazole (histidine motif, Δ 5 Da), [2H0]/[2H9]-n-butylamine (lysine motif, Δ 9 Da), and [13C0,15N0]/[13C1,15N2]-2'-deoxyguanosine (DNA motif, Δ 3 Da). Mass tag triggered data-dependent acquisition is used to find the characteristic doublet peaks, followed by specific identification of the light isotope peak using MS/MS. Forty-two model drugs were examined using an in vitro microsome experiment to validate the strategy. Graphical abstract Biomimetic trapping cocktail to screen reactive metabolites.
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He L, Li C, Liu X, Yang Q, Zhang H, Xu W, Zhang L, Liu C. Comparative study on the interaction between 3 CYP2C9 allelic isoforms and benzbromarone by using LC–MS/MS method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1070:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Wang H, Peng Y, Zhang T, Lan Q, Zhao H, Wang W, Zhao Y, Wang X, Pang J, Wang S, Zheng J. Metabolic Epoxidation Is a Critical Step for the Development of Benzbromarone-Induced Hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1354-1363. [PMID: 29021351 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.077818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzbromarone (BBR) is effective in the treatment of gout; however, clinical findings have shown it can also cause fatal hepatic failure. Our early studies demonstrated that CYP3A catalyzed the biotransformation of BBR to epoxide intermediate(s) that reacted with sulfur nucleophiles of protein to form protein covalent binding both in vitro and in vivo. The present study attempted to define the correlation between metabolic epoxidation and hepatotoxicity of BBR by manipulating the structure of BBR. We rationally designed and synthesized three halogenated BBR derivatives, fluorinated BBR (6-F-BBR), chlorinated BBR (6-Cl-BBR), and brominated BBR (6-Br-BBR), to decrease the potential for cytochrome P450-mediated metabolic activation. Both in vitro and in vivo uricosuric activity assays showed that 6-F-BBR achieved favorable uricosuric effect, while 6-Cl-BBR and 6-Br-BBR showed weak uricosuric efficacy. Additionally, 6-F-BBR elicited much lower hepatotoxicity in mice. Fluorination of BBR offered advantage to metabolic stability in liver microsomes, almost completely blocked the formation of epoxide metabolite(s) and protein covalent binding, and attenuated hepatic and plasma glutathione depletion. Moreover, the structural manipulation did not alter the efficacy of BBR. This work provided solid evidence that the formation of the epoxide(s) is a key step in the development of BBR-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation (H.W., Y.P., H.Z., Y.Z., X.W., J.Z.) and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education) (W.W., S.W.), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China (T.Z.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China (Q.L., J.P.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China (J.Z.)
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation (H.W., Y.P., H.Z., Y.Z., X.W., J.Z.) and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education) (W.W., S.W.), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China (T.Z.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China (Q.L., J.P.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China (J.Z.)
| | - Tingjian Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation (H.W., Y.P., H.Z., Y.Z., X.W., J.Z.) and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education) (W.W., S.W.), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China (T.Z.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China (Q.L., J.P.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China (J.Z.)
| | - Qunsheng Lan
- Wuya College of Innovation (H.W., Y.P., H.Z., Y.Z., X.W., J.Z.) and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education) (W.W., S.W.), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China (T.Z.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China (Q.L., J.P.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China (J.Z.)
| | - Huimin Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation (H.W., Y.P., H.Z., Y.Z., X.W., J.Z.) and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education) (W.W., S.W.), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China (T.Z.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China (Q.L., J.P.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China (J.Z.)
| | - Wenbao Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation (H.W., Y.P., H.Z., Y.Z., X.W., J.Z.) and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education) (W.W., S.W.), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China (T.Z.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China (Q.L., J.P.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China (J.Z.)
| | - Yufei Zhao
- Wuya College of Innovation (H.W., Y.P., H.Z., Y.Z., X.W., J.Z.) and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education) (W.W., S.W.), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China (T.Z.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China (Q.L., J.P.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China (J.Z.)
| | - Xu Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation (H.W., Y.P., H.Z., Y.Z., X.W., J.Z.) and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education) (W.W., S.W.), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China (T.Z.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China (Q.L., J.P.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China (J.Z.)
| | - Jianxin Pang
- Wuya College of Innovation (H.W., Y.P., H.Z., Y.Z., X.W., J.Z.) and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education) (W.W., S.W.), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China (T.Z.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China (Q.L., J.P.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China (J.Z.)
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation (H.W., Y.P., H.Z., Y.Z., X.W., J.Z.) and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education) (W.W., S.W.), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China (T.Z.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China (Q.L., J.P.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China (J.Z.)
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation (H.W., Y.P., H.Z., Y.Z., X.W., J.Z.) and Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Ministry of Education) (W.W., S.W.), School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China (T.Z.); Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Screening and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China (Q.L., J.P.); and State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants and Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P.R. China (J.Z.)
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Yoshida M, Cho N, Akita H, Kobayashi K. Association of a reactive intermediate derived from 1',6-dihydroxy metabolite with benzbromarone-induced hepatotoxicity. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [PMID: 28598529 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with benzbromarone can be associated with liver injury, but the detailed mechanism remains unknown. Our recent studies demonstrated that benzbromarone was metabolized to 1',6-dihydroxybenzbromarone and followed by formation of reactive intermediates that were trapped by glutathione, suggesting that the reactive intermediates may be responsible for the liver injury. The aim of this study was to clarify whether the reactive intermediates derived from 1',6-dihydroxybenzbromarone is a risk factor of liver injury in mice. An incubation study using mouse liver microsomes showed that the rates of formation of 1',6-dihydroxybenzbromarone from benzbromarone were increased by pretreatment with dexamethasone. Levels of a hepatic glutathione adduct derived from 1',6-dihydroxybenzbromarone were increased by pretreatment with dexamethasone. Furthermore, plasma alanine amino transferase activities were increased in mice treated with benzbromarone after pretreatment with dexamethasone. The results suggest that the reactive intermediate derived from 1',6-dihydroxybenzbromarone may be associated with liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Yoshida
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoki Cho
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Ohe T, Takahashi K, Nakamura S, Mashino T. Strategic Drug Design to Avoid the Metabolic Activation of Hepatotoxic Drugs. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2017; 137:249-255. [PMID: 28250317 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adverse reactions are one of the most important issues in drug development, as well as in the therapeutic usage of drugs during the post-approval stage. Specifically, idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IDR) occur in only a small group of patients who are treated with certain drugs, and are unpredictable. It is widely accepted that drug-induced IDR is often associated with CYP-mediated bioactivation. Benzbromarone (BBR) is effective in the treatment of hyperuricemia, and has been used as an effective drug in Japan for a long time. However, BBR has been associated with hepatotoxicity, including fatal liver injury. We identified 2,6-dibromohydroquinone (DBH) and mono-debrominated catechol (CAT) as novel metabolites of BBR in human and rat liver microsomal systems, by comparison with chemically synthesized authentic compounds via ipso-substitution, which we previously discovered to be a unique metabolic reaction of substituted phenols by CYP. Furthermore, CAT, DBH and the oxidized form of DBH (DBBQ) were highly cytotoxic in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, compared with BBR. We consider that the formation of these metabolites from BBR is linked to the mechanism involved in BBR-induced hepatotoxicity because catechols, hydroquinones, and their oxidized forms are known to be toxic.
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Discovery of novel curcumin derivatives targeting xanthine oxidase and urate transporter 1 as anti-hyperuricemic agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:166-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wang H, Feng Y, Wang Q, Guo X, Huang W, Peng Y, Zheng J. Cysteine-Based Protein Adduction by Epoxide-Derived Metabolite(s) of Benzbromarone. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:2145-2152. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wenlin Huang
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - Jiang Zheng
- Key
Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China
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Rana P, Will Y, Nadanaciva S, Jones LH. Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4003-6. [PMID: 27397500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites. In order to reduce attrition due to metabolism-induced toxicity and to improve the safety of drug candidates, we developed a simple cell viability assay by combining a bioactivation system (human CYP3A4, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9) with Hep3B cells. We screened a series of drugs to explore structural motifs that may be responsible for CYP450-dependent activation caused by reactive metabolite formation, which highlighted specific liabilities regarding certain phenols and anilines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Rana
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Yvonne Will
- Drug Safety Research & Development, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Sashi Nadanaciva
- Compound Safety Prediction, Pfizer, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Lyn H Jones
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, 610 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Baillie TA, Dalvie D, Rietjens IMCM, Cyrus Khojasteh S. Biotransformation and bioactivation reactions – 2015 literature highlights. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:113-38. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1195404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepak Dalvie
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, La Jolla Laboratories, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - S. Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Parmar KR, Jhajra S, Singh S. Detection of glutathione conjugates of amiodarone and its reactive diquinone metabolites in rat bile using mass spectrometry tools. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1242-1248. [PMID: 28328020 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Amiodarone is reported to cause hepato and pulmonary toxicity in humans, which has been envisaged to be due to formation of its reactive metabolites, essentially based on its structural similarity to benzbromarone, a drug withdrawn from the market due to reasons of similar hepatotoxicity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to detect glutathione conjugates of amiodarone and its reactive diquinone metabolites in rat bile using mass spectrometry tools. METHODS Wistar rats were dosed orally with an amiodarone suspension and bile was collected via bile duct cannulation followed by solid-phase extraction, protein precipitation and centrifugation. Samples were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap mass spectrometry using tandem mass and constant neutral loss scan in positive electrospray ionization mode. RESULTS Glutathione adducts of amiodarone and its reactive diquinone metabolites were identified and characterized with the characteristic neutral loss of 129 Da. Glucuronide conjugates of previously reported stable phase-1 metabolites were also observed. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed generation of reactive metabolites of amiodarone for the first time, as was hypothesised earlier by various research groups. Also, the responsible toxicophore was identified to be a benzofuran moiety liable to form reactive diquinone species. However, the results need to be further confirmed in human subjects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyur R Parmar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | | | - Saranjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
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Saito J, Okamura A, Takeuchi K, Hanioka K, Okada A, Ohata T. High content analysis assay for prediction of human hepatotoxicity in HepaRG and HepG2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 33:63-70. [PMID: 26921665 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) results in the termination of drug development or withdrawal of a drug from the market. The establishment of a predictive, high-throughput preclinical test system to evaluate potential clinical DILI is therefore required. Here, we established a high content analysis (HCA) assay in human hepatocyte cell lines such as the HepaRG with normal expression levels of CYP enzymes and HepG2 with extremely low expression levels of CYP enzymes. Clinical DILI or non-DILI compounds were evaluated for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glutathione (GSH) consumption, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) attenuation. A proportion of DILI compounds induced ROS generation, GSH depletion, and MMP dysfunction, which was consistent with reported mechanisms of DILI of these compounds. In particular, DILI compounds that deplete GSH via reactive metabolites exhibited a more marked decrease in intracellular GSH or increase in ROS production in HepaRG cells than in HepG2 cells. Comparison of the two cell lines with different levels of CYP expression might help clarify the contribution of metabolism to hepatocyte toxicity. These results suggest that the HCA assay in HepaRG and HepG2 cells might help improve the accuracy of evaluating clinical DILI potential during drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Saito
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-1-6 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan.
| | - Ai Okamura
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-1-6 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Takeuchi
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-1-6 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan
| | - Kenichi Hanioka
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-1-6 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan
| | - Akinobu Okada
- Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 2-1-6 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan
| | - Takeji Ohata
- Research Program Management Office, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba 305-8585, Japan
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Ahn SO, Ohtomo S, Kiyokawa J, Nakagawa T, Yamane M, Lee KJ, Kim KH, Kim BH, Tanaka J, Kawabe Y, Horiba N. Stronger Uricosuric Effects of the Novel Selective URAT1 Inhibitor UR-1102 Lowered Plasma Urate in Tufted Capuchin Monkeys to a Greater Extent than Benzbromarone. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:157-66. [PMID: 26907620 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.231647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Urate-lowering therapy is indispensable for the treatment of gout, but available drugs do not control serum urate levels tightly enough. Although the uricosurics benzbromarone and probenecid inhibit a urate reabsorption transporter known as renal urate transporter 1 (URAT1) and thus lower serum urate levels, they also inhibit other transporters responsible for secretion of urate into urine, which suggests that inhibiting URAT1 selectively would lower serum urate more effectively. We identified a novel potent and selective URAT1 inhibitor, UR-1102, and compared its efficacy with benzbromarone in vitro and in vivo. In human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells overexpressing URAT1, organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), and OAT3, benzbromarone inhibited all transporters similarly, whereas UR-1102 inhibited URAT1 comparably to benzbromarone but inhibited OAT1 and OAT3 quite modestly. UR-1102 at 3-30 mg/kg or benzbromarone at 3-100 mg/kg was administered orally once a day for 3 consecutive days to tufted capuchin monkeys, whose low uricase activity causes a high plasma urate level. When compared with the same dosage of benzbromarone, UR-1102 showed a better pharmacokinetic profile, increased the fractional excretion of urinary uric acid, and reduced plasma uric acid more effectively. Moreover, the maximum efficacy of UR-1102 was twice that of benzbromarone, suggesting that selective inhibition of URAT1 is effective. Additionally UR-1102 showed lower in vitro potential for mechanisms causing the hepatotoxicity induced by benzbromarone. These results indicate that UR-1102 achieves strong uricosuric effects by selectively inhibiting URAT1 over OAT1 and OAT3 in monkeys, and could be a novel therapeutic option for patients with gout or hyperuricemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Oh Ahn
- Discovery Research Center, C&C Research Laboratories, Suwon, Republic of Korea (S.O.A., B.H.K.); Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan (S.O., J.K, T.N., M.Y., Y.K., N.H.); Drug Discovery Center, JW Pharmaceutical Corp. Seoul, Republic of Korea (K.J.L.); JW CreaGene, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (K.H.K.); Drug Safety Research Laboratory, Shin Nihon Biological Laboratories, Miyanoura, Kagoshima, Japan (J.T.)
| | - Shuichi Ohtomo
- Discovery Research Center, C&C Research Laboratories, Suwon, Republic of Korea (S.O.A., B.H.K.); Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan (S.O., J.K, T.N., M.Y., Y.K., N.H.); Drug Discovery Center, JW Pharmaceutical Corp. Seoul, Republic of Korea (K.J.L.); JW CreaGene, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (K.H.K.); Drug Safety Research Laboratory, Shin Nihon Biological Laboratories, Miyanoura, Kagoshima, Japan (J.T.)
| | - Jumpei Kiyokawa
- Discovery Research Center, C&C Research Laboratories, Suwon, Republic of Korea (S.O.A., B.H.K.); Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan (S.O., J.K, T.N., M.Y., Y.K., N.H.); Drug Discovery Center, JW Pharmaceutical Corp. Seoul, Republic of Korea (K.J.L.); JW CreaGene, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (K.H.K.); Drug Safety Research Laboratory, Shin Nihon Biological Laboratories, Miyanoura, Kagoshima, Japan (J.T.)
| | - Toshito Nakagawa
- Discovery Research Center, C&C Research Laboratories, Suwon, Republic of Korea (S.O.A., B.H.K.); Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan (S.O., J.K, T.N., M.Y., Y.K., N.H.); Drug Discovery Center, JW Pharmaceutical Corp. Seoul, Republic of Korea (K.J.L.); JW CreaGene, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (K.H.K.); Drug Safety Research Laboratory, Shin Nihon Biological Laboratories, Miyanoura, Kagoshima, Japan (J.T.)
| | - Mizuki Yamane
- Discovery Research Center, C&C Research Laboratories, Suwon, Republic of Korea (S.O.A., B.H.K.); Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan (S.O., J.K, T.N., M.Y., Y.K., N.H.); Drug Discovery Center, JW Pharmaceutical Corp. Seoul, Republic of Korea (K.J.L.); JW CreaGene, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (K.H.K.); Drug Safety Research Laboratory, Shin Nihon Biological Laboratories, Miyanoura, Kagoshima, Japan (J.T.)
| | - Kyoung June Lee
- Discovery Research Center, C&C Research Laboratories, Suwon, Republic of Korea (S.O.A., B.H.K.); Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan (S.O., J.K, T.N., M.Y., Y.K., N.H.); Drug Discovery Center, JW Pharmaceutical Corp. Seoul, Republic of Korea (K.J.L.); JW CreaGene, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (K.H.K.); Drug Safety Research Laboratory, Shin Nihon Biological Laboratories, Miyanoura, Kagoshima, Japan (J.T.)
| | - Ki Hwan Kim
- Discovery Research Center, C&C Research Laboratories, Suwon, Republic of Korea (S.O.A., B.H.K.); Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan (S.O., J.K, T.N., M.Y., Y.K., N.H.); Drug Discovery Center, JW Pharmaceutical Corp. Seoul, Republic of Korea (K.J.L.); JW CreaGene, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (K.H.K.); Drug Safety Research Laboratory, Shin Nihon Biological Laboratories, Miyanoura, Kagoshima, Japan (J.T.)
| | - Byung Ho Kim
- Discovery Research Center, C&C Research Laboratories, Suwon, Republic of Korea (S.O.A., B.H.K.); Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan (S.O., J.K, T.N., M.Y., Y.K., N.H.); Drug Discovery Center, JW Pharmaceutical Corp. Seoul, Republic of Korea (K.J.L.); JW CreaGene, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (K.H.K.); Drug Safety Research Laboratory, Shin Nihon Biological Laboratories, Miyanoura, Kagoshima, Japan (J.T.)
| | - Jo Tanaka
- Discovery Research Center, C&C Research Laboratories, Suwon, Republic of Korea (S.O.A., B.H.K.); Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan (S.O., J.K, T.N., M.Y., Y.K., N.H.); Drug Discovery Center, JW Pharmaceutical Corp. Seoul, Republic of Korea (K.J.L.); JW CreaGene, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (K.H.K.); Drug Safety Research Laboratory, Shin Nihon Biological Laboratories, Miyanoura, Kagoshima, Japan (J.T.)
| | - Yoshiki Kawabe
- Discovery Research Center, C&C Research Laboratories, Suwon, Republic of Korea (S.O.A., B.H.K.); Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan (S.O., J.K, T.N., M.Y., Y.K., N.H.); Drug Discovery Center, JW Pharmaceutical Corp. Seoul, Republic of Korea (K.J.L.); JW CreaGene, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (K.H.K.); Drug Safety Research Laboratory, Shin Nihon Biological Laboratories, Miyanoura, Kagoshima, Japan (J.T.)
| | - Naoshi Horiba
- Discovery Research Center, C&C Research Laboratories, Suwon, Republic of Korea (S.O.A., B.H.K.); Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan (S.O., J.K, T.N., M.Y., Y.K., N.H.); Drug Discovery Center, JW Pharmaceutical Corp. Seoul, Republic of Korea (K.J.L.); JW CreaGene, Seongnam, Republic of Korea (K.H.K.); Drug Safety Research Laboratory, Shin Nihon Biological Laboratories, Miyanoura, Kagoshima, Japan (J.T.)
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Wang K, Wang H, Peng Y, Zheng J. Identification of Epoxide-Derived Metabolite(s) of Benzbromarone. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:607-15. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Peng J, Hu Q, Gu C, Liu B, Jin F, Yuan J, Feng J, Zhang L, Lan J, Dong Q, Cao G. Discovery of potent and orally bioavailable inhibitors of Human Uric Acid Transporter 1 (hURAT1) and binding mode prediction using homology model. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:277-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Shirakawa M, Sekine S, Tanaka A, Horie T, Ito K. Metabolic activation of hepatotoxic drug (benzbromarone) induced mitochondrial membrane permeability transition. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 288:12-8. [PMID: 26148448 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The risk of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is of great concern to the pharmaceutical industry. It is well-known that metabolic activation of drugs to form toxic metabolites (TMs) is strongly associated with DILI onset. Drug-induced mitochondrial dysfunction is also strongly associated with increased risk of DILI. However, it is difficult to determine the target of TMs associated with exacerbation of DILI because of difficulties in identifying and purifying TMs. In this study, we propose a sequential in vitro assay system to assess TM formation and their ability to induce mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) in a one-pot process. In this assay system, freshly-isolated rat liver mitochondria were incubated with reaction solutions of 44 test drugs preincubated with liver microsomes in the presence or absence of NADPH; then, NADPH-dependent MPT pore opening was assessed as mitochondrial swelling. In this assay system, several hepatotoxic drugs, including benzbromarone (BBR), significantly induced MPT in a NADPH-dependent manner. We investigated the rationality of using BBR as a model drug, since it showed the most prominent MPT in our assay system. Both the production of a candidate toxic metabolite of BBR (1',6-(OH)2 BBR) and NADPH-dependent MPT were inhibited by several cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibitors (clotrimazole and SKF-525A, 100μM). In summary, this assay system can be used to evaluate comprehensive metabolite-dependent MPT without identification or purification of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Shirakawa
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuichi Sekine
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ayaka Tanaka
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Horie
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kousei Ito
- The Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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Kitagawara Y, Ohe T, Tachibana K, Takahashi K, Nakamura S, Mashino T. Novel Bioactivation Pathway of Benzbromarone Mediated by Cytochrome P450. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1303-6. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.065037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
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Roberts RL, Stamp LK. Pharmacogenetic considerations in the treatment of gout. Pharmacogenomics 2015; 16:619-29. [PMID: 25876828 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.15.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gout is one of the most common forms of arthritis and the prevalence is increasing. Management comprises rapid and effective control of the inflammation in acute gout and sustained urate lowering in the long term. Improving the outcomes for cheaper old drugs and for the increasing number of new, more expensive agents is an important clinical goal. The role of pharmacogenetics in predicting response and adverse events to gout therapies is of considerable interest. Currently, prospective screening is employed to detect HLA-B*5801 carriage and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, to minimize occurrence of allopurinol hypersensitivity and pegloticase-related hemolytic anemia. In the future it is likely that other genetic markers of drug response will make the transition to clinical practice to further improve the efficacy and safety of gout therapies. In this review, we will examine the potential clinical relevance of specific genetic variants in the management of gout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Roberts
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dunedin School of Medicine, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Brink A, Fontaine F, Marschmann M, Steinhuber B, Cece EN, Zamora I, Pähler A. Post-acquisition analysis of untargeted accurate mass quadrupole time-of-flight MS(E) data for multiple collision-induced neutral losses and fragment ions of glutathione conjugates. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2695-2703. [PMID: 25380491 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Analytical methods to assess glutathione (GSH) conjugate formation based on mass spectrometry usually take advantage of the specific fragmentation behavior of the glutathione moiety. However, most methods used for GSH adduct screening monitor only one specific neutral loss or one fragment ion, even though the peptide moiety of GSH adducts shows a number of other specific neutral fragments and fragment ions which can be used for identification. METHODS Nine reference drugs well known to form GSH adducts were incubated with human liver microsomes. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer in untargeted accurate mass MS(E) mode. The data analysis and evaluation was achieved in an automated approach with software to extract and identify GSH conjugates based on the presence of multiple collision-induced neutral losses and fragment ions specific for glutathione conjugates in the high-energy MS spectra. RESULTS In total 42 GSH adducts were identified. Eight (18%) adducts did not show the neutral loss of 129 but were identified based on the appearance of other GSH-specific neutral losses or fragment ions. In high-energy MS(E) spectra the GSH-specific fragment ions of m/z 308 and 179 as well as the neutral loss of 275 Da were complementary to the commonly used neutral loss of 129 Da. Further, one abundant (yet unpublished) GSH conjugate of troglitazone formed in human liver microsomes was found. CONCLUSIONS A software-aided approach was developed to reliably retrieve GSH adduct formation data out of untargeted complex full scan QTOFMS(E) data in a fast and efficient way. The present approach to detect and analyze multiple collision-induced neutral losses and fragment ions of glutathione conjugates in untargeted MS(E) data might be applicable to higher throughput to assess reactive metabolite formation in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brink
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Drug Disposition and Safety, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
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Prediction of interindividual differences in hepatic functions and drug sensitivity by using human iPS-derived hepatocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:16772-7. [PMID: 25385620 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1413481111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interindividual differences in hepatic metabolism, which are mainly due to genetic polymorphism in its gene, have a large influence on individual drug efficacy and adverse reaction. Hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have the potential to predict interindividual differences in drug metabolism capacity and drug response. However, it remains uncertain whether human iPSC-derived HLCs can reproduce the interindividual difference in hepatic metabolism and drug response. We found that cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism capacity and drug responsiveness of the primary human hepatocytes (PHH)-iPS-HLCs were highly correlated with those of PHHs, suggesting that the PHH-iPS-HLCs retained donor-specific CYP metabolism capacity and drug responsiveness. We also demonstrated that the interindividual differences, which are due to the diversity of individual SNPs in the CYP gene, could also be reproduced in PHH-iPS-HLCs. We succeeded in establishing, to our knowledge, the first PHH-iPS-HLC panel that reflects the interindividual differences of hepatic drug-metabolizing capacity and drug responsiveness.
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Structure–toxicity relationship and structure–activity relationship study of 2-phenylaminophenylacetic acid derived compounds. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 71:207-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ramesh Varkhede N, Jhajra S, Suresh Ahire D, Singh S. Metabolite identification studies on amiodarone in in vitro (rat liver microsomes, rat and human liver S9 fractions) and in vivo (rat feces, urine, plasma) matrices by using liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry and multiple-stage mass spectrometry: characterization of the diquinone metabolite supposedly responsible for the drug's hepatotoxicity. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:311-331. [PMID: 24395499 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Several mechanisms have been anticipated for the toxicity of amiodarone, such as oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, phospholipidosis, free radical generation, etc. Amiodarone is structurally similar to benzbromarone, an uricosuric agent, which was withdrawn from European markets due to its idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. A proposed reason behind the toxicity of benzbromarone was the production of a reactive ortho-diquinone metabolite, which was found to form adducts with glutathione. Therefore, taking a clue that a similar diquinone metabolite of amiodarone may be the reason for its hepatotoxicity, metabolite identification studies were carried out on the drug using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) tools. METHODS The studies involved in vitro (rat liver microsomes, rat liver S9 fraction, human liver S9 fraction) and in vivo (rat feces, urine, plasma) models, wherein the samples were analyzed by employing LC/HRMS, LC/MS(n) and HDE-MS. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS A total of 26 metabolites of amiodarone were detected in the investigated in vitro and in vivo matrices. The suspected ortho-diquinone metabolite was one of them. The formation of the same might be an added reason for the hepatotoxicity shown by the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninad Ramesh Varkhede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
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Wang Y, Zhu B, Xu Q, Zhu Q, Yu L. Synthesis of heterocycle-tethered acylbenzofurans and benzodifurans from odorless and recyclable organoseleno polystyrene resin. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08441a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recyclable organoseleno resin-supported solid-phase synthesis (SPS) provided a quick access to heterocycle-tethered acylbenzofurans and benzodifurans in satisfactory overall yields and purities after multiple step reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguang Wang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Bingchun Zhu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Research Institute of Chemical Industry
- Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Qing Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Lei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Yangzhou University
- Yangzhou, China
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Pandey RN, Wang TS, Tadjuidje E, McDonald MG, Rettie AE, Hegde RS. Structure-activity relationships of benzbromarone metabolites and derivatives as EYA inhibitory anti-angiogenic agents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84582. [PMID: 24367676 PMCID: PMC3867503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine phosphatase activity of the phosphatase-transactivator protein Eyes Absent (EYA) is angiogenic through its roles in endothelial cell migration and tube formation. Benzbromarone, a known anti-gout agent, was previously identified as an inhibitor of EYA with anti-angiogenic properties. Here we show that the major metabolite of BBR, 6-hydroxy benzbromarone, is a significantly more potent inhibitor of cell migration, tubulogenesis and angiogenic sprouting. In contrast, other postulated metabolites of BBR such as 5-hydroxy benzbromaorne and 1’-hydroxy benzbromarone are less potent inhibitors of EYA tyrosine phosphatase activity as well as being less effective in cellular assays for endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis. Longer substituents at the 2 position of the benzofuran ring promoted EYA3 binding and inhibition, but were less effective in cellular assays, likely reflecting non-specific protein binding and a resulting reduction in free, bio-available inhibitor. The observed potency of 6-hydroxy benzbromarone is relevant in the context of the potential re-purposing of benzbromarone and its derivatives as anti-angiogenic agents. 6-hydroxy benzbromarone represents a metabolite with a longer half-life and greater pharmacological potency than the parent compound, suggesting that biotransformation of benzbromarone could contribute to its therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Naresh Pandey
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tim Sen Wang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Emmanuel Tadjuidje
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew G. McDonald
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Allan E. Rettie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Rashmi S. Hegde
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Frequency of CYP2C9 polymorphisms in Polynesian people and potential relevance to management of gout with benzbromarone. Joint Bone Spine 2013; 81:160-3. [PMID: 23932726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Gout is a major health problem in Polynesians and allopurinol, the drug of choice for the management gout, appears to be less effective in Polynesian patients. The uricosuric drug benzbromarone is an alternative treatment but CYP2C9 poor metabolisers (PMs) may be at a heightened risk of benzbromarone-induced hepatotoxicity. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency of the PM alleles CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 in New Zealand (NZ) Caucasian and Polynesian gout cohorts; and then to test for novel CYP2C9 polymorphisms in Polynesians. METHODS Eight hundred and fifty-two Caucasians (537 controls, 315 gout patients) and 1072 Māori and Pacific Island (Polynesian) people (620 controls, 452 gout patients) were genotyped for CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3. Forty Polynesians were screened for novel CYP2C9 polymorphisms using whole genome sequencing. RESULTS Frequency of CYP2C9 PM alleles was significantly higher in Caucasians compared to Polynesians (CYP2C9*2: 13.5% versus 3.1%; CYP2C9*3: 5.5% versus 1.6%, P<1.2E-11). Within Polynesians, CYP2C9 PM alleles were rarer in Western Polynesians (Samoa, Tonga) than Eastern Polynesians (NZ and Cook Island Maori; CYP2C9*2: 0.6% versus 2.5%; CYP2C9*3: 0.4% versus 2.0%; P<0.03). A total of 152 SNPs were found by sequencing. None of these variants were predicted by in silico analysis to significantly impact on CYP2C9 expression or activity. CONCLUSION Prospective CYP2C9 genotyping of Caucasian gout patients may be warranted for benzbromarone, whereas the low frequencies of CYP2C9 PM alleles in Polynesians suggests that the CYP2C9 polymorphism may be of little or no relevance to benzbromarone prescribing in this population.
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Kobayashi K, Kajiwara E, Ishikawa M, Mimura H, Oka H, Ejiri Y, Hosoda M, Chiba K. Cytotoxic Effects of Benzbromarone and Its 1′-Hydroxy Metabolite in Human Hepatocarcinoma FLC4 Cells Cultured on Micro-space Cell Culture Plates. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2013; 28:265-8. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-12-nt-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wu H, Peng Y, Wang S, Wang K, Zhao X, Jiang F. Metabolism studies of benzbromarone in rats by high performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 911:122-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kobayashi K, Kajiwara E, Ishikawa M, Oka H, Chiba K. Identification of CYP isozymes involved in benzbromarone metabolism in human liver microsomes. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2012; 33:466-73. [PMID: 22933344 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Benzbromarone (BBR) is metabolized to 1'-hydroxy BBR and 6-hydroxy BBR in the liver. 6-Hydroxy BBR is further metabolized to 5,6-dihydroxy BBR. The aim of this study was to identify the CYP isozymes involved in the metabolism of BBR to 1'-hydroxy BBR and 6-hydroxy BBR and in the metabolism of 6-hydroxy BBR to 5,6-dihydroxy BBR in human liver microsomes. Among 11 recombinant P450 isozymes examined, CYP3A4 showed the highest formation rate of 1'-hydroxy BBR. The formation rate of 1'-hydroxy BBR significantly correlated with testosterone 6β-hydroxylation activity in a panel of 12 human liver microsomes. The formation of 1'-hydroxy BBR was completely inhibited by ketoconazole in pooled human liver microsomes. On the other hand, the highest formation rate of 6-hydroxy BBR was found in recombinant CYP2C9. The highest correlation was observed between the formation rate of 6-hydroxy BBR and diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation activity in 12 human liver microsomes. The formation of 6-hydroxy BBR was inhibited by tienilic acid in pooled human liver microsomes. The formation of 5,6-dihydroxy BBR from 6-hydroxy BBR was catalysed by recombinant CYP2C9 and CYP1A2. The formation rate of 5,6-dihydroxy BBR was significantly correlated with diclofenac 4'-hydroxylation activity and phenacetin O-deethylation activity in 12 human liver microsomes. The formation of 5,6-dihydroxy BBR was inhibited with either tienilic acid or α-naphthoflavone in human liver microsomes. These results suggest that (i) the formation of 1'-hydroxy BBR and 6-hydroxy BBR is mainly catalysed by CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, respectively, and (ii) the formation of 5,6-dihydroxy BBR is catalysed by CYP2C9 and CYP1A2 in human liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
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