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Nolazco JI, Mucci LA, Sosnowski R, Przewoźniak K, Chang SL, De Nunzio C. Relationship between cigarette use and prostate cancer risk: what do we know and what should we do? Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2023; 26:516-518. [PMID: 37087528 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-023-00671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José Ignacio Nolazco
- Division of Urological Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario Austral, Universidad Austral, Pilar, Argentina.
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roman Sosnowski
- Department of Urogenital Cancer, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Przewoźniak
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Primary Prevention, Maria Skłodowska Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
- Global Institute of Family Health, Calisia University, Calisia, Poland
| | - Steven L Chang
- Division of Urological Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cosimo De Nunzio
- Department of Urology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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2
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Singh V, Madeshiya AK, Ansari NG, Singh MK, Abhishek A. CYP1A1 gene polymorphism and heavy metal analyses in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer: An explorative case-control study. Urol Oncol 2023:S1078-1439(23)00142-4. [PMID: 37277283 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2023.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prostatic disorder is associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (CaP). Evidently, prevalent transcription factors and signaling pathways define their relationship. The etiology of the prostatic disorder is multifactorial including heavy metal toxicity like lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), and genetic factors. This study elucidates the association between heavy metal toxicity Pb, Cd, and CYP1A1 gene polymorphism with BPH and CaP. METHODS a case-control study with (BPH, n = 104), (CaP, n = 58) and (controls, n =107) patients. Heavy metal Pb and Cd estimation by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The polymorphism of the CYP1A1 T>C (rs4646903) gene was analyzed byPCR-RFLP. RESULT Higher levels of Pb and Cd were found in BPH and CaP followed by the control group (P-value: < 0.05). Pb and Cd show a significant correlation among prostate volume in CaP. Additionally, PSA, IPSS score, and pre void volume were positively co-related with Pb in BPH patients. The posthoc test defines the level of Pb and Cd as significantly elevated in the mutant genotype, highest among homozygous mutant genotype of CYP1A1gene among BPH. In CaP, Pb is significantly higher among the homozygous mutant type of CYP1A1 gene. The risk is also influenced by smoking, tobacco, and alcohol. CONCLUSION The heavy metal toxicity Pb and Cd were reported to raise the risk of BPH and CaP. However, a person with heavy metal toxicity especially in BPH has a high-risk genetic susceptibility to the CYP1A1 gene in the north Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwajeet Singh
- Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Amit Kumar Madeshiya
- Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India; Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Nasreen Ghazi Ansari
- Regulatory Toxicology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mukul Kumar Singh
- Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amar Abhishek
- School of Life sciences, Guru Ghasidas vishwavidyalaya, A Central University, Bilaspur, Chattisgarh, India
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Leitão C, Matos B, Roque F, Herdeiro MT, Fardilha M. The Impact of Lifestyle on Prostate Cancer: A Road to the Discovery of New Biomarkers. J Clin Med 2022; 11:2925. [PMID: 35629050 PMCID: PMC9148038 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers among men, and its incidence has been rising through the years. Several risk factors have been associated with this disease and unhealthy lifestyles and inflammation were appointed as major contributors for PCa development, progression, and severity. Despite the advantages associated with the currently used diagnostic tools [prostate-specific antigen(PSA) serum levels and digital rectal examination (DRE)], the development of effective approaches for PCa diagnosis is still necessary. Finding lifestyle-associated proteins that may predict the development of PCa seems to be a promising strategy to improve PCa diagnosis. In this context, several biomarkers have been identified, including circulating biomarkers (CRP, insulin, C-peptide, TNFα-R2, adiponectin, IL-6, total PSA, free PSA, and p2PSA), urine biomarkers (PCA3, guanidine, phenylacetylglycine, and glycine), proteins expressed in exosomes (afamin, vitamin D-binding protein, and filamin A), and miRNAs expressed in prostate tissue (miRNA-21, miRNA-101, and miRNA-182). In conclusion, exploring the impact of lifestyle and inflammation on PCa development and progression may open doors to the identification of new biomarkers. The discovery of new PCa diagnostic biomarkers should contribute to reduce overdiagnosis and overtreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Leitão
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.L.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Bárbara Matos
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, IPO Porto Research Center (CI-IPOP), Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal;
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fátima Roque
- Research Unit for Inland Development, Polytechnic of Guarda (UDI-IPG), Avenida Doutor Francisco Sá Carneiro, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal;
- Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Herdeiro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (C.L.); (M.T.H.)
| | - Margarida Fardilha
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Department of Medical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine—iBiMED, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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4
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FitzGerald LM, Jung CH, Wong EM, Joo JE, Gould JA, Vasic V, Bassett JK, O'Callaghan N, Nottle T, Pedersen J, Giles GG, Southey MC. Obtaining high quality transcriptome data from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded diagnostic prostate tumor specimens. J Transl Med 2018; 98:537-550. [PMID: 29339835 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-017-0001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prognostic genomic biomarkers that can be measured at diagnosis to aid choice of treatment options are unavailable for most common cancers. This is due in part to the poor quality and quantity of available diagnostic specimens for discovery research and to limitations in genomic technologies. Recent technical advances now enable high-density molecular analyses using suboptimal biological specimens. Here we describe the optimization of a transcriptome-specific protocol for use with formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) diagnostic prostate cancer (PrCa) specimens. We applied the Ion AmpliSeq Transcriptome Human Gene Expression Kit (AmpliSeq Kit) to RNA samples extracted from 36 tumor-enriched and 16 adjacent normal tissues (ADJNT) from 37 FFPE PrCa specimens over a series of eight pilot studies, incorporating protocol modifications from Pilots 2 to 5. Data quality were measured by (1) the total number of mapped reads; (2) the percentage of reads that mapped to AmpliSeq target regions (OnTarget%); (3) the percentage of genes on the AmpliSeq panel with a read count ≥10 (TargetsDetected%); and (4) comparing the gene read-count distribution of the prostate tissue samples with the median gene read-count distribution of cell line-derived RNA samples. Modifications incorporated into Pilot study 5 provided gene expression data equivalent to cell line-derived RNA samples. These modifications included the use of freshly cut slides for macrodissection; increased tissue section thickness (8 µm); RNA extraction using the RecoverAll Total Nucleic Acid Isolation Kit for FFPE (ThermoFisher); 18 target amplification cycles; and processing six samples per Ion PI chip. This protocol will facilitate the discovery of prognostic biomarkers for cancer by allowing researchers to exploit previously underutilized diagnostic FFPE specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesel M FitzGerald
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Chol-Hee Jung
- Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ee Ming Wong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - JiHoon E Joo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Jodee A Gould
- Monash Health Translation Precinct, Medical Genomics Facility, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Vivien Vasic
- Monash Health Translation Precinct, Medical Genomics Facility, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie K Bassett
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Neil O'Callaghan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tim Nottle
- TissuPath Specialist Pathology, Mount Waverley, VIC, Australia
| | - John Pedersen
- TissuPath Specialist Pathology, Mount Waverley, VIC, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Global and Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Cancer Epidemiology and Intelligence Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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5
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Jiménez-Mendoza E, Vázquez-Salas RA, Barrientos-Gutierrez T, Reynales-Shigematsu LM, Labra-Salgado IR, Manzanilla-García HA, Torres-Sánchez LE. Smoking and prostate cancer: a life course analysis. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:160. [PMID: 29415662 PMCID: PMC5803914 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inconsistent associations between smoking status and prostate cancer (PC) could be due to exposure assessment error. Reconstructing smoking behaviors over the life course could reduce exposure assessment error. Methods As part of a case-control study, we identified 402 incident and histologically confirmed PC cases that were matched by age (±5 years) to 805 population controls. Through direct interview, we obtained information about: age at smoking onset, intensity and frequency of cigarette smoking at different life stages, and smoking cessation age. Smoking status at interview and average smoking index over the lifetime (packs/year) were estimated. Life course smoking patterns were obtained applying the k-means+ method for longitudinal data to the smoking index (pack/year) for each life stage. Results Two life-course smoking patterns were identified among ever smokers: “pattern A” characterized by males who reported low and constant smoking intensity (87.8%), and “pattern B” (12.2%) males with an initial period of low intensity, followed by an increase during the second period. Compared to never smokers, pattern B was associated with higher poorly differentiated PC, (OR 2.30; 95% CI 1.21–4.38). No association was observed with average smoking index. Conclusion Life course smoking patterns seem to capture the smoking variability during life course and reduce the likelihood of reverse causation. Using this assessment strategy our findings support the potential role of tobacco smoking in PC, particularly poorly differentiated PC. Prospective studies with comprehensive smoking history during the lifetime are needed to confirm these findings. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4065-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Jiménez-Mendoza
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Av. Universidad 655, Col. Sta. María Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Ruth A Vázquez-Salas
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Av. Universidad 655, Col. Sta. María Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Tonatiuh Barrientos-Gutierrez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Av. Universidad 655, Col. Sta. María Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Av. Universidad 655, Col. Sta. María Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Isaac Roberto Labra-Salgado
- Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Col. Doctores, Deleg. Cuauhtémoc, 06726, México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Hugo A Manzanilla-García
- Hospital General de México, Dr. Balmis 148, Col. Doctores, Deleg. Cuauhtémoc, 06726, México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Luisa E Torres-Sánchez
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Av. Universidad 655, Col. Sta. María Ahuacatitlán, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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MacInnis RJ, Schmidt DF, Makalic E, Severi G, FitzGerald LM, Reumann M, Kapuscinski MK, Kowalczyk A, Zhou Z, Goudey B, Qian G, Bui QM, Park DJ, Freeman A, Southey MC, Al Olama AA, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles RA, Hopper JL, Giles GG. Use of a Novel Nonparametric Version of DEPTH to Identify Genomic Regions Associated with Prostate Cancer Risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:1619-1624. [PMID: 27539266 PMCID: PMC5232414 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have developed a genome-wide association study analysis method called DEPTH (DEPendency of association on the number of Top Hits) to identify genomic regions potentially associated with disease by considering overlapping groups of contiguous markers (e.g., SNPs) across the genome. DEPTH is a machine learning algorithm for feature ranking of ultra-high dimensional datasets, built from well-established statistical tools such as bootstrapping, penalized regression, and decision trees. Unlike marginal regression, which considers each SNP individually, the key idea behind DEPTH is to rank groups of SNPs in terms of their joint strength of association with the outcome. Our aim was to compare the performance of DEPTH with that of standard logistic regression analysis. METHODS We selected 1,854 prostate cancer cases and 1,894 controls from the UK for whom 541,129 SNPs were measured using the Illumina Infinium HumanHap550 array. Confirmation was sought using 4,152 cases and 2,874 controls, ascertained from the UK and Australia, for whom 211,155 SNPs were measured using the iCOGS Illumina Infinium array. RESULTS From the DEPTH analysis, we identified 14 regions associated with prostate cancer risk that had been reported previously, five of which would not have been identified by conventional logistic regression. We also identified 112 novel putative susceptibility regions. CONCLUSIONS DEPTH can reveal new risk-associated regions that would not have been identified using a conventional logistic regression analysis of individual SNPs. IMPACT This study demonstrates that the DEPTH algorithm could identify additional genetic susceptibility regions that merit further investigation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(12); 1619-24. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J MacInnis
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel F Schmidt
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Enes Makalic
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Human Genetics Foundation, Torino, Italy
- Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Liesel M FitzGerald
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania
| | - Matthias Reumann
- IBM Research, Zurich, Switzerland
- UNU-MERIT (United Nations University - Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Miroslaw K Kapuscinski
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam Kowalczyk
- Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zeyu Zhou
- IBM Research - Australia, Carlton, Australia
| | | | - Guoqi Qian
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Quang M Bui
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel J Park
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Melbourne Bioinformatics Platform, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam Freeman
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa C Southey
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ali Amin Al Olama
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Yow MA, Tabrizi SN, Severi G, Bolton DM, Pedersen J, Longano A, Garland SM, Southey MC, Giles GG. Detection of infectious organisms in archival prostate cancer tissues. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:579. [PMID: 25106851 PMCID: PMC4132904 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seroepidemiological studies have reported associations between exposure to sexually transmitted organisms and prostate cancer risk. This study sought DNA evidence of candidate organisms in archival prostate cancer tissues with the aim of assessing if a subset of these cancers show any association with common genital infections. METHODS 221 archival paraffin-embedded tissue blocks representing 128 histopathologically confirmed prostate cancers comprising 52 "aggressive" (Gleason score ≥ 7) and 76 "non-aggressive" (Gleason score ≤ 6) TURP or radical prostatectomy specimens were examined, as well as unaffected adjacent tissue when available. Representative tissue sections were subjected to DNA extraction, quality tested and screened by PCR for HSV-1, HSV-2, XMRV, BKV, HPV, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis. RESULTS 195 of 221 DNA samples representing 49 "aggressive" and 66 "non-aggressive" prostate cancer cases were suitable for analysis after DNA quality assessment. Overall, 12.2% (6/49) aggressive and 7.6% (5/66) non-aggressive cases were positive for any of the candidate organisms. Mycoplasma genitalium DNA was detected in 4/66 non-aggressive, 5/49 aggressive cancers and in one cancer-unaffected adjacent tissue block of an aggressive case. Ureaplasma urealyticum DNA was detected in 0/66 non-aggressive and 1/49 aggressive cancers and HSV DNA in 1/66 non-aggressive and 0/49 aggressive cancers. This study did not detect BKV, XMRV, T. vaginalis, U. parvum, C. trachomatis or HPV DNA. CONCLUSIONS The low prevalence of detectable microbial DNA makes it unlikely that persistent infection by the selected candidate microorganisms contribute to prostate cancer risk, regardless of tumour phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
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8
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Doolan GW, Benke G, Giles GG, Severi G, Kauppinen T. A case control study investigating the effects of levels of physical activity at work as a risk factor for prostate cancer. Environ Health 2014; 13:64. [PMID: 25103150 PMCID: PMC4237774 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-13-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A potential risk factor for prostate cancer is occupational physical activity. The occupational aetiology of prostate cancer remains unclear. The purpose of this research was to examine associations between the level of exposure to various measures of physical activity at work and the risk of Prostate Cancer. METHODS Using the Finnish Job Exposure Matrix and the occupational history of 1,436 cases and 1,349 matched controls from an Australian case control study; we investigated five related exposure variables considered to be risk factors by comparing odds ratios. RESULTS Modestly increasing odds ratios were detected with increasing levels of workload but there was no difference in this trend between moderate and high grade tumours. In regard to occupational physical workload no statistically significant association was observed overall but an increasing trend with level of exposure was observed for high grade compared with moderate grade tumours. CONCLUSION Both workload and physical workload merit further investigation, particularly for the latter in relation to grade of tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn W Doolan
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, The Alfred, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Permanent Address: P.O. Box 276, Trafalgar, Victoria 3824, Australia
| | - Geza Benke
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, The Alfred, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- Department of Epidemiology & Preventive Medicine, Monash University, The Alfred Centre, The Alfred, Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St. Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, 200 Berkeley Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St. Kilda Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Centre for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Melbourne, 200 Berkeley Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Timo Kauppinen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41aA, FIN-00250 Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Severi G, FitzGerald LM, Muller DC, Pedersen J, Longano A, Southey MC, Hopper JL, English DR, Giles GG, Mills J. A three-protein biomarker panel assessed in diagnostic tissue predicts death from prostate cancer for men with localized disease. Cancer Med 2014; 3:1266-74. [PMID: 24909936 PMCID: PMC4302676 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Only a minority of prostate cancers lead to death. Because no tissue biomarkers of aggressiveness other than Gleason score are available at diagnosis, many nonlethal cancers are treated aggressively. We evaluated whether a panel of biomarkers, associated with a range of disease outcomes in previous studies, could predict death from prostate cancer for men with localized disease. Using a case-only design, subjects were identified from three Australian epidemiological studies. Men who had died of their disease, “cases” (N = 83), were matched to “referents” (N = 232), those who had not died of prostate cancer, using incidence density sampling. Diagnostic tissue was retrieved to assess expression of AZGP1, MUC1, NKX3.1, p53, and PTEN by semiquantitative immunohistochemistry (IHC). Poisson regression was used to estimate mortality rate ratios (MRRs) adjusted for age, Gleason score, and stage and to estimate survival probabilities. Expression of MUC1 and p53 was associated with increased mortality (MRR 2.51, 95% CI 1.14–5.54, P = 0.02 and 3.08, 95% CI 1.41–6.95, P = 0.005, respectively), whereas AZGP1 expression was associated with decreased mortality (MRR 0.44, 95% CI 0.20–0.96, P = 0.04). Analyzing all markers under a combined model indicated that the three markers were independent predictors of prostate cancer death and survival. For men with localized disease at diagnosis, assessment of AZGP1, MUC1, and p53 expression in diagnostic tissue by IHC could potentially improve estimates of risk of dying from prostate cancer based only on Gleason score and clinical stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia; Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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10
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Doolan G, Benke G, Giles G. An Update on Occupation and Prostate Cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:501-16. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.2.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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11
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Liu Y, Chen Z, Wei Q, Yuan F, Zhi Y, Song B, Yang J. Poly (AT) polymorphism in the XPC gene and smoking enhance the risk of prostate cancer in a low-risk Chinese population. Cancer Genet 2012; 205:205-11. [PMID: 22682619 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2012.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated two polymorphisms of xeroderma pigmentosum complementary group C (XPC) in 202 subjects with prostate cancer (PCa) and 221 healthy controls in a Chinese Han population. Genotyping was performed using a polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Our results indicated that smoking is associated with an increased risk for PCa (odds ratio [OR]: 1.51; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-2.22). Subjects carrying the XPC-PAT+/+ genotype exhibited a significantly increased risk for PCa (OR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.12-3.99). The combined subjects with either the PAT+/+ or PAT+/- genotype also exhibited a 1.54-fold increased risk associated with PCa (OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.04-2.26). Moreover, smokers with PAT+/- or PAT+/+ had a higher risk for PCa (OR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.08-3.64; P = 0.026 and OR: 3.56; 95% CI: 1.45-8.76; P = 0.004, respectively) compared with never smokers with the PAT-/- genotype. Analyses of the XPC Lys939Gln polymorphism did not show an association with PCa risk. Our findings support the hypothesis that XPC-PAT polymorphisms may contribute to the risk of developing PCa. More important, an elevated risk of PCa associated with a gene-environment (smoking) interaction was determined in a Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Urology Institute of PLA, Southwest Cancer Center, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, China
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12
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Macinnis RJ, Antoniou AC, Eeles RA, Severi G, Al Olama AA, McGuffog L, Kote-Jarai Z, Guy M, O'Brien LT, Hall AL, Wilkinson RA, Sawyer E, Ardern-Jones AT, Dearnaley DP, Horwich A, Khoo VS, Parker CC, Huddart RA, Van As N, McCredie MR, English DR, Giles GG, Hopper JL, Easton DF. A risk prediction algorithm based on family history and common genetic variants: application to prostate cancer with potential clinical impact. Genet Epidemiol 2011; 35:549-56. [PMID: 21769933 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.20605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Genome wide association studies have identified several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are independently associated with small increments in risk of prostate cancer, opening up the possibility for using such variants in risk prediction. Using segregation analysis of population-based samples of 4,390 families of prostate cancer patients from the UK and Australia, and assuming all familial aggregation has genetic causes, we previously found that the best model for the genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer was a mixed model of inheritance that included both a recessive major gene component and a polygenic component (P) that represents the effect of a large number of genetic variants each of small effect, where . Based on published studies of 26 SNPs that are currently known to be associated with prostate cancer, we have extended our model to incorporate these SNPs by decomposing the polygenic component into two parts: a polygenic component due to the known susceptibility SNPs, , and the residual polygenic component due to the postulated but as yet unknown genetic variants, . The resulting algorithm can be used for predicting the probability of developing prostate cancer in the future based on both SNP profiles and explicit family history information. This approach can be applied to other diseases for which population-based family data and established risk variants exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Macinnis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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13
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Severi G, Shannon BA, Hoang HN, Baglietto L, English DR, Hopper JL, Pedersen J, Southey MC, Sinclair R, Cohen RJ, Giles GG. Plasma concentration of Propionibacterium acnes antibodies and prostate cancer risk: results from an Australian population-based case-control study. Br J Cancer 2010; 103:411-5. [PMID: 20606679 PMCID: PMC2920014 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies in prostatic tissue suggest that Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), a bacterium associated with acne that normally lives on the skin, is the most prevalent bacterium in the prostate and in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Its prevalence is higher in samples from patients subsequently diagnosed with prostate cancer. The aim of our study was to test whether circulating levels of P. acnes antibodies are associated with prostate cancer risk and tumour characteristics using plasma samples from a population-based case-control study. METHODS We measured plasma concentration of P. acnes antibodies for 809 cases and 584 controls using a recently developed ELISA assay. We compared antibody titres between cases and controls using unconditional logistic regression adjusted for batch and variables associated with the study design (i.e., age, year of selection and centre). The primary analysis included P. acnes titres in the model as a dichotomous variable using the median value for controls as the cut-off value. RESULTS P. acnes antibody titres for both cases and controls ranged from 1 : 16 (i.e., low concentration) to 1 : 65,536 (i.e., high concentration; median value=1 : 1024). The odds ratio for prostate cancer associated with titres at or above the median value was 0.73 (95% CI 0.58-0.91, P=0.005). The association appeared to be particularly strong for advanced prostate cancer (AJCC Stage grouping III-IV) for which the odds ratio was 0.59 (95% CI 0.43-0.81, P=0.001) but there was insufficient evidence that the association differed by tumour stage (p heterogeneity=0.07). CONCLUSION These results need to be confirmed in prospective studies but they are consistent with the hypothesis that P. acnes has a role in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia.
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14
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Hu DG, Gardner-Stephen D, Severi G, Gregory PA, Treloar J, Giles GG, English DR, Hopper JL, Tilley WD, Mackenzie PI. A Novel Polymorphism in a Forkhead Box A1 (FOXA1) Binding Site of the Human UDP Glucuronosyltransferase 2B17 Gene Modulates Promoter Activity and Is Associated with Altered Levels of Circulating Androstane-3α,17β-diol Glucuronide. Mol Pharmacol 2010; 78:714-22. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.110.065953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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15
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MacInnis RJ, Antoniou AC, Eeles RA, Severi G, Guy M, McGuffog L, Hall AL, O'Brien LT, Wilkinson RA, Dearnaley DP, Ardern-Jones AT, Horwich A, Khoo VS, Parker CC, Huddart RA, McCredie MR, Smith C, Southey MC, Staples MP, English DR, Hopper JL, Giles GG, Easton DF. Prostate cancer segregation analyses using 4390 families from UK and Australian population-based studies. Genet Epidemiol 2010; 34:42-50. [PMID: 19492347 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.20433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Familial aggregation of prostate cancer is likely to be due to multiple susceptibility loci, perhaps acting in conjunction with shared lifestyle risk factors. Models that assume a single mode of inheritance may be unrealistic. We analyzed genetic models of susceptibility to prostate cancer using segregation analysis of occurrence in families ascertained through population-based series totaling 4390 incident cases. We investigated major gene models (dominant, recessive, general, X-linked), polygenic models, and mixed models of susceptibility using the pedigree analysis software MENDEL. The hypergeometric model was used to approximate polygenic inheritance. The best-fitting model for the familial aggregation of prostate cancer was the mixed recessive model. The frequency of the susceptibility allele in the population was estimated to be 0.15 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.11-0.20), with a relative risk for homozygote carriers of 94 (95% CI 46-192), and a polygenic standard deviation of 2.01 (95% CI 1.72-2.34). These analyses suggest that one or more genes having a strong recessively inherited effect on risk, as well as a number of genes with variants having small multiplicative effects on risk, may account for the genetic susceptibility to prostate cancer. The recessive component would predict the observed higher familial risk for siblings of cases than for fathers, but this could also be due to other factors such as shared lifestyle by siblings, targeted screening effects, and/or non-additive effects of one or more genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J MacInnis
- Cancer Research UK Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Strangeways Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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16
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Eeles RA, Kote-Jarai Z, Al Olama AA, Giles GG, Guy M, Severi G, Muir K, Hopper JL, Henderson BE, Haiman CA, Schleutker J, Hamdy FC, Neal DE, Donovan JL, Stanford JL, Ostrander EA, Ingles SA, John EM, Thibodeau SN, Schaid D, Park JY, Spurdle A, Clements J, Dickinson JL, Maier C, Vogel W, Dörk T, Rebbeck TR, Cooney KA, Cannon-Albright L, Chappuis PO, Hutter P, Zeegers M, Kaneva R, Zhang HW, Lu YJ, Foulkes WD, English DR, Leongamornlert DA, Tymrakiewicz M, Morrison J, Ardern-Jones AT, Hall AL, O'Brien LT, Wilkinson RA, Saunders EJ, Page EC, Sawyer EJ, Edwards SM, Dearnaley DP, Horwich A, Huddart RA, Khoo VS, Parker CC, Van As N, Woodhouse CJ, Thompson A, Christmas T, Ogden C, Cooper CS, Southey MC, Lophatananon A, Liu JF, Kolonel LN, Le Marchand L, Wahlfors T, Tammela TL, Auvinen A, Lewis SJ, Cox A, FitzGerald LM, Koopmeiners JS, Karyadi DM, Kwon EM, Stern MC, Corral R, Joshi AD, Shahabi A, McDonnell SK, Sellers TA, Pow-Sang J, Chambers S, Aitken J, Gardiner RAF, Batra J, Kedda MA, Lose F, Polanowski A, Patterson B, Serth J, Meyer A, Luedeke M, Stefflova K, Ray AM, Lange EM, Farnham J, Khan H, Slavov C, Mitkova A, Cao G, Easton DF. Identification of seven new prostate cancer susceptibility loci through a genome-wide association study. Nat Genet 2009; 41:1116-21. [PMID: 19767753 PMCID: PMC2846760 DOI: 10.1038/ng.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PrCa) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in males in developed countries. To identify common PrCa susceptibility alleles, we previously conducted a genome-wide association study in which 541,129 SNPs were genotyped in 1,854 PrCa cases with clinically detected disease and in 1,894 controls. We have now extended the study to evaluate promising associations in a second stage in which we genotyped 43,671 SNPs in 3,650 PrCa cases and 3,940 controls and in a third stage involving an additional 16,229 cases and 14,821 controls from 21 studies. In addition to replicating previous associations, we identified seven new prostate cancer susceptibility loci on chromosomes 2, 4, 8, 11 and 22 (with P = 1.6 x 10(-8) to P = 2.7 x 10(-33)).
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17
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Watters JL, Park Y, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A, Albanes D. Cigarette smoking and prostate cancer in a prospective US cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:2427-35. [PMID: 19706848 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-09-0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is an important risk factor for many cancers, yet the relationship between smoking and prostate cancer remains uncertain. We investigated whether smoking affected the risk of prostate cancers within a large prospective cohort study of dietary and environmental cancer risk factors among men ages 50 to 71 upon enrollment in 1995-1996 (n = 283,312). Cox proportional hazards regression models with hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were adjusted for age, race, education, height, body mass index, physical activity, family history of prostate cancer, diabetes, self-reported health status, prostate-specific antigen testing, digital rectal exam, total energy, alpha-tocopherol, calcium, alpha-linolenic acid, selenium, red meat, fish, and tomato intake. There were 14,810 nonadvanced and 1,830 advanced incident prostate cancers identified through 2003, and 394 men died of their disease through 2005. Current smokers had a decreased risk of nonadvanced prostate cancer (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.77-0.88), but an increased risk of fatal prostate cancer (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.25-2.27). Former smoking was also associated with decreased risk of nonadvanced prostate cancers (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.86-0.92), but not fatal prostate cancers (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.83-1.27). There was no apparent association between smoking and advanced prostate cancer. A number of biologically plausible mechanisms could explain these results, including the direct effects of carcinogens in tobacco smoke and the resulting changes in sex hormone or growth factor profiles. These findings suggest that current and former smokers may be at decreased risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer and current smokers are at an increased risk of dying from prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L Watters
- Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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18
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Rybicki BA, Neslund-Dudas C, Bock CH, Rundle A, Savera AT, Yang JJ, Nock NL, Tang D. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon--DNA adducts in prostate and biochemical recurrence after prostatectomy. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:750-7. [PMID: 18245535 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE DNA adduct levels may be influenced by metabolic activity, DNA repair capabilities, and genomic integrity, all of which play a role in cancer progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To determine if elevated DNA adducts are a marker for prostate cancer progression, we measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adducts by immunohistochemistry in prostate cells of 368 surgical prostate cancer patients treated at the Henry Ford Hospital in Detroit, Michigan, between September 1999 and July 2004. Patients were followed up to 5 years after surgery with relative risk for biochemical recurrence (BCR) estimated with a Cox proportional hazards model that adjusted for standard clinical risk factors. RESULTS At 1 year of follow-up, patients with adduct levels above the median in tumor cells [hazard ratio (HR), 2.40; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.10-5.27] and nontumor cells (HR, 3.22; 95% CI, 1.40-7.39) had significant increased risk of BCR, but these HRs decreased to 1.12 (95% CI, 0.68-1.83) and 1.46 (95% CI, 0.89-2.41) in tumor and nontumor cells at 5 years postsurgery. When we restricted our analysis to patients with advanced-stage (III+) disease, those with high adduct levels in either tumor (53.5% versus 30.2%; P = 0.07) or nontumor (55.2% versus 28.6%; P = 0.02) cells had BCR rates almost 2-fold higher. In race-stratified analyses, the greatest risk of BCR associated with high adduct levels (in nontumor cells) was for African American patients younger than 60 years old (HR, 3.79; 95% CI, 1.01-14.30). CONCLUSIONS High polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-DNA adduct levels in nontumor prostate cells are most strongly associated with BCR between 1 and 2 years after surgery and in patient subsets defined by younger age, advanced tumor stage, and African American race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Rybicki
- Departments of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology and Surgical Pathology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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19
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Wigle DT, Turner MC, Gomes J, Parent ME. Role of hormonal and other factors in human prostate cancer. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2008; 11:242-259. [PMID: 18368555 DOI: 10.1080/10937400701873548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
American men have a lifetime risk of about 18% for prostate cancer diagnosis. Large international variations in prostate cancer risks and increased risks among migrants from low- to high-risk countries indicate important roles for environmental factors. Major known risk factors include age, family history, and country/ethnicity. Type 2 diabetes appears to reduce risk, while high birth weight and adult height are linked to increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer. Limited evidence supports an association with a history of sexually transmitted infections. A previous meta-analysis of eight cohort studies indicated no associations with plasma androgen, estrogen, or sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels. However, there were dose-response relationships with baseline plasma testosterone levels in two studies that adjusted for other serum hormones and obesity. Finasteride (a drug that blocks testosterone activation) reduced prostate cancer risk by 25%. Low-frequency genes linked to familial prostate cancer only explain a small fraction of all cases. Sporadic cases were linked to relatively common polymorphisms of genes involved in (1) androgen synthesis, activation, inactivation and excretion, (2) hormone and vitamin D receptors, (3) carcinogen metabolism, and (4) DNA repair. Epidemiologic evidence supports protective roles for dietary selenium, vitamin E, pulses, tomatoes/lycopene, and soy foods, and high plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels. There is inadequate evidence that vegetables, fruit, carotenoids, and vitamins A and C reduce risk and that animal fat, alpha-linoleic acid, meat, coffee, and tea increase risk. Two major cohort studies found dose-response relationships with dietary calcium intake. Total dietary energy intake may enhance risk. Limited evidence supports a protective role for physical activity and elevated risk for farmers and other men with occupational pesticide exposure, particularly to organochlorine compounds and phenoxy herbicides. There is inadequate evidence for a relationship with alcohol or smoking. Most known or suspected external risk factors may act through hormonal mechanisms, but our review found little supporting evidence, and substantial further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald T Wigle
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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20
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Multiple newly identified loci associated with prostate cancer susceptibility. Nat Genet 2008; 40:316-21. [PMID: 18264097 DOI: 10.1038/ng.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 12/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common cancer affecting males in developed countries. It shows consistent evidence of familial aggregation, but the causes of this aggregation are mostly unknown. To identify common alleles associated with prostate cancer risk, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using blood DNA samples from 1,854 individuals with clinically detected prostate cancer diagnosed at </=60 years or with a family history of disease, and 1,894 population-screened controls with a low prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentration (<0.5 ng/ml). We analyzed these samples for 541,129 SNPs using the Illumina Infinium platform. Initial putative associations were confirmed using a further 3,268 cases and 3,366 controls. We identified seven loci associated with prostate cancer on chromosomes 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 19 and X (P = 2.7 x 10(-8) to P = 8.7 x 10(-29)). We confirmed previous reports of common loci associated with prostate cancer at 8q24 and 17q. Moreover, we found that three of the newly identified loci contain candidate susceptibility genes: MSMB, LMTK2 and KLK3.
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21
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Severi G, Hayes VM, Tesoriero AA, Southey MC, Hoang HN, Padilla EJD, Morris HA, English DR, Sutherland RL, Boyle P, Hopper JL, Giles GG. The rs743572 common variant in the promoter of CYP17A1 is not associated with prostate cancer risk or circulating hormonal levels. BJU Int 2007; 101:492-6. [PMID: 17986287 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.07272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use a large population-based case-control study to test the association between the common genetic variant rs743572 (-34 T to C), prostate cancer risk and circulating levels of several hormones. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A previous meta-analysis concluded that reported associations between rs743572 in the promoter of CYP17A1 and prostate cancer risk might reflect publication bias, but a few recent studies reported associations with prostate cancer risk and data suggesting that rs743572 is functional. We genotyped 824 prostate cancer cases and 737 population-based controls, and applied unconditional logistic regression to estimate the association between rs743572 and prostate cancer risk. We also used linear regression of transformed testosterone, androstanediol glucuronide, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, androstenedione, sex hormone-binding globulin and oestradiol (circulating levels) measured for controls, to estimate the association between these levels and rs743572. The linear models were adjusted for age and laboratory batch. RESULTS Men with different genotypes had similar circulating levels of all the hormones measured (all P < 0.05). In the case-control comparison using unconditional unadjusted logistic regression, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for prostate cancer were 1.07 (0.87-1.32) and 0.94 (0.71-1.25) for the dominant and recessive models, respectively, and for the co-dominant model, 1.10 (0.88-1.36) and 0.99 (0.73-1.35) for carriers of one or two copies of the C allele, respectively. There was no evidence of heterogeneity in the odds ratios by tumour stage (all P > 0.3) and grade (all P > 0.3). CONCLUSION The results of the present study are consistent with the conclusions of the previous meta-analysis, and suggest that rs743572 has no role in the risk of prostate cancer for men of Caucasian origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia.
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22
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Severi G, Hayes VM, Padilla EJD, English DR, Southey MC, Sutherland RL, Hopper JL, Giles GG. The common variant rs1447295 on chromosome 8q24 and prostate cancer risk: results from an Australian population-based case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:610-2. [PMID: 17372260 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study from deCode reported an association between common variants in the region 8q24 and prostate cancer risk. The strongest association was found with the single nucleotide polymorphism rs1447295. We genotyped 821 prostate cancer cases and 732 population controls for rs1447295 to test the association between this common variant and prostate cancer risk, and examine whether this association depends on Gleason score. Our case-control study confirmed the association between rs1447295 and prostate cancer risk (P = 0.0005). The odds ratio (OR) for prostate cancer was 1.52 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.20-1.93] for carriers of any A allele compared with noncarriers. The OR for Gleason score 5 to 6 prostate cancer (1.48; 95% CI, 1.13-1.95) was similar to the OR for Gleason score 7 to 10 prostate cancer (1.58; 95% CI, 1.18-2.11, P for heterogeneity = 0.7). We conclude that the A allele of rs1447295 is associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer regardless of tumor aggressiveness, suggesting that such a variant, or a variant in linkage disequilibrium with it, plays a role early in prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, 1 Rathdowne Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia.
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23
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Fritschi L, Glass DC, Tabrizi JS, Leavy JE, Ambrosini GL. Occupational risk factors for prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia: a case-control study in Western Australia. Occup Environ Med 2007; 64:60-5. [PMID: 17018583 PMCID: PMC2092579 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2006.027706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association of selected occupational exposures with risk of prostate cancer and with risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS This population-based case-control study recruited 606 men with a diagnosis of confirmed prostate cancer, 400 men who had undergone their first prostatectomy for BPH and 471 male controls randomly selected from the electoral roll between 1 August 2001 and 1 October 2002 in Western Australia. chi(2) tests and logistic regressions were used for univariate and multivariate analyses to investigate the association of the two outcomes with occupational exposure to pesticides, fertilisers, metals, wood dust, oils, diesel exhaust and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). RESULTS Exposure to toxic metals at a non-substantial level increased the risk of BPH (odds ratio (OR) 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1 to 1.84) and led to a non-significant excess risk of prostate cancer (OR 1.25, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.61). Non-significant excess risks were observed for prostate cancer after exposure to oils other than mineral oil (OR 1.54, 95% CI 0.95 to 2.51) and for BPH after exposure to PAHs (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.58). A non-statistically significant protective effect for prostate cancer was seen after exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OR 0. 69, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.12). No other associations were found for either prostate cancer or BPH and no dose-response relationships were seen for the exposures investigated. CONCLUSIONS These results do not provide evidence that any of the occupational factors examined are risk factors for either prostate cancer or BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fritschi
- Laboratory for Cancer Medicine, Western Australian Institute for Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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24
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Hayes VM, Severi G, Padilla EJD, Morris HA, Tilley WD, Southey MC, English DR, Sutherland RL, Hopper JL, Boyle P, Giles GG. 5α-Reductase type 2 gene variant associations with prostate cancer risk, circulating hormone levels and androgenetic alopecia. Int J Cancer 2006; 120:776-80. [PMID: 17136762 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists over the significance of associations between the SRD5A2 (5alpha-reductase type 2) polymorphisms, A49T and V89L, and risk of prostate cancer. These potentially functional polymorphisms may alter life-long exposure to androgens with subsequent effects on male health and aging. The aim of this study was to examine the association of these variants with prostate cancer risk, plasma hormone levels and androgenetic alopecia. Subjects include 827 cases and 736 controls from an Australian population-based case-control study of prostate cancer. Information on prostate cancer risk factors and patterns of balding were collected. Plasma levels of testosterone, 3alpha-diol glucuronide (3alpha-diolG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, androstenedione, sex hormone-binding globulin and estradiol were measured for controls. No associations with the V89L polymorphism were found. Carriers of the rarer A49T A allele were at a 60% higher risk of prostate cancer (OR = 1.60; 95% CI 1.09-2.36; p = 0.02) and 50% lower risk of vertex and frontal balding (p = 0.03) compared with men homozygous for the more common G allele. Although we found little evidence of association between this variant and plasma levels of 5 measured androgens, circulating 3alpha-diolG levels were 34% lower in A49T A allele carriers (p < 0.0001). Our study provides evidence that the SRD5A2 A49T A variant is associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, lower levels of circulating 3alpha-diolG and decreased risk of baldness. These findings raise important questions with respect to previous assumptions concerning hormonal influences on prostate cancer risk in ageing males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Hayes
- Cancer Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
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Severi G, Hayes VM, Neufing P, Padilla EJD, Tilley WD, Eggleton SA, Morris HA, English DR, Southey MC, Hopper JL, Sutherland RL, Boyle P, Giles GG. Variants in the Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Gene and Prostate Cancer Risk, Survival, and Circulating PSA. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15:1142-7. [PMID: 16775173 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An A to G substitution, rs925013, in the promoter of the prostate-specific antigen gene (PSA) was recently found to be associated with promoter activity and circulating PSA levels. The objective of this study was to test the associations between rs925013 and another A to G substitution, rs266882, in the PSA gene with prostate cancer risk using a population-based case-control study of 821 prostate cancer cases and 734 controls carried out in Perth and Melbourne, Australia. The study focused on young (i.e., < 70 years) and aggressive cases (i.e., well-differentiated tumors were excluded). Cases in the Melbourne arm of the study (N = 638) were followed up prospectively for an average period of 8.2 years and deaths from prostate cancer ascertained through record linkage to study the possible association between genetic variants and disease-specific survival. PSA-circulating levels were measured in controls to test the association with the genetic variants using a cross-sectional design. Linear regression of log PSA levels, unconditional logistic regression, Cox regression, and haplotype analyses were undertaken. For rs925013, the G allele was associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer [odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.1-1.7; P = 0.001], and the hazard ratio for survival for cases homozygous for the G allele compared with cases homozygous for the A allele was increased but not statistically significant (hazard ratio, 2.3; 95% CI, 1-5.6; P = 0.06). For rs266882, there was no association with overall prostate cancer risk and survival (all P > 0.1). Men homozygous or heterozygous for the G/G (rs925013/rs266882) haplotype were at higher risk of prostate cancer than men homozygous for the A/A haplotype (odds ratio, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.7; P = 0.009). Adjusted geometric means of circulating PSA levels in controls were similar in men with zero, one, and two copies of the G allele in rs266882 (1.2, 1.1, and 1.3 ng/mL, respectively; all P > or = 0.2) and rs925013 (1.1, 1.2, and 1.5 ng/mL, respectively; all P > 0.1). For rs925013, our study provides good evidence of association with prostate cancer risk, marginal evidence of association with survival, and little evidence of detectable association with circulating PSA levels in controls. We found no evidence of an independent association between rs266882 and any of the outcomes. The genotypes and haplotypes studied might be associated with the PSA gene function or be in linkage disequilibrium with other unmeasured and functional variants in the PSA or other genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Severi
- Cancer Epidemiology Center, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Malila N, Virtanen MJ, Virtamo J, Albanes D, Pukkala E. Cancer incidence in a cohort of Finnish male smokers. Eur J Cancer Prev 2006; 15:103-7. [PMID: 16523006 DOI: 10.1097/01.cej.0000197448.49239.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A total of 29,133 male smokers, aged 50-69 years, were recruited into the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study in 1984-1988. The nationwide Finnish Cancer Registry (FCR) recorded 5944 incident cases of cancer in this cohort through the end of 1999. Compared with the FCR data of the entire Finnish male population of same age the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of total cancer in the ATBC cohort was 1.55 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.51-1.59]. There was a significant excess of established smoking-related malignancies, such as lung cancer (SIR 2.45, 95% CI 2.35-2.56), and cancers of the tongue, mouth, pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, pancreas, stomach, liver, urinary bladder and kidney. In addition to these sites, cancers of the prostate and colon were slightly more common in the ATBC cohort than in the total Finnish male population (SIR 1.10, 95% CI 1.04-1.18 and SIR 1.14, 95% CI 1.00-1.30, respectively). In conclusion, the risk of many cancers was significantly higher in the ATBC Study cohort compared with the total Finnish male population of same age. In addition to the well known smoking-related cancers, cigarette smoking may increase slightly the risk of colon and prostate cancer, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nea Malila
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland.
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Justine L, Gina A, Lin F. Vietnam military service history and prostate cancer. BMC Public Health 2006; 6:75. [PMID: 16556325 PMCID: PMC1435888 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-6-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three decades after US and Australian forces withdrew from Vietnam, there has been much public interest in the health consequences of service in Vietnam. One controversial question is whether the risk of prostate cancer amongst Vietnam veterans is increased. This paper examines relationships between military history, family history and risk of prostate cancer in a population-based case control study. Methods Cases were selected from the Cancer Registry of Western Australia as incident cases of histologically-confirmed prostate cancer, and controls were age-matched and selected from the Western Australian electoral roll. Study participants were asked to report any military service history and details about that service. Results Between January 2001 and September 2002, 606 cases and 471 controls aged between 40–75 years were recruited. An increased prostate cancer risk was observed in men reporting they were deployed in Vietnam although this was not statistically significant (OR = 2.12; 95% CI 0.88–5.06). An increased risk was also observed in men reporting prostate cancer in fathers (OR = 1.90; 95% CI 1.20–3.00) or brothers (OR = 2.05; 95% CI 1.20–3.50) diagnosed with prostate cancer. Conclusion These findings support a positive association between prostate cancer and military service history in the Vietnam war and a first degree relative family history of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leavy Justine
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Ambrosini Gina
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Fritschi Lin
- School of Population Health, University of Western Australia, Crawley Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Faraone SV, Su J, Taylor L, Wilcox M, Van Eerdewegh P, Tsuang MT. A Novel Permutation Testing Method Implicates Sixteen Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Genes as Risk Factors for Smoking in Schizophrenia Families. Hum Hered 2004; 57:59-68. [PMID: 15192278 DOI: 10.1159/000077543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2002] [Accepted: 12/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is a common correlate of schizophrenia, which leads to medical morbidity. Although twin and adoption studies have consistently implicated genes in the etiology of both smoking and schizophrenia, finding genes has been difficult. Several authors have suggested that clinical or neurobiological features associated with schizophrenia, such as smoking, might improve the ability to detect schizophrenia susceptibility genes by identifying genes related to the etiology of that feature. The objective of this study is to assess evidence for linkage of sixteen nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes and smoking in schizophrenia families, using data from the NIMH Genetics Initiative for schizophrenia. Sixteen nicotinic acetylcholine receptor genes were selected prior to analysis. We used a multipoint sibling pair linkage analysis program, SIBPAL2, with a smoking trait in schizophrenia families. The significance of the group of candidate genes, in addition to each individual candidate gene, was assessed using permutation testing, which adjusted for multiple comparisons. The group of genes showed significant linkage to the smoking trait after adjusting for multiple comparisons through permutation testing (p = 0.039). In addition, two of the individual candidate genes were significant (CHRNA2, p = 0.044) and (CHRNB2, p = 0.015) and two genes were marginally significant (CHRNA7, p = 0.095; CHRNA1, p = 0.076). The significance of the complex hypothesis, involving sixteen genes, implicates the nicotinic system in smoking for schizophrenic families. Individual gene analysis suggests that CHRNA2 and CHRNB2 may play a particular role in this involvement. Such findings help prioritize genes for future case control studies. In addition, we provide a novel permutation method that is useful in future analyses involving a single hypothesis, with multiple candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 37 Shields Avenue, Boston, MA 02301, USA.
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Grant WB. A Multicountry Ecologic Study of Risk and Risk Reduction Factors for Prostate Cancer Mortality. Eur Urol 2004; 45:271-9. [PMID: 15036670 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2003.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2003] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this research is to identify and determine the relative importance of dietary and environmental risk and risk reduction factors for prostate cancer mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS A multicountry ecologic approach was used in multivariate regression analyses with prostate cancer mortality rates and dietary factors and solar ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. Prostate cancer mortality rates for 32 predominantly Caucasian countries for the late 1990s were obtained from the World Health Organization. Dietary supply data were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization. Annual solar UV-B dose data were obtained from European ground stations and used to estimate values elsewhere. Linear and multiple linear regression analyses were conducted for all 32 countries as well as the 20 European countries. RESULTS The strongest risk factor for prostate cancer mortality was animal products, with the nonfat portion of milk and alcohol being somewhat weaker; the strongest risk reduction factors were onions, other protective vegetable products (excluding alcohol, oils, and sweeteners), and solar UV-B radiation. Dietary data for 1979-81 yielded the highest correlations. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), being an important risk factor for prostate cancer, with alcohol and calcium being less important risk factors, and with allium family vegetables, and, to a lesser extent, vitamin D being important risk reduction factors. These results should provide guidance for additional studies on dietary and environmental links to prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Grant
- 12 Sir Francis Wyatt Place, Newport News, VA 23606-3660, USA.
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Bostwick DG, Burke HB, Djakiew D, Euling S, Ho SM, Landolph J, Morrison H, Sonawane B, Shifflett T, Waters DJ, Timms B. Human prostate cancer risk factors. Cancer 2004; 101:2371-490. [PMID: 15495199 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.20408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer has the highest prevalence of any nonskin cancer in the human body, with similar likelihood of neoplastic foci found within the prostates of men around the world regardless of diet, occupation, lifestyle, or other factors. Essentially all men with circulating androgens will develop microscopic prostate cancer if they live long enough. This review is a contemporary and comprehensive, literature-based analysis of the putative risk factors for human prostate cancer, and the results were presented at a multidisciplinary consensus conference held in Crystal City, Virginia, in the fall of 2002. The objectives were to evaluate known environmental factors and mechanisms of prostatic carcinogenesis and to identify existing data gaps and future research needs. The review is divided into four sections, including 1) epidemiology (endogenous factors [family history, hormones, race, aging and oxidative stress] and exogenous factors [diet, environmental agents, occupation and other factors, including lifestyle factors]); 2) animal and cell culture models for prediction of human risk (rodent models, transgenic models, mouse reconstitution models, severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome mouse models, canine models, xenograft models, and cell culture models); 3) biomarkers in prostate cancer, most of which have been tested only as predictive factors for patient outcome after treatment rather than as risk factors; and 4) genotoxic and nongenotoxic mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The authors conclude that most of the data regarding risk relies, of necessity, on epidemiologic studies, but animal and cell culture models offer promise in confirming some important findings. The current understanding of biomarkers of disease and risk factors is limited. An understanding of the risk factors for prostate cancer has practical importance for public health research and policy, genetic and nutritional education and chemoprevention, and prevention strategies.
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Fleshner N. Effects of Smoking, Alcohol, Exercise and Sun Exposure on Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012286981-5/50024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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