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Poddar A, Ahmady F, Rao SR, Sharma R, Kannourakis G, Prithviraj P, Jayachandran A. The role of pregnancy associated plasma protein-A in triple negative breast cancer: a promising target for achieving clinical benefits. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:23. [PMID: 38395880 PMCID: PMC10885503 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) plays an integral role in breast cancer (BC), especially triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). This subtype accounts for the most aggressive BC, possesses high tumor heterogeneity, is least responsive to standard treatments and has the poorest clinical outcomes. There is a critical need to address the lack of effective targeted therapeutic options available. PAPP-A is a protein that is highly elevated during pregnancy. Frequently, higher PAPP-A expression is detected in tumors than in healthy tissues. The increase in expression coincides with increased rates of aggressive cancers. In BC, PAPP-A has been demonstrated to play a role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as acting as a biomarker for predicting patient outcomes. In this review, we present the role of PAPP-A, with specific focus on TNBC. The structure and function of PAPP-A, belonging to the pappalysin subfamily, and its proteolytic activity are assessed. We highlight the link of BC and PAPP-A with respect to the IGFBP/IGF axis, EMT, the window of susceptibility and the impact of pregnancy. Importantly, the relevance of PAPP-A as a TNBC clinical marker is reviewed and its influence on immune-related pathways are explored. The relationship and mechanisms involving PAPP-A reveal the potential for more treatment options that can lead to successful immunotherapeutic targets and the ability to assist with better predicting clinical outcomes in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Poddar
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
- Federation University, Victoria, Australia
- RMIT University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Farah Ahmady
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
- Federation University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sushma R Rao
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Revati Sharma
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
- Federation University, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Kannourakis
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
- Federation University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prashanth Prithviraj
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Victoria, Australia
- Federation University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aparna Jayachandran
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Victoria, Australia.
- Federation University, Victoria, Australia.
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Yaqoob MU, Hou J, Zhe L, Qi Y, Wu P, Zhu X, Cao X, Li Z. Coated cysteamine, a potential feed additive for ruminants - An updated review. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:161-172. [PMID: 37946437 PMCID: PMC10766489 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
For sustainable development, better performance, and less gas pollution during rumen fermentation, there is a need to find a green and safe feed additive for ruminants. Cysteamine (CS) is a biological compound naturally produced in mammalian cells. It is widely used as a growth promoter in ruminants because of its ability to control hormone secretions. It mainly controls the circulating concentration of somatostatin and enhances growth hormone production, leading to improved growth performance. CS modulates the rumen fermentation process in a way beneficial for the animals and environment, leading to less methane production and nutrients loss. Another beneficial effect of using CS is that it improves the availability of nutrients to the animals and enhances their absorption. CS also works as an antioxidant and protects the cells from oxidative damage. In addition, CS has no adverse effects on bacterial and fungal alpha diversity in ruminants. Dietary supplementation of CS enhances the population of beneficial microorganisms. Still, no data is available on the use of CS on reproductive performance in ruminants, so there is a need to evaluate the effects of using CS in breeding animals for an extended period. In this review, the action mode of CS was updated according to recently published data to highlight the beneficial effects of using CS in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umar Yaqoob
- Provincial Key Agricultural Enterprise Research Institute of King Techina, Hangzhou King Techina Feed Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311107,
China
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058,
China
| | - Jia Hou
- Provincial Key Agricultural Enterprise Research Institute of King Techina, Hangzhou King Techina Feed Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311107,
China
| | - Li Zhe
- Provincial Key Agricultural Enterprise Research Institute of King Techina, Hangzhou King Techina Feed Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311107,
China
| | - Yingying Qi
- Provincial Key Agricultural Enterprise Research Institute of King Techina, Hangzhou King Techina Feed Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311107,
China
| | - Peng Wu
- Provincial Key Agricultural Enterprise Research Institute of King Techina, Hangzhou King Techina Feed Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311107,
China
| | - Xiangde Zhu
- Provincial Key Agricultural Enterprise Research Institute of King Techina, Hangzhou King Techina Feed Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311107,
China
| | - Xiaoli Cao
- Provincial Key Agricultural Enterprise Research Institute of King Techina, Hangzhou King Techina Feed Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311107,
China
| | - Zhefeng Li
- Provincial Key Agricultural Enterprise Research Institute of King Techina, Hangzhou King Techina Feed Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311107,
China
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Al-Shami K, Awadi S, Khamees A, Alsheikh AM, Al-Sharif S, Ala’ Bereshy R, Al-Eitan SF, Banikhaled SH, Al-Qudimat AR, Al-Zoubi RM, Al Zoubi MS. Estrogens and the risk of breast cancer: A narrative review of literature. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20224. [PMID: 37809638 PMCID: PMC10559995 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In female mammals, the development and regulation of the reproductive system and non-reproductive system are significantly influenced by estrogens (oestrogens). In addition, lipid metabolism is another physiological role of estrogens. Estrogens act through different types of receptors to introduce signals to the target cell by affecting many estrogen response elements. Breast cancer is considered mostly a hormone-dependent disease. Approximately 70% of breast cancers express progesterone receptors and/or estrogen receptors, and they are a good marker for cancer prognosis. This review will discuss estrogen metabolism and the interaction of estrogen metabolites with breast cancer. The carcinogenic role of estrogen is discussed in light of both conventional and atypical cancers susceptible to hormones, such as prostate, endometrial, and lung cancer, as we examine how estrogen contributes to the formation and activation of breast cancer. In addition, this review will discuss other factors that can be associated with estrogen-driven breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khayry Al-Shami
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Sajeda Awadi
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Almu'atasim Khamees
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163, Irbid, Jordan
- Department of General Surgery, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, 11941, Jordan
| | | | - Sumaiya Al-Sharif
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Sharaf F. Al-Eitan
- Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, P.O Box 566, 21163, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Ahmad R. Al-Qudimat
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Raed M. Al-Zoubi
- Surgical Research Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
- Department of Chemistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
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Ozmen O. Immunohistochemical study of IGF-I and IGF-II expression in canine mammary tumours: Prognostic and diagnostic role. Acta Vet Hung 2020; 68:269-274. [PMID: 33221734 DOI: 10.1556/004.2020.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mammary tumours are among the most common tumours in dogs and are of interest due to their similarities to human breast tumours. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are considered important in cell growth and development. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of IGF-I and IGF-II in benign and malignant canine mammary tumours. In this study, 10 benign and 10 malignant mammary tumours from the archives of the Department of Pathology were used, and five normal breast tissues were used as controls. It was observed that the expression of IGF-I and IGF-II was low to absent in benign tumours and increased in malignant tumours. The expression of IGF-II was higher than that of IGF-I. This study showed that IGF-I and IGF-II can be used as criteria for malignancy in canine mammary tumours. The results also indicate that IGF-I and IGF-II may be used as early diagnostic markers, and their inhibition may be used for the treatment of canine and human mammary tumours in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Ozmen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Istiklal Yerleskesi, 15030, Burdur, Turkey
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Patel H, Arruarana V, Yao L, Cui X, Ray E. Effects of hormones and hormone therapy on breast tissue in transgender patients: a concise review. Endocrine 2020; 68:6-15. [PMID: 32067157 PMCID: PMC7252590 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02197-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has become a mainstay medical treatment option for management of gender dysphoria in transgender patients of both biologic sexes. Very little is known about the long-term effects of steroid hormone modulation on breast tissue in this population. Most of the data available on the effects of HRT on breast and reproductive tissues come from studies of postmenopausal cisgender women. Therapeutic regimens are often provider-dependent, and there, are no uniform guidelines in place for cancer surveillance in transgender patients. In this review, we present what forms of hormone therapy and hormone modulation are available to transgender patients, what is known about their effects on male and female breast tissue, and what other endogenous and exogenous factors contribute to the macroscopic and cellular changes observed. METHODS A search for the existing literature focusing on therapeutic regimens and the effects of HRT on breast tissue provided the most current information available for this review. Recent evidence-based reports (since the year 2000) and reviews were given priority over anecdotal evidence and expert opinions when conflicting information was encountered. Older resources were considered when primary sources were needed. Given the paucity of available articles on this subject, all resources were given careful consideration. RESULTS Information about the risks associated with HRT in the current literature and in this setting is limited and often conflicting, due to a scarcity of long-term studies tracking breast pathology among transgender men and women. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the long-term effects of off-label pharmaceutical use for modulation of hormone levels and sexual characteristics in transgender patients have not been well studied. The tendency of steroid hormones to promote the growth of certain cancers also raises questions about the safety of differing doses and drug combinations. Further clinical and laboratory study is needed to better establish safety and dosing guidelines in transgender patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Patel
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Victor Arruarana
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lucille Yao
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edward Ray
- Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Mieritz MG, Rakêt LL, Hagen CP, Nielsen JE, Talman MLM, Petersen JH, Sommer SH, Main KM, Jørgensen N, Juul A. A Longitudinal Study of Growth, Sex Steroids, and IGF-1 in Boys With Physiological Gynecomastia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:3752-9. [PMID: 26287961 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Physiological gynecomastia is common and affects a large proportion of otherwise healthy adolescent boys. It is thought to be caused by an imbalance between estrogen and testosterone, although this is rarely evident in analyses of serum. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to describe the frequency of physiological gynecomastia and to determine possible etiological factors (eg, auxology and serum hormone levels) in a longitudinal setup. DESIGN, SETTINGS, AND PARTICIPANTS A prospective cohort study of 106 healthy Danish boys (5.8-16.4 years) participated in the longitudinal part of the COPENHAGEN Puberty Study. The boys were examined every 6 months during an 8-year follow-up. Median number of examinations was 10 (2-15). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Blood samples were analyzed for FSH, LH, testosterone, estradiol, SHBG, inhibin B, anti-Müllerian hormone, IGF-1, and IGF binding protein-3 by immunoassays. Auxological parameters, pubertal development, and the presence of gynecomastia were evaluated at each visit. RESULTS Fifty-two of 106 boys (49%) developed gynecomastia, of which 10 (19%) presented with intermittent gynecomastia. Boys with physiological gynecomastia reached peak height velocity at a significantly younger age than boys who did not develop gynecomastia (13.5 versus 13.9 years, P = .027), and they had significantly higher serum levels of IGF-1 (P = .000), estradiol (P = .013), free testosterone (P < .001), and FSH (P = .030) during pubertal transition. However, no differences in serum LH or in the estradiol to testosterone ratio were found. CONCLUSIONS Gynecomastia is frequent in pubertal boys. Increased IGF-1 levels and pubertal growth appear to be associated, whereas changes in estrogen to testosterone ratio seem negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel G Mieritz
- Department of Growth and Reproduction (M.M., C.P.H., J.E.N., K.M.M., N.J., A.J.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Mathematical Sciences (L.L.R.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pathology (M.-L.M.T.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biostatistics (J.H.P.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Computer Science (S.H.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars L Rakêt
- Department of Growth and Reproduction (M.M., C.P.H., J.E.N., K.M.M., N.J., A.J.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Mathematical Sciences (L.L.R.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pathology (M.-L.M.T.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biostatistics (J.H.P.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Computer Science (S.H.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Casper P Hagen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction (M.M., C.P.H., J.E.N., K.M.M., N.J., A.J.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Mathematical Sciences (L.L.R.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pathology (M.-L.M.T.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biostatistics (J.H.P.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Computer Science (S.H.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John E Nielsen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction (M.M., C.P.H., J.E.N., K.M.M., N.J., A.J.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Mathematical Sciences (L.L.R.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pathology (M.-L.M.T.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biostatistics (J.H.P.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Computer Science (S.H.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maj-Lis M Talman
- Department of Growth and Reproduction (M.M., C.P.H., J.E.N., K.M.M., N.J., A.J.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Mathematical Sciences (L.L.R.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pathology (M.-L.M.T.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biostatistics (J.H.P.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Computer Science (S.H.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen H Petersen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction (M.M., C.P.H., J.E.N., K.M.M., N.J., A.J.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Mathematical Sciences (L.L.R.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pathology (M.-L.M.T.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biostatistics (J.H.P.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Computer Science (S.H.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stefan H Sommer
- Department of Growth and Reproduction (M.M., C.P.H., J.E.N., K.M.M., N.J., A.J.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Mathematical Sciences (L.L.R.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pathology (M.-L.M.T.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biostatistics (J.H.P.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Computer Science (S.H.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katharina M Main
- Department of Growth and Reproduction (M.M., C.P.H., J.E.N., K.M.M., N.J., A.J.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Mathematical Sciences (L.L.R.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pathology (M.-L.M.T.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biostatistics (J.H.P.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Computer Science (S.H.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Jørgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction (M.M., C.P.H., J.E.N., K.M.M., N.J., A.J.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Mathematical Sciences (L.L.R.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pathology (M.-L.M.T.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biostatistics (J.H.P.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Computer Science (S.H.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- Department of Growth and Reproduction (M.M., C.P.H., J.E.N., K.M.M., N.J., A.J.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Mathematical Sciences (L.L.R.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pathology (M.-L.M.T.), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biostatistics (J.H.P.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and Department of Computer Science (S.H.S.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Villa-Osaba A, Gahete MD, Córdoba-Chacón J, de Lecea L, Pozo-Salas AI, Delgado-Lista FJ, Álvarez-Benito M, López-Miranda J, Luque RM, Castaño JP. Obesity alters gene expression for GH/IGF-I axis in mouse mammary fat pads: differential role of cortistatin and somatostatin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120955. [PMID: 25806796 PMCID: PMC4373840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Locally produced growth hormone (GH) and IGF-I are key factors in the regulation of mammary gland (MG) development and may be important in breast cancer development/progression. Somatostatin (SST) and cortistatin (CORT) regulate GH/IGF-I axis at various levels, but their role in regulating GH/IGF-I in MGs remains unknown. Since obesity alters the expression of these systems in different tissues and is associated to MG (patho) physiology, we sought to investigate the role of SST/CORT in regulating GH/IGF-I system in the MGs of lean and obese mice. Therefore, we analyzed GH/IGF-I as well as SST/CORT and ghrelin systems expression in the mammary fat pads (MFPs) of SST- or CORT-knockout (KO) mice and their respective littermate-controls fed a low-fat (LF) or a high-fat (HF) diet for 16 wks. Our results demonstrate that the majority of the components of GH/IGF-I, SST/CORT and ghrelin systems are locally expressed in mouse MFP. Expression of elements of the GH/IGF-I axis was significantly increased in MFPs of HF-fed control mice while lack of endogenous SST partially suppressed, and lack of CORT completely blunted, the up-regulation observed in obese WT-controls. Since SST/CORT are known to exert an inhibitory role on the GH/IGFI axis, the increase in SST/CORT-receptor sst2 expression in MFPs of HF-fed CORT- and SST-KOs together with an elevation on circulating SST in CORT-KOs could explain the differences observed. These results offer new information on the factors (GH/IGF-I axis) involved in the endocrine/metabolic dysregulation of MFPs in obesity, and suggest that CORT is not a mere SST sibling in regulating MG physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Villa-Osaba
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel D. Gahete
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Córdoba-Chacón
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Ana I. Pozo-Salas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Delgado-Lista
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Medicine, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marina Álvarez-Benito
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Mammary Gland Unit, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José López-Miranda
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Medicine, Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Raúl M. Luque
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Justo P. Castaño
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Córdoba, Spain
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Abstract
Gynaecomastia (enlargement of the male breast tissue) is a common finding in the general population. Most cases of gynaecomastia are benign and of cosmetic, rather than clinical, importance. However, the condition might cause local pain and tenderness, could occasionally be the result of a serious underlying illness or a medication, or be inherited. Breast cancer in men is much less common than benign gynaecomastia, and the two conditions can usually be distinguished by a careful physical examination. Estrogens are known to stimulate the growth of breast tissue, whereas androgens inhibit it; most cases of gynaecomastia result from deficient androgen action or excessive estrogen action in the breast tissue. In some cases, such as pubertal gynaecomastia, the breast enlargement resolves spontaneously. In other situations, more active treatment might be required to correct an underlying condition (such as hyperthyroidism or a benign Leydig cell tumour of the testis) or medications that could cause breast enlargement (such as spironolactone) might need to be discontinued. For men with hypogonadism, administration of androgens might be helpful, as might antiestrogen therapy in men with endogenous overproduction of estrogens. Surgery to remove the enlarged breast tissue might be necessary when gynaecomastia does not resolve spontaneously or with medical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmeet S Narula
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 6900 Pecos Road, North Las Vegas, NV 89086, USA
| | - Harold E Carlson
- Department of Medicine, Endocrinology Division, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, HSC T15-060, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8154, USA
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Dearth RK, Hiney JK, Srivastava VK, Hamilton AM, Dees WL. Prepubertal exposure to elevated manganese results in estradiol regulated mammary gland ductal differentiation and hyperplasia in female rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:871-882. [PMID: 24845367 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214531865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that environmental substances regulating estrogenic pathways during puberty may be detrimental to the developing mammary gland (MG). Manganese (Mn) is a trace mineral required for normal physiological processes. Prepubertal exposure to Mn induces precocious puberty in rats, an event associated with early elevations in puberty-related hormones, including estradiol (E2). However, until now the effect of Mn-induced precocious MG development has not been determined. Therefore, we assessed the ability of prepubertal Mn exposure to advance normal MG development and alter E2 driven pathways involved in tumorigenesis. Sprague Dawley female rats were gavaged daily with either 10 mg/kg manganese chloride (MnCl2) or saline (control) from postnatal day (PND) 12 through PND 30. Blood and MGs were collected on PNDs 30 and 120. Compared to controls, serum E2 levels on PND 30 were elevated (p < 0.05) in the Mn-treated group. Mn exposure significantly increased differentiated MG terminal ductal structures and the percentage of MG epithelial cells that stained positive for the proliferative marker, Ki67, at PND 30 (p < 0.001) and PND 120 (p < 0.001). Levels of Mn (ppm) were not elevated in these MGs. Mn-treated animals (40%) exhibited reactive stroma and intra-luminal focal hyperplasia in hemotoxylin and eosin stained MGs at PND 120. Furthermore, Mn exposure resulted in elevated protein expression levels of estrogen receptor α, activator protein 2α, phosphorylated (p)-Akt, and p53 in MGs on PND 120, but not on PND 30. Collectively, these data show that exposure to a supplemental dose of Mn causes accelerated pubertal MG growth which can progress to adult hyperplasia; thus, providing evidence that early life Mn exposure may increase susceptibility to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Dearth
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - Jill K Hiney
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Vinod K Srivastava
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
| | - Alina M Hamilton
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Texas-Pan American, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA
| | - William L Dees
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
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Mieritz MG, Sorensen K, Aksglaede L, Mouritsen A, Hagen CP, Hilsted L, Andersson AM, Juul A. Elevated serum IGF-I, but unaltered sex steroid levels, in healthy boys with pubertal gynaecomastia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2014; 80:691-8. [PMID: 24033660 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pubertal gynaecomastia is a very common condition. Although the underlying aetiology is poorly understood, it is generally accepted that excess of oestrogens and deficit of androgens are involved in the pathogenesis. Furthermore, adiposity as well as the GH/IGF-I axis may play a role. In this study, we elucidate the association of adiposity and levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), testosterone, oestrogen, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 with the presence of pubertal gynaecomastia in a large cohort of healthy boys. PATIENTS A total of 501 healthy Danish school boys (aged 6·1-19·8 year) from the COPENHAGEN Puberty Study. MEASUREMENTS Anthropometry and pubertal stages (PH1-6 and G1-5) were evaluated, and the presence of gynaecomastia was assessed. Body fat percentage was calculated by means of four skin folds and impedance. Nonfasting blood samples were analysed for FSH, LH, testosterone, SHBG, oestradiol, IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and prolactin. RESULTS We found that 23% (31/133) of all pubertal boys had gynaecomastia. More specifically, 63% (10/16) of boys in genital stage 4 had gynaecomastia. Boys with gynaecomastia had significantly higher IGF-I levels compared with controls (IGF-I SD-score 0·72 vs -0·037, P < 0·001). This difference was maintained after adjusting for confounders (age and pubertal stage). Sex steroid levels, oestradiol/testosterone ratio or free testosterone were not associated with the presence of gynaecomastia with or without adjustment for confounders. CONCLUSIONS IGF-I levels were elevated in healthy boys with pubertal gynaecomastia compared with boys without gynaecomastia, whereas sex steroid levels did not differ. We speculate that the GH-IGF-I axis may be involved in the pathogenesis of pubertal gynaecomastia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel G Mieritz
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Llanos AA, Brasky TM, Dumitrescu RG, Marian C, Makambi KH, Kallakury BVS, Spear SL, Perry DJ, Convit RJ, Platek ME, Adams-Campbell LL, Freudenheim JL, Shields PG. Plasma IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 may be imprecise surrogates for breast concentrations: an analysis of healthy women. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2013; 138:571-9. [PMID: 23456194 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-013-2452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
We investigated insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 concentrations in histologically normal breast tissues and assessed their association with plasma concentrations, and breast cancer risk factors. IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were assessed in plasma and breast tissues of 90 women with no history of any cancer and undergoing reduction mammoplasty. Pearson correlations and ANOVAs were used to describe plasma-breast associations and biomarker differences by breast cancer risk factors, respectively. Multivariable regression models were used to determine associations between risk factors, and breast IGF-1 and IGFBP-3. The mean age of the study sample was 37.3 years, 58 % were white, and generally these women were obese (mean BMI = 30.8 kg/m(2)). We observed no plasma-breast correlation for IGF-1, IGFBP-3, or IGF-1/IGFBP-3 (r = -0.08, r = 0.14, and r = 0.03, respectively; p-values >0.05). Through age- and BMI-adjusted analysis, BMI and years of oral contraceptive (OC) use were inversely associated with breast IGF-1 (p-values = 0.02 and 0.003, respectively) and age was associated with breast IGFBP-3 (p = 0.01), while breast IGF-1/IGFBP-3 was higher in blacks than whites (1.08 vs. 0.68, p = 0.04) and associated with age and BMI (p-values = 0.03 and 0.002, respectively). In multivariable-adjusted models, some breast cancer risk factors studied herein explained 24, 10, and 15 % of the variation in breast IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and IGF-1/IGFBP-3, respectively. While reasons for the lack of plasma-breast hormone correlations in these cancer-free women are unknown, several factors were shown to be associated with breast concentrations. The lack of correlation between blood and tissue IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 suggests that studies of breast cancer risk assessing blood IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 may have important limitations in understanding their role in breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adana A Llanos
- Division of Population Sciences, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1590 North High Street, Suite 525, Columbus, OH 43201, USA.
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13
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Mammary gland proliferation in female rats: Effects of the estrous cycle, pseudo-pregnancy and age. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:321-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Ching S, Kashinkunti S, Niehaus MD, Zinser GM. Mammary adipocytes bioactivate 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ and signal via vitamin D₃ receptor, modulating mammary epithelial cell growth. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:3393-405. [PMID: 21769914 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D(3) receptor (VDR) is present in all microenvironments of the breast, yet it is hypothesized to signal through the epithelium to regulate hormone induced growth and differentiation. However, the influence or contribution of the other microenvironments within the breast that express VDR, like the breast adipose tissue, are yet to be investigated. We hypothesized that the breast adipocytes express the signaling components necessary to participate in vitamin D(3) synthesis and signaling via VDR, modulating ductal epithelial cell growth and differentiation. We utilized human primary breast adipocytes and VDR wild type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice to address whether breast adipocytes participate in vitamin D(3) -induced growth regulation of the ductal epithelium. We report in this study that breast primary adipocytes express VDR, CYP27B1 (1α-hydroxylase, 1α-OHase), the enzyme that generates the biologically active VDR ligand, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D(3) ), and CYP24 (24-hydroxylase, 24-OHase), a VDR-1,25D(3) induced target gene. Furthermore, the breast adipocytes participate in bioactivating 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25D(3) ) to the active ligand, 1,25D(3) , and secreting it to the surrounding microenvironment. In support of this concept, we report that purified mammary ductal epithelial fragments (organoids) from VDR KO mice, co-cultured with WT breast adipocytes, were growth inhibited upon treatment with 25D(3) or 1,25D(3) compared to vehicle alone. Collectively, these results demonstrate that breast adipocytes bioactivate 25D(3) to 1,25D(3) , signal via VDR within the adipocytes, and release an inhibitory factor that regulates ductal epithelial cell growth, suggesting that breast adipose tissue contributes to vitamin D(3) -induced growth regulation of ductal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ching
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA
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15
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Dearth RK, Kuiatse I, Wang YF, Liao L, Hilsenbeck SG, Brown PH, Xu J, Lee AV. A moderate elevation of circulating levels of IGF-I does not alter ErbB2 induced mammary tumorigenesis. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:377. [PMID: 21867536 PMCID: PMC3189189 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epidemiological evidence suggests that moderately elevated levels of circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) are associated with increased risk of breast cancer in women. How circulating IGF-I may promote breast cancer incidence is unknown, however, increased IGF-I signaling is linked to trastuzumab resistance in ErbB2 positive breast cancer. Few models have directly examined the effect of moderately high levels of circulating IGF-I on breast cancer initiation and progression. The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of circulating IGF-I to independently initiate mammary tumorigenesis and/or accelerate the progression of ErbB2 mediated mammary tumor growth. Methods We crossed heterozygous TTR-IGF-I mice with heterozygous MMTV-ErbB2 mice to generate 4 different genotypes: TTR-IGF-I/MMTV-ErbB2 (bigenic), TTR-IGF-I only, MMTV-ErbB2 only, and wild type (wt). Virgin females were palpated twice a week and harvested when tumors reached 1000 mm3. For study of normal development, blood and tissue were harvested at 4, 6 and 9 weeks of age in TTR-IGF-I and wt mice. Results TTR-IGF-I and TTR-IGF-I/ErbB2 bigenic mice showed a moderate 35% increase in circulating total IGF-I compared to ErbB2 and wt control mice. Elevation of circulating IGF-I had no effect upon pubertal mammary gland development. The transgenic increase in IGF-I alone wasn't sufficient to initiate mammary tumorigenesis. Elevated circulating IGF-I had no effect upon ErbB2-induced mammary tumorigenesis or metastasis, with median time to tumor formation being 30 wks and 33 wks in TTR-IGF-I/ErbB2 bigenic and ErbB2 mice respectively (p = 0.65). Levels of IGF-I in lysates from ErbB2/TTR-IGF-I tumors compared to ErbB2 was elevated in a similar manner to the circulating IGF-I, however, there was no effect on the rate of tumor growth (p = 0.23). There were no morphological differences in tumor type (solid adenocarcinomas) between bigenic and ErbB2 mammary glands. Conclusion Using the first transgenic animal model to elevate circulating levels of IGF-I to those comparable to women at increased risk of breast cancer, we showed that moderately high levels of systemic IGF-I have no effect on pubertal mammary gland development, initiating mammary tumorigenesis or promoting ErbB2 driven mammary carcinogenesis. Our work suggests that ErbB2-induced mammary tumorigenesis is independent of the normal variation in circulating levels of IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Dearth
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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Hvid H, Thorup I, Oleksiewicz MB, Sjögren I, Jensen HE. An alternative method for preparation of tissue sections from the rat mammary gland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:317-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Cannata D, Lann D, Wu Y, Elis S, Sun H, Yakar S, Lazzarino DA, Wood TL, Leroith D. Elevated circulating IGF-I promotes mammary gland development and proliferation. Endocrinology 2010; 151:5751-61. [PMID: 20926579 PMCID: PMC2999497 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies have shown that IGF-I is essential for mammary gland development. Previous studies have suggested that local IGF-I rather than circulating IGF-I is the major mediator of mammary gland development. In the present study we used the hepatic IGF-I transgenic (HIT) and IGF-I knockout/HIT (KO-HIT) mouse models to examine the effects of enhanced circulating IGF-I on mammary development in the presence and absence of local IGF-I. HIT mice express the rat IGF-I transgene under the transthyretin promoter in the liver and have elevated circulating IGF-I and normal tissue IGF-I levels. The KO-HIT mice have no tissue IGF-I and increased circulating IGF-I. Analysis of mammary gland development reveals a greater degree of complexity in HIT mice as compared to control and KO-HIT mice, which demonstrate similar degrees of mammary gland complexity. Immunohistochemical evaluation of glands of HIT mice also suggests an enhanced degree of proliferation of the mammary gland, whereas KO-HIT mice exhibit mammary gland proliferation similar to control mice. In addition, HIT mice have a higher percentage of proliferating myoepithelial and luminal cells than control mice, whereas KO-HIT mice have an equivalent percentage of proliferating myoepithelial and luminal cells as control mice. Thus, our findings show that elevated circulating IGF-I levels are sufficient to promote normal pubertal mammary epithelial development. However, HIT mice demonstrate more pronounced mammary gland development when compared to control and KO-HIT mice. This suggests that both local and endocrine IGF-I play roles in mammary gland development and that elevated circulating IGF-I accelerates mammary epithelial proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara Cannata
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, The Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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18
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Taverne CW, Verheus M, McKay JD, Kaaks R, Canzian F, Grobbee DE, Peeters PHM, van Gils CH. Common genetic variation of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), IGFBP-3, and acid labile subunit in relation to serum IGF-I levels and mammographic density. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2010; 123:843-55. [PMID: 20155489 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-010-0778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mammographic density is strongly related to increased breast cancer risk. Accumulating evidence indicates that a role for the IGF-pathway in mammographic density and breast cancer development. Here, we investigate whether common genetic variation in this pathway influences insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels and mammographic density. In 1,916 premenopausal women within the Prospect-EPIC cohort, we examined associations of 14 haplotype tagging SNPs in the ALS, IGFBP1, and IGFBP3 genes with IGF-I circulating levels and mammographic density. In 657 women, who became postmenopausal during follow-up, we investigated how these SNPs were related with the decrease in density over menopause. Linear regression models were used for statistical analysis. None of the ALS or IGFBP3 SNPs were statistically significantly associated with IGF-I levels or mammographic density. The CC genotype for rs1908751 (IGFBP1) was associated with lower levels of IGF-I (110.9 ng/ml) compared to the CT/TT genotypes (115.7 ng/ml) (P = 0.04). Women with the CC genotype also had lower percent density, although not statistically significantly (P = 0.12). Women carrying the AA genotype for rs1995051 (IGFBP1) showed that borderline significantly lower IGF-I levels (P = 0.06) and significantly lower mammographic density (40.3% compared to 43.5% in the GG/GA genotypes; P = 0.05). No relationships were found for any of the SNPs in relation with changes in breast density over menopause. These findings suggest that common genetic variation in the IGFBP1 gene is weakly related to IGF-I levels and mammographic density. Our results do not provide support for such a role of genetic variants in the IGFBP3 and ALS genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia W Taverne
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Room Str 6.131, PO Box 85500, Utrecht, 3508, GA, The Netherlands
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19
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Dearth RK, Delgado DA, Hiney JK, Pathiraja T, Oesterreich S, Medina D, Dees WL, Lee AV. Parity-induced decrease in systemic growth hormone alters mammary gland signaling: a potential role in pregnancy protection from breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:312-21. [PMID: 20145191 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-09-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Early full-term pregnancy is an effective natural protection against breast cancer in both humans and experimental rodents. The protective effect of an early pregnancy is, in part, linked to changes in circulating hormones that are involved in both normal breast development and breast cancer. For example, a reduction in circulating growth hormone (GH) has been shown to protect rats from carcinogen-induced mammary tumors. We examined the ability of a full-term pregnancy to alter the endocrine GH/insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis and how this change affected normal mammary gland function in two commonly used rat models (Sprague-Dawley and Wistar Furth). Circulating GH and IGF-I were measured in blood drawn every 30 minutes from parous and age-matched virgin female rats. Mean serum GH levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in parous compared with age-matched virgin rats for both strains. Changes in GH levels were independent of estrous cycle, indicated by a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in circulating levels of GH during estrus and diestrus in both parous strains. Despite the decrease in circulating GH, pituitary GH mRNA levels were unaltered in parous rats. Circulating IGF-I and hepatic IGF-I mRNA were also unaltered by parity in either rat strain. Immunoblot analysis of mammary glands showed decreases in phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5A and Janus-activated kinase 2, suggesting reduced action of GH in the mammary gland. Therefore, although the parity reduction in circulating GH does not affect circulating IGF-I levels, it is possible that reduced GH acts directly at the mammary gland and may play a role in pregnancy protection from breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Dearth
- Breast Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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20
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Relationships between critical period of estrogen exposure and circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in breast cancer: evidence from a case-control study. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:508-14. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Fehringer G, Boyd NF, Knight JA, Paterson AD, Dite GS, Giles GG, Southey MC, Andrulis IL, Hopper JL, Ozcelik H. Family-based genetic association study of insulin-like growth factor I microsatellite markers and premenopausal breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2009; 118:415-24. [PMID: 19229608 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-009-0336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several studies suggest that higher circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) levels are associated with premenopausal breast cancer risk. Breast cancer risk and circulating IGF-I concentration appear to be partly heritable, thus genetic variation at IGF1 could influence IGF-I levels and breast cancer risk. We investigated the association of IGF1 CA repeat variants with premenopausal breast cancer risk using a family-based design. The study sample included 840 families from the Ontario Familial Breast Cancer Registry (OFBCR) and the Australian Breast Cancer Family Registry (ABCFR). Three CA repeat variants, at 5', 3', and in intron 2 were genotyped (5'CA, 3'CA, In2CA). We found several nominally significant associations. The 5'CA-21 allele (P = 0.03) and In2CA-212 allele (P = 0.04) were associated with lower risk, and the In2CA-216 allele with higher risk (P = 0.04) for the combined ABCFR-OFBCR. These associations were not significant after taking into account multiple comparisons. In2CA-216 was more strongly associated with risk when we used a recessive instead of an additive model (P = 0.01). 5'CA alleles of repeat length 18-20 were associated with higher risk (P = 0.02), and 5'CA alleles of >20 repeats were associated with lower risk (P = 0.01). These associations were significant in the OFBCR (In2CA-216 recessive, P = 0.02; 5'CA 18-20 and >20 allele grouping, P = 0.01) but not strongly supported by the ABCFR (In2CA-216 recessive, P = 0.14; 5'CA 18-20, P = 0.25; 5'CA >20, P = 0.20). The associations we found could be due to chance as many comparisons were made. Our results do not strongly support an association between these IGF1 variants and breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Fehringer
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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22
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Kleinberg DL, Wood TL, Furth PA, Lee AV. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in the transition from normal mammary development to preneoplastic mammary lesions. Endocr Rev 2009; 30:51-74. [PMID: 19075184 PMCID: PMC5393153 DOI: 10.1210/er.2008-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adult female mammary development starts at puberty and is controlled by tightly regulated cross-talk between a group of hormones and growth factors. Although estrogen is the initial driving force and is joined by luteal phase progesterone, both of these hormones require GH-induced IGF-I in the mammary gland in order to act. The same group of hormones, when experimentally perturbed, can lead to development of hyperplastic lesions and increase the chances, or be precursors, of mammary carcinoma. For example, systemic administration of GH or IGF-I causes mammary hyperplasia, and overproduction of IGF-I in transgenic animals can cause the development of usual or atypical hyperplasias and sometimes carcinoma. Although studies have clearly demonstrated the transforming potential of both GH and IGF-I receptor in cell culture and in animals, debate remains as to whether their main role is actually instructive or permissive in progression to cancer in vivo. Genetic imprinting has been shown to occur in precursor lesions as early as atypical hyperplasia in women. Thus, the concept of progression from normal development to cancer through precursor lesions sensitive to hormones and growth factors discussed above is gaining support in humans as well as in animal models. Indeed, elevation of estrogen receptor, GH, IGF-I, and IGF-I receptor during progression suggests a role for these pathways in this process. New agents targeting the GH/IGF-I axis may provide a novel means to block formation and progression of precursor lesions to overt carcinoma. A novel somatostatin analog has recently been shown to prevent mammary development in rats via targeted IGF-I action inhibition at the mammary gland. Similarly, pegvisomant, a GH antagonist, and other IGF-I antagonists such as IGF binding proteins 1 and 5 also block mammary gland development. It is, therefore, possible that inhibition of IGF-I action, or perhaps GH, in the mammary gland may eventually play a role in breast cancer chemoprevention by preventing actions of both estrogen and progesterone, especially in women at extremely high risk for developing breast cancer such as BRCA gene 1 or 2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Kleinberg
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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23
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Abstract
Gynecomastia is common and may be asymptomatic. In most cases, a thorough history and physical examination, along with limited laboratory investigations, can help to exclude breast malignancy and serious underlying endocrine or systemic disease. Careful clinical observation may be all that is required in many cases, because gynecomastia often resolves spontaneously. Because gynecomastia is usually caused by an imbalance of androgenic and estrogenic effects on the breast, medical therapy may include antiestrogens, androgens, or aromatase inhibitors. Surgery is useful in the management of patients with long-standing symptomatic gynecomastia or when medical therapy is not successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmeet Singh Narula
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Health Sciences Center, T15-060, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8154, USA
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Verheus M, Peeters PHM, Kaaks R, van Noord PAH, Grobbee DE, van Gils CH. Premenopausal Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Serum Levels and Changes in Breast Density over Menopause. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:451-7. [PMID: 17372240 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high proportion of glandular and stromal tissue in the breast (percentage breast density) is a strong risk factor for breast cancer development. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is hypothesized to influence breast cancer risk by increasing breast density. OBJECTIVES We studied the relation between premenopausal circulating IGF-I levels and premenopausal and postmenopausal, absolute nondense and dense area, and percentage breast density as well as changes in these measures over menopause. DESIGN AND METHODS Mammograms and blood samples of 684 premenopausal participants of the Prospect-European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort were collected at baseline. A second mammogram of these women was collected after they became postmenopausal. Premenopausal IGF-I levels were measured in serum. Premenopausal and postmenopausal breast measures were assessed using a computer-assisted method. Mean values of breast measures were calculated for quartiles of serum IGF-I using linear regression analysis. RESULTS Women with higher premenopausal IGF-I levels showed a slightly smaller decrease in dense area over menopause (-12.2 cm2 in the highest versus -12.9 cm2 in the lowest quartile; P trend = 0.58) and, at the same time, a smaller increase in the nondense (fat) area (P trend = 0.09). Due to the changes over menopause, high premenopausal IGF-I serum levels were associated with lower nondense area (P trend = 0.05), somewhat higher dense area (P trend = 0.66), and consequently higher percentage breast density (P trend = 0.02) after menopause. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION Women with higher premenopausal IGF-I levels have a smaller increase in nondense area and also a slightly smaller decrease in absolute dense area during menopause, resulting in higher breast density after menopause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Verheus
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Room Str 6.131, P. O. Box 85500, Utrecht 3508 GA, the Netherlands
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Howlin J, McBryan J, Martin F. Pubertal mammary gland development: insights from mouse models. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2006; 11:283-97. [PMID: 17089203 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-006-9024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
During puberty the mammary gland develops from a rudimentary tree to a branched epithelial network of ducts which can support alveolar development and subsequent milk production during pregnancy and lactation. This process involves growth, proliferation, migration, branching, invasion, apoptosis and above all, tight regulation which allows these processes to take place simultaneously during the course of just a few weeks to create an adult gland. The process is under hormonal control and is thus coordinated with reproductive development. Mouse models, with overexpressed or knocked-out genes, have highlighted a number of pubertal mammary gland phenotypes and given significant insight into the regulatory mechanisms controlling this period of development. Here we review the published findings of the wide range of gene-manipulated mammary mouse models, documenting the common pubertal mammary gland phenotypes observed, and summarizing their contribution to our current understanding of how pubertal mammary gland development occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Howlin
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Malmo University Hospital, Sweden
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Padilla-Banks E, Jefferson WN, Newbold RR. Neonatal exposure to the phytoestrogen genistein alters mammary gland growth and developmental programming of hormone receptor levels. Endocrinology 2006; 147:4871-82. [PMID: 16857750 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Developmental effects of genistein (Gen) on the mammary gland were investigated using outbred female CD-1 mice treated neonatally on d 1-5 by sc injections at doses of 0.5, 5, or 50 mg/kg.d. Examination of mammary gland whole mounts (no. 4) before puberty (4 wk) revealed no morphological differences in development after Gen treatment. However, mice treated with Gen-50 had stunted development characterized by less branching at 5 wk and decreased numbers of terminal end buds at 5 and 6 wk. Conversely, at 6 wk, Gen-0.5-treated mice exhibited advanced development with increased ductal elongation compared with controls. Measurements of hormone receptor levels showed increased levels of progesterone receptor protein and estrogen receptor-beta mRNA in Gen-0.5-treated mice compared with controls; ERalpha expression was decreased after all doses of Gen treatment. Lactation ability, measured by pup weight gain and survival, was not affected after neonatal Gen-0.5 and Gen-5. Mice treated with Gen-50 did not deliver live pups; therefore, lactation ability could not be determined. Evaluation of mammary glands in aged mice (9 months) showed no differences between Gen-0.5-treated mice and controls but mice treated with Gen-5 and Gen-50 exhibited altered morphology including reduced lobular alveolar development, dilated ducts, and focal areas of "beaded" ducts lined with hyperplastic ductal epithelium. In summary, neonatal Gen exposure altered mammary gland growth and development as well as hormone receptor levels at all doses examined; higher doses of Gen led to permanent long-lasting morphological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Padilla-Banks
- Developmental Endocrinology and Endocrine Disruptor Section, Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Lochrie JD, Phillips K, Tonner E, Flint DJ, Allan GJ, Price NC, Beattie J. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-5 is upregulated during both differentiation and apoptosis in primary cultures of mouse mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2006; 207:471-9. [PMID: 16419030 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) is upregulated following treatment of the mouse mammary epithelial cell line HC11 with lactogenic hormones (dexamethasone, insulin, and prolactin-DIP). In addition, we have also shown that IGFBP-5 is upregulated in mammary epithelial cells in vivo during involution of the rodent mammary gland. We have, therefore, postulated that there may be a dual regulation of IGFBP-5 expression during the temporally separated processes of differentiation and apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells. To test this hypothesis further, we have used a phenotypically differentiated model, which comprises primary cultures of mouse mammary epithelial cells grown on a layer of EHS (Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm) extracellular matrix. We show that lactogenic hormone treatment (hydrocortisone, insulin, and prolactin-HIP) of these cultures induces the upregulation of IGFBP-5 thus replicating the results obtained with the HC11 cell line. In addition, following the induction of apoptosis in primary cultures of mammary epithelial cells by treatment with TGFbeta-3, IGFBP-5 expression is also upregulated. In parallel with this upregulation of IGFBP-5, there is also an increase in the levels of cleaved caspase-3, a well-characterized marker of cellular apoptosis. These findings confirm previous in vivo work demonstrating an increase in IGFBP-5 expression during involution of the mouse mammary gland. When HC11 cells are cultured under serum-free conditions (a well-characterized apoptotic insult in cell culture), there is also an increase in cleaved caspase-3 levels. Unexpectedly, in the presence of TGFbeta-3, caspase-3 levels are attenuated. In the presence of DIP, caspase-3 levels are also decreased in HC11 cells. As described previously, TGFbeta-3 inhibits beta-casein synthesis in HC11 cells. In the HC11 cell line (in contrast to primary cultures of mammary epithelial cells), there is no evidence for TGFbeta-3 induction of IGFBP-5 under either serum-free or DIP-supplemented conditions. We believe our data with primary cultures of mammary epithelial cells support the hypothesis of dual regulation of IGFBP-5 expression during both differentiation and apoptosis in the mammary gland and emphasizes the importance of using appropriate cell culture models to investigate such phenomena in this tissue. We discuss the possible implications of our observations in relation to the physiological processes of pregnancy, lactation, and involution in the mammary gland and the associated changes in mammary epithelial cell function.
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Yanochko GM, Eckhart W. Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor over-expression induces proliferation and anti-apoptotic signaling in a three-dimensional culture model of breast epithelial cells. Breast Cancer Res 2006; 8:R18. [PMID: 16584539 PMCID: PMC1557721 DOI: 10.1186/bcr1392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Activation of the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFIR) promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis in a variety of cell types. Transgenic mice expressing a constitutively active IGFIR or IGF-I develop mammary tumors and increased levels of IGFIR have been detected in primary breast cancers. However, the contribution of IGFIR activation in promoting breast cancer progression remains unknown. Mammary epithelial cell lines grown in three-dimensional cultures form acinar structures that mimic the round, polarized, hollow and growth-arrested features of mammary alveoli. We used this system to determine how proliferation and survival signaling by IGFIR activation affects breast epithelial cell biology and contributes to breast cancer progression. Methods Pooled, stable MCF-10A breast epithelial cells expressing wild-type IGFIR or kinase-dead IGFIR (K1003A) were generated using retroviral-mediated gene transfer. The effects of over-expression of wild-type or kinase-dead IGFIR on breast epithelial cell biology were analyzed by confocal microscopy of three-dimensional cultures. The contribution of signaling pathways downstream of IGFIR activation to proliferation and apoptosis were determined by pharmacological inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase (PI3K) with LY294002, MAP kinase kinase (MEK) with UO126 and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) with rapamycin. Results We found that MCF-10A cells over-expressing the IGFIR formed large, misshapen acinar structures with filled lumina and disrupted apico-basal polarization. This phenotype was ligand-dependent, occurring with IGF-I or supraphysiological doses of insulin, and did not occur in cells over-expressing the kinase-dead receptor. We observed increased proliferation, decreased apoptosis and increased phosphorylation of Ser473 of Akt and Ser2448 of mTOR throughout IGFIR structures. Inhibition of PI3K with LY294002 or MEK with UO126 prevented the development of acinar structures from IGFIR-expressing but not control cells. The mTOR inhibitor rapamycin failed to prevent IGFIR-induced hyperproliferation and survival signaling. Conclusion Increased proliferation and survival signaling as well as loss of apico-basal polarity by IGFIR activation in mammary epithelial cells may promote early lesions of breast cancer. Three-dimensional cultures of MCF-10A cells over-expressing the IGFIR are a useful model with which to study the role of IGFIR signaling in breast cancer progression and for characterizing the effects of chemotherapeutics targeted to IGFIR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Yanochko
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Walter Eckhart
- Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Silva LFP, Liesman JS, Etchebarne BE, Nielsen MSW, Vandehaar MJ. Short Communication: Intramammary Infusion of IGF-I Increases Bromodeoxyuridine Labeling in Mammary Epithelial Cells of Prepubertal Heifers. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:2771-3. [PMID: 16027190 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72956-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
When dairy heifers are fed to gain more than 900 g of body weight/d, they have less mammary parenchymal DNA at puberty but more insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in serum. This negative relationship between serum IGF-I concentration and mammary epithelial cell proliferation is in disagreement with the extensively reported role of IGF-I as a stimulator of mammary epithelial cell proliferation. Despite the large body of evidence suggesting that an increase in IGF-I concentration should lead to an increase in mammary epithelial cell proliferation of prepubertal heifers, it had not been previously tested. Our objective was to determine if intramammary infusions of IGF-I would stimulate mammogenesis in prepubertal heifers in vivo. After 7 d of treatment, bromodeoxyuridine was infused intravenously and heifers were slaughtered 3 h later. Samples from 3 regions of the mammary parenchyma were collected, fixed, sliced, and incubated with bromodeoxyuridine monoclonal antibody to identify cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle. Intramammary infusion of IGF-I increased the percentage of epithelial cells in the S-phase by 52% (6.4 vs. 4.2%, +/- 0.3%). Proliferation was similar in all 3 parenchymal regions, and the response to IGF-I was similar in each region. We conclude that local IGF-I increases proliferation of mammary parenchymal epithelial cells in prepubertal heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F P Silva
- Department of Animal Production and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Wagner K, Hemminki K, Israelsson E, Grzybowska E, Söderberg M, Pamula J, Pekala W, Zientek H, Mielzynska D, Siwinska E, Försti A. Polymorphisms in the IGF-1 and IGFBP3 promoter and the risk of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005; 92:133-40. [PMID: 15986122 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-005-2417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Binding of IGF-1 to the type I IGF receptor starts a signalling cascade that plays an important role in regulating cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The interaction between the IGF-1 and its receptor is mainly regulated by a binding protein, IGFBP 3. We studied a CA repeat polymorphism 969 bp upstream of the transcription start site in the IGF-1 gene and an A-202 C polymorphism in the IGFBP 3 gene and tested their association with breast cancer risk using four case-control series with a total of 787 cases and 900 controls. We did not find any association between the breast cancer risk and the IGF-1 repeat length (19 versus non-19) or the IGFBP 3 A-202 C polymorphism in the postmenopausal breast cancer series or in women diagnosed for breast cancer under the age of 50. In the familial breast cancer series we observed a non-significantly increased odds-ratio (OR) in homozygotes for the non-19 alleles of the IGF-1 gene (OR 1.51, 95% CI 0.96-2.39, p=0.07). Similarly, in the familial breast cancer series we detected an increased frequency of the IGFBP 3 -202 C allele carriers (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.05--2.14, p=0.03). The association was stronger in individuals homozygous for these alleles (OR 3.76, 95% CI 1.44-v-9.81, p=0.006). Thus, the polymorphisms in the IGF-1 and IGFBP 3 genes associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in familial cases carrying the variant alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wagner
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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Dallard BE, Ortega HH, Lorente JA, Romano GS. Immunolocalization and expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in the ovine mammary gland during mammogenesis, lactation and involution. Small Rumin Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2004.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bianco C, Strizzi L, Normanno N, Khan N, Salomon DS. Cripto-1: an oncofetal gene with many faces. Curr Top Dev Biol 2005; 67:85-133. [PMID: 15949532 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(05)67003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human Cripto-1 (CR-1), a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-CFC family, has been implicated in embryogenesis and in carcinogenesis. During early vertebrate development, CR-1 functions as a co-receptor for Nodal, a transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) family member and is essential for mesoderm and endoderm formation and anterior-posterior and left-right axis establishment. In adult tissues, CR-1 is expressed at a low level in all stages of mammary gland development and expression increases during pregnancy and lactation. Overexpression of CR-1 in mouse mammary epithelial cells leads to their transformation in vitro and, when injected into mammary glands, produces ductal hyperplasias. CR-1 can also enhance migration, invasion, branching morphogenesis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of several mouse mammary epithelial cell lines. Furthermore, transgenic mouse studies have shown that overexpression of a human CR-1 transgene in the mammary gland under the transcriptional control of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter results in mammary hyperplasias and papillary adenocarcinomas. Finally, CR-1 is expressed at high levels in approximately 50 to 80% of different types of human carcinomas, including breast, cervix, colon, stomach, pancreas, lung, ovary, and testis. In conclusion, EGF-CFC proteins play dual roles as embryonic pattern formation genes and as oncogenes. While during embryogenesis EGF-CFC proteins perform specific and regulatory functions related to cell and tissue patterning, inappropriate expression of these molecules in adult tissues can lead to cellular proliferation and transformation and therefore may be important in the etiology and/or progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Bianco
- Tumor Growth Factor Section, Mammary Biology & Tumorigenesis Laboratory Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Abstract
Although the primary control of gonadotropin secretion is by the hypothalamic GnRH and the gonadal function is controlled by the pituitary gonadotropins and prolactin, the emerging evidence suggests a vital role of the somatotropic axis, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in the control of the pituitary and gonadal functions. It has been shown that GH deficiency, GH resistance, and experimental alterations in IGF-I secretion modify folliculogenesis, ovarian maturation, ovulation, and pregnancy, and in the male, GH/IGF-I plays an important role in spermatogenesis and the Leydig cell function. The primary focus of this review is to examine the role of GH/ IGF-I on the onset of puberty, fertility, pituitary, and gonadal endocrine functions. A number of studies have revealed that fertility is affected in GH-deficient dwarf and in IGF-I gene-ablated mice, possibly due to subnormal function of either the pituitary gland or the gonads. In the female GH receptor gene knockout (GHR-KO) mice, there was impairment in follicular development, ovulation rate, sexual maturation, production of and responsiveness to pheromonal signals, and the corpus luteum function. In IGF-I-deficient male GHR-KO mice, puberty is delayed, spermatogenesis is affected, and neuroendocrine-gonadal function is attenuated. Similarly, in some of the human Laron syndrome patients, puberty is delayed due to GH resistance. These data suggest that, in addition to GnRH and gonadotropins, GH/IGF-I influences the pituitary and gonadal functions in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varadaraj Chandrashekar
- Department of Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA.
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Richards RG, Klotz DM, Walker MP, Diaugustine RP. Mammary gland branching morphogenesis is diminished in mice with a deficiency of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), but not in mice with a liver-specific deletion of IGF-I. Endocrinology 2004; 145:3106-10. [PMID: 15059953 DOI: 10.1210/en.2003-1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The development of the mouse mammary gland occurs postnatally. Hormonal activation of local growth factor pathways stimulates rapid elongation and branching of the rudimentary gland through the fatty stroma. Earlier studies showed that GH is required for mammary gland ductal morphogenesis and that IGF-I mediates this action of GH. In the present study we show that adult IGF-I(m/m) mutant mice exhibit a marked reduction in levels of mammary gland and liver igf1 transcripts compared with controls. Whole mounts of the adult IGF-I(m/m) mammary glands revealed ducts that extended to the limits of the fat pad; however, the number of bifurcation branch points in the ductal tree of the mutants was reduced by half compared with that of wild-type glands. In contrast, adult mutant mice with a liver-specific deletion of the igf1 gene obtained by Cre/loxP recombination strategy maintained the normal levels of mammary gland igf1 transcripts and did not exhibit a branching deficit in this organ. It was previously reported that this specific loss of liver IGF-I causes serum levels of IGF-I (endocrine) to decrease by approximately 75%, whereas the levels of tissue igf1 transcripts remain unchanged. On the basis of these findings, we propose that paracrine, not endocrine, IGF-I is important for mammary branching morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gregg Richards
- Hormones and Cancer Group, Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental and Health Science, P.O. Box 12233, MD D4-04, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Modha G, Blanchard A, Iwasiow B, Mao XJ, Troup S, Adeyinka A, Watson P, Shiu R, Myal Y. Developmental changes in insulin-like growth factor I receptor gene expression in the mouse mammary gland. Endocr Res 2004; 30:127-40. [PMID: 15098926 DOI: 10.1081/erc-120029892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR), which mediates the mitogenic action of IGF-I, has been shown to play an essential role in normal growth and development. However, the precise role of IGF-IR in the growth and differentiation of the mammary gland has not been elucidated. This study examines the profile of the IGF-IR gene and protein expression during normal postnatal mammary gland development in order to gain further insight into the role of the IGF-I/IGF-IR during mammary gland morphogenesis. Gene and protein expression were examined in developing mouse mammary glands (virgin, pregnant, lactating, involuting) by real time PCR analysis and Western blotting. Both IGF-IR gene and protein expression levels were high during early pregnancy. Interestingly, the level of gene expression was significantly down-regulated during late pregnancy (5.4 fold) and lactation (9-13 fold) and significantly up-regulated (3.9 fold) during late involution, to the level observed in the virgin mammary gland. By in situ hybridization, the IGF-IR transcripts were localized to the proliferating ductal epithelium of the mammary glands of virgin mice and to the differentiating ductal and alveolar epithelium of the mammary glands during pregnancy and lactation. In the involuting gland, the transcripts were localized to the regressing ductal epithelium. These data are direct evidence that IGF-IR expression is important for alveolar cell proliferation and suggest that the progression of involution may require the down-regulation of IGF-IR gene expression. Altogether, these results demonstrate that a developmental IGF-IR gene expression pattern exists in the mouse mammary gland and that increases in gene expression at specific phases of development may reflect an important role for IGF-I/IGF-IR at those phases of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjalee Modha
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Keinan-Boker L, Bueno De Mesquita HB, Kaaks R, Van Gils CH, Van Noord PAH, Rinaldi S, Riboli E, Seidell JC, Grobbee DE, Peeters PHM. Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor I, its binding proteins -1,-2, -3, C-peptide and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2003; 106:90-5. [PMID: 12794762 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Higher levels of circulating Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)-I may be associated with higher risks for premenopausal breast cancer. We investigate the associations between circulating levels of IGF-I, its binding proteins (IGFBPs) -1, -2, -3, C-peptide and postmenopausal breast cancer. This is a prospective study nested in 2 Dutch cohorts. The study population included women who were postmenopausal at baseline. Breast cancer cases were identified through linkage with cancer registries. Controls were matched to cases by cohort, age, date of blood donation and place of residence. In total, 149 breast cancer cases and 333 healthy controls were included. Plasma levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-1, -2, -3 and C-peptide were measured by radioimmunoassays. Estimates of the relative risk for breast cancer associated with the quartiles of the peptides' circulating levels were obtained by conditional logistic regression. Models were adjusted for BMI, age at menarche and age at first full-term delivery. For IGF-I, the adjusted OR (95% CI) of the top vs. bottom quartile was 1.1 (0.6; 2.1); for IGFBP-1 it was 0.7 (0.3; 1.3); for IGFBP-2, 1.1 (0.5; 2.4); for IGFBP-3, 1.6 (0.7; 3.5), for C-peptide, 1.3 (0.7; 2.7) and for IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio, 1.0 (0.5; 1.8). Our data do not support an association between postmenopausal circulating levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-1, -2, -3, C-peptide and postmenopausal breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lital Keinan-Boker
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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DeLellis K, Ingles S, Kolonel L, McKean-Cowdin R, Henderson B, Stanczyk F, Probst-Hensch NM. IGF1 genotype, mean plasma level and breast cancer risk in the Hawaii/Los Angeles multiethnic cohort. Br J Cancer 2003; 88:277-82. [PMID: 12610514 PMCID: PMC2377036 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2002] [Revised: 10/31/2002] [Accepted: 10/31/2002] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor 1 gene (IGF1) is a strong candidate gene for a breast cancer susceptibility model. We investigated a dinucleotide repeat 969 bp upstream from the transcription start site of the IGF1 gene for possible associations with plasma IGF1 levels and breast cancer risk in a multiethnic group of postmenopausal women. Furthermore, we investigated the relation between race/ethnicity, mean plasma IGF1 levels and breast cancer rates in the Hawaii/Los Angeles Multiethnic Cohort. The mean age-adjusted IGF1 level among Latino-American women, 116 ng ml(-1), was statistically significantly lower than the mean age-adjusted IGF1 levels for each of the three other racial/ethnic groups, African-American, Japanese-American and Non-Latino White women (146, 144 and 145 ng ml(-1), respectively) (P<0.0001). Latino-American women have the lowest breast cancer rates of any racial/ethnic group in the cohort. These results support the investigation of an expansion of the hypothesis for an important role of IGF1 in breast cancer tumorigenesis to different racial/ethnic groups and to postmenopausal women. It is unlikely that any involvement of IGF1 in breast cancer aetiology is mediated by the IGF1 dinucleotide repeat polymorphism, which was not significantly associated with circulating IGF1 levels nor breast cancer risk in this study. Research into relevant determinants of IGF1 levels in the blood must continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- K DeLellis
- University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Ave., MS 44, Los Angeles CA 90033-0800, USA
| | - S Ingles
- University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Ave., MS 44, Los Angeles CA 90033-0800, USA
| | - L Kolonel
- Cancer Etiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu HI 96813, USA
| | - R McKean-Cowdin
- University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Ave., MS 44, Los Angeles CA 90033-0800, USA
| | - B Henderson
- University of Southern California, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Ave., MS 44, Los Angeles CA 90033-0800, USA
| | - F Stanczyk
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Obstetrics/Gynecology, 1M2 Women's and Children's Hospital, Los Angeles CA 90089-9032, USA
| | - N M Probst-Hensch
- University Hospital Zürich, Cancer Registry Zürich, F SON 6, Sonneggstr. 6, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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Brisken C, Ayyannan A, Nguyen C, Heineman A, Reinhardt F, Tan J, Dey SK, Dotto GP, Weinberg RA, Jan T. IGF-2 is a mediator of prolactin-induced morphogenesis in the breast. Dev Cell 2002; 3:877-87. [PMID: 12479812 DOI: 10.1016/s1534-5807(02)00365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which prolactin controls proliferation of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) and morphogenesis of the breast epithelium are poorly understood. We show that cyclin D1(-/-) MECs fail to proliferate in response to prolactin and identify IGF-2 as a downstream target of prolactin signaling that lies upstream of cyclin D1 transcription. Ectopic IGF-2 expression restores alveologenesis in prolactin receptor(-/-) epithelium. Alveologenesis is retarded in IGF-2-deficient MECs. IGF-2 and prolactin receptor mRNAs colocalize in the mammary epithelium. Prolactin induces IGF-2 mRNA and IGF-2 induces cyclin D1 protein in primary MECs. Thus, IGF-2 is a mediator of prolactin-induced alveologenesis; prolactin, IGF-2, and cyclin D1, all of which are overexpressed in breast cancers, are components of a developmental pathway in the mammary gland.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carrier Proteins
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclin D1/deficiency
- Cyclin D1/genetics
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/genetics
- Genes/drug effects
- Genes/genetics
- Genetic Testing
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/metabolism
- Mammary Glands, Animal/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/embryology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Progesterone/metabolism
- Progesterone/pharmacology
- Prolactin/genetics
- Prolactin/metabolism
- Prolactin/pharmacology
- RANK Ligand
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B
- Receptors, Progesterone/deficiency
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrin Brisken
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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40
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Abstract
The mammalian phytoestrogens enterodiol (END) and enterolactone (ENL) are produced in the colon by the action of bacteria on the plant precursors matairesinol (MAT), secoisolariciresinol (SECO), their glycosides, and other precursors in the diet. Both END and ENL have been shown to possess weakly estrogenic and antiestrogenic activities, and it has been suggested that the high production of these antiestrogenic mammalian lignans in the gut may serve to protect against breast cancer in women and prostate cancer in men. Various in vitro experiments suggested END and ENL significantly inhibited the growth of human colon tumor cells, and the E2-induced proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells was inhibited by ENL. The protective effects of mammalian lignans may be due to their ability to compete with E2 for the type II estrogen receptor, to induce sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), to inhibit placental aromatase, and to act as antioxidants. This review mainly deals with the chemistry, quantitative analysis, biological properties and health effects of END and ENL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Quan Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, PO Box 100485, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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41
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Abstract
A literature review was performed to survey the available information on the potential of bone growth factors in skeletal reconstruction in the maxillofacial area. The aim of this review was to characterize the biological and developmental nature of the growth factors considered, their molecular level of activity and their osteogenic potential in craniofacial bone repair and reconstruction. A total of 231 references were selected for evaluation by the content of the abstracts. All growth factors considered have a fundamental role in growth and development. In postnatal skeletal regeneration, PDGF plays an important role in inducing proliferation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. It is an important mediator for bone healing and remodelling during trauma and infection. It can enhance bone regeneration in conjunction with other growth factors but is unlikely to provide entirely osteogenic properties itself. IGFs have an important role in general growth and maintenance of the body skeleton. The effect of local application of IGFs alone in craniofacial skeletal defects has not yet shown a clear potential for enhancement of bone regeneration in the reported dosages. The combination of IGF-I with PDGF has been effective in promoting bone regeneration in dentoalveolar defects around implants or after periodontal bone loss. TGFbeta alone in skeletal reconstruction appears to be associated with uncertain results. The presence of committed cells is required for enhancement of bone formation by TGFbeta. It has a biphasic effect, which suppresses proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation at high concentrations. BMPs, BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7 in particular, appear to be the most effective growth factors in terms of osteogenesis and osseous defect repair. Efficacy of BMPs for defect repair is strongly dependent on the type of carrier and has been subject to unknown factors in clinical feasibility trials resulting in ambiguous results. The current lack of clinical data may prolong the period until this factor is introduced into routine clinical application. PRP is supposed to increase proliferation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and to enhance angiogenesis. There is little scientific evidence about the benefit of PRP in skeletal reconstructive and preprosthetic surgery yet and it is unlikely that peri-implant bone healing or regeneration of local bone into alloplastic material by the application of PRP alone will be significantly enhanced.
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42
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Imagawa W, Pedchenko VK, Helber J, Zhang H. Hormone/growth factor interactions mediating epithelial/stromal communication in mammary gland development and carcinogenesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2002; 80:213-30. [PMID: 11897505 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(01)00188-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial/mesenchymal interactions begin during embryonic development of the mammary gland and continue throughout mammary gland development into adult life. Stromal and epithelial growth factors that may mediate interactions between these compartments of the mammary gland are reviewed. Since mammogenic hormones are the primary regulators of mammary gland development, special consideration is given to hormonal regulation of growth factors in order to explore the integration of hormones and growth factors in the regulation of mammary gland growth and neoplasia. Examination of hormonal regulation of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-7/FGFR2-IIIb receptor system in the mammary gland reveals that mammogenic hormones differentially regulate the synthesis of stromal growth factors and their epithelial receptors. These effects serve to optimize the action of estrogen and progesterone on mammary gland development and illustrate that the ratio of these two hormones is critical in regulating this growth factor axis. The role of stromal/epithelial mitogenic microenvironments in modulating the genotype and phenotype of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions by chemical carcinogens is discussed. Finally, changes in growth factor expression during mammary tumor progression are described to illustrate the relative roles that stromally-derived and epithelial-derived growth factors may play during progression to hormone independent tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Imagawa
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Kansas Cancer Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, Kansas City, KS 66160-7417, USA.
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43
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Bonnette SG, Hadsell DL. Targeted disruption of the IGF-I receptor gene decreases cellular proliferation in mammary terminal end buds. Endocrinology 2001; 142:4937-45. [PMID: 11606462 DOI: 10.1210/endo.142.11.8500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IGF-I mediates mammary ductal development through stimulation of terminal end bud (TEB) development; however, no published data exist on the mechanism through which this occurs. The mechanism of IGF-I action on the TEB was studied by determining the requirement for the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) in IGF-I-dependent ductal development. We hypothesized that loss of the IGF-IR would disrupt mammary ductal development through a combination of decreased proliferation or increased apoptosis. Because IGF-IR null mice die at birth, embryonic mammary gland transplantation was used to study the effects of a disrupted IGF-IR gene. Analyses of grafts after 4 or 8 wk of development demonstrated a limited growth potential of the null mammary epithelium in virgin hosts. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxy-UTP nick-end labeling showed that cell proliferation was significantly decreased in null TEBs, but apoptosis was not. In addition, both the size and number of TEBs were reduced in null outgrowths. In pregnant hosts, null ductal growth was stimulated beyond the level seen in virgin hosts. These findings directly establish a proliferation-dependent role for the IGF-IR in the cells of the TEB. Additionally, this study indicates that pregnancy-dependent compensatory mechanisms can stimulate mammary development in the absence of an IGF-IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Bonnette
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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44
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Schwertfeger KL, Richert MM, Anderson SM. Mammary gland involution is delayed by activated Akt in transgenic mice. Mol Endocrinol 2001; 15:867-81. [PMID: 11376107 DOI: 10.1210/mend.15.6.0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the antiapoptotic protein kinase Akt is induced by a number of growth factors that regulate mammary gland development. Akt is expressed during mammary gland development, and expression decreases at the onset of involution. To address Akt actions in mammary gland development, transgenic mice were generated expressing constitutively active Akt in the mammary gland under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter. Analysis of mammary glands from these mice reveals a delay in both involution and the onset of apoptosis. Expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), is prolonged and increased in the transgenic mice, suggesting that disruption of the MMP:TIMP ratio may contribute to the delayed mammary gland involution observed in the transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Schwertfeger
- Program in Molecular Biology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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45
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Robinson RM, Akers RM, Forsten KE. IGF-I stimulation of extracellular acidification is not linked to cell proliferation for autocrine cells. Endocrine 2001; 15:205-11. [PMID: 11720248 DOI: 10.1385/endo:15:2:205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) increases extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), a measure correlated with proliferation for nonautocrine cells. To evaluate the effect of autocrine IGF-I secretion on cell responsiveness, a cell line that secretes IGF-I was tested. SV40-lGF-I cells also registered concentration-dependent increases in ECAR; however, unlike the parental cell line, signal attenuation upon repeat challenges was not evident. Furthermore, SV40-IGF-I cells did not proliferate in response to IGF-I. We investigated if lack of proliferation was due to differences in the protocols of the assays ([3H]thymidine incorporation and microphysiometry). We identified three key differences in the protocols: surface substrate, cell density, and fluid residence time. We found no increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation for cells on either tissue-culture plastic or polycarbonate transwells. Control levels of [3H]thymidine incorporation were cell-density-dependent, but IGF-I did not increase proliferation at any density studied. Finally, we investigated IGF-I stimulation for cells under microphysiometer flow conditions and found no proliferative response to IGF-I. We found that the cells do respond to IGF-I with increased amino acid uptake. These data suggest that IGF-I signaling is operational in the SV40-IGF-I cells, but the transduction pathway for IGF-I-induced proliferation is compromised, despite the fact that these cells respond to fetal bovine serum with increased growth. Ongoing studies are focused on identifying which elements in the signaling cascade are altered by autocrine secretion of IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Robinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, USA
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46
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Díaz-Torga GS, Mejia ME, González-Iglesias A, Formia N, Becú-Villalobos D, Lacau-Mengido IM. Metabolic cues for puberty onset in free grazing Holstein heifers naturally infected with nematodes. Theriogenology 2001; 56:111-22. [PMID: 11467507 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(01)00547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a new plausible candidate for the molecular link between nutritional status and the reproductive axis. In previous studies we described that continuous natural nematode infections in heifers retarded growth and delayed the onset of puberty, and that the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) was involved. In the present study we monitored the leptin levels during development in heifers naturally parasitized versus those chronically treated with ivermectin and we investigated whether growth hormone (GH) accounted for the differences in IGF-I previously noted. Insulin levels were also measured. Prolactin hormone was recorded as an indicator of immune system activation. We found a direct correlation between leptin and body weight during development and a prepubertal surge of the hormone 2 weeks before the first progesterone peak that indicates the onset of puberty. This suggests that leptin may act as a signal for this event. Insulin did not vary during growth and prepuberty. On the other hand, GH as not responsible for diminished IGF-I levels in parasitized animals as levels were similar in both groups. The GH levels were high at birth and then diminished rapidly and remained constant during development and puberty. The last hormone studied, prolactin, followed seasonal changes of sunlight duration and presented sporadic bursts in infected animals. These were related to high nematode infection and are probably involved in the immune response of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Díaz-Torga
- Institute of Biology and Experimental Medicine, CONICET Buenos Aires, Argentina
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47
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Segev DL, Hoshiya Y, Stephen AE, Hoshiya M, Tran TT, MacLaughlin DT, Donahoe PK, Maheswaran S. Mullerian inhibiting substance regulates NFkappaB signaling and growth of mammary epithelial cells in vivo. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:26799-806. [PMID: 11356848 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m103092200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) inhibits breast cancer cell growth in vitro through interference with cell cycle progression and induction of apoptosis, a process associated with NFkappaB activation and up-regulation of one of its important target genes, IEX-1S (Segev, D. L., Ha, T., Tran, T. T., Kenneally, M., Harkin, P., Jung, M., MacLaughlin, D. T., Donahoe, P. K., and Maheswaran, S. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 28371-28379). Here we demonstrate that MIS activates the NFkappaB signaling cascade, induces IEX-1S mRNA, and inhibits the growth of MCF10A, an immortalized human breast epithelial cell line with characteristics of normal cells. In vivo, an inverse correlation was found to exist between various stages of mammary growth and MIS type II receptor expression. Receptor mRNA significantly diminished during puberty, when the ductal system branches and invades the adipose stroma and during the expansive growth at lactation, but it was up-regulated during involution, a time of regression and apoptosis. Peripartum variations in MIS type II receptor expression correlated with NFkappaB activation and IEX-1S mRNA expression. Administration of MIS to female mice induced NFkappaB DNA binding and IEX-1S mRNA expression in the breast. Furthermore, exposure to MIS in vivo increased apoptosis in the mouse mammary ductal epithelium. Thus, MIS may function as an endogenous hormonal regulator of NFkappaB signaling and growth in the breast.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Segev
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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48
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Zhou J, Anderson K, Bievre M, Ng S, Bondy CA. Primate mammary gland insulin-like growth factor system: cellular localization and regulation by sex steroids. J Investig Med 2001; 49:47-55. [PMID: 11217147 DOI: 10.2310/6650.2001.34090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) plays a critical role in estrogen-induced uterine proliferation, but it is unclear whether this estromedin function occurs in other estrogen-sensitive tissues such as the mammary gland. To elucidate this possibility, we investigated the cellular localization and hormonal regulation of mRNAs for IGF1 and 2, their cognate receptors (IGF1R, IGF2R), and IGF binding proteins 2-5 (BPs 2-5) in the rhesus monkey mammary gland. METHODS Ovariectomized monkeys were treated with placebo, estradiol (E2), and E2 plus progesterone (E2/P4) for 3 days, after which mammary tissue was harvested for in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS IGF1 and IGF2 mRNA levels were significantly increased and BP2 mRNA decreased by E2 and by E2/P4 treatment. IGF1R mRNA was increased by combined E2/P treatment but not by E2 alone. BP5 mRNA was decreased by E2/P4. No differences in IGF2R, BP3, and BP4 mRNA levels were detected in any treatment group. Mammary IGF1 and IGF2 mRNA levels were both positively correlated with local epithelial proliferation, assessed by immunodetection of the proliferation-specific antigen, Ki67.IGF1 and IGF1R expression were negatively correlated with local programmed cell death, as assessed by the in situ TUNEL method. In contrast, BP2 expression was negatively correlated with epithelial proliferation and positively correlated with programmed cell death. IGF2R, BP3, BP4, and BP5 levels were not significantly correlated with either proliferation or death. CONCLUSIONS Thus, E2-induced proliferation is associated with upregulation of both IGF1 and IGF2 expression and downregulation of BP2 expression. These data suggest that the local mammary IGF system is involved in sex steroid-induced mammary epithelial cell hyperplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhou
- Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., USA
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49
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Rickard SE, Yuan YV, Thompson LU. Plasma insulin-like growth factor I levels in rats are reduced by dietary supplementation of flaxseed or its lignan secoisolariciresinol diglycoside. Cancer Lett 2000; 161:47-55. [PMID: 11078912 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3835(00)00592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Flaxseed and its lignan secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) inhibit mammary tumor development in rats. Increased plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations are associated with increased breast cancer risk. Therefore, the effect of flaxseed (5%) or SDG (1.5 mg/day) supplementation on plasma IGF-I levels was examined in rats treated with or without N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). In MNU-free rats, flaxseed and SDG reduced plasma IGF-I levels, which were inversely related to urinary lignan excretion. Only flaxseed significantly reduced plasma IGF-I concentrations in MNU-treated rats. The anticancer effect of flaxseed and SDG may be related, in part, to reductions in plasma IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Rickard
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 150 College Street, Ontario M5S 3E2, Toronto, Canada
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50
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Zhu X, Price-Schiavi SA, Carraway KL. Extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent regulation of sialomucin complex/rat Muc4 in mammary epithelial cells. Oncogene 2000; 19:4354-61. [PMID: 10980611 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sialomucin complex (SMC, rat Muc4) is a membrane mucin implicated in the protection of epithelia and the metastasis of some tumors. It is a heterodimeric complex, containing a mucin subunit with anti-adhesive activity and a transmembrane subunit with epidermal growth factor-like domains, one of which acts as an intramembrane ligand for ErbB2. Serum, insulin and insulin-like growth factor, but not epidermal growth factor, induce the expression of sialomucin complex in mammary epithelial cells. Induction correlates with sustained, but not transient, activation of extracellular-regulated protein kinase (ERK). MEK inhibitor U0126 blocked the induction, while activated MEK-1 transfected into a rat mammary adenocarcinoma cell line induced a sustained activation of ERK and up-regulated SMC/Muc4 expression. Northern and Western blotting indicated that up-regulation occurred concomitantly at the transcript and protein levels, both of which could be blocked by U0126. These results suggest that expression of SMC/Muc4 in mammary epithelial cells is regulated by selected growth factors through an ERK-dependent pathway at the transcript level.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, FL 33101, USA
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