1
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Monooxygenase- and Dioxygenase-Catalyzed Oxidative Dearomatization of Thiophenes by Sulfoxidation, cis-Dihydroxylation and Epoxidation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020909. [PMID: 35055091 PMCID: PMC8777831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic oxidations of thiophenes, including thiophene-containing drugs, are important for biodesulfurization of crude oil and drug metabolism of mono- and poly-cyclic thiophenes. Thiophene oxidative dearomatization pathways involve reactive metabolites, whose detection is important in the pharmaceutical industry, and are catalyzed by monooxygenase (sulfoxidation, epoxidation) and dioxygenase (sulfoxidation, dihydroxylation) enzymes. Sulfoxide and epoxide metabolites of thiophene substrates are often unstable, and, while cis-dihydrodiol metabolites are more stable, significant challenges are presented by both types of metabolite. Prediction of the structure, relative and absolute configuration, and enantiopurity of chiral metabolites obtained from thiophene enzymatic oxidation depends on the substrate, type of oxygenase selected, and molecular docking results. The racemization and dimerization of sulfoxides, cis/trans epimerization of dihydrodiol metabolites, and aromatization of epoxides are all factors associated with the mono- and di-oxygenase-catalyzed metabolism of thiophenes and thiophene-containing drugs and their applications in chemoenzymatic synthesis and medicine.
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2
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Jaladanki CK, Khatun S, Gohlke H, Bharatam PV. Reactive Metabolites from Thiazole-Containing Drugs: Quantum Chemical Insights into Biotransformation and Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1503-1517. [PMID: 33900062 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Drugs containing thiazole and aminothiazole groups are known to generate reactive metabolites (RMs) catalyzed by cytochrome P450s (CYPs). These RMs can covalently modify essential cellular macromolecules and lead to toxicity and induce idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions. Molecular docking and quantum chemical hybrid DFT study were carried out to explore the molecular mechanisms involved in the biotransformation of thiazole (TZ) and aminothiazole (ATZ) groups leading to RM epoxide, S-oxide, N-oxide, and oxaziridine. The energy barrier required for the epoxidation is 13.63 kcal/mol, that is lower than that of S-oxidation, N-oxidation, and oxaziridine formation (14.56, 17.90, and 20.20, kcal/mol respectively). The presence of the amino group in ATZ further facilitates all the metabolic pathways, for example, the barrier for the epoxidation reaction is reduced by ∼2.5 kcal/mol. Some of the RMs/their isomers are highly electrophilic and tend to form covalent bonds with nucleophilic amino acids, finally leading to the formation of metabolic intermediate complexes (MICs). The energy profiles of these competitive pathways have also been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya K Jaladanki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector -67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062 Punjab, India
| | - Samima Khatun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector -67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062 Punjab, India
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.,Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC), Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), and Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-7: Structural Biochemistry), Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector -67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062 Punjab, India
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3
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Targeting SHIP1 and SHIP2 in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040890. [PMID: 33672717 PMCID: PMC7924360 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Phosphoinositol signaling pathways and their dysregulation have been shown to have a fundamental role in health and disease, respectively. The SH2-containing 5′ inositol phosphatases, SHIP1 and SHIP2, are regulators of the PI3K/AKT pathway that have crucial roles in cancer progression. This review aims to summarize the role of SHIP1 and SHIP2 in cancer signaling and the immune response to cancer, the discovery and use of SHIP inhibitors and agonists as possible cancer therapeutics. Abstract Membrane-anchored and soluble inositol phospholipid species are critical mediators of intracellular cell signaling cascades. Alterations in their normal production or degradation are implicated in the pathology of a number of disorders including cancer and pro-inflammatory conditions. The SH2-containing 5′ inositol phosphatases, SHIP1 and SHIP2, play a fundamental role in these processes by depleting PI(3,4,5)P3, but also by producing PI(3,4)P2 at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. With the intent of targeting SHIP1 or SHIP2 selectively, or both paralogs simultaneously, small molecule inhibitors and agonists have been developed and tested in vitro and in vivo over the last decade in various disease models. These studies have shown promising results in various pre-clinical models of disease including cancer and tumor immunotherapy. In this review the potential use of SHIP inhibitors in cancer is discussed with particular attention to the molecular structure, binding site and efficacy of these SHIP inhibitors.
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4
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Zhao F, Sun X, Lu W, Xu L, Shi J, Yang S, Zhou M, Su F, Lin F, Cao F. Synthesis of novel, DNA binding heterocyclic dehydroabietylamine derivatives as potential antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing agents. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:216-227. [PMID: 31984809 PMCID: PMC7034089 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1716879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several dehydroabietylamine derivatives containing heterocyclic moieties such as thiophene and pyrazine ring were successfully synthesized. The antiproliferative activities of these thiophene-based Schiff-bases, thiophene amides, and pyrazine amides were investigated in vitro against Hela (cervix), MCF-7 (breast), A549 (lung), HepG2 (liver), and HUVEC (umbilical vein) cells by MTT assay. The toxicity of L1-L10 (IC50 = 5.92- >100 μM) was lower than L0 (1.27 μM) and DOX (4.40 μM) in every case. Compound L1 had higher anti-HepG2 (0.66 μM), anti-MCF-7 (5.33 μM), and anti-A549 (2.11 μM) and compound L3 had higher anti-HepG2 (1.63 μM) and anti-MCF-7 (2.65 μM) activities. Both of these compounds were recognized with high efficiency in apoptosis induction in HepG2 cells and intercalated binding modes with DNA. Moreover, with average IC50 values of 0.66 and 5.98 μM, L1 was nine times more effective at suppressing cultured HepG2 cells viability than normal cells (SI = 9). The relative tumor proliferation rate (T/C) was 38.6%, the tumor inhibition rate was up to 61.2%, which indicated that L1 had no significant toxicity but high anti-HepG2 activity in vivo. Thus, it may be a potential antiproliferation drug with nontoxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyi Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry
in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, PR
China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing, PR China
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xu Sun
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing, PR China
- College of Information Science and Technology,
Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wen Lu
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Li Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry
in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, PR
China
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jiuzhou Shi
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shilong Yang
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing
Forestry University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Mengyi Zhou
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing
Forestry University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Fan Su
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing
Forestry University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Feng Lin
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing
Forestry University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Fuliang Cao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry
in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, PR
China
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry
University, Nanjing, PR China
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5
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Hamedani NF, Ghazvini M, Sheikholeslami‐Farahani F, Bagherian‐Jamnani MT. ZnO nanorods as efficient catalyst for the green synthesis of thiophene derivatives: Investigation of antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Faal Hamedani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Valiasr, Tehran BranchTechnical and Vocational University (TVU) Tehran Iran
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6
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Spura J, Farhati A, Romanovs V, Borodulin A, Belakovs S, Popelis J, Shestakova I, Dammak M, Jouikov V. Novel R3M (M = Si, Ge) substituted furan and thiophene-derived aldimines: Synthesis, electrochemistry, and biological activity. CR CHIM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Slessor KE, Stok JE, Chow S, De Voss JJ. Significance of Protein–Substrate Hydrogen Bonding for the Selectivity of P450‐Catalysed Oxidations. Chemistry 2019; 25:4149-4155. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate E. Slessor
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Jeanette E. Stok
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - Sharon Chow
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia
| | - James J. De Voss
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 Australia
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8
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Özgür M, Yılmaz M, Nishino H, Çinar Avar E, Dal H, Pekel AT, Hökelek T. Efficient syntheses and antimicrobial activities of new thiophene containing pyranone and quinolinone derivatives using manganese(iii) acetate: the effect of thiophene on ring closure–opening reactions. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00054b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses, spectroscopic properties, and antimicrobial activities of new pyranones and quinoline-based dihydrofurans accompanied by 3-alkenyl-substituted structures were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Özgür
- Department of Chemistry
- Ankara University
- 06100 Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Mehmet Yılmaz
- Department of Chemistry
- Kocaeli University
- 41380 Kocaeli
- Turkey
| | - Hiroshi Nishino
- Department of Chemistry
- Kumamoto University
- Kurokami
- Kumamoto 860-8555
- Japan
| | - Eda Çinar Avar
- Department of Chemistry
- Gazi University
- 06500 Ankara
- Turkey
| | - Hakan Dal
- Department of Chemistry
- Anadolu University
- Eskişehir
- Turkey
| | - A. Tarık Pekel
- Department of Chemistry
- Ankara University
- 06100 Ankara
- Turkey
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9
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AbdElhameid MK, Labib MB, Negmeldin AT, Al-Shorbagy M, Mohammed MR. Design, synthesis, and screening of ortho-amino thiophene carboxamide derivatives on hepatocellular carcinomaas VEGFR-2Inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:1472-1493. [PMID: 30191744 PMCID: PMC6136361 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1503654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, design, synthesis, and screening of thiophene carboxamides 4-13 and 16-23 as dual vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) and mitotic inhibitors was reported. All compounds were screened against two gastrointestinal solid cancer cells, HepG-2 and HCT-116 cell lines. The most active cytotoxic derivatives 5 and 21 displayed 2.3- and 1.7-fold higher cytotoxicity than Sorafenib against HepG-2 cells. Cell cycle and apoptosis analyses for compounds 5 and 21 showed cells accumulation in the sub-G1 phase, and cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. The apoptotic inducing activities of compounds 5 and 21were correlated to the elevation of p53, increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and increase in caspase-3/7.Compounds 5 and 21 showed potent inhibition againstVEGFR-2 (IC50 = 0.59 and 1.29 μM) and β-tubulin polymerization (73% and 86% inhibition at their IC50 values).Molecular docking was performed with VEGFR-2 and tubulin binding sites to explain the displayed inhibitory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K. AbdElhameid
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Madlen B. Labib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Ahmed T. Negmeldin
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, UAE
| | - Muhammad Al-Shorbagy
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, NewGiza University, Egypt
| | - Manal R. Mohammed
- Department of Radiation Biology, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Cairo, Egypt
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10
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Dang NL, Hughes TB, Miller GP, Swamidass SJ. Computational Approach to Structural Alerts: Furans, Phenols, Nitroaromatics, and Thiophenes. Chem Res Toxicol 2017; 30:1046-1059. [PMID: 28256829 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Structural alerts are commonly used in drug discovery to identify molecules likely to form reactive metabolites and thereby become toxic. Unfortunately, as useful as structural alerts are, they do not effectively model if, when, and why metabolism renders safe molecules toxic. Toxicity due to a specific structural alert is highly conditional, depending on the metabolism of the alert, the reactivity of its metabolites, dosage, and competing detoxification pathways. A systems approach, which explicitly models these pathways, could more effectively assess the toxicity risk of drug candidates. In this study, we demonstrated that mathematical models of P450 metabolism can predict the context-specific probability that a structural alert will be bioactivated in a given molecule. This study focuses on the furan, phenol, nitroaromatic, and thiophene alerts. Each of these structural alerts can produce reactive metabolites through certain metabolic pathways but not always. We tested whether our metabolism modeling approach, XenoSite, can predict when a given molecule's alerts will be bioactivated. Specifically, we used models of epoxidation, quinone formation, reduction, and sulfur-oxidation to predict the bioactivation of furan-, phenol-, nitroaromatic-, and thiophene-containing drugs. Our models separated bioactivated and not-bioactivated furan-, phenol-, nitroaromatic-, and thiophene-containing drugs with AUC performances of 100%, 73%, 93%, and 88%, respectively. Metabolism models accurately predict whether alerts are bioactivated and thus serve as a practical approach to improve the interpretability and usefulness of structural alerts. We expect that this same computational approach can be extended to most other structural alerts and later integrated into toxicity risk models. This advance is one necessary step toward our long-term goal of building comprehensive metabolic models of bioactivation and detoxification to guide assessment and design of new therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Le Dang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Tyler B Hughes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Grover P Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, United States
| | - S Joshua Swamidass
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine , Campus Box 8118, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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11
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Cohen SM, Fukushima S, Gooderham NJ, Guengerich FP, Hecht SS, Rietjens IM, Smith RL, Bastaki M, Harman CL, McGowen MM, Valerio LG, Taylor SV. Safety evaluation of substituted thiophenes used as flavoring ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 99:40-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Ramulu BJ, Koley S, Singh MS. Metal-free Brønsted acid mediated synthesis of fully substituted thiophenes via chemo- and regioselective intramolecular cyclization of α,α′-bis(β-oxodithioesters) at room temperature. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:434-439. [PMID: 26553314 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02081f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Metal-free Brønsted acid mediated synthesis of tetrasubstituted thiophenes via intramolecular cyclization of α,α′-bis(β-oxodithioesters) is devised at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Janaki Ramulu
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi 221005
- India
| | - Suvajit Koley
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi 221005
- India
| | - Maya Shankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Banaras Hindu University
- Varanasi 221005
- India
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13
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Jaladanki CK, Taxak N, Varikoti RA, Bharatam PV. Toxicity Originating from Thiophene Containing Drugs: Exploring the Mechanism using Quantum Chemical Methods. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2364-76. [PMID: 26574776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug metabolism of thiophene containing substrates by cytochrome P450s (CYP450) leads to toxic side effects, for example, nephrotoxicity (suprofen, ticlopidine), hepatotoxicity (tienilic acid), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (clopidogrel), and aplastic anemia (ticlopidine). The origin of toxicity in these cases has been attributed to two different CYP450 mediated metabolic reactions: S-oxidation and epoxidation. In this work, the molecular level details of the bioinorganic chemistry associated with the generation of these competitive reactions are reported. Density functional theory was utilized (i) to explore the molecular mechanism for S-oxidation and epoxidation using the radical cationic center Cpd I [(iron(IV)-oxo-heme porphine system with SH(-) as the axial ligand, to mimic CYP450s] as the model oxidant, (ii) to establish the 3D structures of the reactants, transition states, and products on both the metabolic pathways, and (iii) to examine the potential energy (PE) profile for both the pathways to determine the energetically preferred toxic metabolite formation. The energy barrier required for S-oxidation was observed to be 14.75 kcal/mol as compared to that of the epoxidation reaction (13.23 kcal/mol) on the doublet PE surface of Cpd I. The formation of the epoxide metabolite was found to be highly exothermic (-23.24 kcal/mol), as compared to S-oxidation (-8.08 kcal/mol). Hence, on a relative scale the epoxidation process was observed to be thermodynamically and kinetically more favorable. The energy profiles associated with the reactions of the S-oxide and epoxide toxic metabolites were also explored. This study helps in understanding the CYP450-catalyzed toxic reactions of drugs containing the thiophene ring at the atomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaitanya K Jaladanki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Sector-67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062 Punjab, India
| | - Nikhil Taxak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Sector-67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062 Punjab, India
| | - Rohith A Varikoti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Sector-67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062 Punjab, India
| | - Prasad V Bharatam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and ‡Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) , Sector-67, S. A. S. Nagar (Mohali), 160 062 Punjab, India
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14
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Shi W, Wan L, Hu Y, Sun S, Li W, Peng Y, Wu M, Guo H, Wang J. Facile synthesis of 3-aldehyde-2-substituted thiophenes through Lewis base catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diols with ynals. Tetrahedron Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Sahu SN, Gupta MK, Singh S, Yadav P, Panwar R, Kumar A, Ram VJ, Kumar B, Pratap R. One pot synthesis of tetrasubstituted thiophenes: [3 + 2] annulation strategy. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01290b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple, efficient and economical synthesis of dimethyl 3-amino-5-(2-oxo-2-arylethyl)thiophene-2,4-dicarboxylates has been reported by ring opening of methyl 3-amino-6-aryl-4-oxo-4H-thieno[3,2-c]pyran-2-carboxylates by alkoxide ions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Surjeet Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- North Campus
- Delhi
- India-110007
| | - Pratik Yadav
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- North Campus
- Delhi
- India-110007
| | - Rahul Panwar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- North Campus
- Delhi
- India-110007
| | - Abhinav Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Lucknow
- Lucknow
- India-226007
| | - Vishnu Ji Ram
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Lucknow
- Lucknow
- India-226007
| | - Brijesh Kumar
- Division of SAIF
- Central Drug Research Institute
- Lucknow
- India-226001
| | - Ramendra Pratap
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Delhi
- North Campus
- Delhi
- India-110007
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16
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Gramec D, Peterlin Mašič L, Sollner Dolenc M. Bioactivation potential of thiophene-containing drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1344-58. [PMID: 25014778 DOI: 10.1021/tx500134g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thiophene is a five-membered, sulfur-containing heteroaromatic ring commonly used as a building block in drugs. It is considered to be a structural alert, as its metabolism can lead to the formation of reactive metabolites. Thiophene S-oxides and thiophene epoxides are highly reactive electrophilic thiophene metabolites whose formation is cytochrome P450-dependent. These reactive thiophene-based metabolites are quite often responsible for drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Tienilic acid is an example of a thiophene-based drug that was withdrawn from the market after only a few months of use, due to severe cases of immune hepatitis. However, inclusion of the thiophene moiety in drugs does not necessarily result in toxic effects. The presence of other, less toxic metabolic pathways, as well as an effective detoxification system in our body, protects us from the bioactivation potential of the thiophene ring. Thus, the presence of a structural alert itself is insufficient to predict a compound's toxicity. The question therefore arises as to which factors significantly influence the toxicity of thiophene-containing drugs. There is no easy way to answer this question. However, the findings presented here indicate that, for a number of reasons, daily dose and alternative metabolic pathways are important factors when predicting toxicity and will therefore be discussed together with examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Gramec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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17
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Jiang B, Tu XJ, Wang X, Tu SJ, Li G. Copper(I)-catalyzed multicomponent reaction providing a new access to fully substituted thiophene derivatives. Org Lett 2014; 16:3656-9. [PMID: 24988049 PMCID: PMC4337423 DOI: 10.1021/ol501404x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Readily available triethylammonium 1-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)-2-aroylethanethiolates are efficiently converted into a variety of fully substituted thiophene derivatives by copper(I)-catalyzed denitrogenative reactions with terminal alkynes and N-sulfonyl azides. This new reaction simultaneously installs C-N, C-S, and C-C bonds, allowing direct formation of highly functionalized thiophenes with a wide diversity in substituents in a one-pot manner. A plausible mechanism for the domino process is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Jiang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Xing-Jun Tu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Shu-Jiang Tu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory
of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute
of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
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18
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Goel R, Luxami V, Paul K. Palladium catalyzed novel monoarylation and symmetrical/unsymmetrical diarylation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazines and their in vitro anticancer activities. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47192f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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19
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Wen LR, He T, Lan MC, Li M. Three-Component Cascade Annulation of β-Ketothioamides Promoted by CF3CH2OH: A Regioselective Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Thiophenes. J Org Chem 2013; 78:10617-28. [DOI: 10.1021/jo401397d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Rong Wen
- State Key Laboratory Base
of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Tao He
- State Key Laboratory Base
of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Chao Lan
- State Key Laboratory Base
of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory Base
of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
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20
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Titchenell PM, Showalter HD, Pons JF, Barber AJ, Jin Y, Antonetti DA. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 2-amino-3-carboxy-4-phenylthiophenes as novel atypical protein kinase C inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3034-8. [PMID: 23566515 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) isoforms are required for both TNF- and VEGF-induced breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) and endothelial permeability to 70kDa dextran or albumin. A chemical library screen revealed a series of novel small molecule phenylthiophene based inhibitors of aPKC isoforms that effectively block permeability in cell culture and in vivo. In an effort to further elucidate the structural requirements of this series of inhibitors, we detail in this study a structure-activity relationship (SAR) built on screening hit 1, which expands on our initial pharmacophore model. The biological activity of our analogues was evaluated in models of bona fide aPKC-dependent signaling including NFκB driven-gene transcription as a marker for an inflammatory response and VEGF/TNF-induced vascular endothelial permeability. The EC50 for the most efficacious inhibitors (6, 32) was in the low nanomolar range in these two cellular assays. Our study demonstrates the key structural elements that confer inhibitory activity and highlights the requirement for electron-donating moieties off the C-4 aryl moiety of the 2-amino-3-carboxy-4-phenylthiophene backbone. These studies suggest that this class has potential for further development into small molecule aPKC inhibitors with therapeutic efficacy in a host of diseases involving increased vascular permeability and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Titchenell
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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21
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Ghorab MM, Al-Said MS, Ghabbour HA, Chia TS, Fun HK. (E)-3-Dimethyl-amino-1-(2,5-dimethyl-thio-phen-3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2012; 68:o1712-3. [PMID: 22719503 PMCID: PMC3379305 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536812021022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C(11)H(15)NOS, the 3-(dimethyl-amino)-prop-2-en-1-one unit is approximately planar [maximum deviation = 0.0975 (14) Å] and its mean plane of seven non-H atoms makes a dihedral angle of 6.96 (10)° with the thio-phene ring. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by pairs of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into inversion dimers with R(2) (2)(14) ring motifs. The dimers are stacked along the c axis through C-H⋯π inter-actions. The two methyl groups, attached to the thio-phene ring and the amino N atom, are each disordered over two orientations, with site-occupancy ratios of 0.59 (4):0.41 (4) and 0.74 (4):0.26 (4), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M. Ghorab
- Medicinal, Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center (MAPPRC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mansour S. Al-Said
- Medicinal, Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center (MAPPRC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hazem A. Ghabbour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tze Shyang Chia
- X-ray Crystallography Unit, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hoong-Kun Fun
- X-ray Crystallography Unit, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
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22
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Rademacher PM, Woods CM, Huang Q, Szklarz GD, Nelson SD. Differential oxidation of two thiophene-containing regioisomers to reactive metabolites by cytochrome P450 2C9. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:895-903. [PMID: 22329513 DOI: 10.1021/tx200519d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The uricosuric diuretic agent tienilic acid (TA) is a thiophene-containing compound that is metabolized by P450 2C9 to 5-OH-TA. A reactive metabolite of TA also forms a covalent adduct to P450 2C9 that inactivates the enzyme and initiates immune-mediated hepatic injury in humans, purportedly through a thiophene-S-oxide intermediate. The 3-thenoyl regioisomer of TA, tienilic acid isomer (TAI), is chemically very similar and is reported to be oxidized by P450 2C9 to a thiophene-S-oxide, yet it is not a mechanism-based inactivator (MBI) of P450 2C9 and is reported to be an intrinsic hepatotoxin in rats. The goal of the work presented in this article was to identify the reactive metabolites of TA and TAI by the characterization of products derived from P450 2C9-mediated oxidation. In addition, in silico approaches were used to better understand both the mechanisms of oxidation of TA and TAI and/or the structural rearrangements of oxidized thiophene compounds. Incubation of TA with P450 2C9 and NADPH yielded the well-characterized 5-OH-TA metabolite as the major product. However, contrary to previous reports, it was found that TAI was oxidized to two different types of reactive intermediates that ultimately lead to two types of products, a pair of hydroxythiophene/thiolactone tautomers and an S-oxide dimer. Both TA and TAI incorporated ¹⁸O from ¹⁸O₂ into their respective hydroxythiophene/thiolactone metabolites indicating that these products are derived from an arene oxide pathway. Intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations of the rearrangement reactions of the model compound 2-acetylthiophene-S-oxide showed that a 1,5-oxygen migration mechanism is energetically unfavorable and does not yield the 5-OH product but instead yields a six-membered oxathiine ring. Therefore, arene oxide formation and subsequent NIH-shift rearrangement remains the favored mechanism for formation of 5-OH-TA. This also implicates the arene oxide as the initiating factor in TA induced liver injury via covalent modification of P450 2C9. Finally, in silico modeling of P450 2C9 active site ligand interactions with TA using the catalytically active iron-oxo species revealed significant differences in the orientations of TA and TAI in the active site, which correlated well with experimental results showing that TA was oxidized only to a ring carbon hydroxylated product, whereas TAI formed both ring carbon hydroxylated products and an S-oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Rademacher
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Building, Seattle, Washington 98195-7610, USA.
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23
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Mochizuki A, Nagata T, Kanno H, Takano D, Kishida M, Suzuki M, Ohta T. Orally active zwitterionic factor Xa inhibitors with long duration of action. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:7337-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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24
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Chan CY, New LS, Ho HK, Chan ECY. Reversible time-dependent inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes by duloxetine and inertness of its thiophene ring towards bioactivation. Toxicol Lett 2011; 206:314-24. [PMID: 21839818 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Duloxetine is a selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) approved to treat major depressive disorder and diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. It is known to cause hepatotoxicity, in some cases leading to death. It has been reported that duloxetine causes time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4/5; but the nature of these TDI (whether reversible or irreversible) is not known. Irreversible TDI can cause clinically significant drug-drug interactions and also immune-mediated hepatotoxicity. Structurally, duloxetine possesses several toxicophores, i.e. the naphthyl and thiophene rings. It has been reported that the naphthyl ring undergoes epoxidation and was subsequently adducted to glutathione, but bioactivation related to the thiophene ring has not been completely elucidated. In this paper, the potential of duloxetine in causing irreversible TDI and generating reactive metabolites was investigated. Human liver microsomal assays demonstrated that duloxetine did not cause irreversible TDI of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4/5. Subsequently, reactive metabolite trapping assays using soft nucleophiles (glutathione and glutathione ethyl ester) revealed a previously reported adduct at the naphthyl ring of duloxetine but not at the thiophene ring. Trapping assays utilizing a hard nucleophile (semicarbazide) did not demonstrate adducts with the thiophene ring, indicating an absence of thiophene ring opening. The hepatotoxicity of duloxetine is possibly not related to the irreversible TDI of CYP450 or the bioactivation of its thiophene moiety, but might be due to the epoxidation of its naphthyl ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yip Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham F Smith
- Central Chemistry Team Lead, Merck Research Laboratories, Boston, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Lin HL, Zhang H, Medower C, Hollenberg PF, Johnson WW. Inactivation of cytochrome P450 (P450) 3A4 but not P450 3A5 by OSI-930, a thiophene-containing anticancer drug. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 39:345-50. [PMID: 21068193 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.034074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigational anticancer agent that contains a thiophene moiety, 3-[(quinolin-4-ylmethyl)-amino]-N-[4-trifluoromethox)phenyl] thiophene-2-carboxamide (OSI-930), was tested to investigate its ability to modulate the activities of several cytochrome P450 enzymes. Results showed that OSI-930 inactivated purified, recombinant cytochrome P450 (P450) 3A4 in the reconstituted system in a mechanism-based manner. The inactivation was dependent on cytochrome b(5) and required NADPH. Catalase did not protect against the inactivation. No inactivation was observed in studies with human 2B6, 2D6, or 3A5 either in the presence or in the absence of b(5). The inactivation of 3A4 by OSI-930 was time- and concentration-dependent. The inactivation of the 7-benzyloxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)coumarin catalytic activity of 3A4 was characterized by a K(I) of 24 μM and a k(inact) of 0.04 min(-1). This K(I) is significantly greater than the clinical OSI-930 C(max) of 1.7 μM at the maximum tolerated dose, indicating that clinical drug interactions of OSI-930 via this pathway are not likely. Spectral analysis of the inactivated protein indicated that the decrease in the reduced CO spectrum at 450 nm was comparable to the amount of inactivation, thereby suggesting that the inactivation was primarily due to modification of the heme. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with detection at 400 nm showed a loss of heme comparable to the activity loss, but a modified heme was not detected. This result suggests either that the heme must have been modified enough so as not to be observed in a HPLC chromatograph or, possibly, that it was destroyed. The partition ratio for the inactivation of P450 3A4 was approximately 23, suggesting that this P450 3A4-mediated pathway occurs with approximately 4% frequency during the metabolism of OSI-930. Modeling studies on the binding of OSI-930 to the active site of the P450 3A4 indicated that OSI-930 would be oriented properly in the active site for oxidation of the thiophene sulfur to give the sulfoxide, which has previously been shown to be a significant metabolite of OSI-930. Because OSI-930 is an inactivator of P450 3A4 but does not exhibit any effect on P450 3A5 activity under the same conditions, it may be an appropriate probe for exploring unique aspects of these two very similar P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsia-lien Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5632, USA
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27
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Wu G, Vashishtha SC, Erve JCL. Characterization of Glutathione Conjugates of Duloxetine by Mass Spectrometry and Evaluation of in Silico Approaches to Rationalize the Site of Conjugation for Thiophene Containing Drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1393-404. [DOI: 10.1021/tx100141d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Wu
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, and Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - Sarvesh C. Vashishtha
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, and Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
| | - John C. L. Erve
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania 19034, and Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426
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28
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Hu Y, Yang S, Shilliday FB, Heyde BR, Mandrell KM, Robins RH, Xie J, Reding MT, Lai Y, Thompson DC. Novel Metabolic Bioactivation Mechanism for a Series of Anti-Inflammatory Agents (2,5-Diaminothiophene Derivatives) Mediated by Cytochrome P450 Enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1522-31. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.032581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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29
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Miao Q, Yan X, Zhao K. Synthesis, Structure and Anticancer Activity Studies of 1-[(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)sulfonyl]-5-fluoro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione. CHINESE J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201090039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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30
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Shimizu S, Atsumi R, Nakazawa T, Fujimaki Y, Sudo K, Okazaki O. Metabolism of ticlopidine in rats: identification of the main biliary metabolite as a glutathione conjugate of ticlopidine S-oxide. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1904-15. [PMID: 19541827 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.027524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified several novel metabolites of ticlopidine, a well known antiplatelet agent and have revealed its metabolic route in rats. The main biliary metabolite of ticlopidine was characterized as a glutathione (GSH) conjugate of ticlopidine S-oxide, in which conjugation had occurred at carbon 7a in the thienopyridine moiety. Quantitative analysis revealed that 29% of the dose was subjected to the formation of reactive intermediates followed by conjugation with GSH after oral administration of ticlopidine (22 mg/kg) to rats. In vitro incubation of ticlopidine with rat liver 9000 g supernatant fraction (S9) fractions led to the formation of multiple metabolites, including 2-oxo-ticlopidine, the precursor for the pharmacologically active ticlopidine metabolite, [1-(2-chlorobenzyl)-4-mercaptopiperidin-(3Z)-ylidene] acetic acid. A novel thiophene ring-opened metabolite with a thioketone group and a carboxylic acid moiety has also been detected after incubation of 2-oxo-ticlopidine with rat liver microsomes or upon incubation of ticlopidine with rat liver S9 fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Shimizu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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