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Fu M, Moiseev RV, Hyder M, Hayes W, Amadesi S, Williams AC, Khutoryanskiy VV. Exploring Mucoadhesive and Toxicological Characteristics Following Modification of Linear Polyethylenimine with Various Anhydrides. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:4831-4842. [PMID: 39074308 PMCID: PMC11323015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Linear polyethylenimine (L-PEI) has numerous applications, such as in pharmaceutical formulations, gene delivery, and water treatment. However, due to the presence of secondary amine groups, L-PEI shows a relatively high toxicity and low biocompatibility. Here, various organic anhydrides were used to modify L-PEI to reduce its toxicity and enhance its functionality. We selected methacrylic anhydride, crotonic anhydride, maleic anhydride, and succinic anhydride to modify L-PEI. The structure of the resulting derivatives was characterized using 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopies, and their behavior in aqueous solutions was studied using turbidimetric and electrophoretic mobility measurements over a broad range of pHs. A fluorescence flow through method determined the mucoadhesive properties of the polymers to the bovine palpebral conjunctiva. Methacrylated L-PEI and crotonylated L-PEI showed strong mucoadhesive properties at pH 7.4, likely due to covalent bonding with mucin thiol groups. In contrast, maleylated and succinylated L-PEI were poorly mucoadhesive as the pH was above their isoelectric point, resulting in electrostatic repulsion between the polymers and mucin. The toxicity of these polymers was evaluated using in vivo assays with planaria and the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability assay in human alveolar epithelial cells. Moreover, the irritancy of polymers was assessed using a slug mucosa irritation assay. The results demonstrated that anhydride modification mitigated the adverse toxicity effects seen for parent L-PEI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfei Fu
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Post Office Box 224, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Roman V. Moiseev
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Post Office Box 224, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
- Physicochemical,
Ex Vivo and Invertebrate Tests and Analysis Centre (PEVITAC,www.pevitac.co.uk), University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Matthew Hyder
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Post Office Box 224, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Wayne Hayes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Post Office Box 224, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Silvia Amadesi
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Post Office Box 224, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Adrian C. Williams
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Post Office Box 224, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
| | - Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Post Office Box 224, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
- Physicochemical,
Ex Vivo and Invertebrate Tests and Analysis Centre (PEVITAC,www.pevitac.co.uk), University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DX, U.K.
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2
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Shatabayeva E, Kaldybekov DB, Ulmanova L, Zhaisanbayeva BA, Mun EA, Kenessova ZA, Kudaibergenov SE, Khutoryanskiy VV. Enhancing Mucoadhesive Properties of Gelatin through Chemical Modification with Unsaturated Anhydrides. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:1612-1628. [PMID: 38319691 PMCID: PMC10934270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Gelatin is a water-soluble natural polyampholyte with poor mucoadhesive properties. It has traditionally been used as a major ingredient in many pharmaceuticals, including soft and hard capsules, suppositories, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. The mucoadhesive properties of gelatin can be improved by modifying it through conjugation with specific adhesive unsaturated groups. In this study, gelatin was modified by reacting with crotonic, itaconic, and methacrylic anhydrides in varying molar ratios to yield crotonoylated-, itaconoylated-, and methacryloylated gelatins (abbreviated as Gel-CA, Gel-IA, and Gel-MA, respectively). The successful synthesis was confirmed using 1H NMR, FTIR spectroscopies, and colorimetric TNBSA assay. The effect of chemical modification on the isoelectric point was studied through viscosity and electrophoretic mobility measurements. The evolution of the storage (G') and loss (G'') moduli was employed to determine thermoreversible gelation points of modified and unmodified gelatins. The safety of modified gelatin derivatives was assessed with an in vivo slug mucosal irritation test (SMIT) and an in vitro MTT assay utilizing human pulmonary fibroblasts cell line. Two different model dosage forms, such as physical gels and spray-dried microparticles, were prepared and their mucoadhesive properties were evaluated using a flow-through technique with fluorescent detection and a tensile test with ex vivo porcine vaginal tissues and sheep nasal mucosa. Gelatins modified with unsaturated groups exhibited superior mucoadhesive properties compared to native gelatin. The enhanced ability of gelatin modified with these unsaturated functional groups is due to the formation of covalent bonds with cysteine-rich subdomains present in the mucin via thiol-ene click Michael-type addition reactions occurring under physiologically relevant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira
O. Shatabayeva
- Reading
School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, RG6 6DX Reading, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi
Kazakh National University, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Daulet B. Kaldybekov
- Reading
School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, RG6 6DX Reading, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi
Kazakh National University, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Institute
of Polymer Materials and Technology, 050019 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Leila Ulmanova
- School
of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 010000 Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Balnur A. Zhaisanbayeva
- School
of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev
University, 010000 Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Ellina A. Mun
- School
of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 010000 Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Zarina A. Kenessova
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi
Kazakh National University, 050040 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy
- Reading
School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, RG6 6DX Reading, United Kingdom
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3
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Perkušić M, Nižić Nodilo L, Ugrina I, Špoljarić D, Jakobušić Brala C, Pepić I, Lovrić J, Safundžić Kučuk M, Trenkel M, Scherließ R, Zadravec D, Kalogjera L, Hafner A. Chitosan-Based Thermogelling System for Nose-to-Brain Donepezil Delivery: Optimising Formulation Properties and Nasal Deposition Profile. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1660. [PMID: 37376108 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Donepezil nasal delivery strategies are being continuously investigated for advancing therapy in Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was to develop a chitosan-based, donepezil-loaded thermogelling formulation tailored to meet all the requirements for efficient nose-to-brain delivery. A statistical design of the experiments was implemented for the optimisation of the formulation and/or administration parameters, with regard to formulation viscosity, gelling and spray properties, as well as its targeted nasal deposition within the 3D-printed nasal cavity model. The optimised formulation was further characterised in terms of stability, in vitro release, in vitro biocompatibility and permeability (using Calu-3 cells), ex vivo mucoadhesion (using porcine nasal mucosa), and in vivo irritability (using slug mucosal irritation assay). The applied research design resulted in the development of a sprayable donepezil delivery platform characterised by instant gelation at 34 °C and olfactory deposition reaching a remarkably high 71.8% of the applied dose. The optimised formulation showed prolonged drug release (t1/2 about 90 min), mucoadhesive behaviour, and reversible permeation enhancement, with a 20-fold increase in adhesion and a 1.5-fold increase in the apparent permeability coefficient in relation to the corresponding donepezil solution. The slug mucosal irritation assay demonstrated an acceptable irritability profile, indicating its potential for safe nasal delivery. It can be concluded that the developed thermogelling formulation showed great promise as an efficient donepezil brain-targeted delivery system. Furthermore, the formulation is worth investigating in vivo for final feasibility confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Perkušić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Laura Nižić Nodilo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Cvijeta Jakobušić Brala
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Pepić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasmina Lovrić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Marie Trenkel
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Regina Scherließ
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Priority Research Area Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Sciences (KiNSIS), Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Dijana Zadravec
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Livije Kalogjera
- ORL/HNS Department, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Hafner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Polyaphron Formulations Stabilised with Different Water-Soluble Polymers for Ocular Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050926. [PMID: 35631511 PMCID: PMC9146855 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As drug delivery to the eye has evolved over the last decades, researchers have explored more effective treatments for ocular diseases. Despite this, delivering drugs to the cornea remains one of the most problematic issues in ophthalmology due to the poor permeability of the cornea and tear clearance mechanisms. In this study, four different types of polyaphron formulations are prepared with 10% poloxamer 188 (P188), 10% poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), 1% polyquaternium 10, and 3% sodium carboxymethylcellulose solutions mixed with 1% Brij® L4 in a caprylic/capric triglycerides solution. Their physicochemical characteristics, rheological properties, and stability are assessed. Additionally, a polyaphron with 3% polyquaternium 10 was prepared for the assessment of ex vivo corneal retention along with four other polyaphrons. The best retention on the ex vivo cornea was displayed by the 3% polyquaternium 10-based formulation. The 10% poloxamer 188 along with 1% polyquaternium 10-based polyaphrons appeared to be the most stable among the four prepared formulations. A toxicological evaluation of these formulations was performed using a slug mucosal irritation test and bovine corneal opacity and permeability assay, with all four polyaphrons proving good biocompatibility with ocular tissues. The developed drug delivery systems demonstrated an excellent potential for ocular drug delivery.
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5
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Cutuli MA, Guarnieri A, Pietrangelo L, Magnifico I, Venditti N, Recchia L, Mangano K, Nicoletti F, Di Marco R, Petronio Petronio G. Potential Mucosal Irritation Discrimination of Surface Disinfectants Employed against SARS-CoV-2 by Limacus flavus Slug Mucosal Irritation Assay. Biomedicines 2021; 9:424. [PMID: 33919850 PMCID: PMC8070772 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventive measures have proven to be the most effective strategy to counteract the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Among these, disinfection is strongly suggested by international health organizations' official guidelines. As a consequence, the increase of disinfectants handling is going to expose people to the risk of eyes, mouth, nose, and mucous membranes accidental irritation. To assess mucosal irritation, previous studies employed the snail Arion lusitanicus as the mucosal model in Slug Mucosal Irritation (SMI) assay. The obtained results confirmed snails as a suitable experimental model for their anatomical characteristics superimposable to the human mucosae and the different easily observed readouts. Another terrestrial gastropod, Limacus flavus, also known as " Yellow slug ", due to its larger size and greater longevity, has already been proposed as an SMI assay alternative model. In this study, for the first time, in addition to the standard parameters recorded in the SMI test, the production of yellow pigment in response to irritants, unique to the snail L. flavus, was evaluated. Our results showed that this species would be a promising model for mucosal irritation studies. The study conducted testing among all those chemical solutions most commonly recommended against the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Alfio Cutuli
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy; (M.A.C.); (A.G.); (L.P.); (I.M.); (N.V.); (L.R.); (G.P.P.)
| | - Antonio Guarnieri
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy; (M.A.C.); (A.G.); (L.P.); (I.M.); (N.V.); (L.R.); (G.P.P.)
| | - Laura Pietrangelo
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy; (M.A.C.); (A.G.); (L.P.); (I.M.); (N.V.); (L.R.); (G.P.P.)
| | - Irene Magnifico
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy; (M.A.C.); (A.G.); (L.P.); (I.M.); (N.V.); (L.R.); (G.P.P.)
| | - Noemi Venditti
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy; (M.A.C.); (A.G.); (L.P.); (I.M.); (N.V.); (L.R.); (G.P.P.)
| | - Laura Recchia
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy; (M.A.C.); (A.G.); (L.P.); (I.M.); (N.V.); (L.R.); (G.P.P.)
| | - Katia Mangano
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (K.M.); (F.N.)
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (K.M.); (F.N.)
| | - Roberto Di Marco
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy; (M.A.C.); (A.G.); (L.P.); (I.M.); (N.V.); (L.R.); (G.P.P.)
| | - Giulio Petronio Petronio
- Department of Medicine and Health Science “V. Tiberio”, Università degli Studi del Molise, 8600 Campobasso, Italy; (M.A.C.); (A.G.); (L.P.); (I.M.); (N.V.); (L.R.); (G.P.P.)
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6
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Shah SI, Williams AC, Lau WM, Khutoryanskiy VV. Planarian toxicity fluorescent assay: A rapid and cheap pre-screening tool for potential skin irritants. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 69:105004. [PMID: 33010358 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Here we report a new planarian (Dugesia lugubris) fluorescent assay as a rapid and cheap pre-screening tool to predict strong skin irritants. Our aim was to provide a simple and cost-effective in vivo method that avoided use of higher vertebrates. Adapting previously reported methods for planaria mobility alongside an acute toxicity assay, different irritants at five concentrations (0.1%, 0.05%, 0.025%, 0.01% and 0.005% w/v) were tested but both methods failed to discriminate the irritation potential of the test compounds. Therefore, a new alternative fluorescence assay was developed, hypothesising that increasing damage from the irritant to the planarian outer protective membrane will increase accumulation of sodium fluorescein in the flatworm. Fourteen test chemicals were selected representing strong, moderate, mild and non-irritants. In general, results showed increasing sodium fluorescein accumulation within planaria following acute exposure to increasingly strong skin irritants; on exposure to the strong irritants, benzalkonium chloride, citronellal, methyl palmitate, 1-bromohexane and carvacrol, fluorescence within the planaria was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the negative controls and the common non-irritants PEG-400, dipropylene glycol and isopropyl alcohol; fluorescence values of planaria tested with negative controls and non-irritants were not significantly different. For all test compounds, Fluorescence Intensity of the planaria was compared with literature Primary Irritation Index data and generated a statistically significant (P < 0.005) Pearson correlation (r) of 0.87. Thus, the planarian fluorescent assay is a promising tool for rapid early testing of potential strong skin irritants, and non-irritants, and avoids use of higher vertebrate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Ibrahim Shah
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C Williams
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Wing Man Lau
- School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Vitaliy V Khutoryanskiy
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom.
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7
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Maleimide-functionalised PLGA-PEG nanoparticles as mucoadhesive carriers for intravesical drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 143:24-34. [PMID: 31419584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Low permeability of the urinary bladder epithelium, poor retention of the chemotherapeutic agents due to dilution and periodic urine voiding as well as intermittent catheterisations are the major limitations of intravesical drug delivery used in the treatment of bladder cancer. In this work, maleimide-functionalised poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) (PLGA-PEG-Mal) nanoparticles were developed. Their physicochemical characteristics, including morphology, architecture and molecular parameters have been investigated by means of dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy and small-angle neutron scattering techniques. It was established that the size of nanoparticles was dependent on the solvent used in their preparation and molecular weight of PEG, for example, 105 ± 1 nm and 68 ± 1 nm particles were formed from PLGA20K-PEG5K in dimethyl sulfoxide and acetone, respectively. PLGA-PEG-Mal nanoparticles were explored as mucoadhesive formulations for drug delivery to the urinary bladder. The retention of fluorescein-loaded nanoparticles on freshly excised lamb bladder mucosa in vitro was evaluated and assessed using a flow-through fluorescence technique and Wash Out50 (WO50) quantitative method. PLGA-PEG-Mal nanoparticles (NPs) exhibited greater retention on urinary bladder mucosa (WO50 = 15 mL) compared to maleimide-free NPs (WO50 = 5 mL). The assessment of the biocompatibility of PEG-Mal using the slug mucosal irritation test revealed that these materials are non-irritant to mucosal surfaces.
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Eskes C, Bessou S, Bruner L, Curren R, Harbell J, Jones P, Kreiling R, Liebsch M, McNamee P, Pape W, Prinsen MK, Seidle T, Vanparys P, Worth A, Zuang V. 3.3. Eye Irritation. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 33 Suppl 1:47-81. [PMID: 16194141 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503301s09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chantra Eskes
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy
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9
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Porfiryeva NN, Nasibullin SF, Abdullina SG, Tukhbatullina IK, Moustafine RI, Khutoryanskiy VV. Acrylated Eudragit® E PO as a novel polymeric excipient with enhanced mucoadhesive properties for application in nasal drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2019; 562:241-248. [PMID: 30880105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Eudragit® E PO (EPO) is a terpolymer based on N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate with methylmethacrylate and butylmethacrylate, produced by Evonik Industries AG as a pharmaceutical excipient. In this work, EPO was chemically modified through reaction with acryloyl chloride. The successful modification of EPO was confirmed by FTIR, NMR-spectroscopy, elemental and thermal analysis. The degree of acrylation was determined by permanganatometric titration. The slug mucosal irritation test was used to demonstrate non-irritant nature of EPO and its acrylated derivatives (AEPO). The mucoadhesive properties of EPO and AEPO were evaluated using freshly excised sheep nasal mucosa and it was demonstrated that acrylated polymers facilitated greater retention of sodium fluorescein on mucosal surfaces compared to solution mixture of this dye solution with EPO as well as free dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia N Porfiryeva
- Institute of Pharmacy, Kazan State Medical University, 16 Fatykh Amirkhan Street, 420126 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Shamil F Nasibullin
- Institute of Pharmacy, Kazan State Medical University, 16 Fatykh Amirkhan Street, 420126 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana G Abdullina
- Institute of Pharmacy, Kazan State Medical University, 16 Fatykh Amirkhan Street, 420126 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Irina K Tukhbatullina
- Institute of Pharmacy, Kazan State Medical University, 16 Fatykh Amirkhan Street, 420126 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Rouslan I Moustafine
- Institute of Pharmacy, Kazan State Medical University, 16 Fatykh Amirkhan Street, 420126 Kazan, Russian Federation.
| | - Vitaliy V Khutoryanskiy
- Institute of Pharmacy, Kazan State Medical University, 16 Fatykh Amirkhan Street, 420126 Kazan, Russian Federation; Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 224, Reading RG66AD, United Kingdom.
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10
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CON4EI: Slug Mucosal Irritation (SMI) test method for hazard identification and labelling of serious eye damaging and eye irritating chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 49:77-89. [PMID: 28870540 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of ocular irritancy is an international regulatory requirement in the safety evaluation of industrial and consumer products. Although many in vitro ocular irritation assays exist, alone they are incapable of fully categorizing chemicals. The objective of CEFIC-LRI-AIMT6-VITO CON4EI (CONsortium for in vitro Eye Irritation testing strategy) project was to develop tiered testing strategies for eye irritation assessment that can lead to complete replacement of the in vivo Draize rabbit eye test (OECD TG 405). A set of 80 reference chemicals was tested with seven test methods, one method was the Slug Mucosal Irritation (SMI) test method. The method measures the amount of mucus produced (MP) during a single 1-hour contact with a 1% and 10% dilution of the chemical. Based on the total MP, a classification (Cat 1, Cat 2, or No Cat) is predicted. The SMI test method correctly identified 65.8% of the Cat 1 chemicals with a specificity of 90.5% (low over-prediction rate for in vivo Cat 2 and No Cat chemicals). Mispredictions were predominantly unidirectional towards lower classifications with 26.7% of the liquids and 40% of the solids being underpredicted. In general, the performance was better for liquids than for solids with respectively 76.5% vs 57.1% (Cat 1), 61.5% vs 50% (Cat 2), and 87.5% vs 85.7% (No Cat) being identified correctly.
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11
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Kendall R, Lenoir J, Gerrard S, Scheuerle RL, Slater NKH, Tuleu C. Using the Slug Mucosal Irritation Assay to Investigate the Tolerability of Tablet Excipients on Human Skin in the Context of the Use of a Nipple Shield Delivery System. Pharm Res 2017; 34:687-695. [PMID: 28194635 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-016-1997-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neonates are particularly challenging to treat. A novel patented drug delivery device containing a rapidly disintegrating tablet held within a modified nipple shield (NSDS) was designed to deliver medication to infants during breastfeeding. However concerns exist around dermatological nipple tolerability with no pharmaceutical safety assessment guidance to study local tissue tolerance of the nipple and the areola. This is the first Slug Mucosal Irritation (SMI) study to evaluate irritancy potential of GRAS excipients commonly used to manufacture rapidly disintegrating immediate release solid oral dosage form METHODS: Zinc sulphate selected as the antidiarrheal model drug that reduces infant mortality, was blended with functional excipients at traditional levels [microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, magnesium stearate]. Slugs were exposed to blends slurried in human breast milk to assess their stinging, itching or burning potential, using objective values such as mucus production to categorize irritation potency RESULTS: Presently an in vivo assay, previously validated for prediction of ocular and nasal irritation, was used as an alternative to vertebrate models to anticipate the potential maternal dermatological tolerability issues to NSDS tablet components. The excipients did not elicit irritancy. However, mild irritancy was observed when zinc sulphate was present in blends. CONCLUSION These promising good tolerability results support the continued investigation of these excipients within NSDS rapidly disintegrating tablet formulations. Topical local tolerance effects being almost entirely limited to irritation, the slug assay potentially adds to the existing preformulation toolbox, and may sit in between the in vitro and existing in vivo assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joke Lenoir
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephen Gerrard
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebekah L Scheuerle
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nigel K H Slater
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Petit JY, Doré V, Marignac G, Perrot S. Assessment of ocular discomfort caused by 5 shampoos using the Slug Mucosal Irritation test. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 40:243-247. [PMID: 28063820 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of ocular discomfort caused by veterinary care products is less legitimately regulated than that caused by human care products. The Slug Mucosal Irritation (SMI) assay was adapted to evaluate canine hygiene shampoos to predict ocular discomfort. Experiments were performed using four commercial canine shampoos, a baby care product, and two controls (ArtTear® and BAC1%). Groups of 3 slugs were tested with 5% dilution of the 7 test substances. The negative control (ArtTear®) was the best tolerated. The baby care product Mixa bébé as well as Douxo Entretien Démêlant and Phlox Shampooing Entretien were classified to cause mild ocular discomfort. Together with the positive control (BAC 1%), Shampooing Physiologique Virbac and Physiovet Shampooing were considered to cause severe ocular discomfort. Different intensities of ocular discomfort were measured for veterinary care products. The SMI model was considered as a reproducible and adaptable evaluation method for screening veterinary care products causing ocular discomfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yanique Petit
- Institut de Recherche Clinique Animale, Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
| | - Vanessa Doré
- Institut de Recherche Clinique Animale, Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Geneviève Marignac
- Institut de Recherche Clinique Animale, Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Perrot
- Institut de Recherche Clinique Animale, Université Paris-Est, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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Al Khateb K, Ozhmukhametova EK, Mussin MN, Seilkhanov SK, Rakhypbekov TK, Lau WM, Khutoryanskiy VV. In situ gelling systems based on Pluronic F127/Pluronic F68 formulations for ocular drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2016; 502:70-9. [PMID: 26899977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the use of Pluronic F127 and Pluronic F68 as excipients for formulating in situ gelling systems for ocular drug delivery. Thermal transitions have been studied in aqueous solutions of Pluronic F127, Pluronic F68 as well as their binary mixtures using differential scanning calorimetry, rheological measurements, and dynamic light scattering. It was established that the formation of transparent gels at physiologically relevant temperatures is observed only in the case of 20 wt% of Pluronic F127. The addition of Pluronic F68 to Pluronic F127 solutions increases the gelation temperature of binary formulation to above physiological range of temperatures. The biocompatibility evaluation of these formulations using slug mucosa irritation assay and bovine corneal erosion studies revealed that these polymers and their combinations do not cause significant irritation. In vitro drug retention study on glass surfaces and freshly excised bovine cornea showed superior performance of 20 wt% Pluronic F127 compared to other formulations. In addition, in vivo studies in rabbits demonstrated better retention performance of 20 wt% Pluronic F127 compared to Pluronic F68. These results confirmed that 20 wt% Pluronic F127 offers an attractive ocular formulation that can form a transparent gel in situ under physiological conditions with minimal irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosai Al Khateb
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 224, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marat N Mussin
- Semey State Medical University, 103 Abai Street, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | - Wing Man Lau
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 224, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom.
| | - Vitaliy V Khutoryanskiy
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 224, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom.
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Chitosan-isoniazid conjugates: Synthesis, evaluation of tuberculostatic activity, biodegradability and toxicity. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 127:309-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Wilson SL, Ahearne M, Hopkinson A. An overview of current techniques for ocular toxicity testing. Toxicology 2015; 327:32-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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17
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Bioadhesive emulsions for control release of progesterone resistant to vaginal fluids clearance. Int J Pharm 2014; 477:495-505. [PMID: 25445529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to propose that mucoadhesive vaginal emulsions can be able to resist the clearance effect of vaginal fluid and to have an effective control release of progesterone. With this goal, silicon derivative, cyclomethicone pentamer, was selected as the bioadhesive and water resistant material. In order to obtain a system which is insensitive to the dilution of aqueous fluids, water in silicone (W/S) emulsions were prepared and different proportions of cyclomethicone as well as 8% or 15% w/w of progesterone were employed. The rheological, mechanical and mucoadhesive properties of emulsions were characterized and the drug release was measured for each formulation. Mucoadhesive behavior was determined and the influence of simulated vaginal fluid (SVF) at bioadhesion was assessed using three commercial mucoadhesive vaginal gels (Crinone(®), K-Y jelly(®) and Zidoval(®)) as the bioadhesive references. All assayed emulsions have good rheological and mechanical properties and their consistence and viscosity increase when the proportion of the internal phase increases. Related to mucoadhesion, in the absence of SVF, W/S emulsions showed similar bioadhesive levels like the commercial formulations. However, in the presence of SVF, W/S emulsions are able to keep their mucoadhesive properties while the marketed references drastically lose their consistency and adherence to the vaginal mucosa. Drug release profiles from W/S emulsion show that progesterone is released with pseudo-order zero kinetics and a constant release rate is maintained for at least two weeks. The results of the in vivo studies developed in rats show that after a single vaginal administration, bioadhesive W/S emulsions increase the uterine tissue progesterone levels in young and postmenopausal rats. Moreover in postmenopausal rats, they provide high uterine levels of progesterone compared to the bioadhesive-marketed gel used as a reference. Therefore, W/S emulsions have an interesting potential as bioadhesive vaginal delivery systems for drug administration.
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Khutoryanskaya OV, Morrison PWJ, Seilkhanov SK, Mussin MN, Ozhmukhametova EK, Rakhypbekov TK, Khutoryanskiy VV. Hydrogen-bonded complexes and blends of poly(acrylic acid) and methylcellulose: nanoparticles and mucoadhesive films for ocular delivery of riboflavin. Macromol Biosci 2013; 14:225-34. [PMID: 24106128 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and methylcellulose (MC) are able to form hydrogen-bonded interpolymer complexes (IPCs) in aqueous solutions. In this study, the complexation between PAA and MC is explored in dilute aqueous solutions under acidic conditions. The formation of stable nanoparticles is established, whose size and colloidal stability are greatly dependent on solution pH and polymers ratio in the mixture. Poly(acrylic acid) and methylcellulose are also used to prepare polymeric films by casting from aqueous solutions. It is established that uniform films can be prepared by casting from polymer mixture solutions at pH 3.4-4.5. At lower pHs (pH < 3.0) the films have inhomogeneous morphology resulting from strong interpolymer complexation and precipitation of polycomplexes, whereas at higher pHs (pH 8.3) the polymers form fully immiscible blends because of the lack of interpolymer hydrogen-bonding. The PAA/MC films cast at pH 4 are shown to be non-irritant to mucosal surfaces. These films provide a platform for ocular formulation of riboflavin, a drug used for corneal cross-linking in the treatment of keratoconus. An in vitro release of riboflavin as well as an in vivo retention of the films on corneal surfaces can be controlled by adjusting PAA/MC ratio in the formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Khutoryanskaya
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 224, Reading RG6 6AD, Berkshire, UK
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Nano and microparticulate chitosan-based systems for antiviral topical delivery. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 48:216-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Nasal-to-CNS drug delivery: where are we now and where are we heading? An industrial perspective. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:195-208. [PMID: 22834197 DOI: 10.4155/tde.11.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of drug therapeutics across the blood-brain barrier is a challenging task for pharmaceutical scientists. Nasal-to-CNS drug delivery has shown promising results in preclinical efficacy models and investigatory human clinical trials. The further development of this technology with respect to the establishment of valid, predictable preclinical species models, translatable pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships and definition of toxicology impact will help attract additional pharmaceutical investment in this drug-delivery approach. Further discoveries in nasal nanotechnology, targeted delivery devices and diagnostic olfactory imaging will serve to fuel the advancements in this area of drug delivery.
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Van Kuringen HPC, Lenoir J, Adriaens E, Bender J, De Geest BG, Hoogenboom R. Partial Hydrolysis of Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) and Potential Implications for Biomedical Applications? Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:1114-23. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Dierendonck M, De Koker S, Vervaet C, Remon JP, De Geest BG. Interaction between polymeric multilayer capsules and immune cells. J Control Release 2012; 161:592-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gribova V, Auzely-Velty R, Picart C. Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Assemblies on Materials Surfaces: From Cell Adhesion to Tissue Engineering. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012; 24:854-869. [PMID: 25076811 PMCID: PMC4112380 DOI: 10.1021/cm2032459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the bulk and surface properties of materials is a real challenge for bioengineers working in the fields of biomaterials, tissue engineering and biophysics. The layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition method, introduced 20 years ago, consists in the alternate adsorption of polyelectrolytes that self-organize on the material's surface, leading to the formation of polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films.1 Because of its simplicity and versatility, the procedure has led to considerable developments of biological applications within the past 5 years. In this review, we focus our attention on the design of PEM films as surface coatings for applications in the field of physical properties that have emerged as being key points in relation to biological processes. The numerous possibilities for adjusting the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of PEM films have fostered studies on the influence of these parameters on cellular behaviors. Importantly, PEM have emerged as a powerful tool for the immobilization of biomolecules with preserved bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Gribova
- LMGP-MINATEC, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 3 Parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), affiliated with University Joseph Fourier, and member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble, France
| | - Rachel Auzely-Velty
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV-CNRS), affiliated with University Joseph Fourier, and member of the Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Picart
- LMGP-MINATEC, Grenoble Institute of Technology, 3 Parvis Louis Néel, 38016 Grenoble, France
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Costin GE, Raabe HA, Priston R, Evans E, Curren RD. Vaginal irritation models: the current status of available alternative and in vitro tests. Altern Lab Anim 2011; 39:317-37. [PMID: 21942546 DOI: 10.1177/026119291103900403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces, such as the vaginal epithelium, are natural barriers to infection that are constantly exposed to bacteria and viruses, and are therefore potential sites of entry for numerous pathogens. The vaginal epithelium can be damaged mechanically, e.g. by the incorrect use of objects such as tampons, and by chemicals that are irritating or corrosive. Consequently, this can lead to an increase in susceptibility to further damage or infection. Pharmaceutical, cosmetic and personal care products that are specifically formulated for application onto human external mucosae can occasionally induce undesirable local or systemic side-effects. Therefore, the compatibility of applied materials with this mucosal surface represents a key issue to be addressed by manufacturers. The most frequently used method for assessing vaginal mucosal irritation is the in vivo rabbit vaginal irritation test. However, the current emphasis in the field of toxicology is to use alternative in vitro methods that reduce, refine, and replace the use of animals, and which model and predict human, not animal, responses. Such an approach is of particular interest to the personal care and cosmetic industries in their effort to comply with European legislative measures, such as the 7th Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive that does not permit the marketing of cosmetic products if they, or their ingredients, have been tested for irritation responses in animals. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of the alternative and in vitro tests that are currently available for vaginal mucosal irritation assessment, and which are already used, or may become useful, to establish the safety of newly-designed products for human use.
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Bozdag S, Weyenberg W, Adriaens E, Dhondt MMM, Vergote V, Vervaet C, De Prijck K, Nelis HJ, De Spiegeleer B, Ludwig A, Remon JP. In vitro evaluation of gentamicin- and vancomycin-containing minitablets as a replacement for fortified eye drops. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 36:1259-70. [PMID: 20545514 DOI: 10.3109/03639041003718030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ocular bioadhesive minitablets containing gentamicin and vancomycin were developed using different powder mixtures of pregelatinized starch and Carbopol (physical or cospray-dried mixtures). METHODS Drug content, antimicrobial activity, and radical formation of the powders used for tablet preparation were evaluated immediately and 30 days after gamma sterilization. Tablet properties and in vitro drug release from the sterilized minitablets were determined. Storage stability of vancomycin and gentamicin in sterilized bioadhesive mixtures was examined by LC-UV/MS and a microbiological assay, respectively. A bioadhesive powder mixture containing only vancomycin was irradiated by X electron-magnetic radiation to evaluate vancomycin stability following sterilization through irradiation. RESULTS The antimicrobial activity of gentamicin against Staphylococcus epidermidis was not altered in comparison to nonsterilized formulations. Only after an overkill dose of 50 kGy, the concentration of vancomycin decreases to an extent that was pharmaceutically significant. No significant difference in radiation stability between drug substance and product (i.e., powder mixture) was observed. A shift in stability profile was not observed at 6 weeks after irradiation. All other degradation products were present only in small quantities not exceeding 1.0%. The in vitro drug release from the minitablets prepared with physical powder mixtures of pregelatinized starch and Carbopol® 974P NF (96 : 4) was faster compared to the cospray-dried mixtures of starch with Carbopol® 974P NF (ratio: 95:5 and 85:15). The electron paramagnetic resonance signals of the radicals formed during sterilization were still visible after storage for 30 days. The slug mucosal irritation test indicated mild irritation properties of the bioadhesive powder mixtures although no tissue damage was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bozdag
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Wang SH, Thompson AL, Hickey AJ, Staats HF. Dry powder vaccines for mucosal administration: critical factors in manufacture and delivery. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 354:121-56. [PMID: 21822816 DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dry powder vaccine formulations have proved effective for induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses. Here we review the use of dry vaccines for immunization in the respiratory tract. We discuss techniques for powder formulation, manufacture, characterization and delivery in addition to methods used for evaluation of stability and safety. We review the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of dry powder vaccines as compared to liquid vaccines delivered by mucosal or parenteral routes. Included is information on mucosal adjuvants and mucoadhesives that can be used to enhance nasal or pulmonary dry vaccines. Mucosal immunization with dry powder vaccines offers the potential to provide a needle-free and cold chain-independent vaccination strategy for the induction of protective immunity against either systemic or mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena H Wang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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De Cock LJ, Lenoir J, De Koker S, Vermeersch V, Skirtach AG, Dubruel P, Adriaens E, Vervaet C, Remon JP, De Geest BG. Mucosal irritation potential of polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules. Biomaterials 2010; 32:1967-77. [PMID: 21126762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules have recently gained interest as carriers for drug delivery. When envisioning mucosal administration, one is focused with potential concerns such as tissue irritation and tissue damage, induced by the carrier itself. In this paper we demonstrate the use of a slug-based (Arion lusitanicus) assay to evaluate the mucosal irritation potential of different types of polyelectrolytes, their complexes and multilayer capsules. This assay allows to assess in a simple yet efficient way mucosal tissue irritation without using large numbers of vertebrates such as mice, rabbits or non-human primates. We found that although single polyelectrolyte components do induce tissue irritation, this response is dramatically reduced upon complexation with an oppositely charged polyelectrolyte, rendering fairly inert polyelectrolyte complexes. These findings put polyelectrolyte multilayer capsules further en route towards drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth J De Cock
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Khutoryanskaya OV, Mayeva ZA, Mun GA, Khutoryanskiy VV. Designing temperature-responsive biocompatible copolymers and hydrogels based on 2-hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylates. Biomacromolecules 2010; 9:3353-61. [PMID: 19007281 DOI: 10.1021/bm8006242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Free-radical copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate can be successively utilized for the synthesis of water-soluble polymers and hydrogels with excellent physicochemical properties, thus showing promise for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. In the work presented it has been demonstrated that water-soluble copolymers based on 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate exhibit lower critical solution temperature in aqueous solutions, whereas the corresponding high molecular weight homopolymers do not have this unique property. The temperature-induced transitions observed upon heating the aqueous solutions of these copolymers proceed via liquid-liquid phase separation. The hydrogels were also synthesized by copolymerizing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate in the absence of a bifunctional cross-linker. The cross-linking of these copolymers during copolymerization is believed to be due to the presence of bifunctional admixtures or transesterification reactions. Transparency, swelling behavior, mechanical properties, and porosity of the hydrogels are dependent upon the monomer ratio in the copolymers. Hydrogel samples containing more 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate are less transparent, have lower swelling capacity, higher elastic moduli, and pores of smaller size. The assessment of the biocompatibility of the copolymers using the slug mucosal irritation test revealed that they are also less irritant than poly(acrylic acid).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V Khutoryanskaya
- Reading School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 224, RG6 6AD, Reading, United Kingdom
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29
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Coucke D, Schotsaert M, Libert C, Pringels E, Vervaet C, Foreman P, Saelens X, Remon J. Spray-dried powders of starch and crosslinked poly(acrylic acid) as carriers for nasal delivery of inactivated influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2009; 27:1279-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2008] [Revised: 12/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Adriaens E, Remon JP. Mucosal Irritation Potential of Personal Lubricants Relates to Product Osmolality as Detected by the Slug Mucosal Irritation Assay. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35:512-6. [DOI: 10.1097/olq.0b013e3181644669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Adriaens E, Bytheway H, De Wever B, Eschrich D, Guest R, Hansen E, Vanparys P, Schoeters G, Warren N, Weltens R, Whittingham A, Remon JP. Successful prevalidation of the slug mucosal irritation test to assess the eye irritation potency of chemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1285-96. [PMID: 18406103 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A previous 'in house' validation study showed that the SMI assay can be used as an alternative to the in vivo Draize eye irritation test. The aim of this multi-centre study with four participating laboratories was to assess the transferability and inter-laboratory variability of the assay using 20 reference chemicals covering the whole irritancy range. The eye irritation potency of the chemicals was assessed by measuring the amount of mucus produced during a 60-min contact period with a 1% dilution, and a second 60-min treatment with a 3.5% dilution. After each contact period the protein release from the mucosal surface was measured. Linear discriminant equations were used to convert the results into the corresponding EU eye irritation categories (NI, R36 and R41). All the non-irritants were predicted correctly by the four laboratories resulting in a 100% specificity. For the R36 compounds a correct classification rate of 89% (VITO) and 100% (SPL, JNJ and UGent) was obtained. The R41 compounds were classified correctly in 78% of the cases for VITO, 89% for SPL and JNJ and 100% for UGent. We can conclude that the SMI assay is a relevant, easily transferable and reproducible alternative to predict the eye irritation potency of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Adriaens
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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Dhondt MMM, Adriaens E, Pinceel J, Jordaens K, Backeljau T, Remon JP. Slug species- and population-specific effects on the end points of the Slug Mucosal Irritation test. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 20:448-57. [PMID: 16226427 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Revised: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The Slug Mucosal Irritation test seems to be a promising method for the evaluation of the local tolerance of products applied to the mucosa. Furthermore, the Slug Mucosal Irritation test is a reliable method to classify chemicals accurately into three eye irritation categories based on the mucus production and the score for tissue damage. Until now the slug Arion lusitanicus collected in Belgium was always used as test organism. The present study investigated the effects of the slug population and species on the end points of the test and on the eye irritation classification. For this purpose, the eye irritation/damage test procedure and eye reference chemicals were used. Comparison of the results of one Belgian and two Swiss A. lusitanicus populations indicated that the geographic and ecological origins of slug populations did neither influence the mucus production, nor the score for tissue damage. Slug species-specific effects on the test end points were investigated by comparing the data of Belgian Limax flavus with corresponding data of Belgian A. lusitanicus. L. flavus produced more mucus than A. lusitanicus, so that the mucus production cut-off values had to be increased. Therefore, the results indicated that the test procedure and prediction model have to be optimised and validated, if other slug species are used instead of A. lusitanicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke M M Dhondt
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Ameye D, Pringels E, Foreman P, Remon JP, Adriaensens P, Storme L, Gelan J. Correlation between the molecular morphology and the biocompatibility of bioadhesive carriers prepared from spray-dried starch/Carbopol® blends. POLYMER 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2005.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Adriaens E, Dhondt MMM, Remon JP. Refinement of the Slug Mucosal Irritation test as an alternative screening test for eye irritation. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 19:79-89. [PMID: 15582359 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to limit the test procedure time of the Slug Mucosal Irritation test to one day and to determine whether it is a relevant and reliable method to predict the eye irritation potential of chemicals. The irritation potential of several eye reference chemicals can be estimated by the amount of mucus produced when tested at a 1% concentration (60 min). Since some in vivo irritating chemicals did not influence this endpoint the effect of increasing concentrations on membrane damage was investigated. This study revealed that when tested at a 3.5% concentration (60 min) the underestimated chemicals induced an increased protein and/or enzyme release. A two-step classification prediction model was developed that classified the chemicals first by the amount of mucus produced (1%, 60 min). Chemicals that did not affect this endpoint were classified based on the membrane damage induced by a second treatment (3.5%, 60 min). The results were compared with the corresponding EU classification (NI, R36 and R41) and 71% of the chemicals were correctly classified with a specificity and sensitivity of 75% and 94%, respectively. Repeated testing of the chemicals revealed a good intra-laboratory reproducibility. The test seems to be a promising method for screening the eye irritating potential of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Adriaens
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harelbekestraat 72, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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Dhondt MMM, Adriaens E, Remon JP. The Evaluation of the Local Tolerance of Vaginal Formulations, With or Without Nonoxynol-9, Using the Slug Mucosal Irritation Test. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31:229-35. [PMID: 15028937 DOI: 10.1097/01.olq.0000118422.62336.fa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frequent use of some vaginal formulations can induce mucosal irritation. Therefore, it is important to evaluate their vaginal tolerance. GOAL The goal of this study was to optimize the mucosal irritation test using slugs for the evaluation of the local tolerance of vaginal gels and investigate the relevance of the test. STUDY DESIGN The irritation potential of the gels was assessed by the amount of mucus produced during a repeated 30-minute contact period. Membrane damage was estimated from the release of proteins and enzymes. After optimization of the procedure, the local tolerance of several vaginal gels was evaluated. RESULTS Hydroxyethyl cellulose gel induced no irritation, because the mucus production and the protein release were low and no enzyme release was detected. Replens and K-Y jelly resulted in an increased mucus production; however, no increased protein and no enzyme release were detected. The nonoxynol-9-containing gels Protectaid, Advantage S, and Conceptrol caused a higher mucus production and an increased protein release and/or enzyme release, indicating severe irritation. CONCLUSION The mucosal irritation test using slugs can be used for local tolerance testing of vaginal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke M M Dhondt
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat, Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
This paper describes the basic concepts for the transmucosal delivery of drugs, and in particular the use of the nasal route for delivery of challenging drugs such as polar low-molecular-weight drugs and peptides and proteins. Strategies for the exploitation of absorption enhancers for the improvement of nasal delivery are discussed, including consideration of mechanisms of action and the correlation between toxic effect and absorption enhancement. Selected enhancer systems, such as cyclodextrins, phospholipids, bioadhesive powder systems and chitosan, are discussed in detail. Examples of the use of these enhancers in preclinical and clinical studies are given. Methods for assessing irritancy and damage to the nasal membrane from the use of absorption enhancers are also described. Finally, the mucosal use of absorption enhancers (chitosan) for the improved nasal delivery of vaccines is reported with reference to recent phase I/II clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley S Davis
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Adriaens E, Ameye D, Dhondt MMM, Foreman P, Remon JP. Evaluation of the mucosal irritation potency of co-spray dried Amioca/poly(acrylic acid) and Amioca/Carbopol 974P mixtures. J Control Release 2003; 88:393-9. [PMID: 12644365 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(03)00012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of different Amioca/poly(acrylic acid) and Amioca/Carbopol 974P co-spray dried mixtures with an alternative mucosal irritation test using slugs. The irritation potential of the mixtures was measured by the amount of mucus produced during a repeated 30-min contact period. Additionally, membrane damage was assessed by measuring the protein and enzyme release from the body wall of slugs after treatment. All the Amioca/poly(acrylic acid) co-spray dried mixtures (50:50 and 25:75 ratios) induced slight irritation of the mucosal tissue as was demonstrated by the significantly increased mucus production however no increased protein and enzyme release was detected. Co-spray dried Amioca/Carbopol 974P mixtures containing 40% and more Carbopol 974P demonstrated a significantly higher mucus production and release of cytosolic LDH, indicating membrane damage. The total mucus production of the slugs treated with the co-spray dried mixtures containing up to 20% Carbopol 974P was significantly higher compared to the blank slugs. However, these mixtures induced no membrane damage since no additional effect on the protein release and no enzyme release was detected. By co-spray drying up to 20% Carbopol 974P could be incorporated without showing a distinct sign of irritation. These mixtures can be considered as potentially safe bioadhesive carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Adriaens
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Ceulemans J, Vermeire A, Adriaens E, Remon JP, Ludwig A. Evaluation of a mucoadhesive tablet for ocular use. J Control Release 2001; 77:333-44. [PMID: 11733100 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigates the use of a polymer mixture containing Carbopol 974P and drum dried waxy maize starch to obtain prolonged drug release to the anterior eye segment. Two dosage forms with this composition are compared: a hydrated polymer dispersion and a minitablet. A model fluorescent tracer is used to study the ocular release and diffusion from the two dosage forms in humans. To evaluate the prolongation in the cornea/tearfilm compartment, the Apparent Fluorescein TurnOver (%/min) is calculated. The parameters Cmax, tmax, and C9h are used to characterize the pharmacokinetics of Na-fluorescein in the anterior chamber. Furthermore, the swelling behavior of the minitablet is evaluated macroscopically, while the degree of interaction with mucin is characterized by rheological measurements. Calculation of an acceptability score and a slug irritation potential is performed to evaluate user acceptability. In contrast to the hydrated dispersion, the minitablet significantly decreases the Apparent Fluorescein TurnOver (%/min) (P<0.05) and increases the apparent fluorescence in the anterior chamber 9 h after application of the preparation. Rheological data demonstrate the presence of elastic interactions between the polymer and mucin. The dry core of the minitablet becomes fully hydrated after approximately 2 h and is subsequently transformed into a highly concentrated gel. The acceptability of the minitablet is comparable to that of the polymer dispersion. Prolonging the release of Na-fluorescein to the anterior eye segment is only feasible with the dry preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ceulemans
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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Adriaens E, Dierckens K, Bauters TG, Nelis HJ, van Goethem F, Vanparys P, Remon JP. The mucosal toxicity of different benzalkonium chloride analogues evaluated with an alternative test using slugs. Pharm Res 2001; 18:937-42. [PMID: 11496952 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010928025753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective of this study was to evaluate the mucosal toxicity of different benzalkonium chloride (BAC) analogues using slugs as the alternative test organism. METHODS The effect of different BAC analogues on the mucosal tissue of slugs was determined from the protein, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase released from the foot mucosa after treatment. Additionally, mucus production and reduction in body weight of the slugs were measured. The eye irritation potency of the molecules was evaluated with the Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) assay. The antimicrobial activity of the different BAC analogues was also assessed. RESULTS All BAC analogues induced severe damage to the mucosal epithelium of the slugs, and the irritation increased with decreasing alkyl chain length: BAC-C16 < BAC-C14 < BAC-C12 approximately BAC-mix. A similar ranking was obtained with the BCOP assay for eye irritation. The relative order of activities among the three BAC analogues was the same, i.e., BAC-C14 > or = BAC-C16 > BAC-C12. The BAC-C14 exhibited higher activity than the BAC-mix. CONCLUSIONS The toxicity and activity of BAC analogues depend on the alkyl chain length. The use of BAC-C14 as a conservative agent in pharmaceutical preparations instead of the BAC-mix should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Adriaens
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Gent, Belgium
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