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Carossino M, Vissani MA, Barrandeguy ME, Balasuriya UBR, Parreño V. Equine Rotavirus A under the One Health Lens: Potential Impacts on Public Health. Viruses 2024; 16:130. [PMID: 38257830 PMCID: PMC10819593 DOI: 10.3390/v16010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses are a well-known cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants and children, as well as in many mammalian species and birds, affecting them at a young age. This group of viruses has a double-stranded, segmented RNA genome with high genetic diversity linked to point mutations, recombination, and, importantly, reassortment. While initial molecular investigations undertaken in the 1900s suggested host range restriction among group A rotaviruses based on the fact that different gene segments were distributed among different animal species, recent molecular surveillance and genome constellation genotyping studies conducted by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group (RCWG) have shown that animal rotaviruses serve as a source of diversification of human rotavirus A, highlighting their zoonotic potential. Rotaviruses occurring in various animal species have been linked with contributing genetic material to human rotaviruses, including horses, with the most recent identification of equine-like G3 rotavirus A infecting children. The goal of this article is to review relevant information related to rotavirus structure/genomic organization, epidemiology (with a focus on human and equine rotavirus A), evolution, inter-species transmission, and the potential zoonotic role of equine and other animal rotaviruses. Diagnostics, surveillance and the current status of human and livestock vaccines against RVA are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Maria Aldana Vissani
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos Aires B1630AHU, Argentina; (M.A.V.); (M.E.B.)
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Maria E. Barrandeguy
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad del Salvador, Pilar, Buenos Aires B1630AHU, Argentina; (M.A.V.); (M.E.B.)
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina;
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686LQF, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1033AAJ, Argentina
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Kopper JJ. Equine Rotaviral Diarrhea. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:47-54. [PMID: 36737285 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine rotavirus is one of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea in foals. Although the infection itself is self-limiting, the resulting diarrhea is due to multiple mechanisms and can be severe, requiring supportive care including fluid and electrolyte support. Prompt diagnosis is important for treatment and biosecurity decisions and can be achieved by several means. Prevention, while imperfect, currently relies on vaccination of pregnant mares before parturition, ingestion of adequate colostrum from vaccinated mares and biosecurity measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J Kopper
- Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, 1809 Christensen Drive, Ames Iowa 50010, USA.
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Abstract
This review briefly describes the virus classification, clinical signs, epidemiology,
diagnosis, disinfection, and vaccines related equine group A rotavirus (RVA) infection.
Equine RVA is one of the most important pathogens causing diarrhoea in foals. The main
transmission route is faecal–oral, and the clinical signs are diarrhoea, fever, lethargy,
and anorexia (decreased suckling). Some human RVA rapid antigen detection kits based on
the principles of the immunochromatographic assay are useful for the diagnosis of equine
RVA infection. The kits are used in daily clinical practice because of their rapidity and
ease of handling. Equine RVA is a non-enveloped virus and is more resistant to
disinfectants than enveloped viruses such as equine influenza virus and equine
herpesvirus. Although amphoteric soaps and quaternary ammonium compounds are commonly used
in veterinary hygiene, they are generally ineffective against equine RVA. Alcohol
products, aldehydes, and chlorine- and iodine-based compounds are effective against equine
RVA. Inactivated vaccines have been used for equine RVA infection in some countries.
Pregnant mares are intramuscularly inoculated with a vaccine, and thus their colostrum has
abundant antibodies against RVA at the time of birth. According to G and P classification
defined in accordance with the VP7 and VP4 genes, respectively, the predominant equine
RVAs circulating in horse populations globally are G3P[12] and G14P[12] equine RVAs, but
the vaccines contain only the G3P[12] equine RVA strain. Ideally, a G14P[12] equine RVA
should be added as a vaccine strain to obtain a better vaccine effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Tomio Matsumura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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Nemoto M, Inagaki M, Tamura N, Bannai H, Tsujimura K, Yamanaka T, Kokado H. Evaluation of inactivated vaccines against equine group A rotaviruses by use of a suckling mouse model. Vaccine 2018; 36:5551-5555. [PMID: 30076106 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine group A rotaviruses (RVAs) cause diarrhea in suckling foals. The dominant RVAs circulating among horses worldwide, including Japan, are G3P[12] and/or G14P[12] genotypes. Inactivated vaccines containing a G3P[12] RVA are commercially available in some countries for prevention of diarrhea caused by equine RVAs. However, there is no reported evidence whether vaccines containing a G3P[12] RVA are effective against G14P[12] RVAs or whether using a G14P[12] RVA results in a more effective vaccine. This study used a suckling mouse model to evaluate the effectiveness of inactivated vaccines containing G3P[12] (G3 vaccine) or G14P[12] (G14 vaccine) RVAs against G3P[12] and G14P[12] RVAs. METHODS Female mice were inoculated twice with G3 or G14 vaccines, and were then mated. After parturition, suckling mice were challenged with one of either two G3P[12] RVAs, two G14P[12] RVAs, or one G13P[18] RVA. After virus inoculation, suckling mice were observed for diarrhea, and the incidence rates of diarrhea in the vaccinated groups were compared with those in the non-vaccinated groups. RESULTS Following G3P[12] RVA challenge, suckling mice in the G3 and G14 vaccinated groups had significantly lower rates of diarrhea incidence than did those in the non-vaccinated group, and the rates in the G3 vaccinated group tended to be lower than in the G14 vaccinated group. Following G14P[12] RVA challenge, suckling mice in the G14 vaccinated group had significantly lower rates of diarrhea incidence than did those in the non-vaccinated and G3 vaccinated groups. The G3 and G14 vaccines did not reduce the rate when challenged with the G13P[18] RVA. CONCLUSION The mouse model showed that the G3 and G14 vaccines were both effective against G3P[12] RVAs, and that the G14 vaccine was effective against G14P[12] RVAs. These results suggest that at least a G14 RVA strain should be included in as a vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nemoto
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan.
| | - Mizuho Inagaki
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tamura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Bannai
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Koji Tsujimura
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kokado
- Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association, 1400-4 Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
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Luchs A, Timenetsky MDCST. Group A rotavirus gastroenteritis: post-vaccine era, genotypes and zoonotic transmission. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2017; 14:278-87. [PMID: 27462899 PMCID: PMC4943361 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-45082016rb3582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides a review of immunity, diagnosis, and clinical aspects of rotavirus disease. It also informs about the changes in epidemiology of diarrheal disease and genetic diversity of circulating group A rotavirus strains following the introduction of vaccines. Group A rotavirus is the major pathogen causing gastroenteritis in animals. Its segmented RNA genome can lead to the emergence of new or unusual strains in human populations via interspecies transmission and/or reassortment events.
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Miño S, Barrandeguy M, Parreño V, Parra GI. Genetic linkage of capsid protein-encoding RNA segments in group A equine rotaviruses. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:912-921. [PMID: 26758293 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus virions are formed by three concentric protein layers that enclose the 11 dsRNA genome segments and the viral proteins VP1 and VP3. Interactions amongst the capsid proteins (VP2, VP6, VP7 and VP4) have been described to play a major role in viral fitness, whilst restricting the reassortment of the genomic segments during co-infection with different rotavirus strains. In this work we describe and characterize the linkage between VP6 and VP7 proteins based on structural and genomic analyses of group A rotavirus strains circulating in Argentinean horses. Strains with the VP7 genotype G3 showed a strong association with the VP6 genotype I6, whilst strains with G14 were associated with the I2 genotype. Most of the differences on the VP6 and VP7 proteins were observed in interactive regions between the two proteins, suggesting that VP6 : VP7 interactions may drive the co-evolution and co-segregation of their respective gene segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Miño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA Castelar, Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros s/n (CP 1816), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Barrandeguy
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA Castelar, Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros s/n (CP 1816), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Champagnat 1599, Ruta Panamericana km54.5 (B1630AHU), Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA Castelar, Nicolás Repetto y De los Reseros s/n (CP 1816), Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel I Parra
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genética, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
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Ghosh S, Kobayashi N. Exotic rotaviruses in animals and rotaviruses in exotic animals. Virusdisease 2014; 25:158-72. [PMID: 25674582 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0194-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVA) are a major cause of viral diarrhea in the young of mammals and birds. RVA strains with certain genotype constellations or VP7-VP4 (G-P) genotype combinations are commonly found in a particular host species, whilst unusual or exotic RVAs have also been reported. In most cases, these exotic rotaviruses are derived from RVA strains common to other host species, possibly through interspecies transmission coupled with reassortment events, whilst a few other strains exhibit novel genotypes/genetic constellations rarely found in other RVAs. The epidemiology and evolutionary patterns of exotic rotaviruses in humans have been thoroughly reviewed previously. On the other hand, there is no comprehensive review article devoted to exotic rotaviruses in domestic animals and birds so far. The present review focuses on the exotic/unusual rotaviruses detected in livestock (cattle and pigs), horses and companion animals (cats and dogs). Avian rotaviruses (group D, group F and group G strains), including RVAs, which are genetically divergent from mammalian RVAs, are also discussed. Although scattered and limited studies have reported rotaviruses in several exotic animals and birds, including wildlife, these data remain to be reviewed. Therefore, a section entitled "rotaviruses in exotic animals" was included in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S 1, W 17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556 Japan
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S 1, W 17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8556 Japan
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Papp H, Matthijnssens J, Martella V, Ciarlet M, Bányai K. Global distribution of group A rotavirus strains in horses: a systematic review. Vaccine 2013; 31:5627-33. [PMID: 23994380 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RVA) is a major cause of diarrhea and diarrhea-related mortality in foals in parts of the world. In addition to careful horse farm management, vaccination is the only known alternative to reduce the RVA associated disease burden on horse farms. The precise evaluation of vaccine effectiveness against circulating strains needs enhanced surveillance of equine RVAs in areas where vaccine is already available or vaccine introduction is anticipated. Therefore, we undertook the overview of relevant information on epidemiology of equine RVA strains through systematic search of public literature databases. Our findings indicated that over 99% of equine RVA strains characterized during the past three decades belonged to two common genotypes, G3P[12] and G14P[12], whereas most of the minority equine RVA strains were probably introduced from a heterologous host by interspecies transmission. These baseline data on RVA strains in horses shall contribute to a better understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of strain prevalence in vaccinated and non-vaccinated herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajnalka Papp
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungária krt. 21, Budapest 1143, Hungary.
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Ghosh S, Taniguchi K, Aida S, Ganesh B, Kobayashi N. Whole genomic analyses of equine group A rotaviruses from Japan: evidence for bovine-to-equine interspecies transmission and reassortment events. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:474-85. [PMID: 23938116 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Equine group A rotaviruses (RVA) are a major cause of severe diarrhea in foals. The whole genomes of only six common and three unusual equine RVA strains have been analyzed so far. To date, there are no reports on whole genomic analyses of equine RVAs from Asian countries. We report here the whole genomic analyses of three common (strains RVA/Horse-tc/JPN/BI/1981/G3P[12], RVA/Horse-tc/JPN/HH-22/1989/G3P[12] and RVA/Horse-tc/JPN/CH-3/1987/G14P[12]) and an unusual (RVA/Horse-tc/JPN/OH-4/1982/G6P[5]) equine RVA strains isolated from diarrheic foals in Japan. Strains BI, HH-22 and CH-3 shared a largely conserved genotype constellation (G3/G14-P[12]-I2/I6-R2-C2-M3-A10-N2-T3-E2-H7) with each other and with those of common equine RVAs from other continents. Phylogenetically, most of the genes of BI, HH-22 and CH-3 were closely related to those of other common equine RVAs. On the other hand, the NSP2 genes of BI and CH-3 formed a distinct lineage, and were distantly related to the other, major equine RVA cluster within the NSP2-N2 genotype. The NSP4 gene of HH-22 appeared to originate from possible reassortment events involving common equine RVAs and co-circulating bovine or bovine-like equine RVAs, revealing the presence of a bovine RVA-like NSP4 gene on a typical equine RVA genetic backbone. All the 11 gene segments of the unusual equine RVA strain OH-4 were found to be more closely related to those of bovine and bovine-like human RVAs than to those of other RVAs, providing the first conclusive evidence for artiodactyl(likely bovine)-to-equine interspecies transmission events. Taken together, these observations provided important insights into the genetic diversity of equine RVAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Ghosh
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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Bailey KE, Gilkerson JR, Browning GF. Equine rotaviruses--current understanding and continuing challenges. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:135-44. [PMID: 23932076 PMCID: PMC7117381 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Equine rotaviruses were first detected in foals over 30 years ago and remain a major cause of infectious diarrhoea in foals. During this time, there has been substantial progress in the development of sensitive methods to detect rotaviruses in foals, enabling surveillance of the genotypes present in various horse populations. However, there has been limited epidemiological investigation into the significance of these circulating genotypes, their correlation with disease and the use of vaccination in these animal populations. Our knowledge of the pathogenesis of rotavirus infection in foals is based on a limited number of studies on a small number of foals and, therefore, most of our understanding in this area has been extrapolated from studies in other species. Questions such as the concentrations of rotavirus particles shed in the faeces of infected foals, both with and without diarrhoea, and factors determining the presence or absence of clinical disease remain to be investigated, as does the relative and absolute efficacy of currently available vaccines. The answer to these questions may help direct research into the development of more effective control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Bailey
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Pane JA, Webster NL, Graham KL, Holloway G, Zufferey C, Coulson BS. Rotavirus acceleration of murine type 1 diabetes is associated with a T helper 1-dependent specific serum antibody response and virus effects in regional lymph nodes. Diabetologia 2013; 56:573-82. [PMID: 23238791 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2798-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Rotavirus infection in at-risk children correlates with production of serum autoantibodies indicative of type 1 diabetes progression. Oral infection with rhesus monkey rotavirus (RRV) accelerates diabetes onset in mice. This relates to their rotavirus-specific serum antibody titre and local pro-inflammatory cytokine induction without pancreatic infection. Our aim was to further investigate the roles of serum antibodies and viral extra-intestinal spread in diabetes acceleration by rotavirus. METHODS Rotavirus-specific serum antibody production was detected by ELISA in diabetes-prone mice given either inactivated or low-dose RRV, in relation to their diabetes development. Serum anti-rotavirus antibody titres and infectious virus in lymph nodes were measured in mice given RRV or porcine rotavirus CRW-8. In lymph node cells, rotavirus antigen presence and immune activation were determined by flow cytometry, in conjunction with cytokine mRNA levels. RESULTS Acceleration of diabetes by RRV required virus replication, which correlated with antibody presence. CRW-8 induced similar specific total immunoglobulin and IgA titres to those induced by RRV, but did not accelerate diabetes. RRV alone elicited specific serum IgG antibodies with a T helper (Th)1 bias, spread to regional lymph nodes and activated antigen-presenting cells at these sites. RRV increased Th1-specific cytokine expression in pancreatic lymph nodes. Diabetes onset was more rapid in the RRV-infected mice with the greater Th1 bias. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Acceleration of murine diabetes by rotavirus is virus strain-specific and associated with virus spread to regional lymph nodes, activation of antigen-presenting cells at these sites and induction of a Th1-dominated antibody and cytokine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Pane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gate 11, Royal Parade, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Ghosh S, Shintani T, Kobayashi N. Evidence for the porcine origin of equine rotavirus strain H-1. Vet Microbiol 2012; 158:410-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Mladenova Z, Papp H, Lengyel G, Kisfali P, Steyer A, Steyer AF, Esona MD, Iturriza-Gómara M, Bányai K. Detection of rare reassortant G5P[6] rotavirus, Bulgaria. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1676-84. [PMID: 22850117 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During the ongoing rotavirus strain surveillance program conducted in Bulgaria, an unusual human rotavirus A (RVA) strain, RVA/Human/BG/BG620/2008/G5P[6], was identified among 2200 genotyped Bulgarian RVAs. This strain showed the following genomic configuration: G5-P[6]-I1-R1-C1-M1-A8-N1-T1-E1-H1. Phylogenetic analysis of the genes encoding the neutralization proteins and backbone genes identified a probable mixture of RVA genes of human and porcine origin. The VP1, VP6 and NSP2 genes were more closely related to typical human rotavirus strains. The remaining eight genes were either closely related to typical porcine and unusual human-porcine reassortant rotavirus strains or were equally distant from reference human and porcine strains. This study is the first to report an unusual rotavirus isolate with G5P[6] genotype in Europe which has most likely emerged from zoonotic transmission. The absence of porcine rotavirus sequence data from this area did not permit to assess if the suspected ancestral zoonotic porcine strain already had human rotavirus genes in its genome when transmitted from pig to human, or, the transmission was coupled or followed by gene reassortment event(s). Because our strain shared no neutralization antigens with rotavirus vaccines used for routine immunization in children, attention is needed to monitor if this G-P combination will be able to emerge in human populations. A better understanding of the ecology of rotavirus zoonoses requires simultaneous monitoring of rotavirus strains in humans and animals.
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Matthijnssens J, Miño S, Papp H, Potgieter C, Novo L, Heylen E, Zeller M, Garaicoechea L, Badaracco A, Lengyel G, Kisfali P, Cullinane A, Collins PJ, Ciarlet M, O’Shea H, Parreño V, Bányai K, Barrandeguy M, Van Ranst M. Complete molecular genome analyses of equine rotavirus A strains from different continents reveal several novel genotypes and a largely conserved genotype constellation. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:866-875. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.039255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the complete genome sequences of seven equine group A rotavirus (RVA) strains (RVA/Horse-tc/GBR/L338/1991/G13P[18], RVA/Horse-wt/IRL/03V04954/2003/G3P[12] and RVA/Horse-wt/IRL/04V2024/2004/G14P[12] from Europe; RVA/Horse-wt/ARG/E30/1993/G3P[12], RVA/Horse-wt/ARG/E403/2006/G14P[12] and RVA/Horse-wt/ARG/E4040/2008/G14P[12] from Argentina; and RVA/Horse-wt/ZAF/EqRV-SA1/2006/G14P[12] from South Africa) were determined. Multiple novel genotypes were identified and genotype numbers were assigned by the Rotavirus Classification Working Group: R9 (VP1), C9 (VP2), N9 (NSP2), T12 (NSP3), E14 (NSP4), and H7 and H11 (NSP5). The genotype constellation of L338 was unique: G13-P[18]-I6-R9-C9-M6-A6-N9-T12-E14-H11. The six remaining equine RVA strains showed a largely conserved genotype constellation: G3/G14-P[12]-I2/I6-R2-C2-M3-A10-N2-T3-E2/E12-H7, which is highly divergent from other known non-equine RVA genotype constellations. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the sequences of these equine RVA strains are related distantly to non-equine RVA strains, and that at least three lineages exist within equine RVA strains. A small number of reassortment events were observed. Interestingly, the three RVA strains from Argentina possessed the E12 genotype, whereas the three RVA strains from Ireland and South Africa possessed the E2 genotype. The unusual E12 genotype has until now only been described in Argentina among RVA strains collected from guanaco, cattle and horses, suggesting geographical isolation of this NSP4 genotype. This conserved genetic configuration of equine RVA strains could be useful for future vaccine development or improvement of currently used equine RVA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Matthijnssens
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Samuel Miño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Hajnalka Papp
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Luis Novo
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Heylen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark Zeller
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - György Lengyel
- Dr György Radó Military Medical Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Kisfali
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - P. J. Collins
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Max Ciarlet
- Clinical Research and Development, Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Helen O’Shea
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - María Barrandeguy
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, INTA Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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da Silva MFM, Tort LFL, Goméz MM, Assis RMS, Volotão EDM, de Mendonça MCL, Bello G, Leite JPG. VP7 Gene of human rotavirus A genotype G5: Phylogenetic analysis reveals the existence of three different lineages worldwide. J Med Virol 2011; 83:357-66. [PMID: 21181934 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Group A rotavirus (RV-A) genotype G5, which is common in pigs, was also detected in children with severe diarrhea in Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Cameroon, China, Thailand, and Vietnam. To evaluate the evolutionary relationship among RV-A G5 strains, the VP7 and VP4 genes of 28 Brazilian RV-A G5 human strains, sampled between 1986 and 2005, were sequenced and compared with other RV-A G5 strains currently circulating worldwide in animals and humans. The phylogenetic analysis of RV-A G5 VP7 gene strains demonstrates the existence of three main lineages: (a) Lineage I: Brazilian strains grouped with three porcine strains from Thailand; (b) Lineage II: porcine, bovine, and equine strains from different regions; (c) Lineage III: human strains isolated in Asia and Africa, and two porcine strains from Argentina. The VP8* (*non-typable) subunit of VP4 gene sequencing showed that all P[8] strains fell into three major genetic lineages: P[8]-1; P[8]-2; and P[8]-3. These results showed that the RV-A G5 strains circulating in humans are the result of two independent zoonotic transmission events, most likely from pigs.
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16
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Monini M, Biasin A, Valentini S, Cattoli G, Ruggeri FM. Recurrent rotavirus diarrhoea outbreaks in a stud farm, in Italy. Vet Microbiol 2010; 149:248-53. [PMID: 21129862 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A total of 47 stool samples were collected at the same stud farm from young foals with rotavirus diarrhoea and from their stud mares. Illness involved foals during three consecutive winter seasons. Infection in the farm appeared firstly in January-February 2008. After vanishing in the warm seasons, cases reappeared in March 2009 and 2010. Determination of the rotavirus G- and P-types was carried out using nested RT-PCR in samples collected in 2009 and 2010. A total of 19 of 47 samples resulted positive for rotavirus. The G type was determined in 19/47 samples, whereas the P genotype was determined in 17/47 samples. All equine strains presented a G14 VP7 in combination with a P[12] VP4, suggesting persistence of the same viral strain in the stud farm, during at least two consecutive winter periods. Sequence analysis of the genes encoding the outer capsid rotavirus proteins VP7 and VP4 revealed that the virus had a close relationship between strains recently isolated in the rest of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monini
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Wise AG, Smedley RC, Kiupel M, Maes RK. Detection of Group C Rotavirus in Juvenile Ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) with Diarrhea by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction: Sequencing and Analysis of the Complete Coding Region of the VP6 Gene. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:985-91. [DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0315-s-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nine juvenile ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo) with a history of diarrhea were severely dehydrated and had distended abdomens and thin-walled small intestines that contained gas and fluid. Histologically, small intestines exhibited acute superficial atrophic enteritis. Transmission electron microscopy of the small intestine showed rotavirus-like particles within apical vacuoles. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was negative for group A rotavirus. A group C rotavirus-specific RT-PCR assay was developed using consensus primers designed from the alignment of VP6 gene sequences of porcine, bovine, and human strains. A 182-bp product of the VP6 gene was sequenced and showed significant similarity to group C rotavirus VP6 sequences. This strain was designated “Ferret Rota C-MSU.” The entire coding sequence of VP6 was determined and compared with other rotaviruses. Ferret Rota C-MSU virus was found to be most closely related to Shintoku group C rotavirus. This is the first definitive identification of a group C rotavirus in ferrets, based upon RT-PCR, sequencing, and genetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Wise
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI
| | - R. C. Smedley
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI
| | - M. Kiupel
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI
| | - R. K. Maes
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI
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18
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Dhama K, Chauhan RS, Mahendran M, Malik SVS. Rotavirus diarrhea in bovines and other domestic animals. Vet Res Commun 2009; 33:1-23. [PMID: 18622713 PMCID: PMC7088678 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus diarrhea is the major cause of death of millions of children in developing countries besides causing economically significant malady in neonates of many domestic animals. In neonates, the infection is non-viremic, have very short incubation period, and manifests profuse diarrhea and severe dehydration. Concurrent infection with secondary pathogens may augment the disease severity. Diarrhea occurs due to virus-mediated destruction of absorption efficient enterocytes, activation of enteric nervous system, or due to a rotavirus enterotoxin. Diagnosis of the infection relies on conventional techniques like isolation in MA 104 cell lines, electron microscopy, electro-pherotyping, and various serological tests. Presently, diagnosis and molecular typing is performed using serotype specific RT-PCR, sequencing or genomic hybridization techniques. As the rotaviruses are known to exhibit extreme genetic diversity and outplay disinfection procedures, eradication of the pathogen is often difficult. Hence, for prevention, good management practices coupled with vaccination of dam for protecting young ones, has to be practiced. Recently, new generation prophylactic strategies including DNA vaccines, subunit vaccines, virus-like particles (VLPs) and edible vaccines have been found to induce sufficient levels of passive immunity. Aside to the infection in animals, zoonotic significance of the animal rotaviruses has to be further unearthed. In this review, efforts have been made to highlight the importance and prevalence of the disease in bovines, its pathogenesis along with preventive measures, salient features of rotaviruses and their inter-species transmission abilities, zoonotic implications, and a concise account of the infection in various domestic animals and poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh 243 122, India.
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19
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Abstract
Group A rotaviruses are important causative agents of severe, acute dehydrating diarrhea in foals. A total of 86 rotavirus-positive fecal samples, collected from diarrheic foals from 11 counties in three of the four provinces of Ireland, were obtained from the Irish Equine Centre in Kildare during a 7-year (1999 to 2005) passive surveillance study and were characterized molecularly to establish the VP7 (G type) and VP4 (P type) antigenic specificities. Fifty-eight samples (67.5%) were found to contain G3 viruses, while in 26 samples (30.2%) the rotaviruses were typed as G14 and in 2 samples (2.3%) there was a mixed infection, G3 plus G14. All samples except for two, which were untypeable, were characterized as P[12]. Fifty-eight percent of the samples were obtained from County Kildare, the center of the Irish horse industry, where an apparent shift from G3P[12] to G14P[12] was observed in 2003. By sequence analysis of the VP7 protein, the G3 Irish strains were shown to resemble viruses of the G3A subtype (H2-like) (97.1 to 100% amino acid [aa] identity), while the G14 Irish strains displayed 93.9 to 97.1% aa identity to other G14 viruses. In the VP8* fragment of the VP4 protein, the P[12] Irish viruses displayed high conservation (92.3 to 100% aa) with other equine P[12] viruses. Worldwide, G3P[12] and G14P[12] are the most prevalent equine rotavirus strains, and G3P[12] vaccines have been developed for prevention of rotavirus-associated diarrhea in foals. Investigations of the VP7/VP4 diversity of the circulating equine viruses and the dynamics of strain replacement are important for better assessing the efficacies of the vaccines.
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20
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Matthijnssens J, Ciarlet M, Heiman E, Arijs I, Delbeke T, McDonald SM, Palombo EA, Iturriza-Gómara M, Maes P, Patton JT, Rahman M, Van Ranst M. Full genome-based classification of rotaviruses reveals a common origin between human Wa-Like and porcine rotavirus strains and human DS-1-like and bovine rotavirus strains. J Virol 2008; 82:3204-19. [PMID: 18216098 PMCID: PMC2268446 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02257-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A rotavirus classification is currently based on the molecular properties of the two outer layer proteins, VP7 and VP4, and the middle layer protein, VP6. As reassortment of all the 11 rotavirus gene segments plays a key role in generating rotavirus diversity in nature, a classification system that is based on all the rotavirus gene segments is desirable for determining which genes influence rotavirus host range restriction, replication, and virulence, as well as for studying rotavirus epidemiology and evolution. Toward establishing such a classification system, gene sequences encoding VP1 to VP3, VP6, and NSP1 to NSP5 were determined for human and animal rotavirus strains belonging to different G and P genotypes in addition to those available in databases, and they were used to define phylogenetic relationships among all rotavirus genes. Based on these phylogenetic analyses, appropriate identity cutoff values were determined for each gene. For the VP4 gene, a nucleotide identity cutoff value of 80% completely correlated with the 27 established P genotypes. For the VP7 gene, a nucleotide identity cutoff value of 80% largely coincided with the established G genotypes but identified four additional distinct genotypes comprised of murine or avian rotavirus strains. Phylogenetic analyses of the VP1 to VP3, VP6, and NSP1 to NSP5 genes showed the existence of 4, 5, 6, 11, 14, 5, 7, 11, and 6 genotypes, respectively, based on nucleotide identity cutoff values of 83%, 84%, 81%, 85%, 79%, 85%, 85%, 85%, and 91%, respectively. In accordance with these data, a revised nomenclature of rotavirus strains is proposed. The novel classification system allows the identification of (i) distinct genotypes, which probably followed separate evolutionary paths; (ii) interspecies transmissions and a plethora of reassortment events; and (iii) certain gene constellations that revealed (a) a common origin between human Wa-like rotavirus strains and porcine rotavirus strains and (b) a common origin between human DS-1-like rotavirus strains and bovine rotaviruses. These close evolutionary links between human and animal rotaviruses emphasize the need for close simultaneous monitoring of rotaviruses in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Matthijnssens
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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21
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Wang YH, Kobayashi N, Zhou DJ, Yang ZQ, Zhou X, Peng JS, Zhu ZR, Zhao DF, Liu MQ, Gong J. Molecular epidemiologic analysis of group A rotaviruses in adults and children with diarrhea in Wuhan city, China, 2000-2006. Arch Virol 2007; 152:669-85. [PMID: 17195953 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0904-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To compare epidemiologic features and genetic characteristics of group A rotaviruses causing diarrhea in children and adults, a survey was conducted in Wuhan, China, during the period of Dec. 2000-May 2006. A total of 3839 stool specimens from diarrheal patients from eight hospitals were analyzed. Winter seasonality was observed for rotavirus diarrhea in both adults and children, showing overall rotavirus-positive rates of 9.0 and 23.9%, respectively. Throughout the study period, G3 was the most frequent G serotype in both adults and children (detection rates 86.2 and 87.8%, respectively), and was mostly associated with VP4 genotype P[8], VP 6 genotype II (subgroup II), and NSP4 genotype B. G3 rotaviruses were differentiated into eight electropherotypes, among which seven types were found in specimens from both adults and children. VP7 gene sequences of G3 rotaviruses from adults and children (6 and 4 strains, respectively), detected in different years and different hospitals, showed extremely high sequence identities (99-100%) to each other and to a few G3 rotavirus strains reported in Asia. However, lower sequence identities (82-96%) were observed to most of the human and animal G3 rotaviruses reported so far, including some Chinese strains. These findings indicate that in Wuhan, China, epidemic and genetic features of rotaviruses are similar in adults and children, and it has been suggested that G3 rotaviruses that might have originated from the same rotavirus were circulating among children and adults as prevailing viruses. In this study, two rotavirus strains, G9P[8] strain L169, derived from an adult, and G4P[6] strain R479, derived from a child, were isolated and genetically analyzed. The VP7 gene of L169 belongs to a major lineage of G9 rotaviruses that are globally widespread, but is distinct from G9 rotaviruses reported previously in China. The strain R479 had a VP7 gene which was divergent from most G4 human rotaviruses and showed an unusual dual subgroup specificity, I + II. The R479 VP6 gene does not belong to the main clusters of subgroup I and II rotaviruses phylogenetically, but is related to those of the porcine rotaviruses and some unusual human rotaviruses represented by the RMC321 strain isolated in eastern India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-H Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Virology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei Province, P.R. China
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22
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Gulati BR, Deepa R, Singh BK, Rao CD. Diversity in Indian equine rotaviruses: identification of genotype G10,P6[1] and G1 strains and a new VP7 genotype (G16) strain in specimens from diarrheic foals in India. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 45:972-8. [PMID: 17135436 PMCID: PMC1829150 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01696-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses causing severe diarrhea in foals in two organized farms in northern India, during the period from 2003 to 2005, were characterized by electropherotyping, serotyping, and sequence analysis of the genes encoding the outer capsid proteins. Of 137 specimens, 47 (34.31%) were positive for rotavirus and exhibited at least five different electropherotypes (E), E1 to E5. Strains belonging to different electropherotypes exhibited either a different serotype/genotype specificity or a lack of reactivity to typing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) used in this study. Strains belonging to E1, E2, and E5 exhibited genotype G10,P6[1], G3, and G1 specificities and accounted for 19.0, 42.9, and 9.5% of the isolates, respectively. Though they possessed G10-type VP7, the E1 strains exhibited high reactivity with the G6-specific MAb, suggesting that the uncommon combination of the outer capsid proteins altered the specificity of the conformation-dependent antigenic epitopes on VP7. E3 and E4 strains accounted for 28.6% of the isolates and were untypeable. Sequence analysis of VP7 from E4 strains (Erv92 and Erv99) revealed that they represent a new VP7 genotype, G16. The detection of unexpected bovine rotavirus-derived G10,P6[1] reassortants, G1 serotype strains, and a new genotype (G16) strain in two distant farms reveals an interesting epidemiological situation and diversity of equine rotaviruses in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Gulati
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, India
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23
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Ghosh S, Varghese V, Samajdar S, Bhattacharya SK, Kobayashi N, Naik TN. Evidence for independent segregation of the VP6- and NSP4- encoding genes in porcine group A rotavirus G6P[13] strains. Arch Virol 2006; 152:423-9. [PMID: 17006597 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0848-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular characterization of two porcine group A rotavirus strains (HP113 and HP140), detected from eastern India, revealed a VP7 closely related to those of human G6P[14] strains, VP4 with a borderline P[13] genotype, and VP6 related to bovine and human SGI strains rather than porcine SGI and/or SGII group A rotaviruses. Both strains had NSP4 and NSP5 of porcine origin. Therefore, to our knowledge, the present study is the first report of detection of group A rotavirus strains with G6P[13] genotype specificities and provides evidence for independent segregation of the VP6- and NSP4-encoding genes in porcine group A rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghosh
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
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24
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Endo Y, Uema M, Miura R, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Tsujimoto H, Yoneda K, Kai C. Prevalence of canine distemper virus, feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus in captive African lions (Panthera leo) in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 66:1587-9. [PMID: 15644613 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.66.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sero-prevalences of canine distemper virus (CDV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) were evaluated in 20 captive lions in two Japanese zoos. Anti-CDV antibody was detected in 13 of 20 lions. We could pursue antibody responses against CDV in three lions back to 1996. Sera collected in 1996 were negative for anti-CDV antibody, therefore, all of them showed sero-conversion in 2000. This result suggested that the epidemic of CDV infection in this zoo might have happened between 1996 and 2000. The lions were also examined for FIV and FeLV infections. We had no evidence for FeLV infection but eight lions were sero-positive for anti-FIV antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Endo
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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25
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Elschner M, Schrader C, Hotzel H, Prudlo J, Sachse K, Eichhorn W, Herbst W, Otto P. Isolation and molecular characterisation of equine rotaviruses from Germany. Vet Microbiol 2005; 105:123-9. [PMID: 15627523 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2003] [Revised: 10/21/2004] [Accepted: 10/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A total of 26 rotavirus positive faecal samples of diarrhoeal foals, and 8 equine rotavirus isolates were examined. Viral RNA patterns were generated, G typing was performed by PCR, and a P[12]-specific DNA probe was developed for P typing. Furthermore, five equine rotavirus isolates were sequenced in the genomic regions coding for VP7 and part of VP4. Rotaviruses of genotype G3 P[12] were found in 22 faecal samples and G14 P[12] type could be found in 4 faecal samples. These findings confirm that in Germany G3 P[12] is the predominating type of equine rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Elschner
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Naumburger Strasse 96a, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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26
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Palombo EA. Genetic analysis of Group A rotaviruses: evidence for interspecies transmission of rotavirus genes. Virus Genes 2003; 24:11-20. [PMID: 11928984 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014073618253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses are the major cause of severe gastroenteritis in young children and animals. The rotavirus genome is composed of eleven segments of double-stranded RNA and can undergo genetic reassortment during mixed infections, leading to progeny viruses with novel or atypical phenotypes. There are numerous descriptions of rotavirus strains isolated from human and animals that share genetic and antigenic features of viruses from heterologous species. In many cases, genetic analysis by hybridization has clearly demonstrated the genetic relatedness of gene segments to those from viruses isolated from different species. Together with the observation that some virus strains appear to have been transmitted to a different species as a whole genome constellation, these data suggest that interspecies transmission occurs naturally, albeit at low frequencies. Although interspecies transmission has not been documented directly, there is an increasing number of reports of atypical rotaviruses that are apparently derived from transmission between: humans, cats and dogs; humans and cattle; humans and pigs; pigs and cattle; and pigs and horses. Interspecies evolutionary relationships are supported by phylogenetic analysis of rotavirus genes from different species. The emergence of novel strains derived from interspecies transmission has implications for the design and implementation of successful human rotavirus vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo A Palombo
- School of Engineering and Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.
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27
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Abstract
Mucosal surfaces--such as the lining of the gut or the reproductive tract--are the main point of entry for viruses into the body. As such, almost all viruses interact with epithelial cells, and make use of the normal epithelial signalling and trafficking pathways of the host cell. In addition to protein receptors, carbohydrate chains of proteoglycans and epithelial-membrane glycosphingolipids have emerged as a new class of receptors for viral attachment to the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Bomsel
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, Département de Biologie Cellulaire, Institut Cochin, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, INSERM, Université René Descartes, 22 rue Mechain, 75014 Paris, France.
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28
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Ciarlet M, Hyser JM, Estes MK. Sequence analysis of the VP4, VP6, VP7, and NSP4 gene products of the bovine rotavirus WC3. Virus Genes 2002; 24:107-18. [PMID: 12018701 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014512314545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The bovine rotavirus (BRV) WC3 serves as the background strain in the development of a multivalent reassortant vaccine against rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants. The genes encoding the outer capsid spike protein VP4, the inner capsid protein VP6, the outer capsid glycoprotein VP7, and the viral enterotoxin NSP4 of BRV WC3 were sequenced. Comparative analysis of the deduced amino acids of the sequenced genes indicated that the BRV WC3 strain shares a high degree of amino acid identity with serotype P7 VP4 (93-96%), serotype G6 VP7 (91-97%), subgroup (SG) I VP6 (96-99%), and NSP4 genogroup A (96-98%) BRV strains. Our results confirm and extend previous studies which suggested that the VP4 of BRV WC3 was closely related to that of the P7 prototype, BRV UK. In addition, the VP6 and VP7 of BRV WC3 were very similar to the VP6 and VP7 of both SG I and G6 BRV NCDV and UK strains. However, the NSP4 of BRV WC3 was more closely related to that BRV NCDV, the P6 prototype, than to that of BRV UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Ciarlet
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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