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Saifi Z, Shafi S, Ralli T, Jain S, Vohora D, Mir SR, Alhalmi A, Noman OM, Alahdab A, Amin S. Enhancing Osteoporosis Treatment through Targeted Nanoparticle Delivery of Risedronate: In Vivo Evaluation and Bioavailability Enhancement. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2339. [PMID: 37765307 PMCID: PMC10534762 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Risedronate-loaded mPEG-coated hydroxyapatite, thiolated chitosan-based (coated) and non-coated nanoparticles were tested for their potential effects in the treatment of osteoporosis. The prepared nanoparticles were evaluated for their bone-targeting potential by inducing osteoporosis in female Wistar rats via oral administration of Dexona (dexamethasone sodium phosphate). In vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies were performed on osteoporotic rat models treated with different formulations. The osteoporotic model treated with the prepared nanoparticles indicated a significant effect on bone. The relative bioavailability was enhanced for RIS-HA-TCS-mPEG nanoparticles given orally compared to RIS-HA-TCS, marketed, and API suspension. Biochemical investigations also showed a significant change in biomarker levels, ultimately leading to bone formation/resorption. Micro-CT analysis of bone samples also demonstrated that the RIS-HA-TCS-mPEG-treated group showed the best results compared to other treatment groups. Moreover, the histology of bone treated with RIS-HA-TCS-mPEG showed a marked restoration of the architecture of trabecular bone along with a well-connected bone matrix and narrow inter-trabecular spaces compared to the toxic group. A stability analysis was also carried out according to ICH guidelines (Q1AR2), and it was found that RIS-HA-TCS-mPEG was more stable than RIS-HA-TCS at 25 °C. Thus, the results of present study indicated that mPEG-RIS-HA-TCS has excellent potential for sustained delivery of RIS for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis, and for minimizing the adverse effects of RIS typically induced via oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya Saifi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (Z.S.); (T.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Sadat Shafi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (S.S.); (S.J.); (D.V.)
| | - Tanya Ralli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (Z.S.); (T.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Shreshta Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (S.S.); (S.J.); (D.V.)
| | - Divya Vohora
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (S.S.); (S.J.); (D.V.)
| | - Showkat Rasool Mir
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Abdulsalam Alhalmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (Z.S.); (T.R.); (A.A.)
| | - Omar M. Noman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmad Alahdab
- Institute of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Saima Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (Z.S.); (T.R.); (A.A.)
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Surveying the Oral Drug Delivery Avenues of Novel Chitosan Derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112131. [PMID: 35683804 PMCID: PMC9182633 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan has come a long way in biomedical applications: drug delivery is one of its core areas of imminent application. Chitosan derivatives are the new generation variants of chitosan. These modified chitosans have overcome limitations and progressed in the area of drug delivery. This review briefly surveys the current chitosan derivatives available for biomedical applications. The biomedical applications of chitosan derivatives are revisited and their key inputs for oral drug delivery have been discussed. The limited use of the vast chitosan resources for oral drug delivery applications, speculated to be probably due to the interdisciplinary nature of this research, is pointed out in the discussion. Chitosan-derivative synthesis and practical implementation for oral drug delivery require distinct expertise from chemists and pharmacists. The lack of enthusiasm could be related to the inadequacy in the smooth transfer of the synthesized derivatives to the actual implementers. With thiolated chitosan derivatives predominating the oral delivery of drugs, the need for representation from the vast array of ready-to-use chitosan derivatives is emphasized. There is plenty to explore in this direction.
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Zhu Q, Chen Z, Paul PK, Lu Y, Wu W, Qi J. Oral delivery of proteins and peptides: Challenges, status quo and future perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2416-2448. [PMID: 34522593 PMCID: PMC8424290 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins and peptides (PPs) have gradually become more attractive therapeutic molecules than small molecular drugs due to their high selectivity and efficacy, but fewer side effects. Owing to the poor stability and limited permeability through gastrointestinal (GI) tract and epithelia, the therapeutic PPs are usually administered by parenteral route. Given the big demand for oral administration in clinical use, a variety of researches focused on developing new technologies to overcome GI barriers of PPs, such as enteric coating, enzyme inhibitors, permeation enhancers, nanoparticles, as well as intestinal microdevices. Some new technologies have been developed under clinical trials and even on the market. This review summarizes the history, the physiological barriers and the overcoming approaches, current clinical and preclinical technologies, and future prospects of oral delivery of PPs.
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Key Words
- ASBT, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CAGR, compound annual growth
- CD, Crohn's disease
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CPP, cell penetrating peptide
- CaP, calcium phosphate
- Clinical
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DDVAP, desmopressin acetate
- DTPA, diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid
- EDTA, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
- EPD, empirical phase diagrams
- EPR, electron paramagnetic resonance
- Enzyme inhibitor
- FA, folic acid
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FcRn, Fc receptor
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissue
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GIPET, gastrointestinal permeation enhancement technology
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen
- HPMCP, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- ILs, ionic liquids
- LBNs, lipid-based nanoparticles
- LMWP, low molecular weight protamine
- MCT-1, monocarborxylate transporter 1
- MSNs, mesoporous silica nanoparticles
- NAC, N-acetyl-l-cysteine
- NLCs, nanostructured lipid carriers
- Oral delivery
- PAA, polyacrylic acid
- PBPK, physiologically based pharmacokinetics
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PCL, polycarprolacton
- PGA, poly-γ-glutamic acid
- PLA, poly(latic acid)
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PPs, proteins and peptides
- PVA, poly vinyl alcohol
- Peptides
- Permeation enhancer
- Proteins
- RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp
- RTILs, room temperature ionic liquids
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SDC, sodium deoxycholate
- SGC, sodium glycocholate
- SGF, simulated gastric fluids
- SIF, simulated intestinal fluids
- SLNs, solid lipid nanoparticles
- SNAC, sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]caprylate
- SNEDDS, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems
- STC, sodium taurocholate
- Stability
- TAT, trans-activating transcriptional peptide
- TMC, N-trimethyl chitosan
- Tf, transferrin
- TfR, transferrin receptors
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- UEA1, ulex europaeus agglutinin 1
- VB12, vitamin B12
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- pHPMA, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide
- pI, isoelectric point
- sCT, salmon calcitonin
- sc, subcutaneous
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Affiliation(s)
- Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Pijush Kumar Paul
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Gono Bishwabidyalay (University), Mirzanagar Savar, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh
| | - Yi Lu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianping Qi
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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Verma A, Jain A, Tiwari A, Saraf S, Panda PK, Jain SK. Promising Antifungal Potential of Engineered Non-ionic Surfactant-Based Vesicles: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:19. [PMID: 33389224 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01900-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal keratitis (FK) is a corneal infection caused by different fungal species. It is treated by the topical application of natamycin (NAT). Nevertheless, this approach faces many limitations like toxic effects, frequent dosing, resistance, and patient discomfort. The present research reports the development of trimethyl chitosan (TMC) coated mucoadhesive cationic niosomes by a modified thin-film hydration method. TMC was synthesized using a one-step carbodiimide method and characterized by 1H-NMR and degree of quaternization (53.74 ± 1.06%). NAT, cholesterol (CHOL), span 60 (Sp60), and dicetyl phosphate (DCP) were used to prepare niosomes which were incubated with TMC to obtain mucoadhesive cationic NAT loaded niosomes (MCNNs). MCNNs showed a spherical shape with 1031.12 ± 14.18 nm size (PDI below 0.3) and 80.23 ± 5.28% entrapment efficiency. In vitro drug release studies showed gradual drug release from TMC coated niosomes as compared to the uncoated niosomes. MIC assay and disk diffusion assay revealed promising in vitro antifungal potential of MCNNs similar to the marketed formulation. For investigating in vivo performance, ocular retention and pharmacokinetics, ocular irritation, and ulcer healing studies were performed using the rabbit model. Mucoadhesive property and prolonged local drug release improved the safety and efficacy of NAT, suggesting that the developed niosomes could be an emerging system for effective treatment of fungal keratitis.
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Advanced materials for drug delivery across mucosal barriers. Acta Biomater 2021; 119:13-29. [PMID: 33141051 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mucus is a viscoelastic gel that traps pathogens and other foreign particles to limit their penetration into the underlying epithelium. Dosage forms containing particle-based drug delivery systems are trapped in mucosal layers and will be removed by mucus turnover. Mucoadhesion avoids premature wash-off and prolongs the residence time of drugs on mucus. Moreover, mucus penetration is essential for molecules to access the underlying epithelial tissues. Various strategies have been investigated to achieve mucoadhesion and mucus penetration of drug carriers. Innovations in materials used for the construction of drug-carrier systems allowed the development of different mucoadhesion and mucus penetration delivery systems. Over the last decade, advances in the field of materials chemistry, with a focus on biocompatibility, have led to the expansion of the pool of materials available for drug delivery applications. The choice of materials in mucosal delivery is generally dependent on the intended therapeutic target and nature of the mucosa at the site of absorption. This review presents an up-to-date account of materials including synthesis, physical and chemical modifications of mucoadhesive materials, nanocarriers, viral mimics used for the construction of mucosal drug delivery systems.
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Singh PS, Shaikh A, Deshmukh A, Pratap AP. Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Cationic Amino Sugar Surfactants. TENSIDE SURFACT DET 2020. [DOI: 10.3139/113.110684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Chitosan is an abundant and renewable natural biopolymer which exhibits a variety of beneficial properties. Quaternized chitosan compound was extensively studied as an antistatic agent in cosmetics and hair care products such as in hair conditioners and fabric softeners. However, the low solubility of chitosan in water limits its applications. This paper describes a novel way to synthesize quaternized derivatives which were further used as cationic amino sugar based surfactants. The quaternized derivatives of chitosan were synthesized and characterized on the basis of various properties. The resulting derivatives have excellent solubilities in aqueous solutions. In the present work the cationic quaternized surfactants were synthesized under microwave irradiation. Compared to a conventional synthesis the compound N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) was obtained with higher yield from the reaction between chitosan and methyl iodide using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent. We also synthesized it by adding dimethyl sulfate (DMS) under conventional as well as microwave irradiation method. The characterization of the quaternized derivatives of chitosan was done by FTIR spectra, 1H NMR, TLC and XRD analysis. Thus, a cationic amino sugar surfactant using a biopolymer was successfully synthesized under microwave irradiation with an efficient yield.
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Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the interface between the host’s internal milieu and the external environment, and they have dual functions, serving as physical barriers to foreign antigens and as accepting sites for vital materials. Mucosal vaccines are more favored to prevent mucosal infections from the portal of entry. Although mucosal vaccination has many advantages, licensed mucosal vaccines are scarce. The most widely studied mucosal routes are oral and intranasal. Licensed oral and intranasal vaccines are composed mostly of whole cell killed or live attenuated microorganisms serving as both delivery systems and built-in adjuvants. Future mucosal vaccines should be made with more purified antigen components, which will be relatively less immunogenic. To induce robust protective immune responses against well-purified vaccine antigens, an effective mucosal delivery system is an essential requisite. Recent developments in biomaterials and nanotechnology have enabled many innovative mucosal vaccine trials. For oral vaccination, the vaccine delivery system should be able to stably carry antigens and adjuvants and resist harsh physicochemical conditions in the stomach and intestinal tract. Besides many nano/microcarrier tools generated by using natural and chemical materials, the development of oral vaccine delivery systems using food materials should be more robustly researched to expand vaccine coverage of gastrointestinal infections in developing countries. For intranasal vaccination, the vaccine delivery system should survive the very active mucociliary clearance mechanisms and prove safety because of the anatomical location of nasal cavity separated by a thin barrier. Future mucosal vaccine carriers, regardless of administration routes, should have certain common characteristics. They should maintain stability in given environments, be mucoadhesive, and have the ability to target specific tissues and cells.
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Therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticles and routes of administration. Biomater Res 2019; 23:20. [PMID: 31832232 PMCID: PMC6869321 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-019-0166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern-day medicine, nanotechnology and nanoparticles are some of the indispensable tools in disease monitoring and therapy. The term “nanomaterials” describes materials with nanoscale dimensions (< 100 nm) and are broadly classified into natural and synthetic nanomaterials. However, “engineered” nanomaterials have received significant attention due to their versatility. Although enormous strides have been made in research and development in the field of nanotechnology, it is often confusing for beginners to make an informed choice regarding the nanocarrier system and its potential applications. Hence, in this review, we have endeavored to briefly explain the most commonly used nanomaterials, their core properties and how surface functionalization would facilitate competent delivery of drugs or therapeutic molecules. Similarly, the suitability of carbon-based nanomaterials like CNT and QD has been discussed for targeted drug delivery and siRNA therapy. One of the biggest challenges in the formulation of drug delivery systems is fulfilling targeted/specific drug delivery, controlling drug release and preventing opsonization. Thus, a different mechanism of drug targeting, the role of suitable drug-laden nanocarrier fabrication and methods to augment drug solubility and bioavailability are discussed. Additionally, different routes of nanocarrier administration are discussed to provide greater understanding of the biological and other barriers and their impact on drug transport. The overall aim of this article is to facilitate straightforward perception of nanocarrier design, routes of various nanoparticle administration and the challenges associated with each drug delivery method.
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Gao S, Tian B, Han J, Zhang J, Shi Y, Lv Q, Li K. Enhanced transdermal delivery of lornoxicam by nanostructured lipid carrier gels modified with polyarginine peptide for treatment of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:6135-6150. [PMID: 31447556 PMCID: PMC6683961 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s205295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are emerging as attractive drug carriers in transdermal drug delivery. The surface modification of NLCs with cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) can enhance the skin permeation of drugs. Purpose: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the ability of the cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) polyarginine to translocate NLCs loaded with lornoxicam (LN) into the skin layers and to evaluate its anti-inflammatory effect. Methods: The NLCs were prepared using an emulsion evaporation and low temperature solidification technique using glyceryl monostearates, triglycerides, DOGS-NTA-Ni lipids and surfactants, and then six histidine-tagged polyarginine containing 11 arginine (R11) peptides was modified on the surface of NLCs. Results: The developed NLCs formulated with LN and R11 (LN-NLC-R11) were incorporated into 2% HPMC gels. NLCs were prepared with a particle size of (121.81±3.61)–(145.72±4.78) nm, and the zeta potential decreased from (−30.30±2.07) to (−14.66±0.74) mV after the modification of R11 peptides. The encapsulation efficiency and drug loading were (74.61±1.13) % and (7.92±0.33) %, respectively, regardless of the surface modification. Cellular uptake assays using HaCaT cells suggested that the NLC modified with R11 (0.02%, w/w) significantly enhanced the cell internalization of nanoparticles relative to unmodified NLCs (P<0.05 or P<0.01). An in vitro skin permeation study showed better permeation-enhancing ability of R11 (0.02%, w/w) than that of other content (0.01% or 0.04%). In carrageenan-induced rat paw edema models, LN-NLC-R11 gels inhibited rat paw edema and the production of inflammatory cytokines compared with LN-NLC gels and LN gels (P<0.01). Conclusion: In our investigation, it was strongly demonstrated that the surface modification of NLC with R11 enhanced the translocation of LN across the skin, thereby alleviating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of china
| | - Baocheng Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of china
| | - Jingtian Han
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of china
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of china
| | - Yanan Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of china
| | - Qingzhi Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of china
| | - Keke Li
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, People's Republic of china
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M Ways TM, Lau WM, Khutoryanskiy VV. Chitosan and Its Derivatives for Application in Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E267. [PMID: 30966302 PMCID: PMC6414903 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems are desirable as they can increase the residence time of drugs at the site of absorption/action, provide sustained drug release and minimize the degradation of drugs in various body sites. Chitosan is a cationic polysaccharide that exhibits mucoadhesive properties and it has been widely used in the design of mucoadhesive dosage forms. However, its limited mucoadhesive strength and limited water-solubility at neutral and basic pHs are considered as two major drawbacks of its use. Chemical modification of chitosan has been exploited to tackle these two issues. In this review, we highlight the up-to-date studies involving the synthetic approaches and description of mucoadhesive properties of chitosan and chitosan derivatives. These derivatives include trimethyl chitosan, carboxymethyl chitosan, thiolated chitosan, chitosan-enzyme inhibitors, chitosan-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (chitosan-EDTA), half-acetylated chitosan, acrylated chitosan, glycol chitosan, chitosan-catechol, methyl pyrrolidinone-chitosan, cyclodextrin-chitosan and oleoyl-quaternised chitosan. We have particularly focused on the effect of chemical derivatization on the mucoadhesive properties of chitosan. Additionally, other important properties including water-solubility, stability, controlled release, permeation enhancing effect, and in vivo performance are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twana Mohammed M Ways
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, UK.
| | - Wing Man Lau
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
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Abdel-Hafez SM, Hathout RM, Sammour OA. Tracking the transdermal penetration pathways of optimized curcumin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles via confocal laser scanning microscopy. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 108:753-764. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Jafary Omid N, Bahari Javan N, Dehpour AR, Partoazar A, Rafiee Tehrani M, Dorkoosh F. In-vitro and in-vivo cytotoxicity and efficacy evaluation of novel glycyl-glycine and alanyl-alanine conjugates of chitosan and trimethyl chitosan nano-particles as carriers for oral insulin delivery. Int J Pharm 2017; 535:293-307. [PMID: 29138048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this research work was to explore the possibility of providing multifunctional oral insulin delivery system by conjugating several types of dipeptides on chitosan and trimethyl chitosan to be used as drug carriers. METHOD Conjugates of Glycyl-glycine and alanyl-alanine of chitosan and trimethyl chitosan (on primary alcohol group of polymer located on carbon 6) were synthesized and nanoparticles containing insulin were prepared for oral delivery. Preparation conditions of nanoparticles were optimized and their performance to enhance the permeability of insulin as well as cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in Caco-2 cell line was evaluated. To evaluate the efficacy of orally administered nanoparticles, nanoparticles with the most permeability enhancing ability were studied in male Wistar rats as animal model by measuring insulin and glucose Serum levels. RESULT Structural study of all the conjugates by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance confirmed the successful formation of the conjugates with the desirable substitution degree. By optimizing preparation conditions, nanoparticles with expected size (157.3-197.7 nm), Zeta potential (24.35-34.37 mV), polydispersity index (0.365-0.512), entrapment efficiency (70.60-86.52%) and loading capacity (30.92-56.81%), proper morphology and desirable release pattern were obtained. Glycyl-glycine and alanyl-alanine conjugate nanoparticles of trimethyl chitosan showed 2.5-3.3 folds more effective insulin permeability in Caco-2 cell line than their chitosan counterparts. In animal model, oral administration of glycyl-glycine and alanyl-alanine conjugate nanoparticles of trimethyl chitosan demonstrated reasonable increase in Serum insulin level with relative bioavailability of 17.19% and 15.46% for glycyl-glycine and alanyl-alanine conjugate nanoparticles, respectively, and reduction in Serum glucose level compared with trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION It seems that glycyl-glycine and alanyl-alanine conjugate nanoparticles of trimethyl chitosan have met the aim of this research work and have been able to orally deliver insulin with more than one mechanism in animal model. Hence, they are promising candidates for further research studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nersi Jafary Omid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nika Bahari Javan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad-Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Partoazar
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Rafiee Tehrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Dorkoosh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Medical Biomaterial Research Center (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Hussain A, Singh S, Sharma D, Webster TJ, Shafaat K, Faruk A. Elastic liposomes as novel carriers: recent advances in drug delivery. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5087-5108. [PMID: 28761343 PMCID: PMC5522681 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s138267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastic liposomes (EL) are some of the most versatile deformable vesicular carriers that comprise physiologically biocompatible lipids and surfactants for the delivery of numerous challenging molecules and have marked advantages over other colloidal systems. They have been investigated for a wide range of applications in pharmaceutical technology through topical, transdermal, nasal, and oral routes for efficient and effective drug delivery. Increased drug encapsulation efficiency, enhanced drug permeation and penetration into or across the skin, and ultradeformability have led to widespread interest in ELs to modulate drug release, permeation, and drug action more efficiently than conventional drug-release vehicles. This review provides insights into the versatile role that ELs play in the delivery of numerous drugs and biomolecules by improving drug release, permeation, and penetration across the skin as well as stability. Furthermore, it provides future directions that should ensure the widespread use of ELs across all medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Sachchidananda Sinha College, Aurangabad, Bihar, India
| | - Sima Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | | | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kausar Shafaat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sachchidananda Sinha College, Aurangabad, Bihar, India
| | - Abdul Faruk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India
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Kulkarni AD, Patel HM, Surana SJ, Vanjari YH, Belgamwar VS, Pardeshi CV. N,N,N-Trimethyl chitosan: An advanced polymer with myriad of opportunities in nanomedicine. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 157:875-902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Maher S, Mrsny RJ, Brayden DJ. Intestinal permeation enhancers for oral peptide delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:277-319. [PMID: 27320643 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) are one of the most widely tested strategies to improve oral delivery of therapeutic peptides. This article assesses the intestinal permeation enhancement action of over 250 PEs that have been tested in intestinal delivery models. In depth analysis of pre-clinical data is presented for PEs as components of proprietary delivery systems that have progressed to clinical trials. Given the importance of co-presentation of sufficiently high concentrations of PE and peptide at the small intestinal epithelium, there is an emphasis on studies where PEs have been formulated with poorly permeable molecules in solid dosage forms and lipoidal dispersions.
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Bayat A, Sadeghi AM, Avadi MR, Amini M, Rafiee-Tehrani M, Shafiee A, Majlesi R, Junginger HE. Synthesis of N, N-dimethyl N-ethyl Chitosan as a Carrier for Oral Delivery of Peptide Drugs. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911506068679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
N, N-dimethyl N-ethyl chitosan (DMEC), a quanternized derivative of chitosan was synthesized based on a modified two-step method via a 22 factorial design to optimize the preparative conditions. The degree of deacetylation of the starting chitosan was determined by FTIR and NMR methods and was 95%. In the first step of the synthesis, mono-ethyl chitosan was prepared by introducing an ethyl group onto the amine group of chitosan via a Schiff base and in the next step methyl iodide was added to produce DMEC which was water soluble in a pH range of 4-8. The DMEC polymers with different degrees of quaternization were obtained and fully characterized using FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopic methods. Based on 1H-NMR calculations, the degree of quaternization was 52% by optimizing the two-step process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bayat
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Cosar Pharmaceutical Co., Tehran, Iran
| | - A. M.M. Sadeghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M. R. Avadi
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Amini
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M. Rafiee-Tehrani
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - A. Shafiee
- Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | | | - H. E. Junginger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
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Avadi MR, Zohuriaan-Mehr MJ, Younessi P, Amini M, Tehrani MR, Shafiee A. Optimized Synthesis and Characterization of N-Triethyl Chitosan. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911503040432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan exhibits poor solubility at pH values above 6 which prevents its enhancing effects at drugs absorption of sites. In the present work, N-triethylated chitosan (TEC) was prepared based on a modified one-step process via a 22 factorial design to optimize the preparative conditions. TEC polymer with different degree of quaternization for pharmacological and pharmaceutical experiments was achieved. Ethyl iodide and sodium hydroxide concentrations were chosen as independent variables. The degree of deacetylation of the starting chitosan was predetermined by pH-metric titration, infrared, and NMR methods. TEC chloride was fully characterized using FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopies. Based on NMR calculations, a high degree of quaternization was achieved through the optimized one-step process. These highly N-triethylated chitosan chlorides were soluble in water at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Avadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran and Hakim Pharmaceutical Company P.O. Box 11365-5465, Tehran, Iran
| | - M. J. Zohuriaan-Mehr
- Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI) P.O. Box 14965-115, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - A. Shafiee
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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El-Sayed M, Ginski M, Rhodes CA, Ghandehari H. Influence of Surface Chemistry of Poly(Amidoamine) Dendrimers on Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911503018001002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of surface charge of poly(amidoamine), PAMAM, dendrimers on the integrity, paracellular permeability, and viability of Caco-2 cell monolayers by monitoring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), mannitol permeability, and leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme, respectively. Neutral PAMAMOH, generations 2-4 (G2-G4), and anionic PAMAM-COOH (G-0.5-G4.5) dendrimers were incubated with Caco-2 cell monolayers at donor concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mM for 90, 150, and 210 min. Neutral G2-G4 and anionic G-0.5, G0.5, G1.5 and G4.5 dendrimers did not cause any significant change in TEER or mannitol permeability across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Anionic G2.5 and G3.5 dendrimers, however, caused an incubation time-dependant decline in TEER values and up to a 6-fold increase in mannitol permeability. All anionic PAMAM-COOH dendrimers caused an incubation time-, concentration-, and generation-dependant LDH leakage that was not observed with neutral PAMAM-OH dendrimers. These studies suggest a size and/or charge “window” where anionic dendrimers may enhance paracellular transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers further confirming their potential as drug carriers and permeation enhancers for oral drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Sayed
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences 20 N. Pine Street Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1180, USA, Present address: University of Washington Department of Bioengineering Box: 352255, AERL 341A Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Mark Ginski
- Guilford Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Department of Pharmaceutics 6411 Beckley Street Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA, Present address: Shire Laboratories, Inc., Department of Preformulation Sciences 1550 East Gude Drive Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | - Christopher A. Rhodes
- Guilford Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Department of Pharmaceutics 6411 Beckley Street Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | - Hamidreza Ghandehari
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences 20 N. Pine Street Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1180, USA
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Schulz JD, Gauthier MA, Leroux JC. Improving oral drug bioavailability with polycations? Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 97:427-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Zhang J, Liang X, Li X, Guan Z, Liao Z, Luo Y, Luo Y. Ocular delivery of cyanidin-3-glycoside in liposomes and its prevention of selenite-induced oxidative stress. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2015; 42:546-53. [PMID: 26393779 DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2015.1088867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cataracts have become the leading cause of blindness around the world, which is mainly mediated by oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC)-coated liposomes of cyanidin-3-glycoside (C3G) (C3G-TCL) were prepared to attenuate oxidative stress induced by selenite sodium in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS C3G-TCL were prepared by reverse-phase evaporation method and then coated with self-synthesized TMC. The physicochemical properties were determined. A gamma-scintigraphy study was employed to evaluate the precorneal elimination of the radioactive preparations. The transcorneal visualization for fluorescence-labeled samples was determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The in vivo anti-oxidative study using C3G-TCL was carried out in rats with selenite-induced cataracts by topical administration. RESULTS The sphere-like morphological characterization of the vesicles was confirmed by TEM, with a size of 158.3 ± 2.8 nm and a zeta potential of 31.7 mV. The encapsulation efficiency was (53.7 ± 0.2) % as measured by ultrafiltration. C3G-TCL showed a 3.3-fold increment in precorneal residence time when compared with that of the (99m)Tc-solution. A TMC coating enhanced the transepithelial transport of liposomes to a depth of 40-μm in the cornea. Moreover, C3G-TCL could significantly elevate the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in lens and also show a considerable reversal of reduced glutathione activity. The lipid peroxidation in lens was strongly prevented when compared with that of groups treated with uncoated C3G-loaded liposomes. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The coating material TMC for liposomes helps improve the anti-oxidative effect of C3G in vivo through prolonged residence time on the cornea and improved permeability in the corneal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , Jiangxi , P.R. China
| | - Xinli Liang
- a Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , Jiangxi , P.R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- b National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , Jiangxi , P.R. China , and
| | - Zhiyu Guan
- c School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , Jiangxi , P.R. China
| | - Zhenggen Liao
- a Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , Jiangxi , P.R. China
| | - Yun Luo
- a Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , Jiangxi , P.R. China
| | - Yunxia Luo
- a Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , Jiangxi , P.R. China
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Uptake and transport of insulin across intestinal membrane model using trimethyl chitosan coated insulin niosomes. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 46:333-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Coué G, Engbersen JFJ. Cationic Polymers for Intracellular Delivery of Proteins. CATIONIC POLYMERS IN REGENERATIVE MEDICINE 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782620105-00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Many therapeutic proteins exert their pharmaceutical action inside the cytoplasm or onto individual organelles inside the cell. Intracellular protein delivery is considered to be the most direct, fastest and safest approach for curing gene-deficiency diseases, enhancing vaccination and triggering cell transdifferentiation processes, within other curative applications. However, several hurdles have to be overcome. For this purpose the use of polymers, with their ease of modification in physical and chemical properties, is attractive in protein drug carriers. They can protect their therapeutic protein cargo from degradation and enhance their bioavailability at targeted sites. In this chapter, potential and currently used polymers for fabrication of protein delivery systems and their applications for intracellular administration are discussed. Special attention is given to the use of cationic polymers for their ability to promote the cellular uptake of therapeutic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Coué
- MIRA Institute of Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Johan F. J. Engbersen
- MIRA Institute of Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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Muhsin MDA, George G, Beagley K, Ferro V, Armitage C, Islam N. Synthesis and Toxicological Evaluation of a Chitosan-l-Leucine Conjugate for Pulmonary Drug Delivery Applications. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:3596-607. [DOI: 10.1021/bm5008635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad D. A. Muhsin
- Institute
of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
- Pharmacy
Discipline, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Graeme George
- Institute
of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Kenneth Beagley
- Institute
of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Charles Armitage
- Institute
of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Nazrul Islam
- Institute
of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
- Pharmacy
Discipline, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
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Smart AL, Gaisford S, Basit AW. Oral peptide and protein delivery: intestinal obstacles and commercial prospects. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1323-35. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.917077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Benediktsdóttir BE, Baldursson Ó, Másson M. Challenges in evaluation of chitosan and trimethylated chitosan (TMC) as mucosal permeation enhancers: From synthesis to in vitro application. J Control Release 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Benediktsdóttir BE, Gudjónsson T, Baldursson Ó, Másson M. N-alkylation of highly quaternized chitosan derivatives affects the paracellular permeation enhancement in bronchial epithelia in vitro. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 86:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hauptstein S, Bonengel S, Griessinger J, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Synthesis and characterization of pH tolerant and mucoadhesive (thiol-polyethylene glycol) chitosan graft polymer for drug delivery. J Pharm Sci 2013; 103:594-601. [PMID: 24382680 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to generate a water-soluble thiolated chitosan to enable the permeation-enhancing effect of chitosan at pH of at least 5.5 without losing the advantages of improved mucoadhesive properties. Therefore, the thiol-bearing polyoxyethylene ligand {O-(3-carboxylpropyl)-O'-[2-[3-mercaptopropionylamino)ethyl]-polyethyleneglycol} was conjugated via amide bond formation to the amino group of chitosan. Resulting novel chitosan derivative (Chito-PEG-SH) exhibited 250 μmol free thiol groups per gram polymer. By the attachment of the thiol-bearing PEG ligand, an improvement of permeation-enhancing effect on rat intestine (2.7-fold improvement) as well as on a Caco-2 monolayer model (1.9-fold improvement) could be found. Cytotoxicity studies on Caco-2 cells revealed no change in biocompatibility. Mucoadhesion was improved 3.1-fold by the formation of disulfide bonds with mucus glycoproteins. The mucoadhesive effect of Chito-PEG-SH turned out to be similar to thiolated chitosan and more pronounced than mucoadhesive properties of unmodified chitosan. The graft polymer is soluble in water and aqueous solutions over a broad pH range. In aqueous media, the novel polymer does not precipitate at pH of 8.6 or less. According to these results, Chito-PEG-SH might show potential as auxiliary agent in oral drug delivery where its solubility even up to pH 8 is likely beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hauptstein
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Center for Molecular Biosciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020, Austria
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Oral delivery of low molecular weight heparin by polyaminomethacrylate coacervates. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1990-8. [PMID: 23649851 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Oral bioavailability of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) can be achieved by several advanced drug delivery approaches. Here, a new preparation method for coacervates (CAs) using non-toxic polyethylene glycol derivates was developed. METHODS LMWH were coacervated with polyaminomethacrylates (Eudragit® RL or RS) using polyethylene glycol (PEG) derivatives as non-toxic solvents. CAs were analyzed for their physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined for different formulations in rabbits. RESULTS CAs from both polymer types using various PEGs were of irregular shape and had particle sizes of around 40 μm, encapsulation efficiencies of >90%, and complete LMWH in vitro release was obtained within 2 h. In vivo, oral Absorption at doses of 300 IU/kg was rather low (F < 2.5%) while dose increase resulted in a maximum at 600 IU/kg (FRL: 6.0 ± 1.2%; FRS: 5.8 ± 2.5%) and 1,200 IU/kg did not result in higher bioavailability (FRL: 4.6 ± 0.4%; FRS: 4.1 ± 0.8%). CAs were applicable to various LMWH types where the oral availability decreased in the order fondaparinux>enoxaparin>nadroparin>certoparin depending mainly on the molecular weight. CONCLUSIONS CAs prepared by an organic solvent-free method allowed the oral delivery of LMWHs. The therapeutic efficiency and the simple and solvent-free manufacturing process underlines the high potential of this new preparation method.
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Singh I, Rana V. Enhancement of Mucoadhesive Property of Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.7569/raa.2013.097307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bernkop-Schnürch A, Dünnhaupt S. Chitosan-based drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2012; 81:463-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Jabbal-Gill I, Watts P, Smith A. Chitosan-based delivery systems for mucosal vaccines. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:1051-67. [PMID: 22708875 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.697455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mucosal vaccine development faces several challenges and opportunities. Critical issues for effective mucosal vaccination include the antigen-retention period that enables interaction with the lymphatic system, choice of adjuvant that is nontoxic and induces the required immune response and possibly an ability to mimic mucosal pathogens. Chitosan-based delivery systems are reviewed here as they address these issues and hence represent the most promising candidates for the delivery of mucosal vaccines. AREAS COVERED A comprehensive literature search was conducted, to locate relevant studies published within the last 5 years. Mucosal delivery via nasal and oral routes is evaluated with respect to chitosan type, dosage forms, co-adjuvanting with novel adjuvants and modulation of the immune system. EXPERT OPINION It is concluded that chitosan derivatives offer advantageous opportunities such as nanoparticle and surface charge manipulation that facilitate vaccine targeting. Nevertheless, these technologies represent a longer-term goal. By contrast, chitosan (unmodified form) with or without a co-adjuvant has significant toxicology and human data to support safe mucosal administration, and thus has the potential for earlier product introduction into the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inderjit Jabbal-Gill
- Archimedes Development Ltd, Albert Einstein Centre, Nottingham Science & Technology Park, University Boulevard, Nottingham, UK
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Pillay V, Hibbins AR, Choonara YE, du Toit LC, Kumar P, Ndesendo VMK. Orally Administered Therapeutic Peptide Delivery: Enhanced Absorption Through the Small Intestine Using Permeation Enhancers. Int J Pept Res Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-012-9299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Cheng C, Zhang X, Wang Y, Sun L, Li C. Phenylboronic acid-containing block copolymers: synthesis, self-assembly, and application for intracellular delivery of proteins. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj20997g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Vllasaliu D, Alexander C, Garnett M, Eaton M, Stolnik S. Fc-mediated transport of nanoparticles across airway epithelial cell layers. J Control Release 2011; 158:479-86. [PMID: 22200577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In a study directed towards non-invasive delivery of therapeutic biomacromolecules, we examined whether surface modification of sub-200 nm model nanoparticles with the Fc portion of IgG promotes their cell uptake and transport across the airway epithelial cells. The study initially confirms the expression of the relevant receptor, namely neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn), by Calu-3 cell layers simulating the airway epithelium and demonstrates FcRn-mediated cell association, internalization and transcellular transport of molecular IgG. Surface decoration of nanoparticles with the Fc portion of IgG enhanced both cell uptake and translocation of the particulate system across the cell layers, in a manner strongly suggesting FcRn involvement in these processes. The study further demonstrates the potential of Fc-modified nanoparticles to 'shuttle' a model therapeutic antibody fragment across the epithelial cell layers. Fc-modified nanoparticles are transported in the μg/h/cm(2) range, presenting a substantial increase in transport capacity in comparison to molecular IgG (ng/h/cm(2) range), therefore warranting consideration of the FcRn transcytotic pathway for further investigation as a means to achieve transmucosal delivery of nanoparticulate systems that could act as carriers of a range of biotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driton Vllasaliu
- Division of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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Chen H, Wu J, Sun M, Guo C, Yu A, Cao F, Zhao L, Tan Q, Zhai G. N-trimethyl chitosan chloride-coated liposomes for the oral delivery of curcumin. J Liposome Res 2011; 22:100-9. [DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2011.621127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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36
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Martins AF, Pereira AG, Fajardo AR, Rubira AF, Muniz EC. Characterization of polyelectrolytes complexes based on N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan/heparin prepared at different pH conditions. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Martins AF, Piai JF, Schuquel ITA, Rubira AF, Muniz EC. Polyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan/heparin and N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan/heparin obtained at different pH: I. Preparation, characterization, and controlled release of heparin. Colloid Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-011-2437-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Sarti F, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Chitosan and Thiolated Chitosan. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2011_109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Radhakumary C, Antonty M, Sreenivasan K. Drug loaded thermoresponsive and cytocompatible chitosan based hydrogel as a potential wound dressing. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Varkouhi AK, Verheul RJ, Schiffelers RM, Lammers T, Storm G, Hennink WE. Gene silencing activity of siRNA polyplexes based on thiolated N,N,N-trimethylated chitosan. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:2339-46. [PMID: 21049986 DOI: 10.1021/bc1003789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
N,N,N-Trimethylated chitosan (TMC) is a biodegradable polymer emerging as a promising nonviral vector for nucleic acid and protein delivery. In the present study, we investigated whether the introduction of thiol groups in TMC enhances the extracellular stability of the complexes based on this polymer and promotes the intracellular release of siRNA. The gene silencing activity and the cellular cytotoxicity of polyplexes based on thiolated TMC were compared with those based on the nonthiolated counterpart and the regularly used lipidic transfection agent Lipofectamine. Incubation of H1299 human lung cancer cells expressing firefly luciferase with siRNA/thiolated TMC polyplexes resulted in 60-80% gene silencing activity, whereas complexes based on nonthiolated TMC showed less silencing (40%). The silencing activity of the complexes based on Lipofectamine 2000 was about 60-70%. Importantly, the TMC-SH polyplexes retained their silencing activity in the presence of hyaluronic acid, while nonthiolated TMC polyplexes hardly showed any silencing activity, demonstrating their stability against competing anionic macromolecules. Under the experimental conditions tested, the cytotoxicity of the thiolated and nonthiolated siRNA complexes was lower than those based on Lipofectamine. Given the good extracellular stability and good silencing activity, it is concluded that polyplexes based on TMC-SH are attractive systems for further in vivo evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir K Varkouhi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Shahiwala A, Misra A. Preliminary investigation of the nasal delivery of liposomal leuprorelin acetate for contraception in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 58:19-26. [PMID: 16393460 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.58.1.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the nasal route as a non-invasive alternative for delivery of leuprorelin acetate (leuprolide acetate, LEU) and to achieve an effective concentration of leuprorelin acetate in blood after nasal administration for contraception in rats. The plain drug solution, physical mixture (plain drug along with constituents of liposomes), or drug encapsulated in either neutral or charged liposomes containing 5 μg leuprorelin acetate were administered to rats through the nasal route. The plain drug solution was administered subcutaneously (s.c.). Simultaneous evaluation was performed on the influence of a mucoadhesive agent (chitosan) on nasal absorption of the plain drug and the liposome-encapsulated drug. Blood samples were taken at regular time intervals and subjected to luteinising hormone (LH) analysis using a specific immunoassay kit. The plasma luteinising hormone concentration vs time data of nasal and subcutaneous treatments were plotted and compared with that of subcutaneous administration. Relative percentage of bioavailability (F) for nasal treatments was calculated from plasma concentration vs time plots. Sperm count and fertility performance studies were carried out for selected formulations in rats. Neutral liposomes (LLEU) and negatively-charged liposomes (LLEUn) showed higher relative percentage of bioavailability (F 27.83 and 21.30%, respectively) as compared with the plain drug and the physical mixture (F 10.89 and 10.96%, respectively) after nasal administration. Hence, work on neutral liposomes was continued. F was further improved after incorporation of chitosan i.e. 10.89 to 49.13% for plain leuprorelin acetate and 27.83 to 88.90% for liposomal leuprorelin acetate formulations. Liposomal chitosan formulation administered nasally and leuprorelin acetate solution subcutaneously achieved complete azoospermia. No implantation sites were observed after the mating of female rats with treated males. It was observed that in the treated female rats, the estrous cycles ceased with the same formulations from the first treatment cycle. The findings of these investigations demonstrated that the bioavailability of the nasally-administered liposomal leuprorelin acetate with chitosan formulation was comparable with that of the subcutaneously administered drug. Complete contraception was obtained in male and female rats that had been treated with either the nasally administered liposomal leuprorelin acetate with chitosan or the subcutaneously administered drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliasgar Shahiwala
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, Kalabhavan, M. S. University of Baroda, Vadodara-390 001, Gujarat, India
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Sahni JK, Chopra S, Ahmad FJ, Khar RK. Potential prospects of chitosan derivative trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC) as a polymeric absorption enhancer: synthesis, characterization and applications. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:1111-9. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.9.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In recent years, researchers have been working extensively on various novel properties of polymers to develop increased efficiency of drug delivery and improve bioavailability of various drug molecules, especially macromolecules. Chitosan, a naturally occurring polysaccharide, because of its protonated/polymeric nature, provides effective and safe absorption of peptide and protein drugs. Its transmucosal absorption is, however, limited to acidic media because of its strong intermolecular hydrogen bonds. A new partially quaternized chitosan derivative, N-trimethyl chitosan chloride (TMC), has been synthesized with improved solubility, safety and effectiveness as an absorption enhancer at neutral pH and in aqueous environment. It enhances the absorption, especially of peptide drugs, by reversible opening of tight junctions in between epithelial cells, thereby facilitating the paracellular diffusion of peptide drugs. This derivative thus opens new perspectives as a biomaterial for various pharmaceutical applications/drug delivery systems. This review deals with the potential use of the quaternized chitosan derivative as a permeation enhancer for the mucosal delivery of macromolecular drugs along with its other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasjeet K Sahni
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Shruti Chopra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Farhan J Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
| | - Roop K Khar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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Amidi M, Mastrobattista E, Jiskoot W, Hennink WE. Chitosan-based delivery systems for protein therapeutics and antigens. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:59-82. [PMID: 19925837 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic peptides/proteins and protein-based antigens are chemically and structurally labile compounds, which are almost exclusively administered by parenteral injections. Recently, non-invasive mucosal routes have attracted interest for administration of these biotherapeutics. Chitosan-based delivery systems enhance the absorption and/or cellular uptake of peptides/proteins across mucosal sites and have immunoadjuvant properties. Chitosan is a mucoadhesive polysaccharide capable of opening the tight junctions between epithelial cells and it has functional groups for chemical modifications, which has resulted in a large variety of chitosan derivatives with tunable properties for the aimed applications. This review provides an overview of chitosan-based polymers for preparation of both therapeutic peptides/protein and antigen formulations. The physicochemical properties of these carrier systems as well as their applications in protein and antigen delivery through parenteral and mucosal (particularly nasal and pulmonary) administrations are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Amidi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Caramella C, Ferrari F, Bonferoni M, Rossi S, Sandri G. Chitosan and its derivatives as drug penetration enhancers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(10)50001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zambito Y, Di Colo G. Chitosan and its derivatives as intraocular penetration enhancers. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(10)50005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rassu G, Gavini E, Jonassen H, Zambito Y, Fogli S, Breschi MC, Giunchedi P. New chitosan derivatives for the preparation of rokitamycin loaded microspheres designed for ocular or nasal administration. J Pharm Sci 2009; 98:4852-65. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.21751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jia X, Chen X, Xu Y, Han X, Xu Z. Tracing transport of chitosan nanoparticles and molecules in Caco-2 cells by fluorescent labeling. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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He W, Guo X, Xiao L, Feng M. Study on the mechanisms of chitosan and its derivatives used as transdermal penetration enhancers. Int J Pharm 2009; 382:234-43. [PMID: 19686826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of chitosan (CS) and its derivatives used as transdermal penetration enhancers has been confirmed in our previous research. This study investigated the mechanisms of penetration enhancement by CS and its derivatives, i.e., N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) with different degree of quaternization (DQ) and mono-N-carboxylmethyl chitosan (MCC). After treatment with CS, TMCs or MCC, the secondary structure changes of keratin in stratum corneum (SC) from mice were examined by an Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) combined with the application of the second-order derivative, deconvolution and curve-fitting. The water content in the SC was also studied by ATR-FTIR. HaCaT cell lines were employed as the cell models in the study. HaCaT cells were first treated with blank D-Hanks solution, CS or its derivatives, and were then fluorescent labeled with DiBAC(4) (3). The change of membrane potential was measured by a flow cytometer (FCM). Alternatively, the treated HaCaT cells were labeled with NBD-C(6)-HPC and the change of membrane fluidity was examined under a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM). It was found that CS, TMCs and MCC could significantly affect the secondary structure of keratin in SC in different ways. Although the amide II absorption peak of keratin moved to a lower wave number following treatment with CS, TMCs, or MCC, the beta-turning structure of keratin was converted to beta-sheeting and random coiling after treatment with TMCs and was converted to beta-sheeting and alpha-helix following treatment with MCC and CS. At the same time, CS and its derivatives all could increase the water content of SC, decrease HaCaT cells membrane potentials and enhance HaCaT cells membrane fluidity significantly. The effect of TMCs appeared to be independent of their DQ. The results suggest that the mechanisms of transdermal enhancement of CS, TMCs and MCC are closely related to their effects on the secondary structure of keratin and water content in SC, cell membrane potential and fluidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen He
- Department of Pharmacy of Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, People's Republic of China.
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